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Abst ract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and TB-human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) coinfection is a major public
health concern in resource-limited settings. Although TB treatment is challenging in HIV-infected patients because of
treatment interactions, immunopathological reactions, and concurrent infections, few prospective studies have
addressed this in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study we aimed to determine incidence, causes of, and risk factors for
serious adverse events among patients on first-line antituberculous treatment, as well as its impact on antituberculous
treatment outcome.
Methods and findings: Prospective observational cohort study of adults treated for TB at the Internal Medicine department
of the Kigali University Hospital from May 2008 through August 2009. Of 263 patients enrolled, 253 were retained for
analysis: median age 35 (Interquartile range, IQR 2840), 55% male, 66% HIV-positive with a median CD4 count 104 cells/
3 diagram of all adult pat ients who started antituber culous treatment from 1 May 200731 July 2009.
Figure 1. Flow
mm3 (IQR 44248 cells/mm ). Forty percent had pulmonary TB, 43% extrapulmonary TB and 17% a mixed form. Sixty-four
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019566.g001
Adverse Events among HIV/MDR-TB Co-Infected Patients
Receiving Antiretroviral and Second Line Anti-TB
Treatment in Mumbai, India
Pet ros Isaakidis1*, Bhanumat i Varghese1, Homa Mansoor 1, Helen S. Cox 2,3, Joanna Ladom irska 1,
Pet er Saranchuk 2, Esdras Da Silva1, Samsuddin Khan 1, Roma Paryani 1, Zarir Udwad ia4, Giovanni
Bat t ist a Migli ori 5, Giovanni Sot giu 6, Tony Reid 7
1 Medecins Sans Frontieres, Mumbai, India, 2 Medecins Sans Frontieres, South African Medical Unit (SAMU), Cape Town, South Africa, 3 University of Cape Town, Cape
Town, South Africa, 4 Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre (Hinduja), Adverse Events
Mumbai, in 5HIV/MDR-TB
India, World HealthCo-Infected
OrganizationPatients
Collaborating
Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy, 6 Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of
Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, 7 Medecins Sans Frontieres, Opertational Research Unit, Brussels, Belgium
Table 1. Definitions, grading, monitoring and management of adverse events in MSF HIV/MDR-TB program, Mumbai, India.
Abst ract
Adverse event Definit ion/Grading Likely drug Test /Frequency Managem ent
Background: Significant adverse events (AE) have been reported in patients receiving medications for multidrug- and
extensively-drug-resistant
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis
Any documentation of nausea (MDR-TB & XDR-TB). However, there is little
PAS, P, E, Ethio, prospective data on Antiemetic
Clinical/Monthly AE in MDR- or XDR-
symptoms and/or vomiting and/or AZT, LPV
TB/HIV co-infected patients on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in programmatic settings. (metoclopramide;
diarrhoea by physician Mild: ondansetron if severe).
self limited, symptomatic Anti-gastritis (mucaine gel
Methods: Medecins
management Sans Frontieres
Moderat e: (MSF) is supporting a community-based treatment programor for drug-resistant
omeprazole). Anti-
tuberculosis inrequires
HIV-infected patients in a slum setting in Mumbai, India since 2007. Patients are being
TB-drug dose treated
diarrheal for both
medication.
diseases and the managementrequires
modificationSevere: of AE is done on an outpatient basis whenever possible. Prospective data wereof analysed
Splitting dose of to
substitution of suspect drug
determine the occurrence and nature of AE. ethionamide if above
measures do not help.
Giving PAS with yogurt,
Results: Between May 2007 and September 2011, 67 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients were being treated withoranti-TB
coconut water fruit
treatment and ART; 43.3% were female, median age was 35.5 years (Interquartile Range: 30.542) and the juice.median
Lowering duration
dose of
of anti-TB treatment was 10 months (range 0.530). Overall, AEwere common in this cohort: 71%, 63% PASto and 40% 78 gmof BDpatients
if above
measures
experienced one or more mild, moderate or severe AE, respectively. However, they were rarely life-threatening or do not help.
debilitating.
