Documentos de Académico
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Workflow/Solutions Training
Version 2010.1
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Table of Contents
Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:
What to Expect
In each module within this training material, you will encounter the
following:
Course Conventions
Characters typed in Represent references to dialog box names
Bold and application areas or commands to be
performed. For example, "Open the Open
Asset Model dialog." or Choose
Components.
Used to denote keyboard commands. For
example, "Type a name and press Enter."
Identifies the name of Schlumberger software
applications, such as ECLIPSE or Petrel.
Characters inside <> Indicate variable values that the user must
triangle brackets supply, such as <username> and
<password>.
Characters typed in Represent file names or directories, such as
italics "... edit the file sample.dat and..."
Represent lists and option areas in a window,
such as Attributes list or Experiments area.
Identifies the first use of important terms or
concepts. For example, "compositional
simulation" or safe mode operation.
Characters typed in Represent code, data, and other literal text the
fixed-width user sees or types. For example, enter
0.7323.
1. Click File menu > Save (the Save Asset Model File dialog
box opens.)
OR
Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin
representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as
at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for
descriptions of what each icon means.
Workflow Diagram
Figure 1 illustrates the workflow of the PIPESIM application.
Summary
In this introduction, we:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1 Introduction
You can hide the toolbars from view using the Menu bar.
NOTE: Icons in the Network toolbar and the Net Viewer bar
are not highlighted in the Single Branch model. Similarly,
icons in the Single Branch toolbar are not highlighted in
the network model.
Output Files
The PIPESIM output file is an ACSII format file, generated by
either a Single Branch or a Network model. This is a very large file
divided into many sections. You can customize the output report
by selecting Setup > Define output (Figure 7).
Lesson 4 Plots
System Analysis
The systems analysis operation enables you to determine the
performance of a given system for varying operating conditions on
a case-by-case basis. Results of the system analysis operation
are provided in the form of plots of a dependent variable, such as
outlet pressure, versus an independent variable, such as flow
rate.
You can generate families of X-Y curves for the system by varying
either a single sensitivity variable (such as water cut) or by
applying permutations of a group of sensitivity values.
Pressure/Temperature Profile
You can generate pressure and temperature profiles of the
system as a function of distance/elevation along the system.
Data Matching
Select parameters that will be automatically adjusted to match
measured pressure and temperature data for a particular system.
These parameters include multipliers for heat transfer coefficient
(to match temperature measurements), as well as friction factor
and holdup factor multipliers (to match pressure measurements).
NODAL Analysis
A common way to analyze well performance is through a NODAL
analysis plot to visually assess the impact of various system
components.
The point at which the inflow and outflow curves intersect is the
operating point for the given system, as shown in Figure 13.
Reservoir Tables
For the purposes of reservoir simulation, it is often necessary to
generate VFP curves for input to a reservoir simulation program.
The VFP curves allow the reservoir simulator to determine
bottomhole flowing pressures as a function of tubing head
pressure, flow rate, GOR, water cut and the artificial lift quantity.
ECLIPSE
PORES
VIP
COMP4
MoReS (Shells in-house reservoir simulator).
Wax Deposition
With various deposition model/methods, generates wax
deposition profile (Distance vs. Wax deposition thickness) and
system (Wax Volume against time) plots.
Review Questions
What is the basic premise of steady-state flow modeling?
What single branch operations are available?
Summary
In the module, you gained an understanding of PIPESIM toolbars,
file system and engines, and operations. You also learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
The pressure change per distance L for single phase flow is given
by Bernoullis equation:
dp dp dp dp
dL total = dL frictional + dL elevational + dL accelerational
The accelerational term is normally negligible except for low
pressure and high velocity gas flow, although PIPESIM will always
calculate this term.
dp fv 2
dL total = 2 gd (frictional) - g sin (elevational)
Where:
In this exercise, using the data in Table 1 and assuming the flow is
isothermal, you perform a hand calculation to determine the
delivery pressure of the pipeline using single-phase flow theory.
Pipeline Data
Diameter d 3 in (= 0.25 ft)
Length L 20,025 ft
Elevation Change Z 1,000 ft
Horizontal Distance X 20,000 ft
Ambient Temperature Tamb 60 degF
Qw
v
d
2
4 = _____________ ft/s
2. Calculate the Reynolds number:
vd
Re
= ______________
Is the flow laminar or turbulent? (See the Moody diagram,
Figure 15.)
