OFFICERS AND STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THE

PREPARATION OF THIS PUBLICATION

Additional Director General

Smt S. Jeyalakshmi

Deputy Director General

Shri M.R. Meena (Retd.)
Shri V. Parameswaran

Director
Shri R. C. Aggarwal

Deputy Director
Shri S. Suresh Kumar

Statistical Investigator
Shri R.K. Panwar

Environment Statistics Division

Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
West Block-8, Wing- 6, R.K. Puram, New Delhi -110 066
Telephone:011-261 83425 Telefax: 011-261 08404
 Preface

The Rio-de-Janeiro Summit (1992) and the Johannesburg Conference (2002) have
redefined the way in which ‘Development’ was understood. The developed world has
been made to realize that it cannot burn up all the oil or heat up the whole globe for the
sake of its welfare alone. Those that have been excluded from the process of and benefits
of economic development in this generation do have a right to be included. Not only does
the future generation has a right to inherit the national resources that we are exploiting,
but also a right to healthy life. Discussions in the inter-generational and intra-generational
equity has made the earlier concept of ‘Gross Domestic Product’ as a measure of
economic development obsolete, leading to the emergence of the new concept of
‘Sustainable Development’ and a set of indicators to measure the same. Obviously, then
there have to be measurements and measurable indicators that will enlighten to perform
their obligation towards their fellowmen and the future. The present issue has been
combined for the years 2008/2009, is the tenth in the series which provides data on five
core parameters relating to bio-diversity, atmosphere, land-soil, water and human
settlements at one place.

We at CSO, have been endeavoring to improve the coverage, content and

presentation of the publication in each issue. Graphics and extracts from environment
related legislations have been included in this publication to make it more users friendly.

We express our deep gratitude to all agencies which contributed the valuable data
/information and supported our efforts to bring out the publication in its present form.
We hope to get the continued support of all the agencies in the future too.

Under the leadership of my able colleague Smt. S. Jeyalakshmi, Additional

Director General, and a team of dedicated officers Shri. M. R. Meena, Deputy Director
General (Retd.), Shri V. Parameswaran, Deputy Director General, Shri. R. C. Aggarwal,
Director, Shri. S.Suresh Kumar, Deputy Director and Shri. R. K. Panwar, Statistical
Investigator have exhibited enormous commitment in compiling this publication.

Comments and suggestions from the users for further improvement of the
publication are most welcome.

March, 2010 (S. K. Das)

Director General
 CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

OVERVIEW XVII-XVIII

CHAPTER I

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION 1-12

CHAPTER II

DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS IN INDIA 13-19

CHAPTER III 21- 79

BIODIVERSITY 23

FLORA 26

FORESTS 33

FAUNA 58

CHAPTER IV 81-138

ATMOSPHERE 83

AIR & TRANSPORT 92

ENERGY 105

INDUSTRY 128

GREENHOUSE GASES 134

NOISE 137

CHAPTER V 139 -180

LAND AND SOIL 141

LAND USES 143

AGRICULTURE 152

NATURAL DISASTERS 159

MINING 170
CHAPTER VI 183-222

WATER 183

FRESH MARINE 186

CHAPTER VII 223- 268

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 225

POPULATION AND POVERTY 229

HOUSING SLUMS AND BASIC FACILITIES 238

WASTE MANAGEMENT 262

APPENDIX

1. ABBREVIATIONS 271

2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS USED 272

3. REFERENCES 276

4. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION 277

5. METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF WATER QULAITY PAPAMETERS 278

6. METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATION OF POVERTY LINES 280

7. ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION, ACT, RULES, NOTIFICATIONS AND AMENDMENTS 282

8. LAND –USE CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA 285

 List of Tables

Chapter Table Subject Page No.

