Karim Khan Zand

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Persian: ,

translit. Mohammad Karm Khn-e Zand), better known as Karim Khan Zand
Karim Khan Zand () , was the founder of the
Zand Dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779. He ruled all of Iran Vakil-e Ra'aya
except for Khorasan.[1] He also ruled over some Caucasian (Deputy of the People)
lands and occupied Basra for some years.

While Karim was ruler, Iran recovered from the devastation

of 40 years of war, providing the war ravaged country with a
renewed sense of tranquility, security, peace, and prosperity.
The years from 1765 to Karim Khan's death in 1779 marked
the zenith of Zand rule.[2] During his reign, relations with
Britain were restored, and he allowed the East India
Company to have a trading post in southern Iran. He made
Shiraz his capital and ordered the construction of several
architectural projects there.

Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke out once

more, and none of his descendants were able to rule the
country as effectively as he had. The last of these
descendants, Lotf Ali Khan, was killed by Qajar ruler Agha
Mohammad Khan, who became the sole ruler of Iran.

Contents Contemporary portrait of Karim Khan Zand.

1 Background and early life Vakil-e Ra'aya of Iran

2 Rise to power
2.1 Return to western Iran
2.2 War with Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari over
supremacy in western Iran Reign 1751 1 March 1779
3 Reign Successor Mohammad Ali Khan
3.1 War with the Ottoman Empire (1774
1779) Born c. 1705
4 Succession Pari, Malayer, Iran
5 Relations with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
6 Characteristics and legacy Died 1 March 1779
7 Government, policies, and society Shiraz, Fars, Iran
7.1 The bureaucracy Burial Pars Museum, Shiraz
7.2 Relations with the tribal clans of Iran
7.3 Provincial administration Consorts Khadijeh Begum
7.4 Military Shakh-e Nabat
7.5 Construction Issue Mohammad Rahim
7.6 Religious policies Abol-Fath Khan
8 In art
9 References Mohammad Ali Khan
10 Sources Ebrahim Khan
Saleh Khan
Dynasty Zand dynasty
Background and early life Father Inaq Khan Zand
Karim Beg belonged to the Zand tribe, a small and little- Mother Bay Agha
known tribe of Laks, [3][4] a branch of Lurs [3][4] who may Religion Twelver Shia Islam
have been originally Kurdish. [3][4] The Zands were
concentrated on the villages of Pari and Kamazan in the
Malayer district, but were also found roaming in the central Zagros ranges and the countryside of Hamadan.[1]
Karim Beg was born in ca. 1705 in the village of Pari, then part of the Safavid Empire. He was the eldest son of
a certain Inaq Khan Zand, and had 3 sisters, a brother named Mohammad Sadeq Khan, and two half-brothers
named Zaki Khan and Eskandar Khan Zand. In 1722, the Safavid Empire was on the verge of collapsing
Isfahan and most of central and east Iran had been seized by the Afghan Hotak dynasty, while the Russians
had conquered many cities in northern Iran. Around the same time, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of
Irans decadence to conquer a large number of western frontier districts. There they faced bold opposition from
the local clans, including the Zands, who under the chief Mehdi Khan Zand harassed their forces and stopped
them from advancing further into Iran.[5]

In 1732, Nader Qoli Beg, who had restored Safavid rule in Iran and had become the de facto ruler of the
country, he made an expedition into the Zagros ranges of western Iran in order to subdue the tribes, whom he
considered bandits. He first defeated the Bakhtiari and Feyli Lurs, whom he forced to mass-migrate in larger
numbers into Khorasan. He then baited Mehdi Khan Zand and his forces out of their stronghold at Pari, killing
the latter and 400 of his Zand kinsmen. The surviving members of the tribe were forced to mass-migrate under
the leadership of Inaq Khan Zand and his younger brother Budaq Khan Zand to Abivard and Dargaz, where its
able members, including Karim Beg were incorporated into Nader's army.[5]

In 1736, Nader deposed the Safavid ruler Abbas III (r. 17321736) and ascended the throne, assuming the name
of "Nader Shah", thus starting the Afsharid dynasty. Karim Beg, who was at this time in his thirties, served as a
cavalryman, and did not enjoy a high status in the army. Furthermore, he was also deprived of money, which
made him commit thefttold by John R. Perry, in summary, as follows:

"He used later to tell how, as a poor cavalryman in Nader's employ, he once stole a gold-embossed
saddle belonging to an Afghan officer from outside a saddler's shop, where it had been left for
repair. Next day he heard that the saddler had been held responsible for the loss, and was to be
executed. Conscience-smitten, Karim surreptitiously replaced the saddle at the shop door, and
watched from concealment. The saddler's wife was the first to discover; she fell on her knees,
calling down blessings on the unknown thief who had a change of heart, praying that he might live
to own a hundred such saddles."[5]

Rise to power
Return to western Iran

Nader Shah was later murdered in 1747 at the hands of his own men, which gave the Zands under Karim Khan
the opportunity to return to their former lands in western Iran. In 1748/49, Karim Khan allied with the military
leader Zakariya Khan, and clashed with the Bakhtiari chieftain Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, whom they initially
defeated, but were shortly suffered a loss and were forced to withdraw from the strategic town of Golpayegan,
which Ali Mardan seized.

In the spring of 1750, Ali Mardan attempted to capture the former Safavid capital of Isfahan, but was defeated
at Murcheh Khvort, a town near the city. He then started to dispatch messengers at Golpayegan to his regional
opponents, which included Karim Khan and Zakariya Khan, who accepted his offer of terms, and combined
their forces with the latter, which made the number of their men strengthen to 20,000.[6]
On May 1750, they stormed the gates of Isfahanits
governor Abu'l-Fath Khan Bakhtiari and other prominent
residents assembled to protect the fortress of the city, but
agreed to surrender and collaborate with them after Ali
Mardan's reasonable proposals.[6] Abu'l-Fath, together with
Ali Mardan and Karim Khan, formed an alliance in western
Iran under the cover of restoring the Safavid dynasty,
appointing a 17 year old Safavid prince, Abu Turab, as a
puppet ruleron June 29, Abu Turab was declared shah, An illustration of Isfahan from the south.
and assumed the dynastic name of Ismail III.[6]

Ali Mardan then took the title of Vakil-e daulat ("deputy of the state")[7] as the head of the administration,
while Abu'l-Fath maintained his post as governor of Isfahan, and Karim Khan was appointed commander
(sardar) of the army, and was given the task of conquering the rest of Iran. However, a few months later, while
Karim Khan was on an expedition in Kurdistan, Ali Mardan began breaking the terms which they had promised
the inhabitants of Isfahanhe greatly increased his shakedown on the city, which New Julfa suffered the most
from. He then further broke the terms he had made with the two chieftains, by having Abu'l-Fath deposed and
killed. He then appointed his uncle as the new governor of the city, and without conference, marched towards
Shiraz and began pillaging the province of Fars.[8] After having plundered Kazerun, Ali Mardan left for
Isfahan, but was ambushed at the dangerous passage of Kutal-e Dokhtar by regional guerrillas under Muzari
Ali Khishti, who was the chieftain of the neighbouring Khisht village. They managed to seize the plunder of
Ali Mardan and kill 300 of his men, which forced the latter to withdraw to a more difficult passage to reach
Isfahan. By winter, the forces of Ali Mardan had decreased even more due to abandonment from some of his
men.[8]

War with Ali Mardan Khan Bak htiari over supremacy in western Iran

The situation worsened further for Ali Mardan, when

Karim Khan returned to Isfahan in January 1751 and
restored order in the city. A battle shortly occurred between
them in Luristanduring the battle, Ismail III and Zakariya
Khan (who was now his vizier), together with several
prominent officers, deserted Ali Mardan and joined Karim
Khan, who eventually emerged victorious, forcing Ali
Mardan and the remains of his men, together with the
governor of Luristan, Ismail Khan Feyli, to retreat to
Khuzestan.[8] There Ali Mardan made an alliance with
Landscape of western Iran.
Shaykh Sa'd, the governor of Khuzestan, who reinforced
him with soldiers. In the late spring of 1752, Ali Mardan,
together with Ismail Khan Feyli, marched to Kermanshah. The forces of Karim Khan shortly attacked their
encampment, but were repelled. Ali Mardan then went further into domains of the Zands, which resulted in a
battle with Karim Khan near Nahavand. Ali Mardan, however, was once again defeated, and forced to
withdraw into the mountains, where he went to the Ottoman city of Baghdad.[9]

