Blast Manual

..
2559

( )

ii

.................................................................................................................................................................i
......................................................................................................................................................ii
1 ............................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1.......................................................................................................................................1-1
1.2..............................................................................................................................................1-1
1.3...............................................................................................................................1-1
1.4.................................................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.5...........................................................................................................................................1-4
2 ..............................................................2-1
2.1. ...............................................................2-1
2.2. .....................................2-2
2.3. .................................... 2-7
2.4. ...................................................2-9
3 .................................................................................3-1
3.1. ...........................................................................................................................3-1
3.2. (Relative Effectiveness Factors)...............................................................3-5
4 .....................................................................4-1
4.1. .................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2. ..................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3. ...........................................................................................................4-4
5 .....................................................................................5-1
5.1. (Safety Factor)........................................................................................................5-1
5.2. ............................................................... 5-1
5.3. ............................................................................5-11
6 ............................6-1
6.1. .........................................................6-1
6.2.
(far-range explosion)....................................................................................................................6-3
6.3.
(near-range explosion).................................................................................................................6-3
6.4. .......................... 6-4
7 ..........................7-1
7.1. ..........................7-1
7.2. ...........7-11
.................................................................................................................................................-1
. UFC
3-340-02..............................................................................................-1
. ...................................................................-1
1.1

1.2
1.2.1 (confined explosion)
(unconfined explosion)

1.2.2
(improvised explosive devices IED) (high explosive)

(low explosive)
1.2.3

1.2.4 SI (International Systems of Units) US Customary
SI (US) UFC 3-340-02
. US Customary
1.3

1.3.1 Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions (UFC 3-340-02), U.S.
Department of Defense, 2008.
1.3.2 Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings (FEMA-
426/BIPS-06), U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011.
1-1

1.3.3 Blast Protection of Buildings (ASCE/SEI 59-11), American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), 2011.
1.3.4 Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (PBS-P100), General Services
Administration (GSA), 2005.
1.3.5 Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, Army Technical Manual
TM 5-1300; Navy Publication NAVFAC P-397; Air Force Regulation AFR 88-22,
Department of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, 1990.
1.4
(explosion blast burst)

(explosive)

(high explosive)
1 9 (3,000 30,000 )
(low explosive)

(effective charge weight) TNT

(explosive velocity detonation velocity)
(far-range explosion)

1.2 1/3 (3 1/3)
(near-range explosion)

1.2 1/3 (3 1/3)
(scaled distance)

(scaled height)
1-2

(standoff distance)
(safety factor)

(confined explosion)

(shock wave shock front)

(plane wave)
(incident pressure)
(reflected pressure)
(positive phase)
(negative phase)
(overpressure)
(dynamic pressure)
(impulse)

(maximum effective pressure)

1-3

(free field)
(high-pressure design range)

(low-pressure design range)
(secondary wave)
(level of protection)

(resistance)

(yield)
(compressive membrane)

1.5
CD = (drag coefficient)
CE = (equivalent load factor)
Cr = (
)
Cr =
G = ()
H = ()
Hc = ()
Hs = ()
HT = ()
i = (positive impulse) - (
-)
1-4

i - = (negative impulse) - (-
)
is = - (-)
is- = - (-)
ir = - (-
)
-
ir = - (-
)
ir = -
(-)
L = ()
Lw = ()
Lw- = ()
P = ()
Pso = (peak incident pressure)
()
Pso- = ()
Psob= (
)
Psof =
()
Ps = ()
Ps- = ()
PR =
()
-
PR =
()
Pr = (reflected pressure) (
)
-
Pr = ()
Pr = (
)
qo = (peak dynamic pressure) (
)
qof =
()
R = (standoff distance) ()
1-5

RA = ()
RG = ()
S = ()
ta = (arrival time)

tc = (clearing time)

td = (rising time)

tf =

to =
to- =
tof =

tof- =
trf =

trf- =

U = ()
u = ()
W = TNT ()
Ws = ()
Z = (scaled distance) (R)
(W) 1/3 (
1/3)
ZG = (RG)
(W) 1/3 (1/3)
1-6

2.1

.. 2547 2-1
.. 2547 2557
3,225 .. 2555 2557 310

500 471
450
400
344 333 331 325
350
300 284 266 276

242 250
250
200
150 103
100
50
0
2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557

