Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
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he Asian Journ
nal of Technollogy Managem
ment Vol. 7 No
o. 2 (2014): 65--74
C
Cloud Co
omputin
ng as an Alternati
A ive IT So
olution for
f SMEss:
A System
S Dynamic
D c Approaach
1*
Mocham
mad Arief Abdillah
A
1Schoo
ol of Businesss and Manageement, Instituut Teknologi Bandung, In
ndonesia
Abstract.
t.Small medium enterprises
e (SME
Es) play a big roole for GDP in Indonesia. In 20012, SMEs made contribution 59,08
5 % for
GDP Indoonesia. The amoount of SMEs in i Indonesia is 99,99
9 % from total
t company inn Indonesia. Froom that data, wee know that
SMEs is veryv big markett in Indonesia. However,
H despitee many big contr
tributions that SMEs
S gave, SM
MEs also have chhallenges for
themselves. The limitation of o capital is one of challenges that SMEs have to t face. The limiit of capital mak ke SMEs spend their capital
ey have to think very carefully how
wisely. They w to expand theiir business. Is it profitable or nott. In this paper we
w want to underrstand about
the phenommenon why SME Es are hard to implement inform rmation and systtem technology. We W used observaation and seconddary data to
construct thhe variables. Aftter that, we use the
t variables to build
b the model using
u system dynaamics. And thenn we simulate it to know the
impact impplementation of information
i technnology to flow bussiness of SMEss. To propose new w alternative techhnology (cloud com
mputing), we
modified thhe variables in thhe model and sim mulated it. We coompared the resuult between own information techhnology and cloudd computing.
The result shows
s that cloudd computing is suiitable to be impleemented in SME Es.
Keyword
ds : Cloud compuuting, SME, Sysstem Dynamic, Information
I Techhnology, Model
*Correspon
nding author. Email:
E arief.abdilllah@sbm-itb.acc.id
Received: 27
2 th October 2014;Revised:18th November 2014;
Accepted:66thDecember 20014
DOI: http:://dx.doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2014.7.2.2
N: 1978-6956; Online ISSN: 20889-791X.
Print ISSN
Copyright@@2014. Published by Unit Reseearch and Know wledge
School of Business and Management-Inst
M titutTeknologi Bandung.
B
65
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74
In the other hand, the implementation of scope to discuss about this topic. The author
information technology for enterprise is very used modelling and simulation as research
useful to increase the performance of methodology.
enterprise included SMEs. But to build own
First, we analyze the implementation of
IT infrastructure, the company have to spend information technology affect capital of
big amount of money. Maybe for big SMEs. And then we propose alternative
enterprise it is not necessary. But for SMEs it information technology, in this case cloud
is a problem. With the limit of capital it is computing, and see how it affect the capital
become dilemma for SMEs. In one hand, of SMEs. After we simulate, we compare it
they have to implement information and see how that kind of information
technology for efficient and effective technology affect the capital of SMEs. We
management. But in other hand they have to can select the best kind of information
technology that reduce the expenditure of
spend big amount of money to build their SMEss capital.
own IT infrastructure.
1.2. Research objectives
In some organizations, the investments of IT The research objectives of this paper are :
may exceed 50 % of annual capital 1. To understand why information
investment and it has been suggested that, by technology is needed especially for
2010, the average IT expenditure will be 5 % SMEs
of revenue [Graeser, Willcocks, Pisanias, 2. To propose alternative technology
2010]. That is why few SMEs implement IT that suitable for SMEs condition
infrastructure. So we want to propose 3. Compare between own information
alternative information technology that can technology and alternative
implement by SMEs but can answer the technology (cloud computing) based
limitation of capital that SMEs face. on affect for SMEss capital
Most of papers discussed about cloud 2. Literature Review
computing side more than SMEs side.
Several researchers that discussed about 2.1. Cloud Computing
cloud computing and SMEs are from Many definitions related to cloud computing.
information technology background like Basically the concept of cloud computing is
Kourik, 2011; Briscoe and Marinos, 2009; access the source of information through
Weindhardt, 2009. Kourik, 2011 discussed internet, anywhere and anytime. Vaquero
about implementation cloud computing in ,Rodero-Merino, Caceres, and Lindner
SMEs from risk assessment and security side. defined cloud computing could be defined as
Briscoe and Marinos, 2009 discussed about the integration of virtual resources according
cloud computing in community. How cloud to user requirements, flexibly combining
computing used in community service. resources including hardware, development
Although some of researchers have discussed platforms and various application to create
about cloud computing and SMEs like services [Vaquero, Rodero-Merino, Caceres,
Sharma, et al. 2010. Lindner, 2009]. U.S. NIST (National Institute
of Standards and Technology) defined cloud
The originality of this paper is the author computing is a model for enabling
wants to propose cloud computing as an convenient, on demand network access to a
alternative IT solution for SMEs especially in
Indonesia. Sharma, et al. 2010 already shared pool of configurable computing
discussed about implementation cloud resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
computing for SMEs in India. They used applications, and services) that can be rapidly
qualitative and quantitative as their research provisioned and released with minimal
methodology. In Indonesia, there is no paper management effort or service provider
that discuss about propose implementation interaction.
of cloud computing in SMEs. The author
used different research methodology and
66
Abdillah, Cloud Computing
C as an Alternative
A IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynam
mic Approach
67
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74
and utilities. Resource Clouds contain problem. It is not change the structure of a
managed and scalable resources as problem. So for long term, system dynamic is
services to users-in other words, they very useful especially to propose new policies
provide enhanced virtualisation or maybe new product development also.