No. No.
1. Environment and Environment Degradation 1-12
1.1 Some impacts of Development Activities on Environment 8
1.2 Local, Regional and Global Effects of Pollution 9
1.3 Some Major Pollutants and Their Sources 10
1.4 Pollutants and Their Related Health Hazards 10
1.5 Water borne diseases and their causative factors 11

2. Development of Environment Statistics in India 13-19

3. Biodiversity 23-78

Flora

3.1.1 Number and Status of Plant Species in India 26

3.1.2 Rare and Threatened Species (Vascular Plants) 27
3.1.3 Reference Collections of Flora 28
3.1.4 Conservation Measures 28
3.1.5 Biosphere Reserves Set up in India 29
3.1.6 Status of EX-Situ Conservation (Base Collection) of Orthodox Seeds 30
at -200C
3.1.7 Status of In-Vitro Conservation 31
3.1.8 Status of Germplasm at National Cryobank 32
3.1.9 Status of Cryopreservation of Dorment Buds & Pollen Grains 32

Forest

3.2.1 State/UT Wise Forest Area 33

3.2.2 Forest Cover in India 35
3.2.3(a) Forest Area by Ownership (during 2005-06) 36
3.2.3(b) Forest Area by Composition (during 2005-06) 37
3.2.4(a) Comparative Situation of Forest Cover in India 38
3.2.4(b) Changes in Forest Cover of the North-Eastern Region 39
3.2.5 (a) State-wise Production of Forest Produce (2004-05) 40
3.2.5 (b) State-wise production of Forest Produce (2005-06) 41
3.2.5 (c) State-wise production of Forest Produce 42-43
3.2.6 (a) Physiographic Zone Wise Tree Cover Estimates 44
3.2.6 (b) Physiographic Zone Wise Volume of Growing Stock 45
3.2.7 State/UT Wise Tree Cover Estimates 46

vii
 3.2.8 Forest Cover in States/UTs in India 47
3.2.9 State/UT Wise Forest Cover in Hill Districts 48
3.2.10 State/UT wise Forest Cover in Tribal Districts 49
3.2.11(a) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover Assessment 50
3.2.11(b) State/UT wise Mangrove Cover, 2007 50
3.2.11(c) State wise list of Mangrove Areas 50
3.2.12 State wise Waste Lands of India 51
3.2.13 State wise and Category wise Wastelands of India 52-53
3.2.14 Diversion of Forest Land for Non Forest Use Since the Enforcement 55
of Forest Conservation Act, 1980
3.2.15 Progress of Joint Forest Management in India 57

Fauna

3.3.1 India’s Major Bio-geographic Habitats 58

3.3.2 Estimated Number of Species 59
3.3.3(a) Rare and Threatened Species (Vertebrates) 60
3.3.3(b) Recent Addition in the List of Threatened/Endangered Species 61
3.3.3(c ) Globally Threatened Animals Occurring in India by Status Category 62
3.3.4 Estimated Number/Percentage of Endemic Species in India 63
3.3.5 National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries of India 64
3.3.6 (a) All India Tiger Population In Tiger Reserves 65
3.3.6 (b) Population Of Tigers In States 66
3.3.7 (a) Area of Tiger Reserves in Tiger Range States 67
3.3.7 (b) Forest Occupancy and Population Estimates of Tiger as per the 68
Refined Methodology
3.3.8 Designated elephant reserves in India (Revised Network-2005) 69
3.3.9 Location of Major Zoos 70-71
3.3.10 India’s Livestock Population 72
3.3.11 Livestock Population as per 2003 Census 74
3.3.12 Fish Production 75
3.3.13 Marine Fishery Resources of India 75
3.3.14 State-wise Fish Production 76
3.3.15 Inland Fishery Water Resources of India 77
3.3.16 Incidence of Livestock and Poultry Diseases in India 78-79

4. Atmosphere 81-138
4.1.1 Average Gaseous Composition of Dry Air in the Troposphere 92
4.1.2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 93
4.1.3 State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Residential Areas 94
under National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme
(NAMP) during 2008.
4.1.4 State wise level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM in Industrial Areas under 95
National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
during2008

viii
4.1.5 (a) Number of Motor Vehicles Registered in India 96
(Taxed and Tax-Exempted)
4.1.5 (b) Total Registered Motor Vehicles in India by States/UTs 97-98
(As on 31st March 2004)
4.1.6 Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Metropolitan Cities of India 99-100
(As on 31st March 2004)
4.1.7 Working of State Transport Undertakings 101
4.1.8 Ambient Air Quality in Major Cities 102
4.1.9 Phased Tightening of Exhaust Emission Standards for Indian 103
Automobiles
4.1.10(a) Production of Ozone Depleting Substances In India 104
4.1.10(b) Total Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances 104

