ABSTRACT:

One important objective of 5G mobile networks is to accommodate a diverse and ever-

increasing number of user equipment (UEs). Coping with the massive signalling overhead
expected from UEs is an important hurdle to tackle so as to achieve this objective. In this paper,
we devise an efficient tracking area list management (ETAM) framework that aims for finding
optimal distributions of tracking areas (TAs) in the form of TA lists (TALs) and assigning them
to UEs, with the objective of minimizing two conflicting metrics, namely paging overhead and
tracking area update (TAU) overhead. ETAM incorporates two parts (online and offline) to
achieve its design goal. In the online part, two strategies are proposed to assign in real time,
TALs to different UEs, while in the offline part, three solutions are proposed to optimally
organize TAs into TALs. The performance of ETAM is evaluated via analysis and simulations,
and the obtained results demonstrate its feasibility and ability in achieving its design goals,
improving the network performance by minimizing the cost associated with paging and TAU.

Introduction to Cellular Communications

1. Mobile Communications Principles

Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site talks
to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair of frequencies for
communication one frequency (the forward link) for transmitting from the cell site and one
frequency (the reverse link) for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy
dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to maintain
communications. The basic structure of mobile networks includes telephone systems and radio
services. Where mobile radio service operates in a closed network and has no access to the
telephone system, mobile telephone service allows interconnection to the telephone network.

Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture

Traditional mobile service was structured in a fashion similar to television broadcasting: One
very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius of
up to 50 kilometres. The cellular concept structured the mobile telephone network in a different
way. Instead of using one powerful transmitter, many low-power transmitters were placed
throughout a coverage area. For example, by dividing a metropolitan region into one hundred
different areas (cells) with low-power transmitters using 12 conversations (channels) each, the
system capacity theoretically could be increased from 12 conversations or voice channels using
one powerful transmitter to 1,200 conversations (channels) using one hundred low-power
transmitters. Figure 2 shows a metropolitan area configured as a traditional mobile telephone
network with one high-power transmitter.

2. Mobile Telephone System Using the Cellular Concept

Interference problems caused by mobile units using the same channel in adjacent areas proved
that all channels could not be reused in every cell. Areas had to be skipped before the same
channel could be reused. Even though this affected the efficiency of the original concept,
frequency reuse was still a viable solution to the problems of mobile telephony systems.

Engineers discovered that the interference effects were not due to the distance between areas,
but to the ratio of the distance between areas to the transmitter power (radius) of the areas. By
reducing the radius of an area by 50 percent, service providers could increase the number of
potential customers in an area fourfold. Systems based on areas with a one-kilometre radius
would have one hundred times more channels than systems with areas 10 kilometres in radius.
Speculation led to the conclusion that by reducing the radius of areas to a few hundred meters,
millions of calls could be served.

The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels, which allow cells to be sized
according to the subscriber density and demand of a given area. As the population grows, cells
can be added to accommodate that growth. Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused
in other cells. Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to maintain constant phone
service as the user moves between cells.

The cellular radio equipment (base station) can communicate with mobiles as long as they are
within range. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so the mobiles must be within the
operating range of the base station. Like the early mobile radio system, the base station
communicates with mobiles via a channel. The channel is made of two frequencies, one for
transmitting to the base station and one to receive information from the base station.

3. Cellular System Architecture

Increases in demand and the poor quality of existing service led mobile service providers to
research ways to improve the quality of service and to support more users in their systems.
Because the amount of frequency spectrum available for mobile cellular use was limited,
efficient use of the required frequencies was needed for mobile cellular coverage. In modern
cellular telephony, rural and urban regions are divided into areas according to specific
provisioning guidelines. Deployment parameters, such as amount of cell-splitting and cell
sizes, are determined by engineers experienced in cellular system architecture.

Provisioning for each region is planned according to an engineering plan that includes cells,
clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers.

Cells

A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system. The term cellular comes from the
honeycomb shape of the areas into which a coverage region is divided. Cells are base stations
transmitting over small geographic areas that are represented as hexagons. Each cell size varies
depending on the landscape. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man-made
structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect hexagon.

Clusters

A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused within a cluster. Figure 4 illustrates a
seven-cell cluster.

Frequency Reuse
Because only a small number of radio channel frequencies were available for mobile systems,
engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to carry more than one conversation at a
time. The solution the industry adopted was called frequency planning or frequency reuse.
Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring the mobile telephone system architecture
into the cellular concept.

The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to each cell a group of radio channels
used within a small geographic area. Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely
different from neighbouring cells. The coverage area of cells is called the footprint. This
footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same group of channels can be used in different
cells that are far enough away from each other so that their frequencies do not interfere.

Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies. Here, because the number of
available frequencies is 7, the frequency reuse factor is 1/7. That is, each cell is using 1/7 of
available cellular channels.

Cell Splitting

Unfortunately, economic considerations made the concept of creating full systems with many
small areas impractical. To overcome this difficulty, system operators developed the idea of
cell splitting. As a service area becomes full of users, this approach is used to split a single area
into smaller ones. In this way, urban centers can be split into as many areas as necessary to
provide acceptable service levels in heavy-traffic regions, while larger, less expensive cells can
be used to cover remote rural regions.
Handoff

The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network involved the problem created
when a mobile subscriber travelled from one cell to another during a call. As adjacent areas do
not use the same radio channels, a call must either be dropped or transferred from one radio
channel to another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells. Because dropping the
call is unacceptable, the process of handoff was created. Handoff occurs when the mobile
telephone network automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel as a
mobile crosses adjacent cells.
During a call, two parties are on one voice channel. When the mobile unit moves out of the
coverage area of a given cell site, the reception becomes weak. At this point, the cell site in use
requests a handoff. The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency channel in a new site
without interrupting the call or alerting the user. The call continues as long as the user is talking,
and the user does not notice the handoff at all.

4. North American Analog Cellular Systems

Originally devised in the late 1970s to early 1980s, analog systems have been revised somewhat
since that time and operate in the 800-MHz range. A group of government, telco, and
equipment manufacturers worked together as a committee to develop a set of rules (protocols)
that govern how cellular subscriber units (mobiles) communicate with the cellular system.
System development takes into consideration many different, and often opposing, requirements
for the system, and often a compromise between conflicting requirements results. Cellular
development involves the following basic topics:

frequency and channel assignments

type of radio modulation

maximum power levels

modulation parameters

messaging protocols

call-processing sequences

The Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

AMPS was released in 1983 using the 800-MHz to 900-MHz frequency band and the 30-kHz
bandwidth for each channel as a fully automated mobile telephone service. It was the first
standardized cellular service in the world and is currently the most widely used standard for
cellular communications. Designed for use in cities, AMPS later expanded to rural areas. It
maximized the cellular concept of frequency reuse by reducing radio power output. The AMPS
telephones (or handsets) have the familiar telephone-style user interface and are compatible
with any AMPS base station. This makes mobility between service providers (roaming) simpler
for subscribers. Limitations associated with AMPS include the following:

low calling capacity

 limited spectrum

no room for spectrum growth

poor data communications

minimal privacy

inadequate fraud protection

AMPS is used throughout the world and is particularly popular in the United States, South
America, China, and Australia. AMPS use frequency modulation (FM) for radio transmission.
In the United States, transmissions from mobile to cell site use separate frequencies from the
base station to the mobile subscriber.

Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Service (NAMPS)

Since analog cellular was developed, systems have been implemented extensively throughout
the world as first-generation cellular technology. In the second generation of analog cellular
systems, NAMPS was designed to solve the problem of low calling capacity. NAMPS is now
operational in 35 U.S. and overseas markets, and NAMPS was introduced as an interim solution
to capacity problems. NAMPS is a U.S. cellular radio system that combines existing voice
processing with digital signalling, tripling the capacity of today's AMPS systems. The NAMPS
concept uses frequency division to get 3 channels in the AMPS 30-kHz single channel
bandwidth. NAMPS provides 3 users in an AMPS channel by dividing the 30-kHz AMPS
bandwidth into 3 10-kHz channels. This increases the possibility of interference because
channel bandwidth is reduced.

