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Th

he Asian Journ
nal of Technollogy Managem
ment Vol. 7 No
o. 2 (2014): 65--74

C
Cloud Co
omputin
ng as an Alternati
A ive IT So
olution for
f SMEss:
A System
S Dynamic
D c Approaach
1*
Mocham
mad Arief Abdillah
A
1Schoo
ol of Businesss and Manageement, Instituut Teknologi Bandung, In
ndonesia

Abstract.
t.Small medium enterprises
e (SME
Es) play a big roole for GDP in Indonesia. In 20012, SMEs made contribution 59,08
5 % for
GDP Indoonesia. The amoount of SMEs in i Indonesia is 99,99
9 % from total
t company inn Indonesia. Froom that data, wee know that
SMEs is veryv big markett in Indonesia. However,
H despitee many big contr
tributions that SMEs
S gave, SM
MEs also have chhallenges for
themselves. The limitation of o capital is one of challenges that SMEs have to t face. The limiit of capital mak ke SMEs spend their capital
ey have to think very carefully how
wisely. They w to expand theiir business. Is it profitable or nott. In this paper we
w want to underrstand about
the phenommenon why SME Es are hard to implement inform rmation and systtem technology. We W used observaation and seconddary data to
construct thhe variables. Aftter that, we use the
t variables to build
b the model using
u system dynaamics. And thenn we simulate it to know the
impact impplementation of information
i technnology to flow bussiness of SMEss. To propose new w alternative techhnology (cloud com
mputing), we
modified thhe variables in thhe model and sim mulated it. We coompared the resuult between own information techhnology and cloudd computing.
The result shows
s that cloudd computing is suiitable to be impleemented in SME Es.

Keyword
ds : Cloud compuuting, SME, Sysstem Dynamic, Information
I Techhnology, Model

1. Intrroduction 2. Have contribution


c n for the inccrease of
GDP and growtth of econ nomy in
1.1. Back
kground Indonesia
Small mmedium enteerprises (SM MEs) play a big 3. Have contribution
n for the inncreasing
role forr GDP in Indonesia. In n 2012, SM MEs of exp
port from In
ndonesia
made contribution n 59,08 % for GD DP
Indonessia [Kementtrian Koperaasi dan UKM M]. Ho owever, desppite many biig contributtions that
The ammount of SM MEs in Indo onesia is 999,99 SMMEs gave, SMEs
S also have challenges for
% from m total com mpany in Inddonesia. Fro om theemselves. The
T limitatio on of capitaal is one
that datta, we know w that SME Es is very big off challenges that SMEss have to fa face. The
market iin Indonesia. And it will
w be raisedd in lim
mit of capital make SMEs spen nd their
the folloowing yearss. In generaal the role of cappital wiselyy. They haave to think very
SMEs wew can definee as the folloowing : carrefully how to expand their busin ness. Is it
1. SMEs
S creatte many jobb opportunitties proofitable or not.
n
t reduce th
to he level of unemploym
u ent
a povertyy in Indonesiia
and

*Correspon
nding author. Email:
E arief.abdilllah@sbm-itb.acc.id

Received: 27
2 th October 2014;Revised:18th November 2014;
Accepted:66thDecember 20014

DOI: http:://dx.doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2014.7.2.2
N: 1978-6956; Online ISSN: 20889-791X.
Print ISSN
Copyright@@2014. Published by Unit Reseearch and Know wledge
School of Business and Management-Inst
M titutTeknologi Bandung.
B

