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Section - II
C: Introduction to Vessels and Vessel
Orientation
By: James O. Pennock
The question on many minds may be "Why does Piping do Vessel Orientation?" We can answer that
question two ways. The first answer would be, because of the traditional role of Piper and the content
of the vessel orientation activity itself. The traditional role of the Piper has always been the bringing
together of multi-discipline information to create the plant layout and piping plans. The activity of
vessel orientation has the same multi-discipline focus.
The second way to answer the question is to ask "If not the Piper, then who?" Civil? Structural? Electrical?
Instrumentation? No, they are not logical candidates. Structural? The structural engineer does engineer the
support for some vessels but they do not truly design the support. Process? While the process engineer does
have a great deal of interest and input in the workings of a vessel, their interest is more from a function and
performance focus. Vessels? Why doesn't the vessel engineer do the vessel orientation? Or better yet, why
doesn't the Vendor do the vessel orientation? The response to that is in all of the non-vessel factors that
influence the vessel orientation activity. What are non-vessel factors?
The ideal scenario for the development of a vessel orientation is like a chain. The links of the chain are like the
steps required completing the finished design. With the ideal scenario you would not start step two until step one
is completed and so on. The ideal circumstances means that the Plot Plan has been firmed up and approved, the
P&IDs have been developed, reviewed, and issued approved for design (AFD). It means that the unit piping
transposition has been developed. It means that Process has completed their input to the vessel datasheet and
Vessels has completed their preliminary work.
Occasionally, the piping designer has been required to initiate a vessel orientation under other than the most
ideal of circumstances. In some cases the vessel orientation has been started before the P&IDs were ready for
the first Client P&ID review. Starting Vessel orientation before the source documents are ready will expose the
job to risks, errors, recycle and increased costs.
As much as we try to avoid this situation, it can still happen. Premature starts in vessel orientation are due to the
requirement for early purchase of vessels identified as long delivery. The Construction schedule of any project is
based on the delivery of key equipment and materials. The construction schedule in turn will impact the start-up
schedule. Once the Client has awarded the project, they are anxious to get their plant "on-stream" as soon as
possible. The sooner they get on-stream, the sooner they can recover the capitol investment and see the
expected profits.
The delivery time for vessels such as: alloy reactors, heavy wall high pressure vessels, or crude vacuum columns
often take more than a year from PO (purchase order) release to shipment. In the past, one way to expedite the
overall schedule, the Client has pre-purchased the vessels prior to the award of the project. There is a potential
risk for increased cost in this scenario also.
Under normal circumstances a Vessel fabricator will not normally do any rolling and cutting of plate until the
order has reached a certain milestone. They will need the final checked, corrected and approved vessel drawings.
This includes all the nozzles, pipe supports, pipe guides, ladders, platforms, etc. The Vendor's fabrication and
delivery performance clock does not start ticking until they get the drawings back approved.
A project with a fast track schedule or pre-purchased vessels will put a lot of pressure on the piping design
group. Piping should normally have time to properly develop the Plot Plan, the P&ID transposition, the other
related piping layouts, in order to come up with the best vessel orientations for economics, operability, and
maintenance.
As piping designers you owe it to the Client, your company, as well as to yourself to do the best job you know
how. This philosophy is true when doing vessel orientations as with any other piping design activity. You should
check into all aspects of the vessel piping and the orientation. You need to start by collecting, verifying, and using
the proper information.
During Plot Plan development, the piping designer must take into consideration many items that can also have a
bearing on the vessel other than the orientation itself.
Special vessels such as Reactors have several factors, which should be kept in mind. The most important one, of
course, is to keep the alloy piping as short as possible by locating the Reactors near the Heaters. Catalyst
handling facilities is another important consideration. This is true whether the catalyst is to be loaded by crane or
by vessel mounted monorail. The removal of spent catalyst, usually by tote bin, truck, or conveyor, is another
space consideration.
We all need to remember space is money to the Client. Wise use of plot space can save the Client money by
reducing installation costs and operating costs.
Vessel Configurations
Vessels come in a wide variety of configurations. The variety is expressed in their sizes, shape, and function.
They also will have a wide range of pressure, temperature and metallurgy. This list is only intended to highlight
the main examples.
Special
Example: Spheres, Spheroids, and Bullets
Discussion: These vessel types have special location and orientation criteria and should be handled on an Ad
Hoc basis.