3. Determine the friction factor using the Churchill equation for
turbulent flow.
NOTE: Alternatively, you can look up the friction factor using
the Moody diagram in Figure 15.
f = __________________________
fv 2
4. Evaluate the frictional pressure term, 2 gd :
dp
dL friction = __________ psf/ft
divide this by 144 to get_______ psi/ft
5. Multiply by the given length of pipe, L, to get the total
frictional pressure drop:
dp dp dp
9. dL total = dL frictional + dL elevational
dp
dL total = ________ psi/ft
10. Multiply by the given length of pipe, L, to get the total
pressure drop
In this exercise, you use PIPESIM to build the water pipeline you
hand calculated in . You will define parameters for each
component in the model, perform operations, view and analyze
the results, and compare PIPESIM results to your hand
calculations.
Getting Started
To start the application:
3. Click Flowline .
4. Link Source_1 to the End Node S1 by clicking and dragging
from Source_1 to the End Node S1.
NOTE: The red outlines on Source_1 and Flowline_1
indicate that essential input data is missing.
8. Click the Heat Transfer tab and fill in the form for an
adiabatic process, as no heat was gained or lost between the
system and its environment.
9. Click OK to exit the user form and accept the overall heat
transfer coefficient (U value) defaults.
1. Select Setup > Black Oil to open the Black Oil Fluid menu.
2. Fill in the Black Oil user form and click OK when you are
finished.
5. Click OK.
Performing Operations
PIPESIM Single Branch mode offers several simulation
operations, depending on the intended workflow. Many of these
operations are explained in the exercises that follow.
The Liquid holdup value displayed (175 bbl) is the total liquid
volume for the entire pipe.
Hand
Result Calculation PIPESIM
Liquid Velocity (ft/s)
Pfrictional (psi)
Pelevational (psi)
Ptotal (psi)
Outlet Pressure (psia)
Node number
Horizontal distance (cumulative)
Elevation (absolute)
Superficial liquid velocity
Superficial gas velocity
Liquid mass flow rate
Gas mass flow rate
Liquid viscosity
Gas viscosity
Reynolds number
No-slip Liquid Holdup Fraction
Slip Liquid Holdup Fraction
Liquid Water cut
Fluid Enthalpy
Erosional Velocity ratio
Erosion rate (if applicable)
Corrosion rate (if applicable)
Hydrate temperature sub-cooling (if applicable)
Liquid Loading Velocity Ratio (if Applicable).
TIP: The values of the Reynolds number indicate that the flow
regime is turbulent (NRE > 2000) and are consistent with
the results of the hand calculations.
vd dp
Re
T f dL friction
NOTE: In the case of water, the effect of the temperature on
the density is negligible, as water is essentially an
incompressible fluid.
4. Select the Data tab in the Plot window to see all the data for
each temperature in a tabular format.
5. Open the output file (*.out). The output file can be opened in
one of two ways:
Click the Output File button from within the Operations
(Pressure/Temperature Profiles) dialog:
OR
Select Reports > Output File.
By default, the output file contains the information for the first
case only. (T = 20 degF).
6. To report all sensitivity cases:
a. Select Setup > Define Output.
b. Ensure that options are selected as shown in the figure.
c. Set the number of cases to print to 4.
1. Select Setup > Black Oil and modify the user form, as
shown in the figure. This represents 100% gas
a. Change Water Cut to WGR and GOR to OGR.
b. Set values for WGR and OGR as 0.
c. Rename the fluid as gas.
2. Under the Setup > Define Output menu, uncheck the box
labeled Segment Data in Primary Output.
pM
g
zRT
Where:
g = gas density
p = pressure
M = Molecular Weight
z = gas compressibility factor
R = ideal gas constant
T = Temperature
vd dp
Re
T g f dL frictiona
Also, because
dp fv 2
dL friction = 2gd
the velocity increase due to gas expansion has an exponential
effect on the frictional pressure term. This accounts for the
increase in the frictional gradient along the flowline and the
curvature in the pressure profile plot.
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Flow rate.
Two of these variables must be specified but the third is
calculated. Some operations allow you to specify all three
variables, in which case a matching variable, such as pump speed
or choke setting, must be specified.
6. Observe the output files (*.out). The iteration routine for this
operation can be seen in the output file, as shown below.
NOTE: To view this report, you must check Iteration
Progress Log under Setup/Define Output)
The lower density and viscosity of the gas phase causes it to flow
at a higher velocity relative to the liquid phase, a characteristic
known as slippage. Consequently, the associated frictional
pressure losses result from shear stresses encountered at the
gas/liquid interface as well as along the pipe wall. Additionally, the
highly compressible gas phase expands as the pressure
decreases along the flow path.
2. Click on the flowline to highlight the object and drag the tip
connected to the source to the first Report icon.
4. Repeat the previous step for the second Report Tool icon.
6. Select the Boundary node and press the Delete key. Your
model should now displays as shown below:
10. Select Setup > Black Oil and specify the fluid properties.
11. From the Setup > Flow Correlations menu, select Beggs
and Brill Revised (Taitel-Dukler map) for the horizontal flow
correlation and Hagedorn and Brown for the vertical flow
correlation.
NOTE: Observe that the Swap angle is set to 45. This is the
angle that corresponds to the switch between use of
the vertical and horizontal flow correlation. In this
example, the pipeline inclination angle is about 3,
which means that only the horizontal flow correlation is
used.
16. From the Reports menu, open the output file. The following
display can be seen in the primary output section of the
output file.
The flow regime map (Figure 22) can also be viewed in PsPlot by
selecting Reports > Flow Regime Map.
Review Questions
Which types of pressure drop contributions are reported by
PIPESIM in output file (by default)?
What is the default single-phase flow correlation in
PIPESIM?
How do you describe a Black Oil fluid model for water or dry
gas?
Did you get any difference in pressure drop between hand
calculation and PIPESIM reported results? If yes, why?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
You will also analyze the behavior of the well with increased water
cut and find an opportunity to inject gas at a later stage when the
well is unable to flow naturally.
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Nodal Analysis
Psep
PR Inflow
Outflow
Pwf
Pwf PR Psep
17
Flow rate
Getting Started
Before beginning an oil well performance analysis:
Deviation Data
Measured Depth (ft) True Vertical Depth (ft)
0 0
1,000 1,000
2,500 2,450
5,000 4,850
7,500 7,200
9,000 8,550
Geothermal Gradient
Measured Depth (ft) Ambient Temp. (degF)
0 50
9,000 200
Tubing Data
Bottom MD (ft) Internal Diameter (inches)
8,600 3.958
9,000 6.184
11. From the Setup > Flow Correlation menu, ensure that the
Hagedorn-Brown correlation is selected for vertical flow and
the Beggs-Brill Revised correlation is selected for horizontal
flow.
Select the correlation that is best suited for the fluid and
operating conditions of interest.
N.A. Point
Results
Results
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Multi-Point Calibration
In multi-point calibration, black oil correlations are tuned so that
the correlation honors all data points (Figure 24).
NOTE: This is not a best fit method, as all points are fitted
exactly. Any outlying data should be smoothed before
entering it into PIPESIM.
1. From Setup > Black Oil, select the Viscosity Data tab.
2. Enter the following calibration data:
3. Under Dead Oil Viscosity, select Users 2 Data points as the
correlation.
4. Enter the following measurements:
5. For Live Oil Viscosity, ensure that the Chew and Connally
correlation is selected.
6. For the Emulsion Viscosity Method, select the Brinkman
1952 correlation.
7. For the Undersaturated Oil Viscosity, select the Bergman-
Sutton correlation.
Property Correlation
Saturated gas Lasater
OFVF at / below bubblepoint Standing
Live oil viscosity Chew and Connally
Gas Z Standing
11. From the Advanced Calibration Data tab, select Plot PVT
Data (Laboratory Conditions GOR = GSAT) to generate a
plot of the PVT properties for various pressures and
temperatures.
12. Select Series and change the y-axis to Oil Formation Volume
Factor.
13. Verify that the predicted values match the calibration points.
14. Repeat steps 12 and 13 for Oil viscosity and Gas viscosity to
ensure the predicted values are correct.
NOTE: Dead Oil conditions are at 14.7 psia.
15. Now that the fluid model is calibrated, rerun the Pressure-
Temperature Profile.