65
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74

In the other hand, the implementation of scope to discuss about this topic. The author
information technology for enterprise is very used modelling and simulation as research
useful to increase the performance of methodology.
enterprise included SMEs. But to build own
First, we analyze the implementation of
IT infrastructure, the company have to spend information technology affect capital of
big amount of money. Maybe for big SMEs. And then we propose alternative
enterprise it is not necessary. But for SMEs it information technology, in this case cloud
is a problem. With the limit of capital it is computing, and see how it affect the capital
become dilemma for SMEs. In one hand, of SMEs. After we simulate, we compare it
they have to implement information and see how that kind of information
technology for efficient and effective technology affect the capital of SMEs. We
management. But in other hand they have to can select the best kind of information
technology that reduce the expenditure of
spend big amount of money to build their SMEss capital.
own IT infrastructure.
1.2. Research objectives
In some organizations, the investments of IT The research objectives of this paper are :
may exceed 50 % of annual capital 1. To understand why information
investment and it has been suggested that, by technology is needed especially for
2010, the average IT expenditure will be 5 % SMEs
of revenue [Graeser, Willcocks, Pisanias, 2. To propose alternative technology
2010]. That is why few SMEs implement IT that suitable for SMEs condition
infrastructure. So we want to propose 3. Compare between own information
alternative information technology that can technology and alternative
implement by SMEs but can answer the technology (cloud computing) based
limitation of capital that SMEs face. on affect for SMEss capital
Most of papers discussed about cloud 2. Literature Review
computing side more than SMEs side.
Several researchers that discussed about 2.1. Cloud Computing
cloud computing and SMEs are from Many definitions related to cloud computing.
information technology background like Basically the concept of cloud computing is
Kourik, 2011; Briscoe and Marinos, 2009; access the source of information through
Weindhardt, 2009. Kourik, 2011 discussed internet, anywhere and anytime. Vaquero
about implementation cloud computing in ,Rodero-Merino, Caceres, and Lindner
SMEs from risk assessment and security side. defined cloud computing could be defined as
Briscoe and Marinos, 2009 discussed about the integration of virtual resources according
cloud computing in community. How cloud to user requirements, flexibly combining
computing used in community service. resources including hardware, development
Although some of researchers have discussed platforms and various application to create
about cloud computing and SMEs like services [Vaquero, Rodero-Merino, Caceres,
Sharma, et al. 2010. Lindner, 2009]. U.S. NIST (National Institute
of Standards and Technology) defined cloud
The originality of this paper is the author computing is a model for enabling
wants to propose cloud computing as an convenient, on demand network access to a
alternative IT solution for SMEs especially in
Indonesia. Sharma, et al. 2010 already shared pool of configurable computing
discussed about implementation cloud resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
computing for SMEs in India. They used applications, and services) that can be rapidly
qualitative and quantitative as their research provisioned and released with minimal
methodology. In Indonesia, there is no paper management effort or service provider
that discuss about propose implementation interaction.
of cloud computing in SMEs. The author
used different research methodology and

66
Abdillah, Cloud Computing
C as an Alternative
A IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynam
mic Approach

Figure 11. Cloud Com


mputing Co
oncept Map

In figuree 1, we see that


t user just need internet terms of requiredd personnel and skill
connecttion to use cloud
c compuuting. The user
u base
or custoomer can access
a their sources froom Focus on the coree business, especially
e
anywherre and anytiime. They do d not havee to small and medium m enterprisee benefit
considerr about th he spesificaation of the from the reductio on of tediious IT
server. Because
B clo
oud computting will addapt relatedd overhead
based on n the needs of customeer. Collabboration an nd mobilityy, cloud
servicees offer insstant accesss to the
The beenefits of the clouud computting enterpprise appliccation enviironment
[Saugatuuck Technollogy, 2008], include
i : anytim
me and from m anywherre where
Short
S implementation cycles, clo oud interneet access is available. This is
c
computing e
especially a SaaS (softwware especially benefficial for mobile
a a servicce) can be employed in
as and/o or distributed
d workforcees.
m
minimal tim
me, often just with a cllick
o a button
of Cloud compuuting providdes added value v for
Low
L entry costs, due to the usaage- orgganizations;; saving costs in op peration,
b
based priciing approach, costs are w as new business
ressources andd staff-as well
e
entirely lineear to usagge and can be oppportunities for servicce-oriented models
p
planned [V
Vouk, 2008; Briscoe,
B Maarinos, 2009;; Haynie,
Low
L risk off obsolescen nce, it is in the 20009; Schubert, Jeffereey, Neideckket-Lutz,
i
interest of the
t providerr to keep th heir 20010; Changg, Bacigaluupo, Wills, Roure,
S
SaaS offerrings up-to o-date. Ussers 20010;Chang, Wills, De Roure, 20110]. The
b
benefit froom new releases with w foccus of clo oud computing is in how to
e
extended fuunctionality easily
e ch
hange from capital
c expennditure (CAAPEX) to
Customizati
C ion, usually cloud serviices opperational exxpenditure (OPEX).
( No owadays,
o
offer a widee range of configuratio ons maany SMEs perceive
p thaat IT resouurces as
w adapted the requiirements sm
well mall cappital expennditure). Clloud comp puting is
a medium
and m enterprisess prooposed to ch hange that problem.
p
Integration,
I if the SaaSS provider
o
offers web b service APIs and a here are thrree kind of services th
Th hat cloud
S
Service-orie ented Archittectures (So oA), computing pro opose [Chan ng, De Roure, Wills,
S
SaaS solutio ons can be integrated
i in
nto Waalters, 2011] :
e
existing softtware enviro onments Infrasttructure as a Service (IaaS) is
Reduced
R d
demand f
for own IT dividedd into Com mpute Clouuds and
r
resources, c
cloud serviices drasticaally Resource Cloudss. Compute Clouds
r
reduce the requiremen nt on the IT providde users acceess to computational
o
organization n of an enterprise in resourrces such ass CPUs, hyp pervisors