Peripheral AE occurring
Symptoms most consistent
and findings frequently
withincluded
INH gastrointestinal
(high dose), symptoms (45% of patients), peripheral
Clinical/Monthly Pyridoxine neuropathy
50mg/250mg
RESUMEN DE LAS REACCIONES ADVERSAS
PERU (SET 2006 ABR
Reacciones 2008)
Adversas
Otro s 22.1
S/I 1.0
Transto rno s Hidro electro litico 0.1
P arestesias 0.1
Insuficiencia Renal A guda 0.1
Trasto rno Vestibular 0.2
Sindo me Gripal 0.2
Sd. Stevens Jo nso n 0.2
P sico sis 0.2
Neuritis Optica 0.2
Erupto s Sulfuro so s 0.2
Co nvulsio nes 0.3
Depresio n 0.5
Fiebre 0.6
Do lo r en Sitio de Inyeccio n 0.6
Disminicio n de A gudeza Visual 0.9
Cambio s en la Co nducta 1.0
Ictericia 2.0
A rtralgia 2.0
Inso mnio 2.1
Diarrea 2.2
Hipo acusia 3.2
A no rexia 3.3
Erupcio n Cutanea 4.7
M alestar General 6.2
M areo s 6.7
Cefalea 26.1
Gastritis 26.5
Do lo r A bdo minal 27.8
Vo mito s 49.4
Nauseas 64.5
Serotonina
Serotonina
(ACTIVACIN PERIFRICA DEL REFLEJO EMETICO)
Reflejo
Las sustancias emetgenas pueden ser detectadas por los quimiorreceptores del sistema GI
Endorfinas
emtico
La ZDQ puede detectar sustancias txicas y activar el reflejo antiemtico en el centro del vmito (
ACTIVACIN CENTRAL)
GABA* Acetilcolina
Dopamina
El 80% de la serotonina (5HT) se produce
y acumula en las clulas
enterocromafines de la mucosa GI y en
menor cuanta en plaquetas y en sistema
nervioso central.
Nauseas 64,5%
Vmitos 49,4%
Dolor abdominal 27,8%
Gastritis 26,8%
DISPEPSIA
Comprende:
Distensin abdominal,
Pirosis,
Reflujo,
Indigestin.
Puede ser debido a :
Reflujo gastrointestinal.
Disfuncin motora gstrica.
Hipersensibilidad visceral aferente
DIARREA CRONICA
MECANISMOS:
Esteatorrea.
Cmo diagnostico
RAFA gastrointestinal?
a) TGO-TGP
b) TGO-TGP, bilirrubinas.
c) Entrevista y examen fsico.
d) Endoscopa digestiva alta
e) Ecografa abdominal
Al presentar nuseas y
vmitos
la nica posibilidad es
RAFA gastrointestinal?
En qu otro tipo de
RAFA se puede pensar?
a) RAFA heptico
b) RAFA nefrolgico
c) Toxicidad vestibular
d) Hipotiroidismo
Qu exmenes debo
solicitar?
TGO-TGP
Bilirrubinas
Fosfatasa alcalina
SE DEBE EVALUAR SI EL PACIENTE
PRESENTA COMORBILIDADES Y/O ESTA
RECIBIENDO OTROS MEDICAMENTOS QUE
PUEDEN PRODUCIR SINTOMAS
GASTROINTESTINALES
ADMINISTRAR SINTOMATICOS
Cul medicamento no debe ser
administrado rutinariamente?
a) Antiemticos: dimenhidrinato
b) Antagonistas de H2: ranitidina
c) Inhibidores de bomba de protones:
omeprazol
d) Anticidos
E) Procinticos: metoclopramida
El uso de anticidos es
seguro?
SUSPENSION
TEMPORAL
SI RETO
CONTINUAR
TRATAMIENTO TOLERO EL
RETO?
SI
NO
SUSPENSION
DEFINITIVA DE DROGA
RESPONSABLE DE LA
RAFA
Qu hara si no hay
respuesta al manejo inicial?
Evitar comidas
grasosas, picantes o Consumir comidas frecuentes
condimentadas y en poca cantidad (6 a 8
veces por da)
GRACIAS
victorlizarbe@yahoo.es