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Solucionario Holowitz PDF
Solucionario Holowitz PDF
{ 15/2) x 59,6 = 44.68 amperes (®) 1-2 outof-service L=L,=70(.5+8) =53.85 amperes y=0 (©)3-+4 out-of-service T=, =70/(1.5+.8)-30.43 amperes Leo ‘These are three phase fault curents. Minimum fault currents would be phase-phase or 0.866% I, Assume fault is at end of line. Relay Settings Breaker 5 Instantaneous Relay ‘Maximum current is S/N- 1, =1.35 (59.6)= 80.46 amperes Time delav overcurrent relay Minimum current is with 3-4 out-of-service. Set for phase-to-phase fault. Pick up= (30.43 x.866)/3 = 8.78 amperes. No coordination remuted~SetTine dal aL Breaker Instantaneous Relay Must not overreach Breaker 5 Set 135% I, = 135 x (70/1.5) = 63 amperes.Time delay overcurrent relay Teas = 30.43 amperes Tnus=14.89 amperes Set (14.89 x 866)/3 = 4.3 amperes.- use 4.0 ampere tap determine relay time at breaker 5 for Trina: 30.43/8.0=3.8 x pu Time e412 Tine dal = 92s: Bom Appendix Va at breaker 1 30.43/4.0= 7.6 pees sec #2Time dial. Setting is 4.0 ampere tap#2 TD. Breaker 3 us Relay Tnaca = 53.85 amperes. Tainspi= 44,68 amperes ‘Mast not overreach breaker 5. Set 1.35 x (70/0.5)= 189 amperes. Time delay 0 Tain =44.68 x. 866 =38.69 amperes 38.69/3=12.9— Set at 12 ampere pickup Toes of breaker 5 is S/N =59.6 amperes. For this maximum current condition the current through breaker 3 is 44.68 amperes. relay time at breaker 5 is 59.6/8 = 7.45 x pu= 0.18 sec. add coord.time =0.3 0.48 sec, at breaker 3 relay T.D is 44,68/4 =11.17 x pu @ 0.48 sec. = #1.5 from Appendix IVa Setting is 8.0 ampere tap-#1.5 TD. 28co moe ss (4.10) eis necessary to consider only the system to the left of F1 4, Ant Kn Ke 15 xX, Anthea he =+0.05 4,-4nt Heke wo25 es = j2 4.05 515.0413 £-15}.0413, j.25 i i 15 joss a 4.232 ¥/ 0408 For line-to-ground fault at F; 0.341 +0.341+0.2736 = 0.956 _ 10x95.6x(220)* 10000 7, = 220000 to Wix462 TAS AMPERES 774.9 AMPERES Pan = 462 ohms = 274.9 ty miscart 10 ~ ih 28 (zasezan10)K8 ‘amperes =459 ampares Pos & Neg Zero Sequence Sequence For h=0, h=Ty 29T.=Iux k{ 220/110) K=05 ie the curents through thetwo legs of the zero sequence equivaléat are equal and so the reactances of each leg ae equal, Xr+0.1-0.05=0.25 Xr=0.2 = 20% @ 110 kV = 24.2 ohms For faults on the low voltage side of the transformer the cirrent in the neutral wil always be up from the ground. ‘The zero sequence equivalent for a low side fault is: L.lk+ Ir ie. itis always greater than Ty, Jy =3 (la-k,)~always up the neural,CHAPTER 5 6.) Tag={120%10°xV3)/(3x138x10") = 502 amps Select a CT ratio of $00:5 or 100:1. Thé CVT ratio is 138x10°/120= 1150-1 Hence the ratio (Secondary Impedance:Primary Impedance) = 11/1150 = 0.08696, The secondary values for the three elements are: Line AB (3+j40) : (0.26+3.478) Line BC (24350) : (0.174+j4,348) Transformer BD (0+}9) : (0+0.783) ‘Hence the zone-] setting for line AB is 0.9x(0.26+j3.478) = 3.14.285.7° Zone-2 is 1.2x(0.26+j3.478) = 4.185285.7° ‘Taking the element with the larger impedance beyond bus B (which is the line BC), Zone-3 setting is (0.26+)3.478)}+1.5x(0.1744}4.348) = 10.01287°, Selecting from the available impedance settings, the chosen zone settings are: Zone-1 = 3.19 Select 2 maximum torque angle of 80°. 