67
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74

and utilities. Resource Clouds contain problem. It is not change the structure of a
managed and scalable resources as problem. So for long term, system dynamic is
services to users-in other words, they very useful especially to propose new policies
provide enhanced virtualisation or maybe new product development also.
capabilities. The system dynamics approach therefore
Platform as a Service (PaaS): provides focuses on explanation and policy design
computational resources via a rather than prediction. This methodology
platform upon which applications want to see the behaviour of system. And
and services can be developed and then we change it with causal loop diagram
hosted. PaaS typically makes use of the variables of the system. After that, we see
dedicated APIs to control the the behaviour of the systems with the new
behaviour of a server hosting engine variables. The system dynamics approach
that executes and replicates the involves :
execution according to user requests Defining problems dynamically, in
(e.g. access rate). terms of graphs overtime
Software as a Service (SaaS), referred Striving for an endogenous,
to as Service or Application Clouds, behavioral view of the significant
offer implementations of specific dynamics of a system, a focus inward
business functions and business on the characteristics of a system that
process that are provided with cloud themselves generate or exacerbate the
capabilities. Therefore, they provide perceived problem
applications and/or services using a Thinking of all concepts in the real
cloud infrastructure or platform, system as continous quantities
rather than providing cloud feature interconnected in loops of
themselves. information feedback and circular
causality
Cloud computing also have some Identifying independent stocks or
characterization. Necessity, reliability, accumulations (levels) in the system
usability, and scalability are the characters of and their inflows and outflows (rates)
cloud computing. Necessty related to utility Formulating a behavioral model
to satisfy everyday needs of the users. capable of reproducing, by itself, the
Reliability related to expectation about the dynamic problem of concern. The
utility when the user requiree it. Usability model is usually a computer
related to the convenient and easy to use, simulation model expressed in
despite cloud computing is quite complex nonlinear equations, but is
architecture. Scalability related to capacity occasionally left unquantified as a
that fit with the needs of users and can be diagram capturing the stock-and-
expand according to the needs of the flow/causal feedback structure of the
customer. system
Deriving understanding and
2.2. System Dynamic
applicable policy insights from
The fundamental idea of System Dynamics is
resulting model.
that socioeconomic and business systems can
be regarded as continous feedback control Implementing changes resulting from
systems that have self-regulating properties model-based understandings and
by virtue of the technological and accounting insights
relationships between system variables and
the policies that are used to manage system 3. Model Building
[Sharp, 1977]. System dynamic is used to
change or modify the structure of a problem. 3.1 . Scope of the model
In this section, we do some steps to build the
It is different with statistical approach. model. Figure 2, explain the steps that we
Statistical approach just focus to adapt the follow to build the model.

68
Abdillah, Cloud Computing
C as an Alternative
A IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynam
mic Approach

Figure 2. System Dynamic


D Steeps From Prroblem Symptomps to Improvemen
I nt [Forresterr, 1994]