5. Cellular System Components

The cellular system offers mobile and portable telephone stations the same service provided
fixed stations over conventional wired loops. It has the capacity to serve tens of thousands of
subscribers in a major metropolitan area. The cellular communications system consists of the
following four major components that work together to provide mobile service to subscribers.

public switched telephone network (PSTN)

mobile telephone switching office (MTSO)

cell site with antenna system

mobile subscriber unit (MSU)

PSTN

The PSTN is made up of local networks, the exchange area networks, and the long-haul
network that interconnect telephones and other communication devices on a worldwide basis.

Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

The MTSO is the central office for mobile switching. It houses the mobile switching center
(MSC), field monitoring, and relay stations for switching calls from cell sites to wireline central
offices (PSTN). In analog cellular networks, the MSC controls the system operation. The MSC
controls calls, tracks billing information, and locates cellular subscribers.

The Cell Site

The term cell site is used to refer to the physical location of radio equipment that provides
coverage within a cell. A list of hardware located at a cell site includes power sources, interface
equipment, radio frequency transmitters and receivers, and antenna systems.

Mobile Subscriber Units (MSUs)

The mobile subscriber unit consists of a control unit and a transceiver that transmits and
receives radio transmissions to and from a cell site. The following three types of MSUs are
available:

the mobile telephone (typical transmit power is 4.0 watts)

the portable (typical transmit power is 0.6 watts)

the transportable (typical transmit power is 1.6 watts)

The mobile telephone is installed in the trunk of a car, and the handset is installed in a
convenient location to the driver. Portable and transportable telephones are hand-held
and can be used anywhere. The use of portable and transportable telephones is limited
to the charge life of the internal battery.

6. Digital Systems

As demand for mobile telephone service has increased, service providers found that basic
engineering assumptions borrowed from wireline (landline) networks did not hold true in
mobile systems. While the average landline phone call lasts at least 10 minutes, mobile calls
usually run 90 seconds. Engineers who expected to assign 50 or more mobile phones to the
same radio channel found that by doing so they increased the probability that a user would not
get dial tone this is known as call-blocking probability. As a consequence, the early systems
quickly became saturated, and the quality of service decreased rapidly. The critical problem
was capacity. The general characteristics of time division multiple access (TDMA), Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM), personal communications service (PCS) 1900,
and code division multiple access (CDMA) promise to significantly increase the efficiency of
cellular telephone systems to allow a greater number of simultaneous conversations. Figure 8
shows the components of a typical digital cellular system.

The advantages of digital cellular technologies over analog cellular networks include increased
capacity and security. Technology options such as TDMA and CDMA offer more channels in
the same analog cellular bandwidth and encrypted voice and data. Because of the enormous
amount of money that service providers have invested in AMPS hardware and software,
providers look for a migration from AMPS to digital analog mobile phone service (DAMPS)
by overlaying their existing networks with TDMA architectures.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

North American digital cellular (NADC) is called DAMPS and TDMA. Because AMPS
preceded digital cellular systems, DAMPS uses the same setup protocols as analog AMPS.
TDMA has the following characteristics:

IS54 standard specifies traffic on digital voice channels

initial implementation triples the calling capacity of AMPS systems

capacity improvements of 6 to 15 times that of AMPS are possible

many blocks of spectrum in 800 MHz and 1900 MHz are used
 all transmissions are digital

TDMA/FDMA application 7. 3 callers per radio carrier (6 callers on half rate later),
providing 3 times the AMPS capacity

TDMA is one of several technologies used in wireless communications. TDMA provides each
call with time slots so that several calls can occupy one bandwidth. Each caller is assigned a
specific time slot. In some cellular systems, digital packets of information are sent during each
time slot and reassembled by the receiving equipment into the original voice components.
TDMA uses the same frequency band and channel allocations as AMPS. Like NAMPS, TDMA
provides three to six time channels in the same bandwidth as a single AMPS channel. Unlike
NAMPS, digital systems have the means to compress the spectrum used to transmit voice
information by compressing idle time and redundancy of normal speech. TDMA is the digital
standard and has 30-kHz bandwidth. Using digital voice encoders, TDMA is able to use up to
six channels in the same bandwidth where AMPS uses one channel.

Extended Time Division Multiple Access (ETDMA)

The ETDMA standard claims a capacity of fifteen times that of analog cellular systems. This
capacity is achieved by compressing quiet time during conversations. ETDMA divides the
finite number of cellular frequencies into more time slots than TDMA. This allows the system
to support more simultaneous cellular calls.

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)

FWA is a radio-based local exchange service in which telephone service is provided by

common carriers (see Figure 9). It is primarily a rural application, that is, it reduces the cost of
conventional wireline. FWA extends telephone service to rural areas by replacing a wireline
local loop with radio communications. Other labels for wireless access include fixed loop, fixed
radio access, wireless telephony, radio loop, fixed wireless, radio access, and Ionica. FWA
systems employ TDMA or CDMA access technologies.
Personal Communications Service (PCS)

The future of telecommunications includes PCS. PCS at 1900 MHz (PCS 1900) is the North
American implementation of digital cellular system (DCS) 1800 (GSM). Trial networks were
operational in the United States by 1993, and in 1994 the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) began spectrum auctions. As of 1995, the FCC auctioned commercial
licenses. In the PCS frequency spectrum, the operator's authorized frequency block contains a
definite number of channels. The frequency plan assigns specific channels to specific cells,
following a reuse pattern that restarts with each nth cell. The uplink and downlink bands are
paired mirror images. As with AMPS, a channel number implies one uplink and one downlink
frequency (e.g., Channel 512 = 1850.2-MHz uplink paired with 1930.2-MHz downlink).

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

CDMA is a digital air interface standard, claiming 8 to 15 times the capacity of analog. It
employs a commercial adaptation of military, spread-spectrum, single-sideband technology.
Based on spread spectrum theory, it is essentially the same as wireline service, the primary
difference is that access to the local exchange carrier (LEC) is provided via wireless phone.
Because users are isolated by code, they can share the same carrier frequency, eliminating the
frequency reuse problem encountered in AMPS and DAMPS. Every CDMA cell site can use
the same 1.25-MHz band, so with respect to clusters, n = 1. This greatly simplifies frequency
planning in a fully CDMA environment.
CDMA is an interference-limited system. Unlike AMPS/TDMA, CDMA has a soft capacity
limit; however, each user is a noise source on the shared channel and the noise contributed by
users accumulates. This creates a practical limit to how many users a system will sustain.
Mobiles that transmit excessive power increase interference to other mobiles. For CDMA,
precise power control of mobiles is critical in maximizing the system's capacity and increasing
battery life of the mobiles. The goal is to keep each mobile at the absolute minimum power
level that is necessary to ensure acceptable service quality. Ideally, the power received at the
base station from each mobile should be the same (minimum signal to interference).

Glossary

AMPS advanced mobile phone service; another acronym for analog cellular radio

BTS base transceiver station; used to transmit radio frequency over the air interface

CDMA code division multiple access; a form of digital cellular phone service that is a
spread spectrum technology that assigns a code to all speech bits, sends scrambled transmission
of the encoded speech

DAMPS digital advanced mobile phone service; a term for digital cellular radio in North
America

DCS digital cellular system

ETDMA extended TDMA; developed to provide fifteen times the capacity over analog
systems by compressing quiet time during conversations

ESN electronic serial number; an identity signal that is sent from the mobile to the MSC
during a brief registration transmission

FCC Federal Communications Commission; the government agency responsible for

regulating telecommunications in the United Sates.