2-1
(: )
2-1

2.2
2.2.1 (Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building)
: 200 N.W. 5th St
: 19 .. 1995
/ : (vehicle-borne
improvised explosive device VBIED) (ammonium nitrate
fertilizer) (nitromethane) 3,175 (7,000
) 3 5
: 646
20 14 6 168
800
:
( 2-2)
( 2-3)
2-2
(: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing)
2-2

2-3
(: FEMA-426/BIPS-06)
2.2.2 (World Trade Center)

: (North Tower)
: 26 .. 1993
/: (VBIED)
(urea nitrate) 600 (1,300 )
(aluminum particle) (magnesium particle) (ferric
oxide particle) 3
B-2
1,000 (150,000 )
: 6 1,042
:

4 30 (98 ) ( 2-4
2-5)
2-3

93

2-4
(: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing)
2-5
(: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing)
2-4

2.2.3 (Marks & Spencer Store)

:
: 15 .. 1996
/ : (VBIED)
Semtex
(ammonium nitrate fertilizer) 1,500 (3,300 )

(Provisional Irish Republican Army IRA)
:
212
2.4
(1.5 )
:
12 ( 2-6)

700

2-6
(: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing)
2-5

2.2.4 Regjeringskvartalet
:
: 22 .. 2011
/ : Ammonium Nitrate - Fuel Oil ANFO
(ammonium nitrate fertilizer)
950 (2,090 )

: 6 2

209 12
:

VG ( 2-7 2-8)

2-7 Regjeringskvartalet
2-6

2-8 Regjeringskvartalet
(: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks)
2.3
2.3.1
:
: 5 .. 2553
/ : (Improvised
Explosive Device IED) (urea fertilizer)
(TNT) 10
(20 )
: 4

:
( 2-9)

5 .
2-7

2-9
(: http://news.mthai.com/hot-news/89615.html)
2.3.2
:
: 31 .. 2555
/: (VBIED)
15 (33 )
B-3
: 5 354
: 2.2
( 2-10) 1 4 ( 2-10)

2-8

2-10
(: http://wbns.oas.psu.ac.th)
2.4

Generic Range-
to-Effects Chart ( 2-11) Department of Defense (DOD)
Generic Range-to-Effects Chart

2-9

10,000
()
1,000
100
10
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
(-TNT)

2-11 Generic Range-to-Effects

2-11

10 50 TNT (25 100 )
25
TNT (50 ) 5 (15 )
20 (70 )
2-10

3.1
3.1.1 Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
: C6H2(NO2)3CH3 (toluene)
(sulfuric acid) (nitric acid)
: ( 3-1)
:

:

:

:

3-1

3-1 TNT
3.1.2 Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO)

: NH4NO3 ()
: ( 3-2 ()) (
3-2 ())
:

:

:

: 465

: 10%

() Ammonium Nitrate () ANFO

3-2 Ammonium Nitrate ANFO
3-2

3.1.3 Composition 4 (C4)

: . . . (R.D.X)
(dioctyl sebacate) (polyisobutylene)
(mineral oil)
: ( 3-3)
:
:

: TNT

:

:

3-3 C4
3.1.4 (Urea Nitrate)

: (nitric acid)

: ( 3-4)
:

:
:

3-3

: 8%

3-4 Urea Nitrate
3.1.5 Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)

: (acetone) (hexamine)
(hydrogenperoxide) (sulfuric acid)
: ( 3-5)
:

:
:

:
3-5 TATP
3-4

3.2 (Relative Effectiveness Factors)

(Relative Effectiveness Factor R.E. Factor)

TNT 1.0
1.0 TNT
3-1
3-1 (R.E. Factor)
R.E.

(/) Factor
Ammonium nitrate (AN + <0.5% H2O) 1.12 0.42
Black powder (75% KNO3 + 19% C + 6% S) 1.65 0.55
Tanerit Simply (93% granulated AN + 6% red P + 1% C) 0.90 0.55
Hexamine dinitrate (HDN) 1.30 0.60
Dinitrobenzene (DNB) 1.50 0.60
HMTD (hexamine peroxide) 0.88 0.74
ANFO (94% AN + 6% fuel oil) 0.92 0.74
TATP (acetone peroxide) 1.18 0.80
Tovex Extra (AN water gel) commercial product 1.33 0.80
Hydromite 600 (AN water emulsion) commercial product 1.24 0.80
ANNMAL (66% AN + 25% NM + 5% Al + 3% C + 1% TETA) 1.16 0.87
Amatol (50% TNT + 50% AN) 1.50 0.91
Nitroguanidine 1.32 0.95
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 1.60 1.00
Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) 1.70 1.05
Nitrourea 1.45 1.05
Tritonal (80% TNT + 20% aluminium)* 1.70 1.05
Amatol (80% TNT + 20% AN) 1.55 1.10
Nitrocellulose (13.5% N, NC) 1.40 1.10
Nitromethane (NM) 1.13 1.10
3-5

3-1 () (R.E. Factor)

R.E.

(/) Factor
PBXW-126 (22% NTO, 20% RDX, 20% AP, 26% Al, 12% PUs
1.80 1.10
system)*
Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) 1.38 1.17
PBXIH-135 EB (42% HMX, 33% Al, 25% PCP-TMETNs system)* 1.81 1.17
PBXN-109 (64% RDX, 20% Al, 16% HTPBs system)* 1.68 1.17
Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) 1.80 1.17
Picric acid (TNP) 1.71 1.20
Trinitrobenzene (TNB) 1.60 1.20
Tetrytol (70% tetryl + 30% TNT) 1.60 1.20
Nobel's Dynamite (75% NG + 23% diatomite) 1.48 1.25
Tetryl 1.71 1.25
Torpex (aka HBX, 41% RDX + 40% TNT + 18% Al + 1% wax)* 1.80 1.30
Composition B (63% RDX + 36% TNT + 1% wax) 1.72 1.33
Composition C-3 (78% RDX) 1.60 1.33
Composition C-4 (91% RDX) 1.59 1.34
Pentolite (56% PETN + 44% TNT) 1.66 1.33
Semtex 1A (76% PETN + 6% RDX) 1.55 1.35
RISAL P (50% IPN + 28% RDX + 15% Al + 4% Mg + 1% Zr +
1.39 1.40
2% NC)*
Hydrazine mononitrate 1.59 1.42
Mixture: 24% nitrobenzene + 76% TNM 1.48 1.50
Mixture: 30% nitrobenzene + 70% nitrogen tetroxide 1.39 1.50
Nitroglycerin (NG) 1.59 1.54
Octol (80% HMX + 19% TNT + 1% DNT) 1.83 1.54
NTO (Nitrotriazolon) 1.87 1.60
3-6

3-1 () (R.E. Factor)

R.E.

(/) Factor
DADNE (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene, FOX-7) 1.77 1.60
Gelatine (92% NG + 7% nitrocellulose) 1.60 1.60
Plastics Gel (in toothpaste tube: 45% PETN + 45% NG +
1.51 1.60
5% DEGDN + 4% NC)
Composition A-5 (98% RDX + 2% stearic acid) 1.65 1.60
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) 1.60 1.60
Chopin's Composition (10% PETN + 15% RDX + 72% ETN) 1.67 1.60
Hexogen (RDX) 1.78 1.60
PBXW-11 (96% HMX, 1% HyTemp, 3% DOA) 1.81 1.60
Penthrite (PETN) 1.71 1.66
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) 1.49 1.66
TNAZ (trinitroazetidine) 1.85 1.70
Octogen (HMX grade B) 1.86 1.70
HNIW (CL-20) 1.97 1.80
Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) 1.97 1.85
MEDINA (Methylene dinitroamine) 1.65 1.93
DDF (4,4-Dinitro-3,3-diazenofuroxan) 1.98 1.95
Octanitrocubane (ONC) 1.95 2.38
* (aluminized mixtures)

R.E. Factor
3-7

TNT
(effective charge weight) 3-1
3-1
= R.E. Factor x (3-1)
3-8

4.1

6,700 8,500
(22,000 28,000 )

(shock wave)
(shock front) 19,000 34,000
(2,700,000 4,900,000 )

(blast pressure)
(1)
(2) (3)

4.2

(confinement) (unconfined explosion)
6 ( 4-1)
4-1

4-1
6 5
6 3 5 6
4
4-1
4-1

1. .
. +
2.
3. .
.
4.
.
.

5. .
.
.
6.
.
4-2

4.2.1 (unconfined explosion)

4.2.1.1 (free air explosion)
(shock wave)

(incident pressure)
4.2.1.2 (air burst explosion)

(Mach wave)
2 3
4.2.1.3 (surface burst explosion)

4.2.2 (confined explosion)
4.2.2.1 (fully vented explosion)

(leakage pressures)
4.2.2.2 (partially confined explosion)

(quasi-static pressure)
(shock
pressure)
4.2.2.3 (fully confined explosion)

4-3

4.3

(shock
front)
(ambient pressure) (peak incident pressure)
4-2
tA
Pso
to (positive phase)
Pso-

(negative phase) to-

(impulse) - 4-2
is is-
Pso
is

is-
Ps
Po tA t A + to tA + to + to-
Pso-
Ps-

to to-

4-2
4-4

U
u
(dynamic pressure)
qo 4-3
qo ()
u ()

( )
Pso ()
4-3

(: Unified Facilities Criteria: Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions
(UFC 3-340-02))
4-5


qo 4-1 qo 4-3 4-1
qo = 0.022 (Pso)2 ( 4-1)
4-6

5

TNT
4

Unified Facilities Criteria: Structures to Resist
the Effects of Accidental Explosions (UFC 3-340-02)
5.1 (Safety Factor)
UFC 3-340-02

UFC 3-340-02
TNT 20
5.2
5.2.1
4.2.1.1
(incident blast wave)
5-1
(incident blast pressure) Ps
(incident impulse) is 4-2

(reflected pressure) Pr
5-2 5-2
5-1

RA

5-1

Pr
Pso

Po
Pso- to to + to-

Pr- to-
to
5-2
5-2

5-2
(U) W
TNT (stand-off distance) R
Z Z
5-3 5-4
Pr (psi)
Pso (psi)
ir/W1/3 (psi-ms/lb1/3)
is/W1/3 (psi-ms/lb1/3)
ta/W1/3 (ms/lb1/3)
to/W1/3 (ms/lb1/3)
U (ft/ms)
Lw/W1/3 (ft/lb1/3)
Z = R/W1/3
5-3
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-3

100 10
to-/W1/3
is-/W1/3
Pso- , Pr- , is-/W1/3 , ir-/W1/3
to-/W1/3 , Lw-/W1/3
ir-/W1/3
10 1
Lw-/W1/3
Pr-
Pso-
1 0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Z = R/W1/3
5-4
(UFC 3-340-02))

5-4

5-3 5-4
40 /1/3 (100 /1/3)

RA
5-1

5-5 5-6
5-4

( 5-5) ( 5-6)
5-3 5-4

()
()
5-5
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-5

(-)
()
5-6
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-6

5.2.2
4.2.1.2

5-7

=

R

Hc HT
RG
5-7
HT

5-7 HT
HT HT/W1/3
ZG = RG/W1/3 Hc/W1/3
5-8 HT HT

5-5 Hc/W1/3
5-7
5-6
Pso is
Pso is 5-3 Pso
5-7

Pr, Pso-, tA /W1/3, U, LW/W1/3 LW-/W1/3

is ir, is-, ir-, to/W1/3 and to-/W1/3

Hc/W1/3
(/1/3)
HT/W1/3 (/1/3)
ZG (/1/3)
5-8
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-8

5.2.3
4.2.1.3

5-9

RG
5-9
5-10
5-11
( 5-3 5-4)
5-9

Pr (psi)
Pso (psi)
1/3 1/3
ir/W1/3 (psi-ms/lb1/3)
is/W (psi-ms/lb )
1/3 1/3
ta/W 1/3 (ms/lb 1/3)
to/W (ms/lb )
U (ft/ms)
1/3 1/3
Lw/W (ft/lb )
1/3
Z = R/W
5-10
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-10

1000 100
100 to-/W1/3 10
Pso- , Pr- , is-/W1/3 , ir-/W1/3
to-/W1/3 , Lw-/W1/3
is-/W1/3
ir-/W1/3
10 1
Pr-
Lw-/W1/3
Pso-
1 0.1
0.1 1 10 100
Z = R/W1/3
5-11
(UFC 3-340-02))
5.3
5.3.1 ( Simplified Linear Blast Load Time
Relationships)

(dynamic pressure) 4.3

(u) (qo)
u (Pso)
4-3 4-1
5-11

4.3 4-2

4-2 (nonlinear)
(linear) 5-12

Pso

tof
tof-
to
Po
Pso- to + to-
0.25tof-
to-
to

5-12
() 5-3 5-10
(tof) 5-12 5-1
(i) (Pso)
tof = 2i/Pso ( 5-1)
5-12

5-1
(Pr) (ir) tof
tof

(tof-) 5-12
5-2 0.25 tof-
(tof = 0)
tof- = 2i -/Pso- ( 5-2)
i - Pso-
(ir-) (Pr-) i - Pso-
5-2 tof-
5-12
(tof) (to)

5.3.2
4 (1)
(2) (3) (4)

(1)
(2) 1,378 (200 ) (3)
(4)
5.3.2.1

5-13
(Pr)
tc 5-3
5-13

4
= (1+)
( 5-3)
S = ( 5-13) ()
R = S/G G ()
Cr = 5-14
Pr
Ws

is
Pso + CDq0 Ps + CDq0

H
to tof-
0 te tc tof
Pr-
0.25tof-
5-13
5-14

75
70
65
60
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Pso ()
1.1 0 10
5
2
1.95
1.6
1.9
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.55
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
Cr ()
5-14
(UFC 3-340-02))
(P) tc
(Ps) (CDq0) 5-4 (CD)
1.0
P = Ps+ CDq0 ( 5-4)
5-15

(higher-pressure design range)

(is) ( 5-13)
5-5 (te) 5-6
is = 0.5(Pr Ps)tc + 0.5Psto - ( 5-5)
te = 2is / Pr ( 5-6)
Pr 5-10
()
5-15

c
Pr
b Ws

is a
Pso + CDq0 Ps + CDq0

H
0 to tof-
te tc tof
Pr-
0.25tof-
5-15
5-7 Cr
5-16
Pr = CrPso ( 5-7)
5-16

90
()
80
70 60
()
30
20
10
00 40 50
8
2
14
12
10
Cr = Pr/Pso
5-16 (Cr)
(UFC 3-340-02))

5-8
te = 2is / Pr ( 5-8)
(is) 5-9
5-17

is = 0.5(Pr Ps)tc + 0.5Psto ( 5-9)

5-11 (0.25tof-)
(tof-) 3.4.1
5.3.2.2

(negative drag
pressure)
(Lw Lw-) ( 5-
17 ())
5-10

(step-by-step)

5-17
()

t
f b
Lw
L
PR ()
Ps + CDq0

tf + to
tf + to + 0.25tof- tf + to + tof-
tf tf + td tf + tof

PR-
()
5-17
5-18

Lw ( Lw-) = U x to ( to-) ( 5-10)
U to to-
5-10 5-11
5-17 ()
( f) tf
( d) td b
tof (Lw Lw-)
(PR PR-)
5-17 () 5-11 CE
5-18 (scaled rise time td)
(tof tof-) 5-19 5-20
PR = CEPsof + CDqof ( 5-11)
Psof f qof 4-3

4-1 CD
5-1

0.25tof- 5-17
5-1 CD

CD
()
0-25 -0.40
25-50 -0.30
50-130 -0.20
5-19

1
0.9
0.8

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
CE
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
/ (Lw/L)
5-18 (CE)
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-20

5
4
3
td/W1/3 (1/3)
()
2
4
1 8
0.9
0.8
0.7 16
0.6
0.5
0.4 32
0.3
0.2
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2
/ (Lw/L)
5-19 ()
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-21

20

tof/W1/3 (1/3)
10
9
8
7
6
5
()
4
1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 4 5
/ (Lw/L)
5-20
(UFC 3-340-02))
5-22

5.3.2.3

5-21 ()

(PR PR-) 5-21 ()
b (Psob)
f (Psof) (CE)
b (Hs) 5-21 () f
(L)

b c
Hs Hs
L c

()
PR CEPsb + CDq0b
0.25tof-
tb + to tb + to + tof-
tb tb + td t + t
PR- b of
()
5-21
5-23

5.3.3
1.

2-11
2.

3.

4. TNT (W) 3-1 (scaled

distance)
5. (Pso)
(Pr) (i) (ir) (U) (to)
(tA) (LW) 5-3
5-10 (qo) 4-3 4-1
6.
5
6.1 (tc) 5-3

(Cr) 5-14 (tof) 5-1
(te) 5-6
6.2 (CD) 5-1
(CE) 5-18 (td) 5-19
(tof) 5-20
6.3

7.

5-4 5-11
8.

(Load and Resistance Factor Design LRFD)

(dynamic and
nonlinear analysis)
5-24

1 2 3 n
.
(W1, R1, Z1) (W2, R2, Z2) (W3, R3, Z3) (Wn, Rn, Zn)
TNT
(We) (scaled We = Wi x R.E. factor
distance) Z Z = R / We1/3

Pso ta
to Lw Pso- to- Lw- U
: :
Pr ir tof te tc PR td tof
Pr- ir- to tof- PR- tof-
5-22
5-25

6

(inertia force) (dynamic loads)

6.1

(ductile) (brittle)

(1) (strain energy) (kinetic
energy) (2)

(resistance) (deflection)
6-1

(linear elastic) (yield)

(support rotation ) 2
(failure)
(collapse)
( 6-2)
( 6-3)

6-1

(strain hardening)
= 2 = 6 = 12

6-1

6-2

6-3
6-2

6-1

(strain hardening)
strain hardening

(integrity)
6
strain hardening (tension
failure) 12
(compressive membrane action)

6-1
6.2

()
6-1
2
6-2
6
6.3
(local failure)

6-3

6-3
(
) (diagonal bars)
(truss)

(1) strain hardening
(2)
(3) (buckling)
(4)
(5)
(6)
6-1

12

6.4
3
(scabbing) (direct spalling)
(post-failure fragments)
6-4 ()

6-4 ()

6-4

() ()
6-4

(yield line)

6-5
() 6-6

30
6-5
(UFC 3-340-02))
6-5

6-6
(UFC 3-340-02))
6-6

7

.. 1995 87

(stand-
off distance)

(progressive collapse)
(protection level)

Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings
(UFC 4-010-01) Department of Defense (DOD)
7.1

7.1.1 (redundancy)
(indirect load path)

1.
2.
3.

7-1
7-1

7-1
(redundancy)
(indirect load path)

7-2 ()

7-2 ()
7-2

() ()
7-2
7-3
(rigid moment connection)

(shear connection)

7-3
7-3

7.1.2 (lack of ductility)

7-4

.....
7-4

7-5
7-4

7-5
7.1.3 (uplift) (load

reversal)

(uplift) 7-6
(exterior faade)

(load reversal)

7-6
7-5

7-7

7-7 (flat slab)
7.1.4 (transfer girders)

7-8
(lobby) 7-9

7-6

7-8
7-9

(bracing)

()

7-7

7.1.5
(low-intensity
short-standoff explosion)

(faade) (high-intensity explosion)

7.1.6
(progressive collapse)

(World Trade Center) 7 WTC-7
1 (WTC-1) 2 (WTC-2)
9/11 WTC-7 47 (steel
frame) (moment frame)
(braced frame)

WTC-1

7
7-10
7-8

() ()

()
7-10

5

7-11
7-11
7-9

7-1
7-1

(weight)

(load path)

(redundancy)

(transfer girder)

(ductility)

7-10

2
(indirect methods) (direct methods)

(Facility Standards for the Public Building Services)
General Service Administration (GSA)

(Design of Buildings to Resist Progressive Collapse) UFC 4-
023-03 Department of Defense

(linear elastic static analysis)
(non-linear dynamic finite element analysis)
GSA Department of Defense (DOD)

7.2
7.2.1
(ductility)

(load reversal)
:

7-11

(development length)
(ultimate flexural capacity)

(spiral) 135
(effective depth d)

7.2.2

(deformation)

Khobar Towers
.. 1996
(bolt)
(British Standard for Blast-Resistance Structures)
7-12
7-12 Khobar Towers

7-12

Khobar

(cable profile)

7.2.3

(thin-flanged section) (localized damage)

100 (4 )

(metal decking) (forming)

(stud)
7-13

(full-moment splices)

7-14

1. U.S. Department of Defense, Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions
(UFC 3-340-02), U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC, 2008.
2. Department of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, Structures to Resist the Effects of
Accidental Explosions, Army Technical Manual TM 5-1300; Navy Publication NAVFAC P-
397; Air Force Regulation AFR 88-22, Washington, DC, 1990.
3. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist
Attacks Against Buildings (FEMA-426/BIPS-06), U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
Washington, DC, 2011.
4. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Blast Protection of Buildings (ASCE/SEI 59-11),
American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2011.
5. Brode, H. L., Numerical Solution of Spherical Blast Waves, Journal of Applied Physics,
American Institute of Physics, New York, 1955.
6. Mills, C. A., The Design of Concrete Structures to Resist Explosions and Weapon Effects,
Proceedings of the 1st Int. Conference on Concrete for Hazard Protections, Edinburgh,
UK, 1987.
7. Newmark, N. M., Hansen, R. J., Design of Blast Resistant Structures, Shock and Vibration
Handbook, Vol. 3, Eds. Harris & Crede, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
8. Naumyenko, I. A., Petroskyi, I. G., The Shock Wave of a Nuclear Explosion, 1956.
9. Henrych, J., The Dynamics of Explosion and Its Use, Amsterdam, 1979.
-1

.

UFC 3-340-02

(scaled distance Z)

(Army Technical Manual TM 5-1300 UFC 3-340-02)

Conwep
UFC 3-340-02 Conwep
LS-DYNA
Conwep
UFC 3-304-02

UFC 3-340-02
UFC 3-340-02
(free-air burst) (surface burst) 5-3
5-10 ( -1 (a) (b) )
5-4
5-11 ( -2 (a) (b) )
-1

(a) (b)
-1
(UFC 3-340-02))
(a) (b)
-2
(UFC 3-340-02))
-2

(Pso)
(Pr) (is) (ir)
(t0) (ta) (U)
(Lw)
(R) (W1/3)
= 1
3
UFC 3-340-02

(reliability study)

1. Brode (1955)

6.7
=
3
+1 Pso > 10
0.975 1.455 5.85
=
+ 2
+ 3
0.019 0.1 < Pso < 10
2. Naumyenko and Petrovshyi (1956) Brode (1955)
1 /1/3
10.7
= 3
1
=
0.76

+
2.55
2
+ 3
6.5
1 < 15 /1/3
3. Henrych (1979)

=
14.072

+
5.540
2

0.357
3
+
0.00625
4
0.05 < 0.3 /1/3
=
6.194

0.326
2
+
2.132
3
0.3 1 /1/3
=
0.662

+
4.05
2
+
3.288
3
1 < 10 /1/3
4. Mills (1987)
1772 114 108
= 3
2
+

-3

5. Newmark and Hansen (1961)
1
2
= 6,784 3 + 93 (3 )
= 6,784
3
93
+ ( 3/2 )

Mills
(1987)

7 +4
= 2 { 7 + }

= 2 {710+4
710+
} (Po) 100

UFC 3-340-02
UFC
3-340-02
UFC 3-340-02
Brode (1955) Naumyenko and Petrovshyi (1956)
Henrych (1979) Mills (1987) Newmark and Hansen (1961)
0.04 40 /1/3 (0.1 100 /1/3)
(Logarithm Scale) UFC 3-
340-02 -3
US Customary
Henrych (1979) ( 5)
(Pso) UFC 3-340-02 ( 2)
Brode (1955) ( 3) Naumyenko and Petrovshyi (1956)
( 4) UFC 3-340-02 2 /1/3
Mills (1987) ( 6) UFC 3-340-02
10 / 1/3 Newmark and Hansen
-4

(1961) ( 8) UFC 3-340-02

Henrych (1979) (7)
UFC 3-340-02 ( 1)
-3 UFC 3-340-02

UFC 3-340-02
-5

.

(empirical method)
5 Unified Facilities Criteria: Structures to Resist the
Effects of Accidental Explosions (UFC 3-340-02) Department of Defense (DOD)

US Customary

US Customary
1.

(BW) = 150
(BD) = 50
(BH) = 20
(W) = 10,000
(R) = 215
215 1/3
(Z) = 13 = 1 = 10.0
10,000
3

5-10
(Pso) = 10
(U) = 1.4

( 13) = 2.6 1/3

(to) = (2.6 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 56
(Lw) 5-10
Lw = (U)to = (1.4 )(56 ) = 78
(qo) 4-3 Pso
Pso = 10 qo = 2.1
qo 4-1
qo = 0.022(Pso)2 = 0.022(10 )2 = 2.2
-1

2.