In step 1, we described the syystem of fllow mo odel. We modified


m somme variablees in the
businesss on SMEs. We focus on o how SM MEs neew model and a simulateed it.In steep 5, we
capital isi influenceed by impleementation of an
nalyzed the behavioral
b of
o new struccture and
informaation techno ology infrasstructure. The
T compared it withw the prrevious moddel. And
informaation techno ology that we
w observedd is theen in step p 6, we im mplement the t new
amount of serverr that SME Es need. We W poolicies. As we
w stated earrlier, that th
his model
analyzedd how the amount off server afffect foccus on capittal and expeense. Because one of
capital o
of SMEs. Th he amount ofo server itsself advantages off cloud computing is ch hange the
is affectted by level of inventorry of materrial. cappital exp
penditure to opperational
Becausee the functio on of serverr is to moniitor exppenditure.
the levell of materiaal for producction. In step2,
we defin ned the leveel in each variable.
v We do 3.22. Causal Looops/ Causal Relationship
R
some asssumptions to t define the level of eaach In this paper, we built 2 causal
c loop diagrams
d
variable.. In step 3,
3 we simulaate the mo odel thaat explain of each condition.
c F
Figure 3
expplained the causal loop p diagram of o SMEs
that hass been buillt. After sim mluated it, we thaat build theeir own IT infrastructuure. They
analyzedd the structuure of the model.
m Andd in hav
ave to buy seerver by them mselves.
step 4, we design alternative policies
p in the

Figure 33. Causal Loop Diagram


m for Own IT
T Infrastruccture

69
The Asian Journal
J of Technollogy Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74

We assuumed that whenw order is


i increase, the In figure 3, we
w see that costc of servver affect
producti tion capacityy will be in
ncreased andd it cappital and exxpense of SM MEs. If thee amount
will affeect the leveel of inven ntory materrial. off server inccrease it wiill also incrrease the
With th he increase ofo inventoryy material, the exppense and decrease th he capital. Figure
F 4
monitorring system have to addd their capaccity. describe the causal loo op diagram m if we
It will afffect the am
mount of serrver that SM
MEs im
mpelement cloud
c compuuting. The basic of
going to use. Thee amount of o server will
w clo
oud computting is that SMEs
S do not have to
affect th he cost of server, cosst maintenan nce buuild their ITT infrastruccture by theemselves.
server, aand manpow wer that hanndle the servver. Thhey just havee to rent it.

Figure 44. Causal Loop Diagram


m of Cloud Computing
C

Becausee the basic of cloud computingg is 3..3 SFD/ Maain Formulatioon


change IT infrasstructure as a operatio onal In SFD sectio on, we do some limitaations to
expenditure (OPEX X), the cost of server only
o buuild SFD. We
W set that sales
s is onlyy income
affect th
he expense of SMEs. SMEs do not n off SMEs. Thee price of th he product ofo SMEs
need co ost of maaintenance and cost of is fix. And thee amount off order is fixx. We set
manpow wer because all costs inncluded in rent
r thee value of order
o manuaally in order to know
cost. Annother advan
ntage of clooud computting thee effect to the capitall and expen nse. The
is the amount off server caan inrease or exppense alsso just affected by IT
decreasee depend on SMEs need. For F inffrastructure.. So the exxpense just cost of
examplee, if monitorring system needs big data
d maaintenance, manpower of o IT infrasstructure.
so the aamount of server willl be increassed. Figgure 5 descrribe the stocck and flow diagram
But when the mon nitoring just needs a few
f if SMEs build d their own IT
I infrastruccture.
data soo the amo ount of seerver will be
decreaseed. SMEs juust have to ask the clooud Thhe amount of server in figure 5 is fix or
providerr to decreaase the speesification and
a inccrease. It wiill affect thee amount of
o capital
amount of server. an
nd increase the expense of SME Es. It is
diffferent with clloud co
omputing
im
mplementatio on. We can see in figurre 6 how
oud computting affect the capital and the
clo
exppense of SM MEs.

70
Abdillah, Cloud Computing as an Alternative IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynamic Approach

Cost of Server

Profit

Capital
Expense

Maintenance Server
Income

Man Hour
Inventory
Production Sold Product
Cost of Maintenance
Server Server
Amount of Machines Price
Production Capacity
Output Machines

The amount of server


Output each machine Order that have to buy

Production Materials

Server Capacity
Server

Level Inventory of Raw


Materials Monitoring System
Cost of Server

Server
Price per Server

Additional Server

Figure 5. Stock and Flow Diagram for Own IT Infrastructure

Capital is our parameter to differentiate The equation will be :


between owning IT infrastructure and Capital = Profit Expense, where
implementation of cloud computing for Profit = income * price
SMEs. Expense (maintenance server) = cost of
maintenance server * man hour * amount of
servers
Profit