FCCH frequency control channel

FDMA frequency division multiple access; used to separate multiple transmissions over a finite
frequency allocation; refers to the method of allocating a discrete amount of frequency
bandwidth to each user

FM frequency modulation; a modulation technique in which the carrier frequency is shifted

by an amount proportional to the value of the modulating signal
FRA fixed radio access

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications; standard digital cellular phone service in
Europe and Japan; to ensure interpretability between countries, standards address much of the
network wireless infra

Hz hertz; a measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one wave or cycle per

second

kHz kilohertz; thousands of hertz

MHz megahertz; millions of hertz

MS or MSU mobile station unit; handset carried by the subscriber

MSC mobile services switching center; a switch that provides services and coordination
between mobile users in a network and external networks

MTSO mobile telephone switching office; the central office for the mobile switch, which
houses the field monitoring and relay stations for switching calls from cell sites to wireline
central offices (PSTN)

MTX mobile telephone exchange

NADC North American digital cellular (also called United Statesdigital cellular, or USDC); a
time division multiple access (TDMA) system that provides three to six times the capacity of
AMPS

NAMPS narrowband advanced mobile phone service; NAMPS was introduced as an

interim solution to capacity problems; NAMPS provides three times the AMPS capacity to
extend the usefulness of analog systems

7.5pt;font-family:Verdana'>PCS personal communications service; a lower-powered,

higher-frequency competitive technology that incorporates wireline and wireless networks and
provides personalized features

PSTN public switched telephone network; a PSTN is made of local networks, the exchange
area networks, and the long-haul network that interconnect telephones and other
communication devices on a worldwide b

RF radio frequency; electromagnetic waves operating between 10 kHz and 3 MHz

propagated without guide (wire or cable) in free space
SIM subscriber identity module; a smartcard which is inserted into a mobile phone to get it
going

SNSE supernode size enhanced

TDMA time division multiple access; used to separate multiple conversation transmissions over
a finite frequency allocation of through-the-air bandwidth; used to allocate a discrete amount
of frequency ban.

Radio technologies have evidenced a rapid and multidirectional evolution with the launch of
the analogue cellular systems in 1980s. Thereafter, digital wireless communication systems are
consistently on a mission to fulfil the growing need of human beings (1G, 4G, or now 5G).

INTRODUCTION TO 5G AND 4G SYSTEMS:

5G Technology

So, this article describes the 5G technology emphasizing on its salient features, technological
design (architecture), advantages, shortcomings, challenges, and future scope.

Salient Features of 5G

5th Generation Mobile Network or simply 5G is the forthcoming revolution of mobile

technology. The features and its usability are much beyond the expectation of a normal human
being. With its ultra-high speed, it is potential enough to change the meaning of a cell phone
usability.
With a huge array of innovative features, now your smart phone would be more parallel to the
laptop. You can use broadband internet connection; other significant features that fascinate
people are more gaming options, wider multimedia options, connectivity everywhere, zero
latency, faster response time, and high-quality sound and HD video can be transferred on other
cell phone without compromising with the quality of audio and video.

What is 5G Technology?

The 5G technology is expected to provide a new (much wider than the previous one) frequency
bands along with the wider spectral bandwidth per frequency channel. As of now, the
predecessors (generations) mobile technologies have evidenced substantial increase in peak
bitrate. Then how is 5G different from the previous one (especially 4G)? The answer is
it is not only the increase in bitrate made 5G distinct from the 4G, but rather 5G is also advanced
in terms of

High increased peak bit rate

Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)

High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and instantaneously

Lower battery consumption

Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region, in which you are

 Larger number of supporting devices

Lower cost of infrastructural development

Higher reliability of the communications

As researchers say, with the wide range of bandwidth radio channels, it is able to support the
speed up to 10 Gbps, the 5G WiFi technology will offer contiguous and consistent coverage
wider area mobility in true sense.

Architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and various terminals are
characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can
implement the advance technology to adopt the value-added services easily.

However, upgradeability is based upon cognitive radio technology that includes various
significant features such as ability of devices to identify their geographical location as well as
weather, temperature, etc. Cognitive radio technology acts as a transceiver (beam) that
perceptively can catch and respond radio signals in its operating environment. Further, it
promptly distinguishes the changes in its environment and hence respond accordingly to
provide uninterrupted quality service.

Architecture of 5G

As shown in the following image, the system model of 5G is entirely IP based model designed
for the wireless and mobile networks.
The system comprising of a main user terminal and then a number of independent and
autonomous radio access technologies. Each of the radio technologies is considered as the IP
link for the outside internet world. The IP technology is designed exclusively to ensure
sufficient control data for appropriate routing of IP packets related to a certain application
connections i.e. sessions between client applications and servers somewhere on the Internet.
Moreover, to make accessible routing of packets should be fixed in accordance with the given
policies of the user (as shown in the image given below).

The Master Core Technology

As shown in the Figure 5, the 5G MasterCore is convergence point for the other technologies,
which have their own impact on existing wireless network. Interestingly, its design facilitates
MasterCore to get operated into parallel multimode including all IP network mode and 5G
network mode. In this mode (as shown in the image given below), it controls all network
technologies of RAN and Different Access Networks (DAT). Since, the technology is
compatible and manages all the new deployments (based on 5G), it is more efficient, less
complicated, and more powerful.
Surprisingly, any service mode can be opened under 5G New Deployment Mode as World
Combination Service Mode (WCSM). WCSM is a wonderful feature of this technology; for
example, if a professor writes on the white board in a country it can be displayed on another
white board in any other part of the world besides conversation and video. Further, a new
services can be easily added through parallel multimode service.

5G technology is adorned with many as well as distinct features, which applicability is useful
for a wide range people irrespective of their purposes (as shown in the mweb image).

Application of 5G is very much equivalent to accomplishment of dream. It is integrated with

beyond the limit advance features in comparison to the previous technologies.
Advanced Features

In comparison to previous radio technologies, 5G has following advancement

Practically possible to avail the super speed i.e. 1 to 10 Gbps.

Latency will be 1 millisecond (end-to-end round trip).

1,000x bandwidth per unit area.

Feasibility to connect 10 to 100 number of devices.

Worldwide coverage.

About 90% reduction in network energy usage.

Battery life will be much longer.

Whole world will be in wi fi zone.

Applications of 5G

Some of the significant applications are

It will make unified global standard for all.

Network availability will be everywhere and will facilitate people to use their computer
and such kind of mobile devices anywhere anytime.

Because of the IPv6 technology, visiting care of mobile IP address will be assigned as
per the connected network and geographical position.

Its application will make world real Wi Fi zone.

Its cognitive radio technology will facilitate different version of radio technologies to
share the same spectrum efficiently.

Its application will facilitate people to avail radio signal at higher altitude as well.
INTRODUCTION TO 4G SYSTEMS:

Definition:

Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area
coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral
efficiency. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra-
Wide Radio Band (UWB),and Millimetre wireless. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile
speed will be up to 200km/hr. The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel
prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined
with adaptive modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability
for worldwide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by "generation designations.

Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation (1G) systems were marked by analog frequency
modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless
communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used
mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless system in widespread use today goes
by the name of 2.5G-an "in between " service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby
2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service,
2.5G is usually identified as being "fuelled " by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along
with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for
voice and paging services, as well as interactive media use such as teleconferencing, Internet
access, and other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth-these systems
provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2
Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension " of wireless
communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM),
Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimetre wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of
20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2 ]8 GHz. it
gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Features:

Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband
services o IP based mobile system o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit o Global
access, service portability, and scalable mobile services o Seamless switching, and a variety of
Quality of Service driven services o Better scheduling and call admission control techniques o
Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network
service a difficult problem) o Better spectral efficiency o Seamless network of multiple
protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all ]IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible
with all common network technologies, including802.11, WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper
LAN). o An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless
technologies, some of which are currently under development.