5-13
(Pr) 5-10 Z
Z = 10.0 1/3 Pr = 25
(tc) 5-3
3
BH BW = S = 20
BH BW = G = 150
(Cr) 5-14 Pso
Pso = 10 Cr = 1.28

R =
4(20 )
tc = (1+(20 )/(150 ))1.28 = 55.2 to
(Ps) 5-4
(CD) 1.0
Ps = Pso + CDqo = (10 ) + (1.0)(2.2 )
= 12.2

5.3.2 (is)
5-5
(is) = 0.5(Pr Ps)tc + 0.5Psto -
= 0.5(25 10)(56) + 0.5(10)(56)
= 700 -
(te) 5-6
2
te = = 2(700 -)/(25 )

= 56

() to = tc = te
-1
-2

Pr = 25 ir = 700 -

56
-1
3.

5-17

5-17
(L) = 50
(Lw) = 78
Lw/L = (78 )/(50 ) = 1.6
(CE) 5-18
Lw/L = 1.6 CE 0.6
(CD) 5-1
qo = 2.2 CD = -0.4
(PR) 5-11
PR = CEPso + CDqo
= (0.6)(10 ) + (-0.4)(2.2 )
= 5.1
(td/W1/3) 5-19
Lw/L = 1.6 Pso = 10
td/W1/3 1.4 1/3
td = (1.4 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 30
(tof/W1/3) 5-20
Lw/L = 1.6 Pso = 10
tof/W1/3 3.0 1/3
tof = (3.0 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 65

-2
-3

PR PR = 5.1

td = 30 tof = 65
-2
4.

(R) = 215 + 50 = 265
265 1/3
(Z) = 13 = 1 = 12.3
10,000 3
Z = 12.3
(Pso) = 8
(U) = 1.3

( 13) = 3.0 1/3

(to) = (3.0 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 65
(Lw) 5-10
Lw = (U)to = (1.3 )(65 ) = 84.5
(qo) 4-3 Pso
Pso = 8 qo = 1.5
qo 4-1
qo = 0.022(Pso)2 = 0.022(8 )2 = 1.4
(L) = 20
Lw/L = (84.5 )/(20 ) = 4.2
(CE) 5-18
Lw/L = 4.2 CE 0.86
(CD) 5-1
qo = 1.5 CD = -0.4
-4

(PB) 5-11
PB = CEPsob + CDqob
= (0.86)(8 ) + (-0.4)(1.5 )
= 6.3
(td/W1/3) 5-19
Lw/L = 4.2 Psob = 8
td/W1/3 0.6 1/3
td = (0.6 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 13
(tof/W1/3) 5-20
Lw/L = 4.2 Psob = 8
tof/W1/3 2.3 1/3
tof = (2.3 1/3)(10,000 )1/3 = 50

-3

PB = 6.3
PB

tb td = 15 tof = 50
-3

(dynamic analysis)
(time-history analysis)
-5

6
10400 0-2299-4321 0-2299-4321

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..

(effective charge weight) TNT

(shock wave shock front)

(high-pressure design range)

2.2.2 (World Trade Center)

2.2.3 (Marks & Spencer Store)

2-11 Generic Range-to-Effects

3.1.2 Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO)

() Ammonium Nitrate () ANFO

3.1.3 Composition 4 (C4)

3.1.4 (Urea Nitrate)

3-4 Urea Nitrate

3.1.5 Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)

3.2 (Relative Effectiveness Factors)

3-1 () (R.E. Factor)

3-1 () (R.E. Factor)

= R.E. Factor x (3-1)

4.2.1 (unconfined explosion)

4.2.1.3 (surface burst explosion)

(low-pressure design range)

qo = 0.022 (Pso)2 ( 4-1)

Pr, Pso-, tA /W1/3, U, LW/W1/3 LW-/W1/3

tof = 2i/Pso ( 5-1)

tof- = 2i -/Pso- ( 5-2)

Pso + CDq0 Ps + CDq0

P = Ps+ CDq0 ( 5-4)

(higher-pressure design range)

is = 0.5(Pr Ps)tc + 0.5Psto - ( 5-5)

Pso + CDq0 Ps + CDq0

is = 0.5(Pr Ps)tc + 0.5Psto ( 5-9)

Lw ( Lw-) = U x to ( to-) ( 5-10)

PR = CEPsof + CDqof ( 5-11)

Psof f qof 4-3

4. TNT (W) 3-1 (scaled

6.1 (tc) 5-3

7.1.2 (lack of ductility)

7.1.3 (uplift) (load

7-7 (flat slab)

7.1.4 (transfer girders)

7-12 Khobar Towers

5. Newmark and Hansen (1961)

(1961) ( 8) UFC 3-340-02

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