Capital
Expense

Cost of Server
Income

Inventory
Production Sold Product
The Price Rent Server
Server per month
Amount of Machines Price

Production Capacity
Output Machines

The amount of server


Output each machine Order that have to buy

Production Materials

Server Capacity
Server

Level Inventory of Raw


Materials Monitoring System

Reduction of Server
Server
Additional Server

The amount of
server that have to
buy

Figure 6. Stock and Flow Diagram The Implementation of Cloud Computing

71
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74

Based on figure 6, the equation will be,


Capital = Profit Expense, where In experiment section, we set the order is fix
Profit = income*price and also server capacity. We just set the
Expense (Rent Server) = amount of servers * amount of order manually. The amount of
the price rent server per month order could high (bigger than server capacity)
or lower than server capacity. And we see the
The difference between figure 5 and figure 6 impact to capital and expense. In this
is the amount of server. In figure 5 the experiment we do 2 scenarios in each
amount of server is fix and it could be condition.
increased. It is different with figure 6, in 1. Condition 1 (SMEs build their own IT
figure 6 the amount of server is not fix. It infrastructure)
could be increased or decreased depend on a. Scenario 1, the amount of order is
the needs of SMEs. With that difference, it lower than server capacity
will impact to the cost of IT infrastructure b. Scenario 2, the amount of order is
(server). The cost of maintenance server and higher than server capacity
manpower of IT in figure 5 is fix and could 2. Condition 2 (SMEs implement cloud
be increased. In figure 6 the cost could be computing)
increased and decreased depend on the a. Scenatio 3, the amount of order is
amount of server. It wil save the expense of lower than server capacity
SMEs. b. Scenario 4, the amount of order is
higher than server capacity
4. Experiments

R p90.000.000

R p80.000.000
Capital

R p70.000.000

R p60.000.000

Jan Feb Mar Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Se p Okt No p De s

m o ^-1
R p3.000.000

R p2.000.000

R p1.000.000
Pro fit (m o ^-1)
R p0 Ex pense (m o ^-1)
Incom e (m o ^-1)
(R p1.000.000)

(R p2.000.000)

(R p3.000.000)
Jan Feb Ma r Apr Mei Jun JulAgust
Sep O k tNopDes

Figure 7. Scenario 1

R p50.000.000
Capital

R p0

(R p50.000.000)
Ja n Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Sep O k t Nop De s

m o^-1

R p6.000.000

R p4.000.000
Profit (m o^-1)
R p2.000.000
Ex pe nse (m o^-1)
R p0 Incom e (m o^-1)

(Rp2.000.000)

Figure 8. Scenario 2 (Rp4.000.000)

Ja n Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun JulAgust


Se p O k tNopDe s

72
Abdillah, Cloud Computing as an Alternative IT Solution for SMEs : A System Dynamic Approach

R p120.000.000

R p115.000.000

Capital
R p110.000.000

R p105.000.000

R p100.000.000
Jan Fe b Mar Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Se p O k t No p De s

m o^-1

R p2.000.000

R p1.500.000
Incom e
R p1.000.000 Ex pe nse
Profit
R p500.000

R p0

Jan Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun Jul AgustSe p O k t Nop De s

Figure 9. Scenario 3

R p99.000.000
Capital

R p96.000.000

R p93.000.000

Ja n Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun Jul Agust Se p O k t No p De s

m o ^-1

R p2.000.000

R p1.500.000
Inco m e
R p1.000.000 Ex pe nse
P ro fit
R p500.000

R p0

Ja n Fe b Ma r Apr Me i Jun Jul AgustSe p O k t No p De s

Figure 10. Scenario 4

In scenario 1 and 2 the modal will increase make their business effective and
because the amount of cost by server efficient.
(maintenance, manpower, and server) is fix. It 2. Cloud computing is one of promising
is different with scenario 3 and 4. alternative IT solution for SMEs and is
useful to be implemented
5. Conclusions 3. The implementation of cloud computing
did not affect capital expenditure of
From the experiment, we can conclude that : SMEs directly. So compare with build
1. Information technology is very useful own IT infrastructure, cloud computing
for SMEs to increase their income and is very affordable.

73
The Asian Journal of Technology Management Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): 65-74

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74
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