u l t u r

C Magazinee
page
The food we eat 114
ART and the artists 115
Marathon mania 116
Air, land and sea 117
Thats Literature 118
Clothes then and now 119
Looking at the sky 120
City life 121
Hi-tech solutions 122
answers 123
World mAP 124

113
 Culture 1 The Food
Food Trivia we eat
True or false?
1
2
The sandwich got its name from a type of bread.

2
In 1853, George Crum was a chef at
A chef at a restaurant invented crisps.
Moons Lake House, a restaurant
3 The ancient Mayans and Aztecs put a lot of
sugar in their chocolate.
in Saratoga Springs, New York. One of the
guests at the restaurant sent his chips back
Answers, page 123
to the kitchen many times because they
4
01 Read the facts below and check your answers. were very thick. The chef, George Crum, was

1
angry, so he decided to irritate the guest.
He cut paper-thin chips, fried them and
In the 18th century, added a lot of salt. Surprisingly,
a British aristocrat, the guest loved these new crispy
John Montagu, 4th chips and soon Saratoga Chips
Earl of Sandwich, became a popular
loved playing cards. item on the menu.
Sometimes, he played
for many hours and he
didnt want to stop for meals. One day,
he asked to have his meal between two
pieces of bread. That way, it was possible
to play cards with one hand and eat with
the other. Montagus friends thought it was
a great idea and they started asking for
the same as Sandwich. In time, everyone
called this modern meal a sandwich.

3
C hocolate was very important to the

Did you know?

ancient Mayans and Aztecs. They used
the cacao seeds as money and they
made a chocolate drink as a health
elixir. The drink was very different
from drinking chocolate today. It was
cold and it wasnt at all sweet. The
Mayans and Aztecs didnt have sugar,
so they put other spices in the drinking
chocolate including chilli peppers.
When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they
changed the diet of the world forever. The
Europeans brought foods like apples, broccoli,
carrots and olives to the Americas.
They took foods like cocoa, tomatoes,
potatoes and chilli peppers
back to Europe.

114
 Culture 2
Art and the Artists
The people below are some of
A
the most famous artists of all time, but what do you
know about them? Match the artists to the facts about them.
or Dal Pablo Picasso
Vincent van Gogh Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Salvad
4
02

anatomy. He wrote 13,000 pages of

 . This artist was interested in many different things, including science and
1
notes about these things. Most of the notes are in mirror writing.
drew pictures before he walked and
2. The future career of this artist was obvious from a very young age. He
his first word was the Spanish word for pencil.
Chapel. Every face looks different.
3. There are 300 people in this artists painting on the ceiling of the Sistine
was born and his parents gave
4. This eccentric artists older brother died. Nine months later, the artist
him the same name. The artist believed he was a reincarnation of his brother. b
,
5. Today, a painting by this artist is worth millions of dollars, but in his lifetime
he only sold one painting.
a

Art
Movements
sh Girl, Courbet
Can you match the The Beautiful Iri
B art movements to d
the artists and their Sunrise, Monet
paintings?
c
1. Cubism
2. Surrealism
3. Realism
4. Impressionism
Answers, page 123

of Memory, Dal
The Persistence
Three Musicians, 1921

S p o t t h e P h o t o g r a p h
a b c
Paul Cadden is a hyperrealist
artist from Scotland. Hyperrealists
can draw pictures with amazing
detail so they look exactly like
photographs. Two of these pictures
are paintings by Cadden. One is a
photograph. Can you guess which
one is the photograph?
Answer, page 123

115
 Culture 3 Marathon
4
03

Mania
Running a marathon is never easy, but some
marathons are harder than others. Can you
match the names and places of these extreme
marathons to the descriptions below?
1. Marathon des Sables, Sahara Desert, Morocco
2. The Great Wall Marathon, Tianjin, China
3. The Big Five Marathon, Limpopo Province,
South Africa
Answers, page 123

This marathon takes place every June in

A the Entabeni Game Reserve. The
marathon gets its name from the big wild
animals at the reserve: lions, leopards,
buffalos, rhinos and elephants. The race isnt
easy. Runners must run through mountains,
valleys and forests. During the race, game
reserve workers are there to protect the
runners from the wild animals. For additional
security, theres a helicopter, too.

This is one of the most beautiful marathons in the

B world, but its also very difficult. There are 5,164 This ultramarathon is a six-day,
C 251 km event. Thats nearly six
stairs to climb during the race. Runners cant stop to
ordinary marathons, but the distance
enjoy the beautiful scenery because theyve only got eight
isnt the only difficulty. Participants must
hours to complete the marathon. That sounds like a lot
run up and down sand dunes in daytime
of time, but it takes about 50% longer
temperatures of between 35 and 55C,
to finish this marathon than it takes to
and they do this while carrying all their
finish an average marathon.
food and equipment on their backs! People
call this the hardest foot race on Earth. Its
easy to understand why.

4
04
Why is it called Marathon?
According to legend, in 490 BC, there was a battle between the Persians and the
Greeks in a town called Marathon. After the battle, a Greek messenger,
Pheidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (approximately 40 km) to announce
the Greek victory. When he arrived, he shouted, We won! Then he fell to the
ground and died. At the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896, the
organisers decided to have a race from the area of the ancient battle to
Athens. They called it Marathon to commemorate the legend. In 1924,
the distance of 42.195 km became the official length of a marathon.
116
 Air, Culture 4
Land
Match A to B to make sentences about different types of transport.
A B

and
1. Sailing ships a. get their power from gas.
2. Steamships b. get their power from the wind.
3. Airships c. get their power from air, gas and paraffin.

Sea 4. Jet aeroplanes

Answers, page 123
d. get their power from very hot water.

4
05
Read the facts and check your answers to the exercise above.

3
1 In 1818, sailing  1838, the SS Great
In In 1928, passengers
ships began Western was the first began flying across the Atlantic
monthly steamship to take in airships, or zeppelins. The
passenger passengers between top part of the airships looked
services England and the US. Its like an enormous, long balloon.
between steam engine worked on The balloon was full of gas.
England and the US. It took hot water and it was much Under the balloon was an
between 23 and 90 days 2 larger and faster than a area with bedrooms, a dining
to sail across the Atlantic sailing ship. It room and an observation room.
Ocean. The number of crossed the Flights across the Atlantic on
days depended on the Atlantic in the airship took between 80 and
wind. about 15 days. 100 hours.

4
In 1939, Pan American Airlines flew
the first passenger aeroplanes
between New York and
Europe. The aeroplanes
were flying boats. They
had sleeping areas,
a kitchen, a dining
room and a bar. It
took under 24 hours
to cross the Atlantic
on a flying boat.

5
 In 1958, BOAC (British
Overseas Airways Corporation)
began the first-ever jet aeroplane
passenger service across the
Atlantic. The mixture of air, gas
and paraffin in jet engines gave jet
aeroplanes a lot of power. Travel
One Man and a Boat
time across the Atlantic by jet In 1969, John Fairfax took a
aeroplane was suddenly as short 6.7-metre-long boat and rowed ic
as six hours. 8,045 kilometres across the Atlant
Ocean, from the Canary Islands to
Florida. He was the first person to
row alone across an ocean.

117
 Culture 5 Thats Literature
4 Where did the popular authors below get some of their ideas
06
for characters or plots? Match the authors to the facts.
Mark Twain Arthur Conan Doyle Suzanne Collins Ian Fleming
1. This American author based Huckleberry Finn, one of his most
famous characters, on Tom Blankenship, a boy from his own Mark Twain
town when he was a child.
James Bond
2. Working for British Naval Intelligence during World War II gave
this author knowledge about espionage and spies. He used this
knowledge for the plots of some of his novels, and to create the
character of James Bond.
3. This Scottish author was also a doctor. His character, Arthur C Doyle

Sherlock Holmes, had many of the characteristics of one of the

authors teachers at Edinburgh University, Dr Joseph Bell.
4. This contemporary American author of the popular Hunger Games
books got the idea for the stories and for the main character
Katniss while she was watching reality programmes and the
news on TV one night. Other influences were Greek mythology Suzanne Collins

and the gladiator games of Ancient Rome.

Answers, page 123

Ian Fleming

Huckleberry Finn

Sherlock Holmes

Hunger Games

4
07
Weird But True Literary Facts
The Gates of Paradise (1960), a 40,000-word novel by Polish author Jerzy Andrzejewski,
contains only two sentences. The second sentence has got five words in it.
A book by Dr V Sreenathachary, a professor of English at Indias Palamuru University,
has got a 1,086-word-long title. The title begins with the words, Handy Crystals. The book
is about the English language.
The Dinosaur (1959), a short story by Augusto Monterroso, a famous Guatemalan author, is
only seven words long in its original Spanish version. There is also a seven-word translation
of the story in English: Upon awakening (= when he woke up), the dinosaur was still there.
Ernest Vincent Wright wrote an entire English novel, Gadsby (1939), without using any
words with the letter e. Georges Perec did the same thing in his French novel, La Disparition
(1968). This is a very difficult thing to do, as the letter e is the most common letter in both
English and French.
118
 Clothes Then and Now Culture 6
1 2 3
True The word Marie Antoinette Women 4 Christian
or macaroni was was the Queen of never wore Dior was an
false an insult in the
18th century.
France in the
18th century.
trousers in the
19th century.
Italian fashion
designer.
? Answers, page 123

4
08
Read the facts and check your answers to the quiz above.

Shocking Fashion
In the mid-1700s, young and rich British men
brought home fashion ideas from their visits to In 1783, French women
other countries in Europe wore enormous dresses. So
and combined them in people were shocked to see
strange ways. Popular an official painting of the
items were colourful coats Queen, Marie Antoinette,
and leggings, and shoes in a simple white dress.
with big decorations. The The dress was similar to
men also wore artificial a chemise the item of
hair with very high clothing usually under the
elaborate styles, and small enormous dresses!
hats. People laughed at
these men. They called In 1947, shortly
them Macaronis like the after World War II,
Italian pasta. clothes were very
simple and they
didnt have a lot of
In 1851, an American material in them.
woman, Amelia Some countries
Bloomer, started even had rules
wearing a style of about the quantity
clothing called a of material in
Turkish dress. The clothes. When
Turkish dress had French designer,
long trousers under Christian Dior had
a short skirt. Amelia his first fashion
wrote about it in a show after the war, many people were shocked.
magazine and soon, They criticised him for making extravagant
women everywhere clothes with too much material.
were wearing the dress now called the Bloomer
dress. But many people, churches and organisations
were angry about women wearing mens clothing.
Womens trousers only became acceptable
in the 1930s.

Did you know?

People are using modern technology in everything including fashion.
A company in San Francisco, Continuum, is using 3D printers to print and
produce clothes. People can use the design tools on Continuums website to
create dresses, shoes and more. The company will then print the designs, sew
them together and send them to you!
119
 Culture 7 Looking at the Sky
4 There are many smartphone apps for learning about space
09
exploration and the solar system. Here are some of our favourites.
Which apps sound interesting to you? Why?

NASA App
This app has got maps, videos, photographs and information about past, present and
future space exploration missions. It also tells you when and where it is possible to
see the International Space Station in the sky above you. In addition, you can use
NASA App to listen to Third Rock, NASAs radio station, or to watch NASA TV.

Solar Walk
Take a virtual journey to another planet with Solar Walk 3D. This app has got
beautiful 3D graphics of the planets, moons, stars, asteroids and comets. Its also got
facts about planets and stars, and videos about space and natural events on Earth.

Moon Atlas
We can only see one side of the moon from Earth but with Moon Atlas, you
can see the dark side of the moon too! This 3D app provides a globe of the
moon. You can move the globe by touching your phone screen. You can also
learn about mountains, craters and other landscape features on the moon.

Starmap
Use Starmap to find out what youre seeing when you look at the sky at
night. Starmap uses GPS information to find your location and then creates
a model of the sky around you. It shows all the stars and planets with
their names, and gives facts and information about them. Its like having a
planetarium in your hand.

Fact File:
Space Venus
Complete the sentences with the

Quotes numbers below to find out some

interesting facts about the planet

Do you agree with these
quotes about space?
Everyone is a moon, and has a
dark side which he never shows to
anybody.
Mark Twain
Im sure the universe is full of
intelligent life. Its just been too
intelligent to come here.
Sir Arthur C Clarke
I dont think the human race will
survive the next thousand years,
unless we spread into space.
Venus.
243 470 1702 224.7 1550
1. One day on Venus is __ Earth days nearly as
long as an Earth year. But a year on Venus is
shorter than a day only __ Earth days. Thats
because Venus turns slowly but moves quickly
around the sun.
2. People knew about Venus nearly four thousand
years ago. The Venus Tablet of Ammisaduqa is
a record of astronomical observations of Venus.
People believe the observations are from a period
between __ and __ BC.

Stephen Hawking 3. Venus is very, very hot about __ C! Thats
about ten times hotter than the hottest
places on Earth.
Answers, page 123
120
 4
10
City Life
Read about some interesting towns and cities around the world. Then match each
Culture 8

place to its correct name. What information in the texts helped you decide?
Coober Pedy Celebration Thames Town

1
This Florida city has got homes, schools, parks,
restaurants and shops just like other cities. But its
an unusual place. Its got colourful homes and buildings
and perfect streets and gardens. In the autumn, artificial
leaves from trees fly in the air. In the winter, artificial
snow falls to the ground. Its a real place, but it feels like
a cartoon. That isnt surprising because the Walt Disney
Company built it in the 1990s.

2
This town in
Australia is from
the early 1900s. At
that time, people
started finding
opals in the area.
Because of the very
3 hot weather, the
first opal miners
built their homes under the ground, in caves. Today,
about 50% of the 3,500 residents live in underground
homes. There are also underground shops, churches
and more. The name of the town comes from the local
Aboriginal language. It means white mans hole.
This pretty English town has got 19th-
century houses, old-fashioned roads, an
old church, a pub and a fish and chip
shop. But the town isnt in England and
it isnt old! Its from 2006 and its 30 km
from Shanghai, China. Architects copied
the building styles from various places in
England. There arent many residents in
this town, but tourists love it.
Answers, page 123

Shared Space Roads

Some cities and towns around the world are
experimenting with shared space roads. These roads
havent got traffic signs or separate areas for cars,
bikes and people. According to some experts, these
roads are safer than ordinary roads because everyone
is more careful. Other experts have got the opposite
opinion. What do you think?
City Trivia
Complete the facts with the words below.
San Jos Tokyo Istanbul Pittsburgh
1. The only city on two continents is . Part of this
Turkish city is in Asia and part is in Europe.
2. The most common city name in the world is .
There are over 320 cities around the world with
this Spanish name.
3. Venice, Italy, has got 409 bridges, but has got
more. This US city has got 446 bridges.
4. In 2013, the richest city in the world was , Japan.
Answers, page 123
121
 Culture 9 Hi-Tech Solutions
4 Today, hi-tech inventions are helping us in every area of our lives. Theyre helping the animal world
11
and nature, too. Look at the examples below and match the titles to the paragraphs.
Hi-Tech in the Oceans Save the Tiger GPS Animals

1
Scientists studying the oceans are getting help from the
Slocum Glider. This robot can dive 500 metres below
the sea and it can measure water temperature and other
ocean conditions. This information is helping scientists
learn about the health of the ocean and its wildlife.

2 Today, there are only
In parts of southern Africa, farmers had a problem:
lions were attacking their farm animals. So wildlife
officials put GPS devices on the lions. The devices
tell the farmers when the lions are in the area, so
they can protect their animals.
Answers, page 123
3
about 3,200 tigers in the
wild. People are helping these endangered
animals by photographing their footprints with digital
and smartphone cameras. Then, they use GPS to provide
the footprints exact locations. A sophisticated computer
program analyses the photographs and identifies individual
tigers, so people can monitor them.

4
12 British Airways - #lookup

122
 Answers to Culture Magazine
Culture 1, page 114 Culture 6, page 119
Food Trivia Clothes Then and Now
1. false 1. true
2. true 2. true
3. false 3. false
4. false
Culture 2, page 115
Art and the Artists Culture 7, page 120
A 1. Leonardo da Vinci Fact File: Venus
2. Pablo Picasso
1. 243, 224.7
3. Michelangelo
2. 1702, 1550
4. Salvador Dal
3. 470
5. Vincent van Gogh
B 1. d Culture 8, page 121
2. c City Life
3. b 1. Celebration
4. a 2. Thames Town
Spot the Photograph 3. Coober Pedy
a City Trivia
1. Istanbul
Culture 3, page 116 2. San Jos
Marathon Mania 3. Pittsburgh
1. C 4. Tokyo
2. B
3. A Culture 9, page 122
Hi-Tech Solutions
Culture 4, page 117 1. Hi-Tech in the Oceans
Air, Land and Sea 2. GPS Animals
1. b 3. Save the Tiger
2. d
3. a
4. c

Culture 5, page 118

Thats Literature
1. Mark Twain
2. Ian Fleming
3. Arthur Conan Doyle
4. Suzanne Collins

123
 World Map

A R CA
T IRCC T I C
O C EO
AC NEAN
GREENLAND GREENLAND

R U S S I A R U S S I A

CANADA CANADA

ATLAANTTL IACN T I C
United States United States

O C EO
AC NEAN

WES
MEXICO MEXICO THE BAHAMAS THE BAHAMAS SAH

CUBA CUBA
DOM. REP. DOM. REP.
M
JAMAICA JAMAICA
BELIZE BELIZE
HAITI HAITI
HONDURAS HONDURAS
SEN
GUATEMALA GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA

PACP I FAI C
CI F I C COSTA RICA COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA VENEZUELA
PANAMA PANAMA

O C EO ACNEAN COLOMBIA
GUYANA

COLOMBIA
SURINAME
GUYANA
FRENCH GUIANA FRENCH GUIANA
SURINAME

ECUADOR ECUADOR

PERU PERU

BRAZIL BRAZIL
Samoa Samoa BOLIVIA BOLIVIA

PARAGUAY PARAGUAY

CHILE CHILE

ARGENTINA ARGENTINA

URUGUAY URUGUAY

antarctica

124
 A R CA
T IRCC T I C
O C EO
AC NEAN

SWEDEN SWEDEN
ICELAND ICELAND

FINLAND FINLAND
R U S S I A R U S S I A
NORWAY NORWAY

ESTONIA ESTONIA

scotland
DENMARK DENMARK LATVIA LATVIA
northern
ireland LITHUANIA LITHUANIA

england
THE NETHERLANDS
ireland THE NETHERLANDS
POLAND BELARUS
POLAND BELARUS

wales GERMANYBELGIUM GERMANY

BELGIUM
LUX. CZECH LUX. CZECH
SLOVAKIA UKRAINE
SLOVAKIA UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKHSTAN
AUSTRIAHUNGARY MOLDOVA
AUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA
SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND
SLOVENIA ROMANIA
SLOVENIA ROMANIA MONGOLIA MONGOLIA
FRANCE ITALYFRANCECROATIA
ITALY CROATIA
BOSNIA BOSNIA
SERBIA SERBIA
MONTENEGRO BULGARIA
MONTENEGRO BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTAN
GEORGIA GEORGIA
MACEDONIA MACEDONIA KYRGYZSTAN KYRGYZSTAN
ALBANIA ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN NORTH KOREA NORTH KOREA
PORTUGAL PORTUGAL TURKMENISTAN TURKMENISTAN
Spain GREECE GREECE
Balearic TURKEY TURKEY TAJIKISTAN TAJIKISTAN
Islands
SOUTH KOREA SOUTH KOREA
Ceuta SYRIA SYRIA
Melilla TUNISIA TUNISIA CYPRUS CYPRUS
LEBANON LEBANON
AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN
C H I N A C H I N A JAPAN JAPAN
MOROCCO MOROCCO ISRAEL ISRAEL
IRAQ IRAQ
IRAN IRAN
Canary JORDAN JORDAN
Islands
ALGERIA ALGERIA
KUWAIT KUWAIT PAKISTAN PAKISTAN NEPAL NEPAL
BHUTAN BHUTAN
STERN WESTERN

PACP I FAI C
CI F I C
HARA SAHARA LIBYA LIBYA egypt QATAR QATAR

U. A. E. U. A. E.
india india TAIWAN TAIWAN

O C EOACNEAN
SAUDI ARABIA SAUDI ARABIA MYANMAR MYANMAR
MAURITANIA MAURITANIA BANGLADESH
LAOS
BANGLADESH
LAOS
SUDAN SUDAN OMAN OMAN
NIGER NIGER
MALI MALI ERITREA YEMEN
ERITREA YEMEN
THAILAND VIETNAM
THAILAND VIETNAM
NEGAL SENEGAL CHAD CHAD
GAMBIA GAMBIA PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES
CAMBODIA CAMBODIA
BURKINA BURKINA
NIGERIA NIGERIA DJIBOUTI DJIBOUTI
GUINEA GUINEA
BENIN BENIN
GHANA GHANA
SOMALIA SOMALIA
IVORY TOGO IVORY TOGO
COAST COAST CENTRAL AFRICAN CENTRAL AFRICAN
SRI LANKA SRI LANKA
ETHIOPIA ETHIOPIA
LIBERIA LIBERIA REPUBLIC REPUBLIC
CAMEROON CAMEROON BRUNEI BRUNEI
SIERRA SIERRA
LEONE LEONE GUINEA EQUATORIAL GUINEA
EQUATORIAL UGANDA UGANDA MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
REPUBLIC OF REPUBLIC OF KENYA KENYA
GUINEA GUINEA CONGO CONGO
BISSAU BISSAU GABON GABON
CONGO RWANDA CONGO RWANDA
BURUNDI BURUNDI I N D O I NN ED SO I N A E S I A
PAPUA PAPUA
TANZANIA TANZANIA
NEW GUINEA NEW GUINEA

COMOROS COMOROS
ANGOLA ANGOLA
ZAMBIA ZAMBIA
MALAWI MALAWI

FIJI FIJI

I N D I IANND I A N
NAMIBIA NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR

BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE
BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUEMAURITIUS MAURITIUS
NEW CALEDONIA NEW CALEDONIA

O C EO ACNEAN australia

SWAZILAND SWAZILAND

South LESOTHO
South LESOTHO
Africa Africa

new zeAland

antarctica

125