16. Determine the flowing bottomhole pressure, flowing wellhead
temperature, and production rate for the given wellhead
pressure.
17. Compare your answers to the uncalibrated model results in .
18. Inspect the plot and summary output to determine answers.
Results
If free gas is produced, the produced GOR will be higher than the
solution GOR and, therefore, the calculated bubblepoint based on
the specified produced GOR will be higher than that defined by
the solution GOR calibration point.
Lesson 3 Pressure/Temperature
Matching
An FGS is available for this well. In this exercise, you use the
measured data to select the most appropriate vertical flow
correlation.
Results
6. Run the model and review the PsPlot for calculated Liquid PI.
WARNING: Update the PI for the completion with the matched
value.
Results
Matched PI STB/d/psi
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
What is the minimum data requirement for black oil fluid model
in PIPESIM?
How can you use lab PVT data to improve black oil
correlations?
Which data should you use in black oil calibration, - flash or
differential?
What components of the pressure drop are reported by
PIPESIM?
What is the recommended way of selecting a multiphase
correlation in PIPESIM?
What is the role of the pressure loss in the completion during
flow correlation matching?
After you define the well and fluids descriptions and match them to
generate an accurate model for the well, several simulation
operations can be performed to evaluate a variety of operating
scenarios.
Results
The basic principle behind gas lift injection in oil wells is to lower
the density of the produced fluid in the tubing. This results in a
reduction of the elevational component of the pressure gradient
above the point of injection and a lower bottomhole pressure.
Lowering the bottomhole pressure increases reservoir drawdown
and, thus, production rate.
In this exercise, you examine how this well responds to gas lift by
introducing a Gas Lift Injection point at 8,000 feet MD in the tubing
equipment.
Determine how the well responds to gas lift when the water
cut is 10% and 60%.
Determine the liquid production rates as a function of the gas
lift rate and water cut. Refer to Table 2 for specific values.
Table 2: Gas Lift Data
Results
Gas Lift Rate Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d)
(mmscf/d) @ 10% Wcut @ 60% Wcut
1
2
4
6
10
3. Modify the upper tubing string to extend only to the top of the
upper perforations.
a. Modify the Deviation survey such that it will extend to only
7,200 feet TVD.
6. Select the Fluid model tab within the completion dialog and
enter the following:
a. Use a locally-defined fluid model with an OGR of 0 STB/
mmscfd and a WGR of 0 (all gas).
b. Specify a gas gravity of 0.67.
c. Leave all other properties and correlations at their default
settings.
NOTE: The fluid data used for a well/source is defined by a
default, local data set or an override value [for water
cut and/or GOR/GLR/OGR/LGR]. If there are
multiple fluids present in the system with different
intrinsic properties, define the main fluid as the
default and all others as local fluids.
Results
Question
Comparing the results of gas lift injection versus perforating the
upper zone, roughly how much gas lift injection would result in the
same liquid rate achievable through perforating the upper zone?
An FCV can restrict the completion flow rate through the system;
however, they are available only for vertical completions. The
purpose of an FCV is to provide a restriction to fluid flow, thereby
reducing the productivity (or injectivity) of a given completion.
They are useful in a model containing multiple completions.
The choke diameter and flow rate limit can be applied separately
or together. If they are both supplied, they are treated as
maximum limits.
As shown in Figure 28, the Flow Control Valve dialog uses radio
buttons to present a choice between a Generic Valve and a
Specific Valve.
You must choose a specific valve from the list of available valves
provided in the PIPESIM database. Many of the specific valves
are multi-position devices, as they allow you to select the effective
choke area from a range of pre-installed fixed chokes.
A formation integrity test indicates you should not flow more than
2 mmscfd of gas from the upper formation. To make sure, install
the FCV in the upper completion.
Review Questions
What is the effect on tubing performance curve of increasing
the water cut?
What is the difference between a standard choke and an
FCV?
What is the difference between a generic valve and a specific
valve?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
One of the simplest Equations of State for this purpose is the ideal
gas law, PV=nRT, which is roughly accurate for gases at low
pressures and high temperatures.
NOTE: The Black Oil model uses this equation along with a
compressibility factor (z) to account for non-ideal
behavior.
3-Parameter Peng-Robinson
Advanced Peng-Robinson
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS)
Association (CPA).
DBR Flash Peng-Robinson (with/without Volume Shift)
Viscosity
Compositional fluid models also use Viscosity models based on
corresponding state theory. Available Viscosity models include:
Pederson (default)
Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC)
Aasberg-Petersen
The choice you make of the Equation of State has a large effect
on the viscosities predicted by these methods. The LBC method is
more sensitive to the Equation of State effects than the Pedersen
method.
Emulsion Viscosities
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquid phases. One
phase (the dispersed phase) is carried as droplets in the other
(the continuous phase). In oil/water systems at low water cuts, oil
is usually the continuous phase.
Flashing Options
Flash calculations are an integral part of all reservoir and process
engineering calculations. They are required whenever you wish to
know the amounts (in moles) of hydrocarbon liquid and gas
coexisting in a reservoir or a vessel at a given pressure and
temperature.
Composition (%)
Methane 78
Ethane 8
Propane 3.5
Isobutane 1.2
Butane 1.5
Isopentane 0.8
Pentane 0.5
Hexane 0.5
C7+ 6.0
f. Copy and paste (Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V) the water and the
normalized hydrocarbon composition back into the
compositional editor main screen.
NOTE: Water can be carried along with the gas in the vapor
phase or entrained in the gas in droplet form. There
exists at any temperature and pressure a maximum
amount of water vapor that a gas is able to hold.
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Based on the analysis for flow data obtained from a large number
of gas wells, Rawlins and Schellhardt (1936) presented a
relationship between the gas flow rate and pressure drawdown
that can be expressed as:
Deliverability testing has been used for more than sixty years by
the petroleum industry to characterize and determine the flow
potential of gas wells.
2. Edit the reservoir and tubing data according to the data in the
table.
Reservoir Data
Static Pres 4,600 psia
Reservoir Temp. 280 degF
Gas PI 1 x 10-6 mmscf/d/psi2
Tubing Data
Mid perf TVD 11,000 feet
Mid perf MD 11,000 feet
Ambient temp 30 degF
EOT MD 10,950 feet
Tubing ID 3.476 inches
Casing ID 8.681 inches
Results
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
1. Double-click Completion.
2. Choose the Back Pressure Equation from the drop-down list.
3. Click Calculate/Graph and enter the test data listed in the
table.
Results
Pwf
Tbh (degF)
Twh (degF)
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
API 14 E
The API 14 E model comes from the American Petroleum
Institute, Recommended Practice, number 14 E. This is a solids-
free model which calculates an erosion velocity but not a rate).
Salama
The Salama model was published in Journal of Energy Resources
Technology, Vol 122, June 2000, "An Alternative to API 14 E
Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids," by Mamdouh M.
Salama.
Results
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
Well-head, Selected Tubing
Max. Erosional velocity ratio
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
The critical pressure ratio is about 0.55 for natural gas, and a
similar constant is used for oil flow.
For gas wells, a downhole choke can reduce the risk of gas
hydrates. A major disadvantage of using downhole chokes is that
replacing a choke is costly.
In this exercise, you add a horizontal flow line and a choke to the
model. You use the gas rate calculated in the previous exercise to
determine the choke bean size that results in a manifold (end of
flowline) pressure of 710 psia.
Results
Po = 710 psia
Choke size
Pressure losses across system
P Reservoir
P Tubing
P Choke
P Flow-line
In this exercise, you use System analysis to calculate the gas rate
as a function of reservoir pressure.
Results
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Below the critical velocity, the droplet falls and liquids accumulate
in the wellbore.
Where:
g = gas phase density (lbm/ft3)
The NODAL analysis plot will report the Liquid Loading Gas Rate
when the X-axis is configured to display gas rate. For every point
on the outflow curve, the value of Liquid Loading Velocity Ratio is
calculated and the critical gas rate is calculated at a point where
liquid loading velocity ratio is equal to 1.
Review Question
What actions can be taken to prevent liquid loading?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Wellbore Deviation
Survey Data
MD (ft) TVD (ft)
0 0
7,000 7,000
7,700 7,600
8,400 8,000
9,000 8,200
9,500 8,300
Geothermal Survey
Ambient Temperature U Value
MD (degF) (Btu/hr/ft2)
0 50 2
9500 200 2
Tubing Configuration
Bottom MD (ft) ID (in) Pipe Roughness (in)
9500 2.992 0.001
Completion Data
Static Pressure 4,600 psia
Temperature 200 degF
Completion Model Distributed PI
IPR Model Type Distributed PI
Distributed PI 1.00E-9 mmscf/d/psi2/ft
Wellbore Data
Length 10,000 feet
ID 2.992 inches
Tambient (degF) 200 degF
Methane Iso-butane
Ethane Butane
Propane Water
Component Mol %
Methane 0.846
Ethane 0.087
Propane 0.038
Isobutane 0.013
Butane 0.016
Results
Po = 200 psia
QG
Bhp
Review Questions
What are the advantages of a horizontal well over a vertical
well?
What are the basic completion models in PIPESIM for
horizontal wells?
Explain the shape of the horizontal well length versus
production rate curve
Summary
In this module, you learned how to:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
11. Select Setup > Compositional Local Default and add mole
fractions for all library and pseudo components, as per
Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5.
12. Generate the hydrocarbon phase envelope by clicking Phase
Envelope.
Manifold Data
Temperature 176 degF
Pressure 1,500 psia
You will now determine the required ID for the subsea tieback,
such that the separator pressure for the maximum expected rate
is no less than 400 psia.
The riser must be the same ID as the tieback, and you must not
exceed the erosional velocity.
Results
Property Value
Pipeline and Riser ID
Max. erosional velocity ratio for selected ID
Min. Separator pressure for selected ID
Max. separator pressure for selected ID
Lesson 2 Hydrates
Thermal insulation
Heat transfer between the fluid and surroundings occurs,
depending upon the temperature gradient. There are two options
for modeling the heat transfer in PIPESIM: Input U value and
Calculate U value.
Pipe coatings
Thickness of the pipe coat.
K (Thermal conductivity) of the material.
Pipe conductivity
Ambient fluid (Air or Water)
Ambient Fluid Velocity
Pipe burial Depth
Ground conductivity (for flowlines only).
Chemical Inhibitors
Thermodynamic inhibitors can be used to shift the hydrate curve
towards the left, thereby lowering the hydrate formation
temperature. Examples of inhibitors include methanol and
ethylene glycol.
Results
Property Value
Req. Insulation thickness
Assume the flowline and riser have been insulated but they are
under-insulated with only 0.25 inch of insulation. In this exercise,
you determine the required injection volume of methanol to ensure
that hydrates do not form.
Results
Property Value
Req. Methanol Injection Volume (bbl/d)
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
where:
Results
Hydrodynamic slugging
Pigging
Ramp-up.
Hydrodynamic Slugging
Most multiphase production systems will experience
hydrodynamic slugging. Designing systems simply to avoid
hydrodynamic slugging, such as larger pipe ID, is not a common
practice. Because hydrodynamic slugs grow as they progress
through the pipe, long pipelines can produce very large
hydrodynamic slugs.
The slug output from PIPESIM yields the length and frequency for
the selected slug size correlation:
Symbols that can be included in the slug output have the following
meanings:
It should be noted that the slug size data output is only printed if
SLUG is specified in the Windows menu option Define Output
(Figure 39).
Alternatively, you can insert the Report tool and check Slugging
values and Sphere-generated Liquid Volume values, as shown in
Figure 40.
Pigging
In multiphase flow in horizontal and upwards inclined pipe, the gas
travels faster than the liquid due to lower density and lower
viscosity. This is called slippage. Multiphase flow correlations
predict the slip-ratio which depends on many factors, such as
fluid properties, pipe diameter and flow regime.
In steady-state flow, the gas travels faster, so it will slip past the
liquid and occupy less pipe volume. This gives rise to a higher
liquid volume fraction than if the gas traveled at the same velocity,
resulting in liquid holdup, as illustrated in Figure 41.
PIPESIM considers that the pig travels at the mean fluid velocity
and, thus, the volume of liquid that collects ahead of the pig is a
function the degree of slip between the gas and liquid phases
(such as magnitude of liquid holdup). PIPESIM reports this
volume as the sphere generated liquid volume (SGLV). The slip
ratio (SR) is also reported, which is the average speed of the fluid
divided by the speed of the liquid.
Ramp-up
When the flow rate into a pipeline increases, the overall liquid
holdup typically decreases because the gas can more efficiently
sweep out the liquid phase. When a sudden rate increase (ramp-
up) occurs, the liquid volume in the pipeline is accelerated
resulting in a surge.
For more details, see Cunliffe's method entry in the PIPESIM help
system.
In this exercise, you screen for severe slugging and determine the
required size of the slug catcher based on the largest of the
following criteria, multiplied by a safety factor of 1.2.
5. Inspect the output file and observe the flow regimes along
the profile for each case.
1. See Cunliffes Method in the PIPESIM help system for information on how to calcu-
late the ramp-up duration.
Results
Review Questions
What types of slugs are reported by PIPESIM?
How do you report SGVL at particular location in the system?
Why should the SGVL not be greater than the total liquid
holdup?
Can PIPESIM be used for transient analysis?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Boundary Conditions
To solve the network model, you must enter the correct number of
boundary conditions. Boundary nodes are those that have only
one connecting branch, such as a production well, injection well,
source or sink.
Solution Criteria
A network has converged when the pressure balance and mass
balance at each node are within the specified tolerance. The
calculated pressure at each branch entering and leaving a node is
averaged, and the tolerance of each pressure is calculated from
the equation:
If all Ptol values are within the specified network tolerance, that
node has passed the pressure convergence test. This is repeated
for each node.
The total mass flow rate into and out of a node are averaged. The
tolerance is calculated from the equation:
Ftol =
Getting Started
1. Open PIPESIM and go to File > New > Network to create a
new network model.
2. Go to File > Save As to save the model in your training
directory, such as c:\training\pn01.bpn.
Node Pressure
Well_1 2,900 psia
Well_2 2,900 psia
Well_3 3,100 psia
Sink_1 800 psia
7. Hold down the Shift key and select the flow route from Well_3,
branch B3 and branch B5.
Component Moles
Carbon Dioxide 3
Methane 72
Ethane 6
Propane 3
Isobutane 1
Butane 1
Isopentane 1
Pentane 0.5
Hexane 0.5
Volume ratio
Component (%bbl/bbl)
Water 10
Component Moles
Carbon Dioxide 2
Methane 71
Ethane 7
Propane 4
Isobutane 1.5
Butane 1.5
Isopentane 1.5
Pentane 0.5
Hexane 0.5
Volume ratio
Component (%bbl/bbl)
Water 5
Review Questions
How do you change tolerance in PIPESIM Network model?
What are the rules for pressure and flow rates in PIPESIM
Net?
Where do you see corrosion rate in the PIPESIM output?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Flowline Data
Elevation
Distance Difference Diameter
Flowline (ft) (ft) (in)
B1 150 0 8
B2 15,000 0 6
B3 10,000 0 6
Injection Well 1
Reservoir Res
Pressure Temp MD/TVD Injection PI
Zone (psia) (degF) (ft) (stb/d/psi) FCV
Zone 1_1 4,400 210 7,800 2 No FCV
Zone 1_2 4,600 220 7,900 3 Maximum Liquid
= 1,500 STB/d
Zone 1_3 4,800 235 8,200 5 Equivalent Choke Area
= 0.25 in2
Injection Well 2
Reservoir Res
Pressure Temp MD/TVD Injection PI
Zone (psia) (degF) (ft) (stb/d/psi) FCV
Zone 2_1 4,500 220 7,900 4 No FCV
Zone 2_2 4,800 250 8,500 5 Maximum Liquid =
1,000 STB/d
Zone 2_3 5,000 270 8,800 4 FCV Closed
Node Pressure
Producer 4000 psia
Well_1 4800 psia
Well_2 5000 psia
11. Plot the pressure profiles for the entire network by selecting
all objects in the network and click Profile Plot.
Review Questions
Which crossflow scenario occurs in your model?
What is the effect of installing FCV in your model.
Remove the FCVs from completions and compare the
results. Which crossflow scenarios now occur?
What other way can a water fluid model be defined?
Summary
In this module, you learned about modeling:
NOTES
NOTES
Question (Optional)
Equivalent gas lift injection rate = 3.38
Po = 800 psia
QG 18.21 mmscfd
Po = 800 psia
QG 15.39 mmscfd
Po = 710 psia
Po = 200 psia
QG 24.40 mmscfd
Lesson 2: Hydrates
Exercise 1: Selecting Tieback Insulation Thickness
Req. Insulation thickness = 1 in
NOTES