6.2) Trans = (10% 10V3)/(3x13.8%10°) = 418.37 amps, Select a CT ratio of 500:5, or 100:1. CVT ratio is 13800/120 = 115, The impedance ratio is 100/115 = 0.8696. The line impedance is 0.8696x(4+}40) = 3.4784}34.78, This would require a zone-1 setting of 0.9x(5.478=j34.78) = 3.13+j31.3 ohms secondary. And zone-2 setting would be 1.2x(3.478+j34.78) = 4.174441.7 ohms secondary. If the available relay can be set for zone-1 at e maximum value of 10 ohms, the above settings could not be achieved. Therefore select a CT ratio of 2000:5. This will produce an impedance ratio of 0.2174, and the zone settings of Zone-] = 0.78447.82 = 7.85284" Zone-2 = 1.04+}10.42 = 10.47284° Set the maximum torque angle at 80°, and using the actual obm settings available in the relay, the zone settings become Zone-1 =7.8Q Zone-2= 102 6.3) ‘The primary load impedance corresponding to 120 MVA is 138/120 = 158.7 0. The load impedance as viewed from the secondary side is 158.7x0.08696 = 13.8.0. A lagging power factor of 0.8 plots in the first quadrant of the R-X diagram at an angle of 86.7°. This is beyond the setting of zone-3 of the line in problem 5.1. ‘The relay is not in any danger of tripping at this load. The R-X diagram of the three zones and the load is 31shown in the figure below. Both directions of the load flow are shown. If the load is considered 10 be too close to the zone-3 boundary (for example, if significant load growth in fimure is anticipated), one could use a mho characteristic as shown, * Directional Impedance 120 MVA into line 120 MVA into bus (5.4) ach fault: : ‘Using the results obtained in example 5.4, for the a-b fault the condition is I, = I, and .=0. Also lb =0. Hence ol; +0°,=0. Thus Ty = ah = 88.18.2-84.92°, Hence I, = 88.18.2-24.92°, Thus [= Iytlz = 88.182-84.92° + 88.18.2-24.92° = 87.78-j124.98 and I, =-I,. Therefore Ty, = I,-I, = 175.56-j249.96 = 305.452-54.9°, At the relay location, E; = 7967.4 ~ j0.5(88.18.2-84.92°) = 7528,332-0.3°, and Ey = -j5.0(88.182-24.92°) = 440.92245.08°. Thus E, = E,+Ez = 7342.45-j439,.27 and E, =07E, + 0B, = ~3359.08-j6460.88. Ey = 10701.37+46021.61 = 12279.21.£29.37° ‘The impedance seen by the a-b relay is Zy= (Eula) = 12279.21.229.37°/305.452-54.9° = (4+j40). . beg fauit: For this case, the boundary conditions are =I, ~=0. This leads to I= 071, = ak. Thus I, = 41.75.2-84.59°, bh = ah = 41.75235.41°, and Ip = 41.752155.41°. =I + Pyro, = 41.75. 2155.41? + 41.752155.41° +. 41.75.2155.41°, = 125.252155.41°. Also mil = 1.253 2-1.13°x41.75.2155.41°. Hence,’ =I, + mly = 177.552155.08°. ‘The voltages at the relay location are E, = 7759.58-j19.68 = 7759.602-0.14°, Ey = -]5x41.75.235.41° = 208.75.2-54.92°, and Ey = l0x41.752155.41° = 417.5265.41°. Tae b phase voltage is E, = Ey + aE, + OB = 417,5.265.41° + 7759.60.2239.36° + 32208.75.265.08° = -3634.52-j6141.56 = 7136.422-120.62°. The impedance seen by the phase b relay is Z, = (Ey/Iy’) = 7136.42.2-120.62°/177.552155.08° = (44540), 6.5) The symmetrical component circuit for a b-c-g fault is shown below. ‘The negative and zero sequence circuits are in parallel : ye The equivalent impedance of the two -parallel branches is z In= eC) aoKs [4#}45)(10+j100)1/(44445+104}100) = 2.863 + 31.04, This is in series with the positive sequence impedance. Hence the a= net impedance in the fault circuit is (4 + ja5 +2.863 +] 31.04 = 6.863 + j 76.04 = 444s 76.35.284.84°_ The symmetrical component currents in the fault are 1, =7967.4/76.35284.84° Toit = 04,35.2-84.84°, =-T, (10+100)/(144j145) = -71.992-85.03°, and Ip = -(, + 1) = Jo 32.36.295.58°. The phase currents are L=0 L=L toh + ob = 160.672167,46° T=Ib+ah + orl= 159.84222,76°, The relay currents for the b-c, b-g, and c-g relays are: T.= Ih L, = 305.43.2-174.92° Hy= I, + mila =160.67.2167.46° + 1,253.2-1.13°x3236295.58° =176,78.2154.82° Ti =I, + my = 159,84.222.76 + 1.253 2-1.13°x32.36.295.58° = 176.81.235,33° ‘The symmetrical components of relaying voltages are Ey = 7967.4 ~ j5x104.35 £-84.84° = 7447.92 4-0.36° Eq = 5x(-71.992-85.03°) = 359,9524.97° Eq = J10x(32.36£95.58°) = 323.625.58° ‘The corresponding phase voltages at the relay locations are E,=Eo+ Ey + Ey = 8128.44 +j 15.72 Ey =Eq+ oF, + oF: =7108,042-120.88° E, = Eg+ Ey + of Ep =7107.832119.62° And Ey. =E,-E.=12279.552-90.63° ‘The apparent impedance seen by the three distance relays can now be calculated: Zay= Ewin = 12279.552-90.63°/305.43£-174.92° = 4+ j 40 Zz = ofl! = 7108.042-120.88°/176,782154,82° = 4+ j 40 Z.=EA’ = 7107.83.2119.62°/176,81.235.33° =4+j 401. =0, hence Ie = Ib- =I, = 152.722125.1°. E,= 73359,08-46460.88. E, = GE, +27E, = 7528.33.2119.7° + 440.90.2125.08° = -3983.36 + j6900.15. ‘Therefore E,. = E, - E. = (-3359.08 - j6460.88+3983.36 - j6900.1: 13375.62-87.32°, Lae = Er/Tag = 13375.6.L-87.32°/152.72.2125. 87.58.2-124,84° goa relay: La =L-Q=-h = 152.722125.08°. EL =E. - E, = -3983.36 + j 6900.15 - 7342.45 +] 439.2 (3495 .96.2147.05°, Zo = Ecw/les = 13495.96.£147.05°/152,72.2125,08° = 88.37221.97° acgrelay: Since la = 0, L’ =I, = 87.78 - j124.98. Also E, = 7342.45 - j439.27, Hence Z,= Ey Li = (7342.45 - j439.27)/(87.78 - j124.98) = 48.16251.5°. beg relav: 2, = Ely’ = Eyly = (-3359.08 - j6460.88)/(-87.78 + j124.98) = 47.7.2117.45°, Jn general, the other relays see larger impedances than thet seen by the appropriate (a-b) relay. The ground relays see quite a small impedance, although the angles are quite different from the angle of the impedance seen by the a-b relay. 672) Zone-3: All inefeeds are removed. The three line segments to be protected are AC: (4430), AD: 34435, AB: 9+j85. Select smallest of these to avoid overreach. Hence zone. 1 setting is 0.9x(4+j30) = 3.6427 ohms primary. Zone-2: This should be for the longest segment, with all in-feeds in place. Segment AB With in-feeds will appear to be (1410) + (2+j15)x(1+200/600) + (64j60)x[1+(200+300/600] = 14.667 + j140 ohms primary. Zone.2 setting of 1.2x(14,667 + j140) = 17.6 + j168 ohms is a possibility. ‘However, this setting may not coordinate with whatever is beyond C and D, which should be checked. ‘More importantly, this zone-2 setting may conflict with zone-1 settings of BG and BH. Consider the possibility of all the in-feeds being out of service. In that case, the Proposed zone-2 setting of 17.6 + j168 ohms will reach beyond bus B by (17.6 + j168) - (9 + j85) = 8.6 + j23 obms This excursion beyond B will certainly go beyond the zone setting of BH, which is shorter of the two lines originating at bus B. Zone-1 for BH would be set at 0.9x(4+/40) = 3.6 + 336 ohms. Thus, 2 safe zone-2 setting for AB should be smaller than (9485) + (3.61436) = 12.6 +j121 ohms. A good choice would be a setting of (1044110) ohms primary. Note that this zone-2 setting will not overreach all the remote terminals when all in-feeds are in service. However, this is the best available zone-2 setting under the given circumstances, Zone-3:With all in-feeds in service, zone-3 should reach beyond the Longest of the two lines originating at bus B, ie. ine BG. Thus a desirable zone-3 setting is (14.6674j140) + 1.5x(6+{60)x[3+{200+300+400/600] = 37.174]365 ohms Primary. This zone-3 setting must be checked for coordination with whatever protection G68) Re Zone-1: Shorter-line is DG with no infeed: (3+30). Hence zone-1 setting should be 0.9x(3+j30) = 2.74327 ohms primary. Zone-2: This should be set with infeed. 