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a

successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified
the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for
4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication
(such as pedestrians and stationary users). A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive
and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems,
smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP
telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users. Pre-4G
technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release Long term evolution (LTE) have been
on the market since 2006[2] and 2009[3][4][5] respectively, and are often branded as 4G in
marketing materials. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-
R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. IMT-Advanced
compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called LTE
Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced respectively. ITU has decided that LTE
Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced should be accorded the official designation of
IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax
and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be
considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial
level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation
systems now deployed." In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio
technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other
frequency-domain equalization schemes.[citation needed] This is combined with MIMO
(Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-
dependent scheduling.[citation needed] Background The nomenclature of the generations
generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards
compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands. New generations have
appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G)
transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum
transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to
all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-
carrier transmission.[citation needed] The fastest 3G based standard in the WCDMA family is
the HSPA+ standard, which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s
downstreams without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2
MIMO), and 22 Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in the CDMA2000 family is
the EV-DO Rev. B, which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.[citation
needed] In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for what
standards that should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market only brands
some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), but not all (3GPP
EDGE, DECT and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are formally
accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the
IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G
systems. ITU Requirements and 4G wireless standards This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-
Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An
IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfil the following requirements: Based on an all-IP
packet switched network. Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local
wireless access, according to the ITU requirements. Dynamically share and use the network
resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz,
optionally up to 40 MHz. Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75
bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than
67 MHz bandwidth). System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and
2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage. Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks. Ability
to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support. In September 2009, the
technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as
4G candidates.[10] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies: LTE Advanced
standardized by the 3GPP 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX) Present
implementations of WiMAX and LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer
a considerable boost while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are
finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced by the ITU, but are still far from
being implemented. The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in
June 2008.[11] LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the
3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification
Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies
that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report. Current
LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply with the
planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile. Confusion
has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but
which are actually current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do not follow
the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems
as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that they are
based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible
with 3G, whilst some of the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with "real" 4G
technologies. While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used
for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or
development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as
IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two
industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[13] for
inclusion in the ITUs International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced
program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several
years from now.[citation needed] This working partys objective was not to comment on
todays 4G being rolled out in the United States and in fact, the Working Party itself purposely
agreed not to tie their IMT-Advanced work to the term 4G, recognizing its common use in
industry already; however, the ITUs PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G
anyway when issuing their press release.[citation needed] The ITUs purpose is to foster the
global use of communications.[citation needed] The ITU is relied upon by developing
countries,[citation needed] for example, who want to be assured a technology is standardised
and likely to be widely deployed. While the ITU has developed recommendations on IMT-
Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU member countries.[citation needed]
4G and near-4G systems The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early
assumed the term 4G as a short hand way to describe those advanced cellular technologies that,
among other things, are based on or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies,
MIMO transmission and an all-IP based architecture.[citation needed] Mobile-WiMAX, first
release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-OFDM meets these early assumptions, and have
been considered as 4G candidate systems, but do not yet meet the more recent ITU-R IMT-
Advanced requirements. 4G candidate systems LTE Advanced 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE) below LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-
Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009,
and expected to be released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass
the ITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new
technology but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes
it more cost effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is
similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use
of additional spectrum and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated
Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced
data speeds. Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8
currently supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced
standards. Data speeds of LTE Advanced LTE Advanced Peak Download 1 Gbit/s Peak Upload
500 Mbit/s IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-
Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-
Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile reception. 4G
predecessors and discontinued candidate systems 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) LTE
Advanced above Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long
Term Evolution (LTE) is often branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply
with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100
Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used and more if
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used. The physical radio
interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), now named
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB dongles do not
support any other radio interface. The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened
in the two Scandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on
14 December 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.
Currently, the two publicly available LTE services in the United States are provided by
MetroPCS, and Verizon Wireless. AT&T also has an LTE service in planned for deployment
between mid-2011 and end of 2013, Sprint Nextel has stated it's considering switching from
WiMax to LTE in the near future. Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) The Mobile WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as
WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s
downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels[citation needed]. The world's first
commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea on 30 June
2006. Sprint Nextel has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of September 29, 2008 branded as a
"4G" network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements
on 4G systems. In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered
by a Russian company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota. UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
Ultra Mobile Broadband UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a
discontinued 4G project within the 3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000
mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements. In November 2008,
Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it was ending development of the technology,
favouring LTE instead. The objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream
and over 75 Mbit/s upstream. Flash-OFDM At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was
expected to be further developed into a 4G standard. iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
The iBurst system ( or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an
early stage considered as a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20. All speeds are
theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external
antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may
be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals.
The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the
spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available.
For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards. For more comparison tables,
see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency
comparison table and OFDM system comparison table. Objective and approach

Objectives assumed in the literature 4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of

service (QoS) and rate requirements set by further development of existing 3G applications
like mobile broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV,
but also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow roaming with wireless local area networks,
and may interact with digital video broadcasting systems. In the literature, the assumed or
expected 4G requirements have changed during the years before IMT-Advanced was specified
by the ITU-R. These are examples of objectives stated in various sources: A nominal data rate
of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the station, and 1
Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R A data
rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world Smooth handoff across
heterogeneous networks Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks
High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high speed
data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.) Interoperability with existing wireless standards
An all IP, packet switched network IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed
Internet broadband infrastructure) Approaches Principal technologies Physical layer
transmission techniques are as follows: MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by
means of spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO Frequency-domain-
equalization, for example Multi-carrier modulation (OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier
frequency-domain-equalization (SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective
channel property without complex equalization. Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for
example (OFDMA) or (Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. Linearly precoded OFDMA,
LP-OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-channels to different
users based on the channel conditions Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the
required SNR at the reception side Channel-dependent scheduling: To utilize the time-varying
channel. Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes Relaying, including
fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying concept, known as multi-mode
protocol

LITERATURE SURVEY IN 4G SYSTEMS

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture, end-to-end
Internet protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every
mobile device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network
eliminating the spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[28] Since the 2.5G
GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for
data services, and circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched
infrastructure is abandoned, and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and
3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two
infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP
telephony. Cellular systems such as 4G allow seamless mobility; thus a file transfer is not
interrupted in case a terminal moves from one cell (one base station coverage area) to another,
but handover is carried out. The terminal also keeps the same IP address while moving,
meaning that a mobile server is reachable as long as it is within the coverage area of any server.
In 4G systems this mobility is provided by the mobile IP protocol, part of IP version 6, while
in earlier cellular generations it was only provided by physical layer and datalink layer
protocols. In addition to seamless mobility, 4G provides flexible interoperability of the various
kinds of existing wireless networks, such as satellite, cellular wirelss, WLAN, PAN and
systems for accessing fixed wireless networks. While maintaining seamless mobility, 4G will
offer very high data rates with expectations of 100 Mbit/s wireless service. The increased
bandwidth and higher data transmission rates will allow 4G users the ability to utilize high
definition video and the video conferencing features of mobile devices attached to a 4G
network. The 4G wireless system is expected to provide a comprehensive IP solution where
multimedia applications and services can be delivered to the user on an 'Anytime, Anywhere'
basis with a satisfactory high data rate, premium quality and high security. 4G is described as
MAGIC: mobile multimedia, any-time anywhere, global mobility support, integrated wireless
solution, and customized personal service.[citation needed] Some key features (primarily from
users' points of view) of 4G mobile networks are:[citation needed] High usability: anytime,
anywhere, and with any technology Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost
Personalization Integrated services