Vessel Supports
There is a wide variety in the methods used to support vessels.
There include:
a. Skirts
b. Saddles
c. Ring Girders
d. Lugs
e. Legs
f. Portables on Casters
g. Pads
h. Direct Bury
Each of these support types may also have variations
The top head and the bottom head may be the same shape but they will have some differences.
The differences for the top head include:
a) Same material as top of Shell
b) May be thicker material for reinforcing
c) May be thinner material
Transitions
The cone or transition piece for regular and inverted Coke Bottle vessels may come in the following shapes:
Flat side -- The cone is cut from flat plate and formed to a simple cone. There is no knuckle radius at the top or
bottom of the cone. The connection to the straight shell of the vessel is an angled weld. Usually there is a
reinforcing ring on the shell very close to the shell/cone junction.
Shaped side -- The cone is cut from flat plate and rolled to a shaped cone. There is a knuckle radius at the top
and bottom of the cone. The cone has a straight tangent at the top and bottom to match the shells. The
connection to the straight shell of the vessel is a common butt weld.
Nozzles
All vertical fractionation vessels will have a feed inlet nozzle. This feed nozzle is special and critical on some
vessels. Refinery Crude columns and Vacuum columns are examples that have this type of nozzle. This nozzle
installation is characterized by the following:
A Feed Transfer nozzle will normally be the "Key" (Genesis) nozzle for any large fractionation vessel. Normally
any side inlet orientation is possible but in most cases this will then dictate the tray orientation.
A normal liquid feed nozzle will not have the same complexities as the Feed Transfer type. This nozzle installation
is characterized by the following:
a) Attached line originated at an exchanger
b) Hot but not overly high on the temperature scale
c) Some may have potential for mixed phase flow
d) Normal line velocity
e) May require vessel internals such as a distributor or inlet pipe
f) Watch Instrument connections in relationship to Inlets and reboiler returns.
Reflux Nozzles
A normal reflux nozzle will not have the same complexities as other nozzles.
This nozzle installation is characterized by the following:
Draw-Off Nozzles
The purpose of this nozzle is to draw-off or remove the primary product. They are also used to Draw-off a
secondary product to side stream stripper. May be installed with a sump to remove unwanted water in the
process stream.
This nozzle installation is characterized by the following:
The liquid outlet nozzle will normally be in the center of the bottom vessel head.
This nozzle installation is characterized by the following:
a) Located in the bottom of the surge section of the column
b) May be a very large size and all liquid flow
c) Normally very low line velocity
This is also a potential Key Nozzle. The liquid outlet nozzle must be oriented in the same quadrant as the bottom
downcomer.
This nozzle installation is characterized by the following:
One of the primary issues with this nozzle is the orientation relative to the other internal items and nozzles. If not
placed in the right place the velocity of the return can blow liquid out of a seal pan or can affect the readings of
any instruments attached to the far wall.
This nozzle installation is characterized by the following:
The bottoms-out nozzle is normally a pump suction source. The standard type is located in the bottom head then
piped through the skirt with a drain nozzle off the bottom out line nozzle. This would be a combination nozzle. A
variation of the bottoms nozzle is the siphon or winter type. This type may be used (with process approval) when
bottom clearance is a problem.
Note: It is common industry practice to avoid locating any flanged connections inside the vessel support skirt. All
flanges are subject to leaks, and vessel skirts are classified as a confined space.
Extreme care must be used when locating level instrument nozzles. There are access and clearances problems
that must be considered on the outside of the vessel. There are sensing location and turbulence problems
associated with the inside of the vessel.
These nozzle installations are characterized by the following:
Pressure readings are normally taken in the vapor area of a vessel. Pressure connections shall be located in the
top head area, 3" to 6" under a tray, or well above any liquid level in bottom section.
These nozzle installations are characterized by the following:
Temperature readings are normally taken in the liquid area of a vessel. Temperature connections shall be located
2" to 3" above the top surface of a tray, in the downcomer, or well below any liquid level in bottom section.
These nozzle installations are characterized by the following:
Vapor temperature readings may be required for some situations. When required the preferred location is in the
downcomer area half way between the two trays.
Tangential or Hillside connections may be required due to the thermowell length or to accommodate access from
the ladder and platform arrangement. With the Process Engineer's approval investigate the possibility of raising
or lowering the temperature point one tray for better ladder and platform arrangement.