capabilities. The system dynamics approach therefore
Platform as a Service (PaaS): provides focuses on explanation and policy design
computational resources via a rather than prediction. This methodology
platform upon which applications want to see the behaviour of system. And
and services can be developed and then we change it with causal loop diagram
hosted. PaaS typically makes use of the variables of the system. After that, we see
dedicated APIs to control the the behaviour of the systems with the new
behaviour of a server hosting engine variables. The system dynamics approach
that executes and replicates the involves :
execution according to user requests Defining problems dynamically, in
(e.g. access rate). terms of graphs overtime
Software as a Service (SaaS), referred Striving for an endogenous,
to as Service or Application Clouds, behavioral view of the significant
offer implementations of specific dynamics of a system, a focus inward
business functions and business on the characteristics of a system that
process that are provided with cloud themselves generate or exacerbate the
capabilities. Therefore, they provide perceived problem
applications and/or services using a Thinking of all concepts in the real
cloud infrastructure or platform, system as continous quantities
rather than providing cloud feature interconnected in loops of
themselves. information feedback and circular
causality
Cloud computing also have some Identifying independent stocks or
characterization. Necessity, reliability, accumulations (levels) in the system
usability, and scalability are the characters of and their inflows and outflows (rates)
cloud computing. Necessty related to utility Formulating a behavioral model
to satisfy everyday needs of the users. capable of reproducing, by itself, the
Reliability related to expectation about the dynamic problem of concern. The
utility when the user requiree it. Usability model is usually a computer
related to the convenient and easy to use, simulation model expressed in
despite cloud computing is quite complex nonlinear equations, but is
architecture. Scalability related to capacity occasionally left unquantified as a
that fit with the needs of users and can be diagram capturing the stock-and-
expand according to the needs of the flow/causal feedback structure of the
customer. system
Deriving understanding and
2.2. System Dynamic
applicable policy insights from
The fundamental idea of System Dynamics is
resulting model.
that socioeconomic and business systems can
be regarded as continous feedback control Implementing changes resulting from
systems that have self-regulating properties model-based understandings and
by virtue of the technological and accounting insights
relationships between system variables and
the policies that are used to manage system 3. Model Building
[Sharp, 1977]. System dynamic is used to
change or modify the structure of a problem. 3.1 . Scope of the model
In this section, we do some steps to build the
It is different with statistical approach. model. Figure 2, explain the steps that we
Statistical approach just focus to adapt the follow to build the model.
68
Abdillah, Cloud Computing
C as an Alternative
A IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynam
mic Approach
69
The Asian Journal
J of Technollogy Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74
70
Abdillah, Cloud Computing as an Alternative IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynamic Approach
Cost of Server
Profit
Capital
Expense
Maintenance Server
Income
Man Hour
Inventory
Production Sold Product
Cost of Maintenance
Server Server
Amount of Machines Price
Production Capacity
Output Machines
Production Materials
Server Capacity
Server
Server
Price per Server
Additional Server
Capital
Expense
Cost of Server
Income
Inventory
Production Sold Product
The Price Rent Server
Server per month
Amount of Machines Price
Production Capacity
Output Machines
Production Materials
Server Capacity
Server
Reduction of Server
Server
Additional Server
The amount of
server that have to
buy
71
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74
R p90.000.000
R p80.000.000
Capital
R p70.000.000
R p60.000.000
m o ^-1
R p3.000.000
R p2.000.000
R p1.000.000
Pro fit (m o ^-1)
R p0 Ex pense (m o ^-1)
Incom e (m o ^-1)
(R p1.000.000)
(R p2.000.000)
(R p3.000.000)
Jan Feb Ma r Apr Mei Jun JulAgust
Sep O k tNopDes
Figure 7. Scenario 1
R p50.000.000
Capital
R p0
(R p50.000.000)
Ja n Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Sep O k t Nop De s
m o^-1
R p6.000.000
R p4.000.000
Profit (m o^-1)
R p2.000.000
Ex pe nse (m o^-1)
R p0 Incom e (m o^-1)
(Rp2.000.000)
72
Abdillah, Cloud Computing as an Alternative IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynamic Approach
R p120.000.000
R p115.000.000
Capital
R p110.000.000
R p105.000.000
R p100.000.000
Jan Fe b Mar Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Se p O k t No p De s
m o^-1
R p2.000.000
R p1.500.000
Incom e
R p1.000.000 Ex pe nse
Profit
R p500.000
R p0
Figure 9. Scenario 3
R p99.000.000
Capital
R p96.000.000
R p93.000.000
m o ^-1
R p2.000.000
R p1.500.000
Inco m e
R p1.000.000 Ex pe nse
P ro fit
R p500.000
R p0
In scenario 1 and 2 the modal will increase make their business effective and
because the amount of cost by server efficient.
(maintenance, manpower, and server) is fix. It 2. Cloud computing is one of promising
is different with scenario 3 and 4. alternative IT solution for SMEs and is
useful to be implemented
5. Conclusions 3. The implementation of cloud computing
did not affect capital expenditure of
From the experiment, we can conclude that : SMEs directly. So compare with build
1. Information technology is very useful own IT infrastructure, cloud computing
for SMEs to increase their income and is very affordable.
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The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74
74
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