Components Access schemes This section contains information which may be of unclear or
questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this
article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2010) As the wireless
standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in efficiency, capacity
and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and FDMA. In the
wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high data rate channels as
it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly, FDMA consumed
more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in second generation systems,
one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and TDMA and the other set introduced an
access scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA increased the system capacity, but as a
theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network
setup does not inherently reject new clients when it approaches its limits, resulting in a denial
of service to all clients when the network overloads; though this outcome is avoided in practical
implementations by admission control of circuit switched or fixed bitrate communication
services). Data rate is also increased as this access scheme (providing the network is not
reaching its capacity) is efficient enough to handle the multipath channel. This enabled the third
generation systems, such as IS-2000, UMTS, HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-
SCDMA, to use CDMA as the access scheme. However, the issue with CDMA is that it suffers
from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time-domain equalization (high
number of multiplications per second) for wideband channels. Recently, new access schemes
like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA
and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation
systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain equalization,
resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They also make it possible to control
the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way. However, they require advanced
dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling. WiMax is using OFDMA in the
downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is used for the downlink.
By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since OFDMA contributes more to the
PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of amplifiers. IFDMA provides less
power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues. Similarly, MC-CDMA is in the proposal
for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the same efficiencies as older
technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques is that they require
less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the
MIMO environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently
requires high complexity equalization at the receiver. In addition to improvements in these
multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier
standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are being
proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards. IPv6 support Main articles:
Network layer, Internet protocol, and IPv6 Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel
infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively,
4G will be based on packet switching only. This will require low-latency data transmission. By
the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in
its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a
large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number
of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to
communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks. As of June 2009, Verizon has
posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its network to support IPv6. Advanced
antenna systems MIMO and MU-MIMO The performance of radio communications depends
on an antenna system, termed smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna
technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability,
and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of
data communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial
multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver.
Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This
technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by
(the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart from
this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by
using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive
diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into
the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge
at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies, which
require channel knowledge at the transmitter. Software-defined radio (SDR) SDR is one form
of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless standards, the final
form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently realized using
SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

History of 4G and pre-4G technologies In 2002, the strategic vision for 4Gwhich ITU
designated as IMT-Advancedwas laid out. In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is
chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE) air interface E-UTRA. In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in
Busan, South Korea. In June 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX
service in Seoul, South Korea. In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about
US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[33] ($5.45 billion in
real terms[34]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks, that have resulted in steep
quarterly losses. On May 7, 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and
Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its
Xohm WiMAX division with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system
prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s
while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet
transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12 MIMO using a 100
MHz frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[35] and is planning on releasing the first
commercial network in 2010. In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data
rates of 200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test. In January 2008,
a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the 700 MHz former
analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon
Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. Both of these companies have stated their intention of
supporting LTE. In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation
of 500800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX. On 15 February
2008 - Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN. In 2008, ITU-R
established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced, by issuing a Circular
Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced. In April
2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-Advanced
where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or
even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. In April 2008, LG and
Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at 110 km/h. On 12
November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G[44] In
December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, Asia's largest food and beverage conglomerate, has
signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless
broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed
wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country.[45] Around the same time Globe Telecom
rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines. On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC
announcing the first operational "4G" mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states. In December
2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States, despite
average download speeds of only 36 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in
all markets). On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the
Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator
TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the
network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-
B3710), and the network infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in
Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and
Finland.TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which
should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the
uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s
uplink in Stockholm. On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working
in test regime. On 4 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US,
the HTC Evo 4G. In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent. On 25 August
2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime 50% of territory. On 6
December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated that
LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G". On 12
December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia 4G/LTE commercial test network with a
live demo conducted in Yerevan. On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened LTE "4G"
network working in 5 biggest cities. Deployment plans In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish fixed
and wireless broadband company, announced that they had received a mobile communications
license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code
088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G Mobile communications.[54][55]
Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans for a joint effort with the Vodafone
Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon
Wireless announced their intentions to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end
of 2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their rollout by the end of
2010. On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or
US$58,000,000, on developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the
highest mobile phone market share by 2012, and the hope of an international standard. Telus
and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that they
will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband network
in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS that went live in
November 2009. Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities in
the United States. It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s. In the United Kingdom, Telefnica O2 is to
use Slough as a guinea pig in testing the 4G network and has called upon Huawei to install
LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow people to talk to each other via HD video
conferencing and play PlayStation games while on the move. Verizon Wireless has announced
that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G network in the United States with
LTE. AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM
and 3G/HSPA by 2011. Sprint Nextel has deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled
4G as of October 2008. It is currently deploying to additional markets and is the first US carrier
to offer a WiMAX phone. The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of deployment and
operation of a nationwide 4G public safety network which would allow first responders to
seamlessly communicate between agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In
June 2010 the FCC released a comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of
dedicated spectrum currently allocated from the 700 MHz spectrum for public safety will
provide adequate capacity and performance necessary for normal communications as well as
serious emergency situations. TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm
and Oslo November 2009 (as seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish
cities during 2010. In June 2010, Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live
television from the Swedish Crown Princess' Royal Wedding. Safaricom, a telecommunication
company in East& Central Africa, began its setup of a 4G network in October 2010 after the
now retired& Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a
white elephant i.e. it failed to perform to expectations. Huawei was given the contract the
network is set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of 2011 Telstra announced on 15
February 2011, that it intends to upgrade its current Next G network to 4G with Long Term
Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian capital cities and
selected regional centers by the end of 2011. Sri Lanka Telecom Mobitel and Dialog Axiata
announced that first time in South Asia Sri Lanka have successfully tested and demonstrated
4G technology on 4th of May 2011 n began the setup of their 4G Networks in Sri Lanka. On
May 2011, Brazil's Communication Ministry announced that the 12 host cities for the 2014
FIFA World Cup to be held there will be the first to have their networks upgraded to 4G.[66]
Beyond 4G research 5G A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in
a larger portion of the cell, especially to users in an exposed position in between several base
stations. In current research, this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known
as group cooperative relay, and also by beam-division multiple access. Pervasive networks are
an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user can be
simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly move
between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-Fi,
UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-
radio (also known as cognitive radio) technology to efficiently manage spectrum use and
transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.
PRPOSED DESIGN

ENVISIONED NETWORK MODEL AND FRAME-

WORK OVERVIEW

3.1 ETAM framework overview

Fig. 2 depicts a general overview of the ETAM frame-work. We assume that the network is
subdivided into N TAs, named N = f1; 2; Ng. Each TA consists of a set of cells, whereby a cell
is managed by an eNodeB (i.e., base station). As depicted in the figure, the geo-graphically
close eNodeBs can be grouped in the same TA, using any existing algorithm [12], [13], to
optimize the network performance in terms of paging overhead.

Fig. 2: The proposed framework for tackling TAU and paging overhead in 4G and beyond
mobile networks.
Initially, the ETAM framework starts by an inefficient solution and then converges, through
iterations, to the optimal one. As depicted in Fig. 2, ETAM framework starts by considering
each TA as a separated TAL. Then it executes, repetitively, two steps to converge to the optimal
solution. The first step is the offline-assignment of TAs-to-TALs, whereas the second one is
the online-assignment of TALs-to-UEs. To efficiently map between TAs and TALs, the
information about TAU and paging signaling messages are transferred from the online step to
the offline one. The latter enhances the mapping between TALs and TAs and then provides the
former with the new mapping to optimize further the network performance. The online step is
executed during a spec-ified period D, where all the information about the TAU and paging
overhead are gathered from the network to be transferred to the offline step. The duration D
may be fixed by the network operator, but it can be changed when there is a noticeable update
in the network.