Steam-Out Nozzles
Process plant vessels that contain hydrocarbon or other volatile fluids or vapors will normally have a Steam-Out
Nozzle. This nozzle has a number of options such as:
a) A simple blind flanged valve on the nozzle -- After the plant is shut down by Operations, the maintenance
group would remove the blind flange from the valve. They then attach a temporary flange fitted with a hose
coupling and proceed to steam out the vessel by connecting a hose from a utility station.
b) A blind flanged valve and hard piped steam line configured with a steam block valve and a swing ell.
c) A fully hard piped connection from a steam source. This method would have double block valves, a bleed, and
a spec blind for positive shutoff.
The vessel steam-out nozzle should be located near the surge section (bottom) Manhole on vertical vessels.
Manholes
Manholes are also considered a nozzle. They just do not have any pipe attached to them. They are however, a
very complex piece of the vessel orientation puzzle. The types of manholes normally relate to the method of
cover handling provided.
Manholes come in the following types:
a) With Hinge -- A Manhole may be hinged for side mount, for top mount, or for bottom mount
b) With Davit -- A Manhole may have davits for side mount or top mount only
c) Plain -- A Plain Manhole may be for side mount, for top mount, or for bottom mount
The manhole orientation in top or non-trayed section of a vertical vessel is somewhat flexible. Normally any
orientation is possible; however, the orientation of the manhole should be checked to insure that the entry path
is not blocked by any internals.
The Manhole may be located in the top head on large diameter vessels if there is a platform that is required for
other items. Top Manholes on large diameter vessels have their built in good points and bad points. The good
point is that during shutdown the open manhole provides for better venting. It also allows for a straight method
for removal and reinstallation of the trays. The bad point is that ladder access must be provided down to the top
tray, and the manhole is competing with the other nozzles for the space on the vessel head.
Orientation for manholes that are located in the trayed section of the vessel is more complicated. The location of
between the tray manholes has a number of restrictions. These restrictions include the type of trays and the tray
spacing. The first choice for the location of a manhole is between the down comers. The last choice is in the
downcomer space, but behind the downcomer. The downcomer would be fitted with a removable panel to allow
further access into the vessel. The location to be avoided is above a downcomer where there is the potential for
falling down in the downcomer space and injury. It would be better to seek approval to move the manhole up or
down one tray than placement over a downcomer.
Manhole orientation in the surge section of a vessel is not as restrictive. The surge section of a vessel is the
bottom portion that, during operation will contain a large volume of liquid. Any orientation is possible for a
manhole in this section. However, the location of all manholes should be in the back half of the vessel away from
the pipeway. The surge section may have a large baffle plate bisecting the diameter of the vessel and extending
vertically many feet. A removable plate or hatch may be installed in this baffle (by vessels) to allow access to the
far side. The vessel orientation of the manhole should not hit the baffle or be located so close to the baffle that
entrance is obstructed.
Trays
The type of trays, the number of trays, and the number of passes are not the specific responsibility of the piping
layout designer. However, there is the need to know factor. A common understanding of terminology will improve
communications and prevent errors. The common tray parts are:
a) Tray (support) Ring -- The tray support ring (or Tray ledge) is technically not a part of the tray itself. The tray
support ring is only there to support the tray. If there are no trays, then there is no need for tray support rings,
therefore tray rings are linked to the trays. Tray support rings are normally a simple donut shaped strip welded
to the inside of the vessel. They could also be in the shape of an inverted "L" welded to the vessel wall. Problems
arise when the Designer does not allow for the tray support device.
b) Trays (or Tray Deck) -- One or more sections, consisting of plates, forming a horizontal obstruction throughout
all or part of the vessel cross section. The trays will normally be constructed to form flow patterns (one or more)
called passes. The purpose of tray deck is to provide a flow path for the process commodity and contain the
fractionation or separation device.
c) Weir -- A low dam (on a tray) to maintain a liquid level on the tray
d) Downcomer -- The primary liquid passage area from one (higher) tray to another (lower) tray
e) Valves -- Tray hardware device
f) Bubble Caps -- Tray hardware device
g) Draw off - A way to remove liquid from the vessel
h) Trough - A way to collect and move liquid from one point to another
i) Riser - A device to channel vapor from one lower point to a higher point
j) Seal Pans - A device (with a liquid seal) that prevents vapors from passing
k) Beams & Trestles - Devices that support trays (or other types of internals) in very large diameter vessels
l) Baffles - A separation device inside a vessel
m) Chimneys - (See Riser)
The trays and the related down comers can be arranged in a wide verity of patterns.
Typical Tray arrangements are:
a) Cross Flow, Single Pass -- (Common) this tray pass arrangement has one feed point, one flow direction, and
one downcomer. The single pass tray will normally be used on small diameter vessels and the smaller diameter of
a Coke Bottle vessel.
b) Cross-Flow, Multiple Pass -- (Common) the multiple pass trays will come in two pass, three pass, four pass,
and on and on. These will normally be found in the larger diameter vessels. Multiple pass trays require multiple
feed and draw off arrangements. The more passes, the more complex the orientation problems.
c) Reverse Flow, Single Pass -- (Rare)
d) Radial Flow -- (Rare)
e) Circumferential Flow -- (Rare)
f) Cascade Flow -- (Rare)
The single pass tray will have a single downcomer. The 2, 3, or 4-pass tray will have the same number of down
comers as passes. The number of passes (number of down comers) will have a big effect on the orientation.
Some towers may have more than one Tray pass configuration. They may have single pass in the top Trays and
two-pass Trays in the bottom. The change from one pass configuration to another is chance for error. The
alignment of the single pass tray will normally be perpendicular to the two pass trays.
Tray Types
There is what would be considered "Standard" Trays, and there are also "High efficiency Trays".
a) "Standard" Trays -- This tray will have an open downcomer with no separation occurring in the downcomer
area. This tray is the old stand-by and has been used for many, many years.
b) "High efficiency Trays" -- This tray will have a sealed downcomer with separation occurring in the downcomer.
This tray type is fairly new. It will most likely be used on most new vessels in the future. It is also the type of
tray that is favored on revamp projects to get more out of an existing tower.
a) Bubble Cap (Used mostly on revamps) -- Simple, and common method to facilitate the separation process. The
Bubble Cap will normally be a round (cup shaped) cap inverted over a short and smaller diameter chimney. The
skirt area of the inverted cap may be plain or have (open or closed) slots.
b) Box Cap -- This cap is very much like the common Bubble Cap except it is square.
c) Tunnel Cap -- This will be a long narrow rectangular shape
d) Uniflux Tray -- This is a series of overlapping and interlocking plates. In cross section the Uniflux tray will have
the shape of a reclining squared off "S".
e) Valve (Most common) -- The valve tray will have small flat metal plates fitted over the holes in the trays. The
plate is loose to move up and down, but is retained in position by a clip type device. Vapor pressure under the
"Valve" plate causes it to rise and gravity brings it back down.
f) Sieve (2nd most common) -- The Sieve tray will have holes and nothing else. The hole size is calculated to
provide a fragile balance between the liquid head above the tray and the vapor pressure under the tray.
Weirs
There may be a number of places where weirs are used. The simple weir to provide proper tray flooding will
normally not cause any design problems. There are also some special purpose weirs that may effect the location
of nozzles. In most cases the existence of special purpose weirs will not be known at the start of the Vessel
orientation activity. It is however, a good idea to ask the question anyway.
Down comers
Down comers can come in a verity of shapes also. They straight across in the horizontal direction, or they can be
bent. They can be straight up and down in the vertical direction, they can be sloped or slanted (tapered), or they
can be a combination. These variations will all impact the orientation to some extent. The major impact, by the
downcomer on the orientation is the geometry or location of the vertical plane itself. The orientation of the down
comers will have a direct relationship to the orientation of certain nozzles and manholes.
a) Sump -- This is a sealed downcomer type area that is designed to provide a retention volume for some
purpose.
b) Seal Pans -- This is a portion of a tray that is set deeper than the rest of the tray to form a seal for the
downcomer from the tray above.
c) Side Draw Tray -- A tray arrangement that allows the removal of a specific liquid product
d) Chimney Tray -- A full circumference tray fitted with long open pipes to allow vapor to pass from below the
tray to the space above.
e) Baffles -- Plates installed in the vessel for a specific purpose
f) Impingement Plates -- Somewhat like a baffle but normally a plate installed in the vessel at the inlet to prevent
blowout to devices located on the opposite side of the vessel.
g) Tray manholes -- Most, if not all, trays will have a removable panel (somewhere in the tray) to allow
inspection passage without dismantling the total tray
Vessel Support
The method of vessel support depends on various factors. These factors include process function, operation
access, maintenance clearances, ease of constructability, and cost. Meeting the positive criteria for all or the
majority of these factors will drive the support method.
The primary methods of support are:
The minimum height of the skirt is normally set by process based on the NPSH requirements of the pumps or for
the reboiler hydraulic requirements. The designer may need to increase the skirt height due to:
The approval of the Process engineer, Project Manager, and the Client will be required for any increase to the
skirt height.
The skirt will have one or more access openings and will have skirt vents.
Skirts of vessels in refineries or other plants processing flammable commodities will normally be fireproofed. The
fireproofing is normally a two-inch (2") thick layer of a concrete type material applied to the outside of the skirt.
Check for the specific type. Some materials may require up to 6" to obtain the required fire rating.
a) Davit -- A small somewhat inexpensive device used for lifting and supporting heavy objects up and down from
elevated platforms. Limited to a fixed reach.
b) Monorail -- A more expensive method
c) Crane -- A far more expensive method and is dependent on availability
If a davit or monorail is not installed then a crane with the required reach and load rating must be rented or an
alternate method must be jury-rigged. Any jury-rig method will have a high potential for accident and injury.
When a Davit is to be included the following must be determined and furnished to Vessels:
a) The location
b) The swing
c) The clearance height (including lifting device)
d) The reach - the removal items (e.g... PSV, Control Valve, Block Valve, Blinds, etc.) and the drop zone
e) The maximum load of external items (Vessels will determine weight of internals)
When a Monorail is to be included the following must be determined and furnished to the Vessels engineer:
The requirements for pipe guides attached to a vessel must be evaluated for the following:
a) The shell thickness
b) Orientation
c) Elevation
d) The "L" dimension
e) The size of the line at the point of guiding
f) The distance above the horizontal turn out (allow 25 pipe diameters +/-)
g) The maximum allowable span between guides
h) The clearance to other objects (Seams, Stiffener rings, Nozzles, Clips, Pipe Lines, Platforms)
Pipe supports and guides should be staggered vertically for clearance from supports or guides on other lines
running parallel.
Platform spacing shall be even foot increments when multiple platforms are serviced from a single ladder. The
platforms shall be arranged to allow the following:
a) Minimum 7' - 0" headroom to underside of any obstruction
b) Minimum 2' - 6" radial width for primary egress path (I. D. of platform to O. D. of platform)
c) Minimum 2' - 6" clear distance between ladders
d) No obstructions in path between primary egress ladders
e) Maximum 30' - 0" vertical travel length of ladder between platforms
f) Side step off at all platforms (Step through ladders are considered dangerous and therefore should be
avoided). This requirement should have been reviewed with the Client and defined in the Design Criteria.
g) Combining with platforms on other vessels when potential for improved operations or maintenance exists
h) Flanges of top head nozzles shall be extended to provide access to bolts
i) Minimum 1' - 6" clearance around objects if for maintenance access only
a. Schedule crunch - Vessels scheduled for purchase too early requiring firm orientations with very little backup
information.
- Approved and Issued for Design P&IDs
- Exchanger type and location
- Flare header and PSV location
b. Thin wall vessels not able to support load on pipe supports
c. High wind presence requiring extra guides
d. Late changes to PSV sizing prompting changes to pipe support and guides on line to flare
e. Late change to control valve location criteria (Flashing service now required to be located to elevated platform
on vessel with line downstream of valve self drain to vessel)
f. Reboilers requiring spring mounted supports due to tight piping and differential growth
g. High steam-out temperature requiring extra flexibility in the piping
h. Extra heavy object removal in excess of Davit load capabilities
Vertical Vessel Orientation
Recommendations
Uniformity
a. The ladder approach at grade should be free of obstructions and easily accessible (Verify preferred location
with Project requirements).
b. The Manhole orientation should be oriented in the back half of the vessel toward the access way. The
manholes should be arranged with consideration to the type of load handling device (One centerline if monorail,
one or two centerlines if davit, no specific restriction if crane).
c. Load drop area should be located on the main access side
d. Level instruments should be located on or near the front half of the vessel and visible from the main operating
aisle
e. The piping risers to and from the vessel should be located to the front half of the vessel for easy routing to the
pipeway and equipment
Manholes
a. Manholes will influence the entire vessel orientation to a certain degree. The location of the manholes must be
compatible with the location of the tray down comers. The down comers in turn influence the location of the
process and instrument nozzles.
b. The preferred elevation of manholes above the platform is 2' - 6" from the centerline. The limits are; 6"
minimum from the top of the platform to the bottom of the flange, or 4' - 0" maximum from the top of the
platform to the bottom of the flange (Verify preferred location with Project requirements).
c. Platforms may not be required for manholes that are 15' - 0" or less above grade, unless a platform is required
for another reason such as an instrument (Verify preferred location with Project requirements).
d. Space and clearances are important around manholes. Check flange swing and tray lay down space.
Skirts
a. The minimum skirt height is set by Process and indicated on the P&ID.
b. The skirt height is normally based on the minimum NPSH of the bottom pumps.
c. The skirt height may be influenced by the physical requirement of a thermo-siphon reboiler.
d. The final skirt height needs to consider and be adjusted for; physical configuration of the bottoms nozzle, any
headroom clearance required over operating aisles, vertical fitting geometry of the piping configuration, and the
pump suction nozzle location.
e. As a general rule no flanged connections are allowed inside the skirt of a vessel. This area is considered a
confined space in most plants and flanges will tend to leak over time.
f. Increasing the Skirt height may be considered when adjacent vessels warrant lining up and connecting
platforms.
Reboilers
a. Reboilers will be one of the following; Fired (Heater Type), Thermosiphon (vertical or horizontal shell & tube),
or Kettle type (horizontal shell & tube).
b. Fired Reboilers shall be located a minimum of fifty feet from the vessel.
c. Piping to and from any type of reboiler will be hot, and have sensitive flow conditions.
d. The Kettle or Thermosiphon Reboiler elevation is set by Process and indicated on the P&ID.
Pipe Supports and Guides
a. Piping is responsible for locating the pipe supports and guides on vessels
b. Piping is responsible for defining the size and loads on the pipe supports on vessels
Piping Flexibility
a. Piping must determine the operating thermal growth of the vessel. The vessel will have a series of temperature
zones from the bottom to the top.
b. The differential expansion between the piping risers and the vessel must be checked to prevent over stressing
the piping or the vessel shell.
c. The routing of cooler reflux lines must consider the total growth of the hotter vessel.
d. Potential for differential settlement needs to be investigated
e. Each piping system or line needs to be considered individually
Instrumentation
a. The HLL, NLL, and LLL need to be carefully considered because they will set the elevations of the level
instruments
b. Orientation of level instrument connections needs to consider the internals
c. All instruments shall be accessible
d. Watch out for space requirements for gage glass illuminators.
e. TI and TW connections will require removal space
Electrical
a. Space shall be allocated for conduit runs up the vessel. These conduits will carry power to platform lights, gage
glass illuminators, and in some cases electrical tracing.
b. Conduits are also required for controls (instrumentation)
Piping Valves
a. Valves are meant to be operated and to be operated they must be accessible.
b. Small valves (2" & smaller) may be considered accessible from a platform or ladder. Large valves (3" & larger)
shall be accessible on a platform.
Constructability
All vertical vessels shall be reviewed for constructability. This review needs to consider receiving logistics lay
down orientation, lifting plan, pre-lift assembly items (piping, platforms, ladders, internals, etc.)
- Pre-lift assembly items may include the following:
a. Piping
b. Platforms
c. Ladders
d. Internals
e. Paint
f. Insulation
Fire Protection
a. Some vessels may require special insulation for fire protection.
b. Some vessels may require fire monitor coverage
c. Some vessels may require sprinkler systems
Misc.
Some vessels will be lined. Linings may be metallic, plastic, or glass. Welding to the vessel shell after initial
fabrication is not allowed.
Some vessels will have flanged connections that are larger than 24". These connections will occur at connections
for piping, reboilers, or other equipment. Flanged connections over 24" do not have a single standard and need to
be defined for specific type (API or MSS).
James O. Pennock is a former Piper with more than 45 years experience covering process plant engineering,
design, training, pipe fabrication and construction. He is now retired and lives in Florida, USA.
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