Energy

4.2.1 Installed Capacity of Power Utilities on 31-3-2008 105

4.2.2 (a) Generating Capacity and Electricity Generation 106
4.2.2 (b) Growth of Installed Generating Capacity in India 106
4.2.3 Cumulative Comparison of Power Supply Position 107
4.2.4 (a) Annual Gross Generation of Power by Source 108
4.2.4 (b) Plan Wise Growth of Electricity Sector In India 109
4.2.5 Number of Towns and Villages Electrified in India 110
4.2.6 State wise Production of Coal and Lignite 111
4.2.7 Production of Coal from Opencast Working by Mechanisation and 112
Overburden Removed during the Year 2006
4.2.8 Productivity in Coal Mines in the year 2006 113
4.2.9 State-wise Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal 114-115
4.2.10 Inventory of Geological Reserves of Coal by Type 116
4.2.11 Estimated Potential for Renewable Energy Technologies in India 116
4.2.12(a) State wise Wind Power Cumulative Installed Capacity 117
4.2.12(b) Estimated Potential and Cumulative Achievements as on 31.1.2007 117
4.2.12(c) Statewise Grid-Interactive Biomass Power Installed Capacity 118
4.2.12 (d) State Wise Details Of Small Hydro Power Projects (Upto 25 MW) Setup 118
and Under Implementation (as on 31.12.2007)
4.2.13 Domestic Production of Petroleum Products in India 119-120
4.2.14 Availability of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products in India 121
4.2.15 Gross and Net Production and Utilization of Natural Gas in India 122
4.2.16 Industry-wise Off-take of Natural Gas in India 123
4.2.17 The Status of Biomass Projects 124
4.2.18 State-wise and Year wise Composition of Commissioned Biomass 124
Power Projects (as on 30.06.2007)
4.2.19 Distribution of Family-Type Biogas Plants (Number of Installations) 125
4.2.20 (a) State-wise Break-up of The Energy Parks (as on 31.01.2007) 126
4.2.20 (b) State wise Renewable Energy Clubs 127

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 Industries

4.3.1 Number of Registered Factories by Manufacturing Industries 128

4.3.2 State-Wise Summary Status of The Pollution Control In Medium 129
and Large Scale Units of 17 Categories of Industries
4.3.3 Summary Status of Pollution Control in Grossly Polluting Industries 130
Discharging Their Effluents into Rivers and Lakes
4.3.4 Maximum Permissible Limits for Industrial Effluent Discharges 131
4.3.5 Effluent Standards for Sugar Industry 132
4.3.6 Effluent Standards for Large Pulp and Paper Industries 132
4.3.7 Effluent Standards for Oil Refineries 132
4.3.8 Effluent Standards for Aluminium Industry 133
4.3.9 Effluent Standards for Petro-Chemical (Basic & Intermediates) 133
Industry

Greenhouse Gases

4.4.1 Contribution of Green House Gases to Atmosphere 134

4.4.2 (a) Total Absolute Emissions of CO2 From the Power Sector By Region 135
for 2005-06 to 2007-08
4.4.2 (b) Emission Factors of CO2 for 2007-08 135
4.4.2 (c ) Specific Emissions (Weighted Average for) of Co2 Fossil Fuel-Fired 135
Stations in 2007-08
4.4.3 Global Average Temperature And Atmospheric Concentrations of 136
CO2

Noise

4.5.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise 137

4.5.2 Average Noise Levels in Various Metropolitan Cities 138
4.5.3 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health 138

5. Land and Soil

Land Uses 141-180

5.1.1 Land Use Classification in India 143-144

5.1.2 Selected Categories of Land Use Classification 146
5.1.3 State wise information on Rapid Reconnaissance Survey (Till March 147
2009)
5.1.4 (a) State wise Information on degraded land of the districts 148-149
5.1.4 (b) State-Wise Extent of Alkali Area, Physical Progress of 150
Reclamation
5.1.5 State wise Coverage under detailed Soil Survey 151
5.1.6 State Wise Wastelands of India 151

x
 Agriculture

5.2.1 Use of Agricultural Inputs 152

5.2.2 Performance of Crop Production 153
5.2.3 Area Under Principal Crops 154
5.2.4(a) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India 155
(Insecticides)
5.2.4(b) Capacity and Production in the Chemical Industry in India 156
5.2.5(a) State-wise Consumption of Pesticides 157
5.2.5 (b) State-Wise Demand of Pesticides 158