Since there is no exact indication on the trajectory of UEs, during the online-assignment of
TALs-to-UEs, we use a probability strategy to assign TALs to UEs. In each visited TA, TALs
are assigned to visiting UEs with different probabilities. Indeed, the TAL that reduces more the
TAU and paging signaling messages would have more priority to be assigned to a UE. There
is a tradeoff between TAU and paging signaling messages. Clearly, the smaller the size of
TALs is, the higher the TAU overhead is, but the smaller the paging overhead becomes. For
the online-assignment of TALs-to-UEs, we consider two solutions. The first one takes into
account only the priority between TALs that was learned from the offline step. Whereas, the
second one, in addition to the priority between TALs, takes into account the UEs behav-ior, in
terms of incoming communication frequency and mobility patterns. For the offline-assignment
of TAs-to-TALs, we consider three different solutions, which define the core of our ETAM
framework. It is worth recalling that (i) the first solution favors the paging overhead when
forming TALs; (ii) the second one favors the TAU overhead; and (iii) the third solution uses
the bargaining game theory to distribute TALs among TAs by capturing a fair tradeoff between
TAU and paging overhead. The
(a) (b)

Fig. 3: An example illustrating how to construct neigh-boring graphs G from an LTE network.

TAL that exhibits the highest fairness in the TAU and paging overhead has the highest
probability to be as-signed to a UE.

3.2 Network model and notations

Let denote the set of all possible TALs in a mobile network, and let A denote the set of possible
TALs that can be assigned to UEs in TA A. As mentioned earlier, each time a UE visits a new
TA that does not belong to its TAL, a TAU message is sent to the MME. Upon receiving the
TAU message, MME computes and sends a new TAL to the UE. The new TAL should include
the visited TA. From Release 12 of the 3GPP specifications, the operator can specify for each
TAL a list of up to 15 TAs and the MME always adds the last visited TA to the list to prevent
the risk of ping-pong updates. For this reason, is formed by considering the different possible
combinations of TAs, such that the length of each element in should be higher or equal to one
and less than 16, i.e. each TAL i 2 should contain at least 1 TA and at most 15 TAs to allow
the MME to add the last visited

TA.
Throughout the paper, we will refer to the example depicted in Fig. 3 in order to show how
should be constructed. In this example, we assume that the network consists of five TAs, named
A, B, C, D and E. The blue arrows between TAs denote the movement of different UEs in the
network. The movement of UEs can be deduced from the handover statistics of different
eNodeBs or from the handover command messages sent by MME. To form , we begin by
forming the neighboring graphs G from the network as depicted in Fig. 3(b). An edge between
two vertices (i.e., TA) A and B exists, if there is a TAU possibility between them. In Fig. 3(b),
an edge is generated between the vertices A and B, if there is a blue arrow between TAs A and
B in Fig. 3(a), which means the possibility of UEs movement between these TAs. In Fig. 3(b),
we do not construct an edge between vertices A and E since a direct blue arrow does not exist
between them; UEs cannot move from A to E without passing by another TA (i.e., B or D).
Finally, A is formed from the neighboring graph G. Indeed, the different elements of A are
those having all vertices of all sub-graphs of G that contain the vertex A and their length do
not exceed 15. Thus, the vertices of a sub-graph of G that contain the vertex A are considered
as one element in A.

We assume that each UE has a specific probability to be called/paged (i.e., for voice call as
well as for IP-based web applications). Further, each UE follows a different mobility pattern,
hence the number of sites (cells) visited by each UE is different. In the online-assignment of
TALs-to-UEs step, the network is monitored in order to track the number of signaling messages
(i.e., TAU and paging) sent and received by different UEs. We denote by

the probability of paging and TAU of UEs in the network,

respectively. In other words, in the offline-assignment step, we have the information about
different existing UEs in the network. We denote by the different UEs. For each UE belongs
to 2 , we have its probability u to send a TAU message and its probability u to be called (i.e.,
cause a paging). We denote by = 1; 2; g the overhead of mobility and paging ratio
of different UEs. u denotes the overhead of mobility and paging ratio of UEu, i.e. the ratio
between

the paging and the TAU of a UEu. Formally, u is

computed as follows
TABLE 1: Notations used in the paper

5G TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS

As a result of this blending of requirements, many of the industry initiatives that have

progressed with work on 5G (see Appendix A) identify a set of eight requirements:

1-10Gbps connections to end points in the field (i.e. not theoretical maximum)

1 millisecond end-to-end round trip delay (latency)

1000x bandwidth per unit area

10-100x number of connected devices

(Perception of) 99.999% availability

(Perception of) 100% coverage

 90% reduction in network energy usage

Up to ten year battery life for low power, machine-type devices

Because these requirements are specified from different perspectives, they do not make an
entirely coherent list it is difficult to conceive of a new technology that could meet all of
these conditions simultaneously. Equally, whilst these eight requirements are often presented
as a single list, no use case, service or application has been identifed that requires all eight
performance attributes across an entire network simultaneously. Indeed some of the
requirements are not linked to use cases or services, but are instead aspirational statements of
how networks should be built, independent of service or technology no use case needs a
network to be significantly cheaper, but every operator would like to pay less to build and run
their network. It is more likely that various combinations of a subset of the overall list of
requirements will be supported when and where it matters.

GSMA Intelligence Understanding 5G, Finally, while important in their own right, six of these
requirements are not generation defining attributes. These are considered below:

Perceived 99.999% availability and 100% geographical coverage:

These are not use case drivers, nor technical issues, but economic and business case decisions.
99.999% availability and 100% coverage are achievable using any existing technology, and
could be achieved by any network operator. Operators decide where to place cells based on the
cost to prepare the site to establish a cell to cover a specific area balanced against the benefit
of the cell providing coverage for a specific geographic area.

This in turn makes certain cell sites and coverage areas - such as rural areas and indoor coverage
- the subject of difficult business decisions. Whilst a new generation of mobile network
technology may shift the values that go in to the business model that determines cell viability,
achieving 100% coverage and 99.999% availability will remain a business decision rather than
a technical objective. Conversely, if 100% coverage and 99.999% availability were to be a 5G
qualifying criteria, no network would achieve 5G status until such time as 100% coverage
and 99.999% availability were achieved.

Connection density (1000x bandwidth per unit area, 10-100x number of connections):

These essentially amount to cumulative requirements i.e. requirements to be met by networks

that include 5G as an incremental technology, but also require continued support of pre-existing
generations of network technology. The support of 10-100 times the number of connections is
dependent upon a range of technologies working together, including 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi-fi,
Bluetooth and other complementary technologies. The addition of 5G on top of this ecosystem
should not be seen as an end solution, but just one additional piece of a wider evolution to
enable connectivity of machines. The Internet of Things (IoT) has already begun to gain
significant momentum, independent of the arrival of 5G. Similarly, the requirement for 1,000
times bandwidth per unit area is not dependent upon 5G, but is the cumulative effect of more
devices connecting with higher bandwidths for longer durations. Whilst a 5G network may
well add a new impetus to progression in this area, the rollout of LTE is already having a
transformational effect on the amount of bandwidth being consumed within any specific area,
and this will increase over the period

until the advent of 5G. The expansion of Wi-fi and integration of Wi-fi networks withcellular
will also be key in supporting greater data density rates. Meeting both of these requirements
will have significant implications for OPEX on backhaul and power, since each cell or hotspot
must be powered and all of the additional traffic being generated must be backhauled.