A year later, in early 1753, Ali Mardan together with a former Afsharid diplomat and a son of the former
Safavid shah Tahmasp II (r. 17291732) had returned to Iran and began assembling an army in Luristan, and
received the support of the Pashtun military leader Azad Khan Afghan. Some months later, they marched into
the domains of Karim Khan, but Tahmasp II's son, who had been announced as Sultan Husayn II, began
revealing himself as an unfit candidate as Safavid shahthis hindered their march, and resulted in the desertion
of many of their men.[10]
Ali Mardan's men in Kirmanshah, after two years of besiegement by the Zand forces, surrendered and were
spared by Karim Khan, who shortly clashed with Ali Mardan once again, defeating the latter and capturing
Mustafa Khan. Ali Mardan managed to flee with Sultan Husayn II, but not after long had him blinded and sent
to Iraq, due to being more heavy weight than of use to him.[11]

Reign
Some time later, Karim Khan, Ali Mardan Khan and another Bakhtiari
chieftain named Abulfath Khan Bakhtiari reached an agreement to
divide the country among themselves and give the throne to the Safavid
prince Ismail III. However, the cooperation ended after Ali Mardan
Khan invaded Isfahan and killed Abulfath Khan. Subsequently, Karim
Khan killed Ali Mardan Khan and gained control over all of Iran except
Khorasan, which was ruled by Shahrukh, the grandson of Nader Shah.
Nevertheless, Karim Khan did not adopt the title of Shah for himself,
Court of Karim Khan preferring the title, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa (Representative of the People).[1]

While Karim was ruler, Persia recovered from the devastation of 40

years of war, providing the war ravaged country with a renewed sense of tranquility, security, peace, and
prosperity. The years from 1765 to Karim Khan's death in 1779 marked the zenith of Zand rule.[2] During his
reign, relations with Britain were restored, and he allowed the East India Company to have a trading post in
southern Iran. He made Shiraz his capital and ordered the construction of several architectural projects there.
Karim Khan later died on 1 March 1779, having been ill for six months, most likely due to tuberculosis.[1] He
was buried three days later in the "Nazar Garden", now known as the Pars Museum.

Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke out once more, and none of his descendants were able to rule
the country as effectively as he had. The last of these descendants, Lotf Ali Khan, was killed by Qajar ruler
Agha Mohammad Khan, who became the sole ruler of Iran.

Karim Khan later died on 1 March 1779, having been ill for six months, most likely due to tuberculosis.[1] He
was buried three days later in the "Nazar Garden", now known as the Pars Museum.

War with the Ottoman Empir e (17741779)

In 1774, the Mamluk governor of the Ottoman province of Iraq, Omar Pasha began meddling in the affairs of
his vassal principality of Baban, which since the death of his predecessor Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha in 1762,
had fallen more and more under the influence of the Zand governor of Ardalan, Khosrow Khan Bozorg. This
made Omar Pasha dismiss the Baban ruler Muhammad Pasha, and appoint Abdolla Pasha as its new ruler. This,
and Omar Pasha's seizure of the remnants of Iranian pilgrims who had died during the plague that ravaged Iraq
in 1773and his exaction of payment from Iranian pilgrims to visit the holy Shia places of Najaf and Karbala,
gave Karim Khan the casus belli to declare war against the Ottomans.[12][13]

There were also other reasons for Karim Khan to declare warMashhad, where the holy Imam Reza shrine
was situated, was not under Zand control, which thus meant that free entry to the sanctuaries of Iraq was of
more significance to Karim Khan than it had been to the Safavid and Afsharid shahs.[14] The Zand army was
discontent, and sought to restore their reputation after Zaki Khans humiliating blunders on the Hormuz Island.
Most importantly, Basra was a prominent trading port, which had surpassed the competing city of Bushehr in
Fars in 1769, when the East India Company dropped the city for Basra.[14]

The Zand forces under Ali-Morad Khan Zand and Nazar Ali Khan Zand shortly clashed with the Pasha's forces
in Kurdistan, where they kept them at bay, whilst Sadeq Khan, with an army of 30,000, besieged Basra in April
1775. The Arab tribe al-Muntafiq, which was allied with the governor of Basra, quickly withdrew without any
effort to reject Sadeq Khan from passing through the Shatt al-Arab, whilst the Banu Ka'b and the Arabs of
Bushehr supplied him with boats and supplies.[14]

Suleiman Agha, who was the commander of the fort of Basra, resisted Sadeq Khan's forces with resolve, which
made the latter establish an encirclement, which would last over a year. Henry Moore, who belonged to the East
India company, assaulted some of Sadeq Khan's stockpile boats, tried to block the Shatt al-Arab, and then
departed to Bombay. A few months later, in October, a group of ships from Oman gave supplies and military
aid to Basra, which considerably lifted the morale of its forces. However, their combined attack the next day
occurred to be waveringthe Omani ships eventually chose to withdraw back to Muscat during winter, in order
to avoid further losses.[14]

Reinforcements from Baghdad arrived shortly afterwards, which was

repelled by the Khaza'il, a Shia Arab tribe which was allied with the
Zand forces. In the spring of 1776, the narrow encirclement by Sadeq
Khan had resulted in the defenders being on the fringe of faminea
considerable portion of the Basra forces had deserted Suleiman Agha,
whilst the rumours of a possible uprising, made Suleiman Agha
surrender on 16 April 1776.[15]

Even though the able Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III (r. 17571774) had
died and was succeeded by his incompetent brother Abdul Hamid I (r.
17741789), and the recent Ottoman defeat to the Russians, the
Ottoman response to the OttomanIranian war was unusually slow. In
February 1775, before the announcement of the siege of Basra had
approached Istanbul, and while the Zagros front was temporarily
peaceful, the Ottoman ambassador, Vehbi Efendi, was sent to Shiraz. He
reached Shiraz around the same time Sadeq Khan besieged Basra, "but
was not empowered to negotiate over this new crisis."[15] Karim Khan Zand with the Ottoman
envoy Vehbi Efendi.
In 1778, Karim Khan had made a compromise with the Russians for a
cooperative offensive into eastern Anatolia. However, the invasion
never took place due to Karim Khan's death on 1 March 1779,[16] after having been ill for six months, most
likely due to tuberculosis.[1] He was buried three days later in the "Nazar Garden", now known as the Pars
Museum.

Succession
Following Karim Khan's death, civil war broke outZaki Khan, in an alliance with Ali-Morad Khan Zand,
declared Karim Khan's incapable and youngest son Mohammad Ali Khan Zand as the new Zand ruler, while
Shaykh Ali Khan and Nazar Ali Khan, along with other notables, supported Karim Khan's elder son, Abol-Fath
Khan Zand. However, shortly afterwards, Zaki Khan baited Shaykh Ali Khan and Nazar Ali Khan out of the
fortress of Shiraz, and slaughtered them.[17]

Relations with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

During his stay Agha Mohammad Khan was treated kindly and honorably by Karim Khan, who made him
convince his kinsmen to lay down their arms, which they did. Karim Khan then settled them in Damghan. In
1763, Agha Mohammad Khan and Hosayn Qoli Khan were sent to the Zand capital, Shiraz, where their
paternal aunt Khadijeh Begum, who was part of Karim Khan's harem, lived.[18][19] Agha Mohammad Khan's
half-brothers Morteza Qoli Khan and Mostafa Qoli Khan were granted permission to live in Astarabad, due to
their mother being the sister of the governor of the city. His remaining brothers were sent to Qazvin, where they
were treated honorably.[19]
Agha Mohammad was looked upon more as a respected
guest in Karim Khan's court than a captive. Furthermore,
Karim Khan also acknowledged Agha Mohammad Khan's
political knowledge and asked his advice on interests of the
state. He called Agha Mohammad Khan his "Piran-e
Viseh", referring to an intelligent counselor of the
Picture of the Arg of Karim Khan, the royal
legendary Iranian king Afrasiab.[18] Two of Agha
residence of the Zand dynasty, where Agha
Mohammad Khan's brothers who were at Qazvin were also
Mohammad Khan spent most of his time during his
sent to Shiraz during this period.[19] In February 1769, "captivity".
Karim Khan appointed Hosayn Qoli Khan as the governor
of Damghan. When Hosayn Qoli Khan reached Damghan,
he immediately began a fierce conflict with the Develu and other tribes to avenge his father's death. He was,
however, killed ca. 1777 near Findarisk by some Turks from the Yamut tribe with whom he had clashed.[20] On
1 March 1779, while Agha Mohammad Khan was hunting, he was informed by Khadijeh Begum that Karim
Khan had died after six months of illness.[18][1][20]