1.2x[24+}20) + (14j10)x(1+0.5)] = 9.64496 ohms primary. : Zone-3: This should be set at 24720 + (1+0,5)x(44j40) + 1.5x(3-+430)x(140.5) = 14,7544147.5 ohms primary. Zone-1 of line BA is Set at 0.9x(3+j30) or 2.74427 ohms, Without in-feed, the zone-2 setting chosen above will reach beyond this, ie. (24720) + (4440) + 2.7427 = 8.74387 which is smaller than 9.64j96. ‘The zone-2 setting chosen above is not a good setting. A better setting would be 8+}80 ohms primary, which may not be adequate for high in-feed, but is probably a good setting. R: Zone-1 is set on the shorter line without in-feed, Le, 0.9x(1+j10+24}20) = 2.74327 ohms primary. Zone-2: This is set at 1 2x[14j10 + (4+}40)x(1+1/0.5)] = 15.64]156 ohms primary. This clearly is going to be too large, and will interfere with the zone-2 of line BA. Hence either zone-2 of R, should be shortened, or it must be made slower that zone-2 of BA. Zone-3: This is set at 14]10 + (1+1/0.5)x(4+440) + 1.5x(34j30)x(1+1/0.5) = 26.54}265 ohms primary. This is probably too large, and may not be a good setting. In that case, zone-3 may be left out. () Ewe neglect Jn, the zero-sequence current in the parallel line, I,’ is in error, given dy KL! = T+ milo = 99,252-85.23° + 1.25x33.0852-85.23° = 140,60.2-85.23°. The apparent impedance seen by the phase a distance relay is 2, = El! = 6649.5£-0.95°/140,602-85.23° = 47.29 £84,28° =4.714}47.05. This is in error above the correct value of 4+}40 by about 18% The zone setting for ground faults should not be changed to accommodate this error. Should it be changed, then when the parailel circuit is out of service, the relay would over-reach. The setting should be chosen as in example 5.7, in which case the ground distance relays will not reach as far as the phase distance relays, whenever the parallel line is in service. 35(6.10) Assume 2 maximum torque angle of 80°. The two types of relays are dustated below. Directional Impedance Relav: By geometry, (8 +x 00580)? + (& sin0)?= 107, Or, x=4.77 ohms = 4.772000/(100x69,3) = 13.77 ohms primary, By geometry, (Bx cos80)? + (x sin80)? = 5? X= 3.5lohms s =3.51x2000/(100%65.3) = 10.13 obras primary, This problem involves considerable work It could be solved on EMTP, and this has been done to confirm the results given here. Bus 1 is the generator terminal, buses 4 and 5 are the terminals of the two lines. Buses 2 and 3 are midpoints of the two fines, where faults will be placed. Ab-g fault implies Eyta"E,+0F; = 0, and =a" = ch, A &-g fault implies EotoE +075, = 0, and Ip= all, = a7). ‘These faults are represented in the SYmmietrcal component cirot by phase shifing transformers in the positive and negative Gireuit has mumual coupling between the two lines, This is represented by creating imermediate buses (s1 and s2) so that the common leg of the wye-equivalea is the muon impedance, and the other two legs of the wye-equivalent are the diference between the Ze Sequence mutual and the self impedances. These ideas are used in developing the symmetrical component circuit for this case. Positive and negative circuits are identical, 36