Reduction in network energy usage and improving battery life:

The reduction of power consumption by networks and devices is fundamentally important to

the economic and ecological sustainability of the industry. A general industry principle for
minimising power usage in network and terminal equipment should pervade all generations of
technology, and is recognised as an ecological goal as well as having a GSMA Intelligence
Understanding 5G significant positive impact on the OPEX associated with running a network.
At present it is not clear how a new generation of technology with higher bandwidths being
deployed as an overlay (rather than a replacement) on top of all pre-existing network equipment
could result in a net reduction in power consumption. Some use cases for M2M require the
connected device in the field to lie dormant for extended periods of time. It is important that
innovation in how these devices are powered and the leanness of the signaling they use when
becoming active and connected is pursued. However, this requirement is juxtaposed with 5G
headline requirements on data rate what is required for mass sensor networks is very
occasional connectivity with minimal throughput and signaling load. Work to develop such
technology predates the current 5G requirements and is already being pursued in Standards
bodies. These six requirements should be and are being pursued by the industry today using a
range of techniques (some of which are covered later in the paper) but these amount to
evolutions of existing network technology and topology or opportunities enabled by changing
hardware characteristics and capabilities. These will in turn open business opportunities for
operators and third parties. However, none of these business opportunities exist today they
are constrained by limitations greatly governed by economics, and much of these six
requirements are motivated by improving the economic viability of those opportunities, rather
than filling technological gaps that explicitly prohibit these opportunities, regardless of the
amount they might cost to enable. Thus in the strictest terms of measurable network
deliverables which could enable revolutionary new use case scenarios, the potential attributes
that would be unique to 5G are limited to sub-1ms latency and >1 Gbps downlink speed.

IMPLEMENTED DESIGN:

Along with the publication of 5G service and performance requirements by International

Telecommunication Union-Radio communication (ITU-R) [1], many research groups today
are conducting research and standardization activities of 5G mobile communication system
actively [2]. 3GPP has specified new use cases that cannot be met with 4G Evolved Packet
System (EPS) [3]. The proposed use cases can be classified into five categories according to
their examples as follows.

Enhanced mobile broadband: Ultra High Definition (UHD), virtual presence.

Critical communication: Robot/drone, emergency.

Massive machine type communication: eHealth.

Network operation: Network slicing, interworking.

Enhancement of vehicle-to-everything: Autonomous driving.

It is necessary to reduce latency and connect many devices to the network while increasing
data rate in order to support the above services. 5G mobile communication system will enable
not only existing services, but also new services in various fields. Through realization of the
new services, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) convergence will come true
in real life.
3GPP has been working on the standardization of 5G mobile communication system for the
commercialization of 5G in 2020. Radio Access Network (RAN) and Service and System
Aspects (SA) are the representative Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) within 3GPP. The
TSG RAN is developing documents covering radio access architecture and radio interface
protocol aspects of new Radio Access Technology (RAT) [4,5]. SA Working Group 2 (SA2)
within the TSG SA studies architecture and main functions of the 5G network system under
the study item of Next Generation system (NextGen). The SA2 finalized the NextGen Phase 1
study in December 2016 and published the 3GPP TR 23.799 specification as an outcome of the
study [6]. NextGen Phase 2 study is also expected to begin mid 2017. Based on the agreements
within the NextGen study, SA2 group is currently conducting normative standardization work
for 5G mobile core network architecture by aiming to finalize the initial architecture by the end
of 2017. In this paper, we present the architecture and functions of 5G mobile communication
system by referring to the 3GPP SA2 NextGen Phase 1 study.

2. Architecture for next generation core network

In 4G core network, called Evolved Packet Core (EPC), protocol and reference points are
defined for each entity such as Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (S-
GW), and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). On the other hand, in NextGen, protocol
and reference points are defined for each Network Function (NF). We now present the NextGen
architecture and the agreements of overall architecture.

2.1. NextGen architecture overview

Overview: Fig. 1 shows the NextGen architecture composed of NFs and reference points
connecting NFs. User Equipment (UE) is connected to either RAN or Access Network (AN)
as well as Access and Mobility Function (AMF). RAN represents a base station using new
RAT and evolved LTE while AN is a general base station including non-3GPP access, e.g.,
Wi-Fi. The NextGen core network consists of various NFs. In Fig. 1, there are seven NextGen
core NFs, namely, (1) AMF, (2) Session Management Function (SMF), (3) Policy Control
Function (PCF), (4) Application Function (AF), (5) Authentication Server Function (AUSF),
(6) User Plane Function (UPF), and (7) User Data Management (UDM).

Architecture and reference points for NextGen

Fig. 1. Architecture and reference points for NextGen.

Network functions: NF, 3GPP-adopted processing function in NextGen, has both functional
behavior and interface. An NF can be implemented either as a network element on a dedicated
hardware, as a software instance running on a dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function
instantiated on an appropriate platform, e.g., a cloud infrastructure [6].

Functional description: AMF provides UE-based authentication, authorization, mobility

management, etc. A UE even using multiple access technologies is basically connected to a
single AMF because the AMF is independent of the access technologies. SMF is responsible
for session management and allocates IP addresses to UEs. It also selects and controls the UPF
for data transfer. If a UE has multiple sessions, different SMFs may be allocated to each session
to manage them individually and possibly provide different functionalities per session. AF
provides information on the packet flow to PCF responsible for policy control in order to
support Quality of Service (QoS). Based on the information, PCF determines policies about
mobility and session management to make AMF and SMF operate properly. AUSF stores data
for authentication of UE while UDM stores subscription data of UE. Data network, not part of
NextGen core network, provides Internet access or operator services.

Reference points: Reference point representation of the architecture can be used to develop
detailed call flows in the normative standardization. Next Generation (NG)1 is defined to carry
signaling between UE and AMF. The reference points for connecting between AN and AMF
and between AN and UPF are defined as NG2 and NG3, respectively. There is no reference
point between AN and SMF, but there is a reference point, NG11, between AMF and SMF.
Therefore, we can confirm that SMF is controlled by AMF. NG4 is used by SMF and UPF so
that the UPF can be set using the control signal generated by the SMF, and the UPF can report
its state to the SMF. NG9 is the reference point for the connection between different UPFs, and
NG14 is the reference point connecting between different AMFs, respectively. NG15 and NG7
are defined since PCF applies policy to AMF and SMP, respectively. NG12 is required for the
AMF to perform authentication of the UE. NG8 and NG10 are defined because the subscription
data of UE is required for AMF and SMF.

2.2. Agreements on overall architecture

Separation of control and user planes: NextGen aims at separating user plane and control plane.
The user plane carries user traffic while the control plane carries signaling in the network. In
Fig. 1, the UPF is in the user plane and all other NFs, i.e., AMF, SMF, PCF, AF, AUSF, and
UDM, are in the control plane. Separating the user and control planes guarantees each plane
resource to be scaled independently. It also allows UPFs to be deployed separately from control
plane functions in a distributed fashion. In this architecture, UPFs may be deployed very close
to UEs to shorten the Round Trip Time (RTT) between UEs and data network for some
applications requiring low latency.

Modularization: NG architecture is composed of modularized functions. For example, the

AMF and SMF are independent functions in the control plane. Separated AMF and SMF allow
independent evolution and scaling. Other control plane functions like PCF and AUSF can be
separated as shown in Fig. 1. Modularized function design also enables NextGen to support
various services flexibly.

Interaction: Each NF interacts with another NF directly. It is not impossible to use an

intermediate function to route messages from one NF to another NF. In the control plane, a set
of interactions between two NFs is defined as service so that its reuse is possible. This service
enables support for modularity. The user plane supports interactions such as forwarding
operations between different UPFs.

Roaming: NextGen considers the architecture for supporting roaming in a manner similar to
how EPS does. There are two kinds of deployment scenarios, i.e., Home Routed (HR) and
Local Break Out (LBO).

Agreements on NextGen functions

In the NextGen core network, existing 4G core network technologies are required to be
improved in order to efficiently support various services and requirements. In this section, we
introduce the agreements on the NextGen functions discussed in 3GPP, namely, (1) mobility
management, (2) session management and service continuity, (3) QoS framework, and (4)
network slicing.

