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Anatoma, Patologas y Tratamiento

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EDUCACIN DE LA VOZ

La voz es algo abstracto que las personas emitimos. Todos damos


por sentado que tener voz es normal, partimos del hecho de que es
algo innato y nunca nos paramos a pensar qu pasara si enfermaseo
si en algn momento nos quedsemos sin ella.
Por este motivo, el presente manual, elaborado de forma terico-prctica,
asume que la voz es un medio de comunicacin y una herramienta de
trabajo para muchos profesionales (profesores, comunicadores, vende
dores, etc.), por tanto pretende dotar al lector de los conocimientos
bsicos sobre la fisiologa y la anatoma de la fonacin (el sistema
fonatorio, respiratorio, resonador y la postura corporal), las alteraciones
y patologas de la voz, los mtodos y medios de evaluacin y el diagnstico
y la aplicacin de tratamientos, ya sean mdicos, logopdicos, llevados
a cabo a travs de la reeducacin y/o quirrgicos. Asimismo, y para
evitar una mala utilizacin de la voz, su abuso, esfuerzos, etc., el manual
desarrolla una serie de pautas y tcnicas voclicas que se pueden aplicar
para un correcto uso y cuidado de la voz.
El objetivo de este manual es concienciar al lector del cuidado de la voz,
evitando todos aquellos malos hbitos que puedan ponerla en peligro.

ISBN 10: 84-96578-92-5


ISBN 13: 978-84-96578-92-0

9 788496 578920 EDITORIAL

www.ideaspropiaseditorial.com

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