Natural Disasters

5.3.1 Frequently Occurring Natural Disasters in India 159

5.3.2 Major Earthquakes in India 160
5.3.3 List of Districts Covered Under Drought Prone Area Programme 161
(DPAP)
5.3.4 (a) Flood Affected Area and Flood Damages in India (Abstract for the 166
Period 1953 to 2005)
5.3.4(b) State wise details of Damage due to Heavy Rains/Floods Cyclonic 166
Storms and Landslides during 2005 in India
5.3.5 (a) State-wise Extent of Damage (Commutative) due to Heavy Rains, 167
Flood, Cyclone during South West Monsoon, 2009
5.3.5 (b) Statewise Extent Rescue And Relief Provided for Damage Due to 168
South West Monsoon-2009
5.3.6 India's Major Natural Disasters Since 1980 169

Mining

5.4.1 Number of Reporting Mines in India 170

5.4.2 Production of Minerals 171-172
5.4.3 Information on Rehabilitation of Mining Land/Reclamation of 173
Abandoned Mines
5.4.4 Status of Afforestation and Tress Survived up to 2007-08 173
5.4.5 Mining Machinery In Metalliferrous Open Cast Mechanised Mines 174
During 2007-08
5.4.6 Consumption of Explosives for Mining, 2007-08 174
5.4.7 Mining Leases (By Principal States ) 175
5.4.8 Production of Coal 175
5.4.9 Production of Lignite 176
5.4.10 Consumption of Minerals in Iron & Steel Industry 176
5.4.11 Consumption of Minerals in Cement Industry 176
5.4.12 Consumption of Minerals in Refractory Industry 177
5.4.13 Number of Reporting Mines 177

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 5.4.14 Mineral Reserves and Resources 178-179
5.4.15 Number of Underground Mines 180

6. Water

Fresh, marine 182-222

6.1.1 Monsoon Performance 186

6.1.2 Sub-divisional Actual and Normal Rainfall 187
6.1.3 State wise Distribution of Number of Districts with Excess, Normal, 188
Deficient, Scanty and No Rainfall
6.1.4 List of Districts with Deficient or Scanty Rainfall 189-192
6.1.5 (a) Number of Meteorological Sub-Divisions with Excess/Normal and 193
Deficient/Scanty Rainfall (June-September)
6.1.5 (b) Percentage of Districts with Excess/Normal and Deficient/Scanty 193
Rainfall (June-September)
6.1.6 Water Flow in Stream for the Period 2002-03 to 2005-2006 195
6.1.7 State-wise Details of Inland Water Resources of Various Types 196
6.1.8 Navigable Waterways in India, 2005-06 197-199
6.1.9 Ground Water Resource Potential as per Basin (Prorate Basis) 200
6.1.10 Ground Water Resources 201
6.1.11 Water Requirements for Different uses in India 202
6.1.12 (a) Catchment Area of Major River Basins 203
6.1.12 (b) Water Resources Potential in River Basins of India 203
6.1.13 Primary Water Quality Criteria 204
6.1.14 Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) 205
6.1.15 Physico-Chemical and Biological Water Quality of Polluted Stretch 205
of River Yamuna and Agra Canal
6.1.16 Waste Water Generation, Collection, Treatment in Metro Cities: 206
Status
6.1.17 (a) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2002 207
6.1.17 (b) Water Quality in Indian Rivers-2003 208-209
6.1.18 (a) Water Quality in Major River Basins 210-214
6.1.18 (b) Water Discharge in Major River Basins 215
6.1.18 (c ) Sediment Load in Major River Basins 215
6.1.18 (d) Water Discharge at Monsoon and Non- Monsoon in Major River 216
Basins
6.1.19 State-wise River Water Quality 217
6.1.20 River-Basin wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations 218-219
6.2.1 Water Availability in India 220
6.2.2 Water Availability -Basinwise 220
6.2.3 Occurrence of High Arsenic in Groundwater of some States of India 221

xii
7. Human Settlements

Population and Poverty 223-268

7.1.1 Population Totals – India and States 229

7.1.2 Infant Mortality Rate 231
7.1.3 Expectation of Life at Birth 233
7.1.4(a) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line –Rural 234
7.1.4(b) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line–Urban 235
7.1.4(c) State-wise Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line – 236
Combined

Housing Slums and Basic Facilities

7.2.1 Urban-Rural Break-up of Total Population, Number of Households, 238

Houses and Average Size of Households, Average No. of
Households and Persons per House
7.2.2 Number of Households, Population and Occupied Residential and 239
Vacant Houses with Rural/Urban Break-up
7.2.3 Household by Number of Dwelling Rooms 240
7.2.4(a) Status of Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity in 241
Metropolitan Cities
7.2.4(b) State wise Sewage Generation of Class-I Cities 242
7.2.4(c) State-wise Sewage Generation of Class- II Towns 243
7.2.5 Number of Homeless Households and Population 244
7.2.6 (a) Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Town reporting Slums 245
and Slum Population in Slum Area- India, States, UTs-2001
7.2.6 (b) Total Population, Slum Population in Municipal Corporations with 246
Population above one Million - 2001
7.2.6 ( c ) Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes living in Slum 247
Areas and their Proportion to the total Slum Population- State/UTs
Reporting Slum Polulation-2001
7.2.6 (d) Population and Percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled 248
Tribes Population Living in Slums in Million Plus Cities -2001
7.2.7 Estimated Slum Population in Metropolitan Cities 249
7.2.8 Households Classified by Supply of Water and Toilet Installation By 250
Rural and Urban
7.2.9(a) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per 251
1000 Households (Rural)
7.2.9(b) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per 252
1000 Households (Urban)
7.2.9(c) Number of Households by Major Source of Drinking Water per 253
1000 Households (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.10(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 254
per 1000 Household (Rural)

xiii
7.2.10(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 255
per 1000 Household (Urban)
7.2.10(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Energy for Cooking 256
per 1000 Household (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.11(a) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 257
Household (Rural)
7.2.11(b) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 258
Household (Urban)
7.2.11(c ) Number of Households by Primary Source of Lighting per 1000 259
Household (Rural+ Urban)
7.2.12 Number of Household by Arrangement of Garbage Disposal per 260
1000 Households living in a house
7.2.13 State-wise Estimated Annual Requirement of Water for Domestic 261
Purposes including for cattle in different States

Waste Management

7.3.1 Hazardous Waste Regulatory Quantities 262

7.3.2 Quantities and Waste Generation Rates in 59 cities 263
7.3.3 Waste Characterization in 59 cities 264
7.3.4 Status of Landfill Sites in 59 cities 265
7.3.5 Consumption of Plastic in the World in 2000 266
7.3.6 Plastic Waste Management Status in India 267
7.3.7 Characteristic Land–Fill Leachates 267
7.3.8 State-Wise Status of Hazardous Waste Generation 268

xiv
 List of charts
Chart 3.1 Rare and threatened plant species 27
Chart 3.2 Forest cover in different States as compared to total Geographic Area 34
Chart 3.3 Forest Cover of India 35
Chart 3.4 State-Wise wasteland as percentage to the total Geographical Area 54
Chart 3.5 Forest land diversion 56
Chart 3.6 Population of Tigers 66
Chart 3.7 India's livestock Population 73
Chart 4.1 All India installed generating capacity (mw) as on 31.03.2008 106
Chart 4.2 Plan-wise growth of installed capacity in India 109
Chart 4.3 Contribution of green house gases to Atmosphere (%) 134
Chart 5.1 Land use in India -1980-81 to 2006-07 145
Chart 6.1 Monsoon performance (June September) 186
Chart 6.2 Number of metrological sub-divisions with excess/normal and 194
deficient/scanty rainfall (June September)
Chart 6.3 Percentage of districts with excess/normal and deficient/scanty 194
(June September)
Chart 7.1 Population of India 230
Chart 7.2 Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand live births) 232
Chart 7.3 Expectation of life at Birth 233
Chart 7.4 Percentage of Population below poverty line 237
Chart 7.5 Consumption of plastic in the World-2000 266