3.1. Mobility management

State model: Fig. 2 shows the state models of EPS and NextGen. Three types of states are
shown in the EPS model, i.e., EPS Mobility Management (EMM) state, EPS Connection
Management (ECM) state, and Radio Resource Control (RRC) state [7]. EMM and ECM
states are managed by the core network, where the EMM state represents whether a UE is
registered in the EPC, and the ECM state shows whether Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling
connection between UE and MME is established. On the other hand, RRC state is managed by
RAN, and it represents whether a connection between UE and RAN, i.e., evolved Node B
(eNB), exists or not. A UE in the ECM-CONNECTED state needs to be in the RRC-
CONNECTED state, because radio link connection is required to establish NAS signaling
connection.

Fig. 2(a). (a) EPS state model.

In NextGen, the MM state of a UE can be MM-REGISTERED or MM-DEREGISTERED state

depending on whether the UE is registered in NextGen core network, which is very similar to
EMM-REGISTERED and EMM-DETERSITERD states [6]. When the UE is registered, the
UE is in either Core Network (CN)-IDLE state or CN-CONNECTED state according to the
existence of NAS layer connection. The definitions of MM and CN states are almost the same
as those of EMM and ECM states in the EPS. On the other hand, RRC-INACTIVE
CONNECTED state is newly introduced as a state of the RRC state model. The new state is
proposed to be used as a primary sleeping state prior to RRC-IDLE state [8]. When a UE
moves to the new state, both the UE and RAN keep the context information of the UEs RRC
connection, such as UE capabilities and security context, that have been obtained during the
RRC connection setup. Therefore, the new state enables a lightweight transition from inactive
to active data transmission.

Handover and cell reselection: In the EPS, when a UE is in the RRC-CONNECTED state,
the serving eNB evaluates the reported signal strength between the UE and the eNB, and
performs a handover procedure when the signal strength is weakened. However, in the RRC-
IDLE state, where the eNB is not aware of the existence of the UE, the UE decides whether to
camp on the current cell or to reselect a neighboring target cell based on signal strength
measurements. This procedure is referred to as cell reselection. In the EPS, the utilized mobility
procedures are fixed as handover in the RRC-CONNECTED state and cell reselection in the
RRC-IDLE state, respectively. On the other hand, in NextGen, it is expected that the core
network is able to flexibly control whether to perform handover or cell reselection for a UE in
CN-CONNECTED state.

Location tracking: In the EPC, the location of a UE is managed by the MME. The level of a
UEs location is different according to the RRC state of the UE. In the RRC-CONNECTED
state, the UEs location is tracked in the cell level while in the RRC-IDLE state, its location is
tracked in the Tracking Area (TA) level, which is a set of cells. Similarly, in NextGen, the core
network can track the location of UE at the CN location area level in the CN-IDLE state, and
the UE location is known at the level of the serving RAN to the core network in the CN-
CONNECTED state. A CN location area is an area allocated by the network registering the
UE, i.e., TA list. The NextGen core network can allocate TA list composed of cells using new
RAT and evolved LTE. On the other hand, in NextGen, RAN also needs to support the location
tracking for the UE in RRC-INACTIVE CONNECTED state. In that state, the core network
understands that the UE is located within the RAN area, but the RAN needs a new location
tracking functionality to determine the exact location of the UE because the connection
between the UE and the RAN is not active.

Paging: In the EPS, when Down Link (DL) traffic for a UE in the RRC-IDLE state arrives at
the S-GW, the MME performs a paging procedure based on the detected location of the UE.
On the other hand, it was agreed to support the following two kinds of paging, i.e., CN paging
and RAN paging, in the NextGen system. CN paging, the default paging procedure, is
requested by the core network when the UE is in the CN-IDLE state. A newly introduced RAN
paging is needed for UE in the RRC-INACTIVE CONNECTED state. Since a UE in the RRC-
INACTIVE CONNECTED state is in the CN-CONNECTED state in the core networks
viewpoint, the core network simply forwards the data or the singling message to the
corresponding RAN when the data or signaling message arrives. Therefore, RAN itself
generates the paging message and performs paging to find the exact location of the UE, and
then to send the data or signaling message to the UE. The NextGen core network can transmit
additional assistance information to RAN for RAN paging.

Mobility on demand: Mobility on demand is a concept to support mobility not to all devices
but only to devices that need it [9]. It also includes supporting UEs mobility at its appropriate
level. There had been many discussions on mobility on demand, and it is divided into aspects
of mobility restriction and mobility pattern (or mobility level). The mobility restriction is
addressed in terms of area, which is divided into allowed area, non-allowed area, and forbidden
area. The granularity of the area is at least TA level. In the allowed area, UE can communicate
through the control plane or the user plane. UE cannot send service request and session
management signaling in the non-allowed area. However, periodic registration update is
possible. It can also respond to the paging of the NextGen core network. Moreover, emergency
calls or multimedia priority service are allowed. In the forbidden area, UE is not allowed to
have any communication with the network except for the emergency services.

The mobility pattern is used as a concept to describe the expected mobility of UE in the
NextGen core network, not a parameter delivered on the interface defined in the standard. The
mobility pattern is determined by considering subscription, location, capabilities, and mobility
information statistics of UE, network policies, etc. The NextGen core network can use the
mobility pattern to optimize the mobility management procedure and related parameters of UE.

Mobile Originated (MO) only mode: Internet of Things (IoT) service is an important 5G
service. IoT devices, e.g., sensor devices, mostly send MO data. For this kind of devices, MO
only mode is defined in NextGen, and the NextGen core network determines whether to apply
the MO only mode to a UE during the registration procedure based on the subscription data of
the UE and network policy. The MO only mode is allocated to a UE, which does not require
Mobile Terminated (MT) traffic. Therefore, the UE in MO only mode does not listen to the
paging message. The NextGen core network does not need to manage the UEs location while
it is registered in the NextGen core network. For optimization, the NextGen core network may
decide to deregister after the MO data communication is finished, without transferring the UEs
state into the CN-IDLE state in the MM-REGISTERED state, because most functions
supported in the CN-IDLE state is not meaningful for the UE in MO only mode, e.g., UE
location tracking and reachability management. In such cases, the UE needs to perform attach
procedure whenever the MO data transmission is necessary to communicate with the core
network.

3.2. Session management and service continuity

PDU session: UE receives services through a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session, which is a
logical connection between the UE and data network. In NextGen, various PDU session types
are supported, e.g., IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, etc. Unlike the EPS, where at least one default session
is always created while the UE attaches to the network, NextGen can establish a session when
service is needed independently of the attachment procedure of UE, i.e., attachment without
any PDU session is possible. NextGen also supports UE establishing multiple PDU sessions to
the same data network or to different data networks over a single or multiple access networks
including 3GPP and non-3GPP accesses.

The number of UPFs for a PDU session is not specified. At least, deployment with one UPF is
essential to serve a given PDU session. For a UE with multiple PDU sessions, there is no need
for convergence point like S-GW in the EPC. In other words, the user plane paths of different
PDU sessions are completely disjoint. This implies that there is a distinct buffering node per
PDU session for the UE in the RRC-IDLE state.

3.2 Comparison 3g VS 4g VS 5G:

London will be ready to host the fifth generation of mobile telecoms technology by 2020,
according to Boris Johnson, the capitals mayor. 5G technology promises mobile data speeds
that far outstrip the fastest home broadband network currently available in the UK.

With speeds of up to 100 gigabits per second, 5G will be as much as 1,000 times faster than
4G, the latest iteration of mobile data technology. The gains brought about by 4G are already
being felt by businesses whose employees are often on the move.

3G does not have the capacity to cope with modern mobile working demands. Workers in urban
centres often feel the effects the most, with slow and sometimes non-existent mobile
connections common in peak hours. Because 4G networks have higher base speeds, they
experience less of this peak-hour strain. There is more than enough capacity to share for core
services, such as e-mail and web browsing.
RESULTS AND COCLUSION: