Jean-Claude Duvalier

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jean-Claude Duvalier (French pronunciation: [ klod

dyvalje]), nicknamed Baby Doc (Haitian Creole: Bebe
Jean-Claude Duvalier
Dk) (3 July 1951 4 October 2014), was the President of
Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular
uprising in 1986. He succeeded his father Franois "Papa
Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after the latter's death in
1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes
to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his
advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and
hundreds of thousands fled the country during his
presidency.[2] He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle
(including a state-sponsored US$ 2 million wedding in 1980)
while poverty among his people remained the most
widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere.[3]

Relations with the United States improved after Duvalier's

ascension to the presidency, and later deteriorated under the 33rd President of Haiti
Carter administration, only to again improve under Ronald In office
Reagan due to the strong anti-communist stance of the 22 April 1971 7 February 1986
Duvaliers.[4] Rebellion against the Duvalier regime broke out
Preceded by Franois Duvalier
in 1985 and Baby Doc fled to France in 1986 on a U.S. Air
Force craft. Succeeded by Henri Namphy
Personal details
Duvalier unexpectedly returned to Haiti on 16 January 2011,
after two decades in self-imposed exile in France. The Born 3 July 1951[1]
following day, he was arrested by Haitian police, facing Port-au-Prince, Haiti
possible charges for embezzlement.[3] On 18 January, Died 4 October 2014 (aged 63)
Duvalier was charged with corruption.[5] On 28 February Port-au-Prince, Haiti
2013, Duvalier pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption
and human rights abuse.[6] He died of a heart attack on 4 Nationality Haitian
October 2014, at the age of 63. Political party National Unity Party
Spouse(s) Michle Bennett
(19801990)
Contents Domestic partner Vronique Roy
(19902014)
1 Early life
2 President of Haiti Relations Franois Duvalier
2.1 Political and economic factors (father)
2.2 Marriage Simone Ovide
2.3 Destabilisation (mother)
2.4 Departure
3 Exile Children Nicolas Duvalier
4 Return Anya Duvalier
5 Death Alma mater University of Haiti
6 References
7 External links

Early life
Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince and was brought up in an isolated environment. He attended Nouveau
College Bird and Saint-Louis de Gonzague. Later, he studied law at the University of Haiti under the direction
of several professors, including Matre Grard Gourgue.

President of Haiti
In April 1971, he assumed the presidency of Haiti at the age of 19 upon the death of his father, Franois
Duvalier (nicknamed "Papa Doc"), becoming the world's youngest president.[7] Initially, Jean-Claude Duvalier
resisted the dynastic arrangement that had made him Haiti's leader, having preferred that the presidency go to
his older sister Marie-Denise Duvalier, and was content to leave substantive and administrative matters in the
hands of his mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, and a committee led by Luckner Cambronne, his father's Interior
Minister, while he attended ceremonial functions and lived as a playboy.[4]

Political and economic factors

Duvalier was invested with near-absolute power by the constitution. He took some steps to reform the regime,
by releasing some political prisoners and easing press censorship. However, there were no substantive changes
to the regime's basic character. Opposition was not tolerated, and the legislature remained a rubber stamp.

Much of the Duvaliers' wealth came from the Rgie du Tabac (Tobacco Administration). Duvalier used this
"non-fiscal account", established decades earlier, as a tobacco monopoly, but he later expanded it to include the
proceeds from other government enterprises and used it as a slush fund for which no balance sheets were ever
kept.[8]

By neglecting his role in government, Duvalier squandered considerable domestic and foreign goodwill and
facilitated the dominance of Haitian affairs by a clique of hardline Duvalierist cronies, the so-called
"dinosaurs". Foreign officials and observers also seemed tolerant toward "Baby Doc" in areas such as human
rights monitoring and foreign countries were more generous to him with economic assistance. The Nixon
administration restored the United States aid program for Haiti in 1971.[8]

Marriage

On 27 May 1980, Duvalier married Michle Bennett Pasquet in a wedding that cost US$ 2 million.[4] The
extravagance of the couple's wedding did not lack local critics, though The Christian Science Monitor reported
that "the event ... was enthusiastically received by a majority of Haitians".[9] Discontent among the business
community and elite intensified in response to increased corruption among the Duvaliers and the Bennett
family's dealings, which included selling Haitian cadavers to foreign medical schools and trafficking in
narcotics. Increased political repression added to the volatility of the situation.[4]

The marriage also estranged the old-line Duvalierists in the government from the younger technocrats whom
Duvalier had appointed, including Jean-Marie Chanoine, Frantz Merceron, Frantz-Robert Estime and Theo
Achille. The Duvalierists' spiritual leader, Duvalier's mother, Simone Ovide Duvalier, was eventually expelled
from Haiti, reportedly at the request of Michle Duvalier. With his wife Duvalier had two children, Franois
Nicolas and Anya.[10]

Destabilisation

In response to an outbreak of African swine fever virus on the island in 1978, U.S. agricultural authorities
insisted upon total eradication of Haiti's pig population. The Program for the Eradication of Porcine Swine
Fever and for the Development of Pig Raising (PEPPADEP) caused widespread hardship among the peasant
population, who bred pigs as an investment.[11]
In addition, reports that HIV/AIDS was becoming a major problem in Haiti caused tourism to decline
dramatically in the early 1980s. By the mid-1980s, most Haitians expressed hopelessness and helplessness, as
economic conditions worsened and hunger and malnutrition spread.[12]

Widespread discontent began in March 1983, when Pope John Paul II visited Haiti. The pontiff declared that
things must change in Haiti, and he called on all those who have power, riches and culture so that they can
understand the serious and urgent responsibility to help their brothers and sisters.[13] He called for a more
equitable distribution of income, a more egalitarian social structure, and increased popular participation in
public life. This message revitalized both laymen and clergy, contributed to increased popular mobilization and
expanded political and social activism.[8]

A revolt began in the provinces in 1985. The city of Gonaves was the first to have street demonstrations and
raids on food-distribution warehouses. From October 1985 to January 1986, the protests spread to six other
cities, including Cap-Hatien. By the end of that month, Haitians in the south had revolted. The most significant
rioting there broke out in Les Cayes.[8]

Duvalier responded with a 10 percent cut in staple food prices, the closing of independent radio stations, a
cabinet reshuffle, and a crackdown by police and army units, but these moves failed to dampen the momentum
of the popular uprising against the dynastic dictatorship. Duvalier's wife and advisers, intent on maintaining
their grip on power, urged him to put down the rebellion and remain in office.[8]

Departure

In January 1986, the Reagan administration began to pressure Duvalier

to renounce his rule and to leave Haiti. Representatives appointed by
Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga served as intermediaries who
carried out the negotiations. At this point a number of Duvalierists and
business leaders met with the Duvaliers and pressed for their departure.
The United States rejected a request to provide asylum for Duvalier, but
offered to assist with their departure. On 30 January 1986, Duvalier had
initially accepted, and President Reagan actually announced his
departure based on a report from the Haitian CIA Station Chief who
Jean-Claude and Michle Duvalier en
saw Duvalier's car head for the airport. En route, there was gunfire and
route to the airport to flee the country,
Duvalier's party returned to the palace unnoticed by the U.S.
7 February 1986
intelligence team.[14] Duvalier declared "we are as firm as a monkey
tail." He departed on 7 February 1986, flying to France in a U.S. Air
Force aircraft.[10]

Exile
The Duvaliers settled in France. For a time they lived a luxurious life, but eventually separated on 19 June
1990.[15] Although he formally applied for political asylum, his request was denied by French authorities.
Duvalier lost most of his wealth with his 1993 divorce from his wife.[16] While apparently living modestly in
exile, Duvalier did have supporters, who founded the Franois Duvalier Foundation in 2006 to promote positive
aspects of the Duvalier presidency, including the creation of most of Haiti's state institutions and improved
access to education for the country's black majority.[17]

A private citizen, named Jacques Samyn, unsuccessfully sued to expel Duvalier as an illegal immigrant (the
Duvaliers were never officially granted asylum in France). In 1998, a Haitian-born photographer, Grald
Bloncourt, formed a committee in Paris to bring Duvalier to trial. At the time, the French Ministry of the
Interior said that it could not verify whether Duvalier still remained in the country due to the recently enacted
Schengen Agreement which had abolished systematic border controls between the participating countries.[18]
However, Duvalier's lawyer Sauveur Vaisse said that his client was still in France and denied that the exiled
leader had fallen on hard times.[19]
The 2004 Global Transparency Report listed Duvalier as the sixth most corrupt world leader between
Slobodan Miloevi and Alberto Fujimori having amassed between US$ 300 million and
US$ 800 million.[20][21]

Following the ousting of president Jean-Bertrand Aristide in February 2004, Duvalier announced his intention
to return to Haiti to run for president in the 2006 elections for the National Unity Party; however, he did not
become a candidate.[22]

On 2223 September 2007, an address by Duvalier to Haitians was broadcast by radio. Although he said exile
had "broken" him, he also said that what he described as the improving fortunes of the National Unity Party had
"reinvigorated" him, and he urged readiness among his supporters, without saying whether he intended to
return to Haiti.[23] President Ren Prval rejected Duvalier's apology and, on 28 September, he said that, while
Duvalier was constitutionally free to return to Haiti, he would face trial if he did so.[24] Duvalier's radio
broadcast address was given in French and not Haitian Creole, the language spoken by the majority of
Haitians.[25]

In February 2010, a Swiss court agreed to release more than US$ 4 million to Jean-Claude Duvalier,[26]
although the Swiss Foreign Ministry said it would continue to block the release of the money.[27]

Duvalier lived in Paris with Vronique Roy, his longtime companion, until his return to Haiti in late January
2011.[16]

Return
On 16 January 2011, during the presidential election campaign, Duvalier returned to Haiti after 25 years.[28]
Accompanied by Vronique Roy, he flew in from Paris, indicating that he wanted to help: "I'm not here for
politics. I'm here for the reconstruction of Haiti", he said.[5] However, many argued that Duvalier returned to
Haiti to gain access to the US$ 4 million frozen in the Swiss bank account. Haiti also claimed this money,
arguing that the assets were of "criminal origin" and should not be returned to Duvalier. By virtue of Swiss law,
however, states claiming money in Switzerland have to demonstrate that they have started criminal
investigations against offenders holding money in the country. According to an article by Ginger Thompson in
The New York Times, "if Mr. Duvalier had been able to slip into the country and then quietly leave without
incident... he may have been able to argue that Haiti was no longer interested in prosecuting himand that the
money should be his."[29] According to Mac McClelland of Mother Jones magazine:

The former dictator was greeted at the Port-au-Prince airport with cheering and celebratory
chanting ... The word from Duvalier is that he's come to help his country. According to everyone
on the street and on the radio, the Americans and the French conspired to bring him here to upset
current president Ren Prval, who's been accused of fixing his country's recent elections.[30]

On 18 January 2011, he was taken into custody at his hotel by Haitian authorities.[31] He was charged with
corruption, theft, and misappropriation of funds committed during his 15-year presidency. He was released but
was subject to recall by the court.[5]

By 22 September 2011, legal procedures against him appeared to have stalled. He was reported to be living
under a loosely enforced house arrest, enjoying a life of luxury in a suburb of Port-au-Prince.[32] By 30 January
2012, it was announced that the former president would face charges of corruption, but not of human rights
abuses.[33][34]

After the former president failed to appear for three previously scheduled court hearings, a Haitian judge issued
a warrant ordering him to appear before the court 28 February 2013. Duvalier did so and for the first time
pleaded not guilty to charges of corruption and human rights abuse.[6]
Death
On 4 October 2014, Duvalier died of a heart attack at the age of 63.[1]

References
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External links
Jean-Claude Duvalier on IMDb
"Jean-Claude Duvalier collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
Jean Claude Duvalier and Michele Bennet Wedding 25 May 1980 on YouTube
PROFILE: Haiti's Jean-Claude Duvalier: The story of a former dictator upon his return home. Daniel
Schwartz, CBC News, 17 January 2011
WikiLeaks cables: 'Baby Doc' Duvalier's possible return to Haiti concerned US, The Guardian, 17
January 2011
Did Baby Doc Duvalier Return to Haiti to Pressure Prval in the Election?, video report, Democracy
Now!, 19 January 2011

Political offices
Preceded by President of Haiti Succeeded by
Franois Duvalier 19711986 Henri Namphy

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Duvalier&oldid=786250837"

Categories: Presidents of Haiti 1951 births 2014 deaths Children of national leaders
Haitian anti-communists Haitian exiles Haitian expatriates in France Haitian people of Mulatto descent
Haitian Roman Catholics Haitian Vodou practitioners People from Port-au-Prince Presidents for life
1970s in Haiti 1980s in Haiti 20th-century Haitian politicians

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