Characteristics and legacy

Karim Khan is often praised for his generosity, modesty
and fairness more than other Iranian rulershe surpasses
Khosrow I Anushirvan and Shah Abbas I the Great in terms
of being a benevolent monarch with a sincere interest in his
subjects, whereas these and other monarchs outperform him
in terms of military fame and global reputation.[21] A
wealth of tales and anecdotes portray Karim Khan as a
compassionate ruler, genuinely concerned with the welfare
of his subjects. Karim Khan Zand amidst his close circle,
sometimes attributed to Mohammad Sadeq,
Indeed, even in present-day Iran he is remembered by his probably 19th century, oil on canvas.
compatriots as a respectable man who rose to become a
ruler and continued his virtuous behaviour. He was not
embarrassed of his modest descent, and never desired to attempt to pursue a more distinguished lineage than
that of the leader of a formerly little-known tribe that roamed in the Zagros ranges of western Iran.[21]

Karim Khan had modest preferences in clothes and furniture, having the
tall yellow cashmere Zand turban on the top of his head, whilst sitting
on an inexpensive carpet rather than a throne. He had presents of jewels
crushed into pieces and sold to keep the state treasury stable.[1] He
washed himself and changed clothes once a month, a wastefulness
which even astonished his kinsmen.[21]

During his reign, Karim Khan achieved in reviving an unexpected rate

of considerable good fortune and harmony to a country that had suffered
from impair and turmoil by his predecessors. Although his integrity is
considerably enlarged due to the cruelty and authoritarianism of Nader
Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, his unusual mixture of vitality
and ambition with rationality and goodwill created, for a short extent of
time in a notably fierce and anarchic century, a balanced and virtuous
state.[22]

Bust of Karim Khan Zand in Shiraz. In the words of John Malcolm, "The happy reign of this excellent
prince, as contrasted with those who preceded and followed him, affords
the historian of Persia that kind of mixed pleasure and repose, which a
traveler enjoys on arriving in a beautiful and fertile valley during an arduous journey over barren and rugged
wastes. It is pleasing to recount the actions of a chief who, though born of an inferior rank, obtained power
without crime, and who exercised it with a moderation that, for the times in which he lived, was as singular as
his humanity and justice."[23]

Government, policies, and society

The bureaucracy

The bureaucracy remained small during the reign of Karim Khan, due slightly to the rulers own desires and
slightly to the earlier clutters and subsequent bureaucratic collapse that had occurred. He was backed by a vizier
and a chief revenue officer (mustauf),[24] who, however, had minimal influence and authority, due to Karim
Khan's practice of rigidly handling the political affairs by himself.[25]

Relations with the tribal clans of Iran

Provincial administration

During Karim Khan's reign, provincial administration followed the

same model of the Safavid one; beglerbegis were appointed to govern
provinces. A city was under the rule of a kalantar and darugha, while
its quarters was under the rule of the kadkhuda. Governorship of
provinces went for the most part to tribal chieftains from Fars and its
surroundingsa minister who was experienced in the administration
and the income of tax regularly escorted the governor.[24] Karim Khan
also created two new posts regarding the tribes: He appointed an ilkhani
Flag of Iran during the reign of Karim
as the leader of all the Lur tribes and an ilbegi as the leader of all the
Khan.
Qashqai tribes that roamed Fars.[24]

Military

During the dynastic wars and the conflict with the Qajars that took place after the death of Karim Khan, the
Zand army disintegrated into several segments, which joined the several the Zand princes that fought for the
throne, but ultimately the majority of the segments changed their allegiance to the Qajar ruler Agha
Mohammad Khan Qajar.

No. of
Karim Khan's standing army of Fars during the period 1765-1775
personnel
Lur, Lak and Kurd (Feyli, Zand, Zanganeh, Kalhor, etc.; cavalry) 24 000
Bakhtiari (cavalry and tofangchi infantry) 3 000
Iraqi, i.e. from Persian Iraq (Persian tofangchi infantry) 12 000
Fars (including Khuzestan and Dashtestan: Persian tofangchi infantry, Arab and Iranian 6 000
cavalry)
Total 45 000

Construction

Karim Khan rebuilt much of Shiraz, and had many new buildings erected, such as his famous castle, and
several gardens and mosques Furthermore, he also had a new city wall, several baths, a caravanserai, and a
bazaar built. Many of these, have, however, been destroyed, either during Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's
capture of the city in 1792, or during the 20th-century
metropolitan restructuring.[1]

Karim Khan had the burial places of the prominent

Muzaffarid ruler Shah Shoja (r. 13581384), and the
celebrated Persian poets Hafez and Saadi renovated. Many
of the pastoral Lur and Lak families were given homes in
Shiraz, which eventually resulted in the city having a larger
population (ca. 40,000-50,000) than Isfahan, which drew
the attention of many poets, craftsmens, and even foreign
traders from Europe and India, who were warmly Early 18th-century illustration of the Tomb of
received.[1] Hafez.

Religious policies

Unlike the Safavids, Karim Khan did not seek the approval of the ulama, who were "formerly the bulwarks of
the shah's authority as viceroy of God and the Imams".[26]

In art
Karim Khan is the main character of a melodrama composed by the Italian musician Nicol Gabrielli di
Quercita. The work, entitled L'assedio di Sciraz (The siege of Shiraz) was first performed at La Scala theatre in
Milan during Carnival 1840.

References
1. Perry 2011, pp. 561564.
2. Fisher et al. 1991, p. 96.
3. Perry 2010.
4. ...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been
immigrants of Kurdish origin., Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.),The
Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic, Cambridge University Press, 1991,ISBN 978-0-
521-20095-0, p. 64. (https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=P A64)
5. Perry 2012, p. 18.
6. Perry 1991, p. 66.
7. Garthwaite 2005, p. 184.
8. Perry 1991, p. 67.
9. Perry 1991, p. 68.
10. Perry 1991, p. 69.
11. Perry 1991, p. 72.
12. Perry 1991, pp. 90-91.
13. Perry 2011, pp. 561-564.
14. Perry 1991, p. 91.
15. Perry 1991, p. 92.
16. Shaw 1991, p. 311.
17. Perry 1991, p. 93.
18. Perry 1984, pp. 602605.
19. Hambly 1991, p. 112.
20. Hambly 1991, pp. 112-113.
21. Perry 1991, p. 102.
22. Perry 1991, p. 103.
23. (John Malcolm, The History of Persia, 1829)
24. Bakhash 1983, pp. 462-466.
25. Perry 1991, p. 98.
26. Perry 1991, p. 97.
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Perry, John R. (2010). "Zand dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6.
Perry, John R., Karm Khn Zand: a history of Iran, 17471779 University of Chicago Press, 1979,
ISBN 978-0-226-66098-1 and One World Publications, 2006 ISBN 978-1-85168-435-9.
Malcolm, John, Sir, The history of Persia, from the most early period to the present time containing an
account of the religion, government, usages, and character of the inhabitants of that kingdom in 2
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Perry, J. R. (1984). MOAMMAD KHAN QJR. Encyclopaedia Iranica. I, Fasc. 6. pp. 602605.
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Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63104. ISBN 9780521200950.
Bakhash, S. (1983). "ADMINISTRATION in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods ". Encyclopaedia
Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5. pp. 462466. External link in |article= (help)
Garthwaite, Gene R. (2005). The Persians. Wiley. pp. 1311. ISBN 9781557868602.
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Karim Khan Zand

Zand dynasty
Born: 1705 Died: 1779

Regnal titles
Succeeded by
Preceded by Vakil-e Ra'aya
Mohammad Ali
Dynasty founded 17511779
Khan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karim_Khan_Zand&oldid=786445704"

Categories: Zand monarchs People from Malayer 1705 births 1779 deaths Lur people
18th-century Iranian people 18th-century deaths from tuberculosis

This page was last edited on 19 June 2017, at 14:43.

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