xv
 Overview
The Compendium has been prepared under
the broad Framework for Development of
Environment Statistics provided by the
United Nations Statistics Division and
adopted by the Steering Committee on
Environment Statistics set up by CSO
during 1996. The five parameters of the
framework, namely, biodiversity,
atmosphere, land/soil, water, and human
settlements have been used in this
compendium. There are seven chapters,
further divided into various sections, the
details of which are given below. An
attempt has been made, wherever possible,
to elaborate the data in the tables with the
help of boxes below the table and suitable
graphs and charts for easy comprehension.
The first chapter on Environment and
Environment degradation gives a general
introduction of the concept of environment;
development versus environment
degradation; impact of development
activities on environment; emissions,
discharges and their sources; some major
pollutants, their sources and related health
hazards.
The second chapter on Development of
Environment Statistics in India summarises
the activities undertaken by the C.S.O. in
Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation for the development of
environment statistics.
The third chapter on Biodiversity is divided
into three sections: Flora; Forests and
Fauna. The section on Flora contains some
statistics on plant species found in India,
species which are rare, vulnerable,
endangered and extinct. It also gives some
statistics on preservation measure of flora
like Biosphere reserves, Botanical gardens
and gene banks in India, including
information on agro biodiversity. The
section on Forests contains statistics on
Indian forests. It gives information on
xvii
percentage of forest area to total geographic
area (state-wise), wastelands and external
aids received for social forestry.The section
on Fauna gives the major bio-geographic
habitats in India, estimated number of
species, national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries, tiger reserves, livestock
population in India, fish production and
bovine population affected by drought.
The fourth chapter on Atmosphere is
divided into five sections: Air and
Transport; Energy; Industry, Greenhouse
Gases and Noise. The section on Air and
Transport gives the composition of the
troposphere; ambient air quality standards
and state of ambient air quality in some
selected cities and towns. Ambient air
quality in Delhi has also been given. The
section on Energy gives information on
installed capacity of utilities; electricity
generation and actual power supply
position, different fuels used for cooking;
coal resources in India as well as its
production; and renewable energy
resources. The section on Greenhouse Gases
gives information on the key greenhouse
gases and the effect of global warming. The
section on Industries gives information on
the number of registered industrial
establishments in India and the status of
pollution control in 17 categories of
industries. The section on Noise gives
information on the ambient noise standards;
average noise levels in various metropolitan
cities and effects of noise pollution on
human health.
The fifth chapter on Land and Soil is
divided into four sections: Land Uses,
Agriculture, Natural disasters and Mining.
The section on Land Uses contains nine fold
land classification followed in India, and
different land use patterns. The section on
Agriculture contains information on area
under principal crops; performance of crop
production; use of agricultural inputs;
consumption of pesticides statewise and
their effect on soil. The section on Natural
Disasters contains information on frequently
occurring natural disasters; recent natural
disasters in India; major earthquakes;
number of drought-prone districts and
damages due to droughts and supercyclonic
storm. The section on Mining gives data on
number of mines, production of minerals,
status of afforestation, mining machinery
and consumption of explosives in mining.
The sixth chapter on Water is divided into
two sections: Ground Water and Marine
Water. The section on Ground Water
contains information on rainfall
performance during the last 20 years; water
flow in streams and ground water resources;
water quality criteria and distribution of
water monitoring stations. The section on
Marine Water contains information on
coastline of India; main activities along the
coastal zones; industrial and sewage
discharges to coastal waters; pollutants and
their impacts on marine environment and
potential hot spots along the Indian coasts.
xviii
The seventh chapter on Human Settlements
is divided into three sections: Population
and Poverty; Housing, Slums and Basic
Facilities; and Waste Management. Human
development is adversely affected by the
environmental degradation. Safe drinking
water and sanitation are closely linked with
two of the very important human
development indicators viz. infant mortality
and life expectancy. Under the section on
‘Population and Poverty’ information on
population size, infant mortality rate,
expectation of life at birth and population
below the poverty line have been given. The
section on Housing, Slums and Basic
Facilities contains estimates of population in
India, number of households, their size,
number of rooms per housing unit, water
supply system and toilet installation by
rural/urban, homeless population,
urbanization trends in India, slum
population, housing shortage projected,
percentage of population below poverty
line, medical facilities under allopathy and
Indian System of Medicine & Homeopathy.