INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL to accompany ADVANCED ENGINEERIN MATHEMATICS PETER V, O’NEIL. ISBN 0-495-08244-9 PETER V. O°NEIL Et THOMSON fe ENGINEERING eee aon IlTHOMSON nee ane ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd, Nelson is a registered trademark used herein under licens, For more information contact Nelson, 1120 Birchmount Road, Searberough, Ontario MIK SG4, Or you ean visit our Interne site aL wee. nelson.com, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—zraphie, eleetronie, oF mecbanica, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—-withoat the written permission ofthe publisher,Contents First Order Differential Equations Second Order Differential Equations ‘The Laplace Transform Series Solutions Numerical Methods Vectors and Vector Spaces Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations Determinants Eigenvalues, Diagonalization and Special Matrices Systems of Linear Differential Equations Qualitative Methods and Systems of Nonlinear Differential Equations Vector Differential Calculus Vector Integral Caleulus Fourier Series ‘The Fourier Integral and Fourier Transform Special Functions, Orthogonal Expansions and Wavelets ‘The Wave Equation The Feat Equation ‘The Potential Equation Geometry and Arithmetic of Complex Numbers ‘Complex Fuictions ‘Complex Integration Series Representations of Functions Singularities and the Residue Theorem Conformal Mappings Counting and Probability Statistios 4 4 B 106 118 136 143 158 176 199 ail 226 245 281 307 337 364 389 394 405 12 416 430 455 496Chapter One - First Order Differential Equations Section J.1 Preliminary Concepts 1 1. For 2 > 1,29! Ven ey co we have yl +9 $0 y is a solution. 2. With 0e"* 4 06"* = 0, 509 is a solution. 3. For «> 0, we rewrite the equation as 2ny/ + 2y = —e*. Then with y= have Quy! +29 = -0"#(c—e#) + (-e*) +a7¥(c—e*) 4, For #3 sbx/2, we have yf = Meme), wo , 80 is a solution 5. On any interval not containing 2 = 0 we have, yf = 2 (3 + a) set (& - 3) = way o- (=°) =2—y, 80 9 is saolution, 6. For all wg! ys —ce"® 4 {1 + ce7*) = 3, thus Ca} + ce™* is a solution for all In 7 LL, recall that for y defined implicitly by FG, ») C we have Fete WM (a4) for which the partials F, and Fy exist be 7. With F(2,y) = y? + 2y — 20? ~ 30 — 2y = C, we have y— 40-3 + (2y + a — iy! =O. 8. With (zu) 9. With F(z,y) = y?— da? + = C, we have 88 ~ ye — (y+ x6")y! = 0. 8 pe (: z ay’ —y = C, we have y+ (Say? — 1)y! = 0. 10. With F(s,y) = 8ia|s—2y-+4}-22-+6y = C, we have 0. Solving for y! gives yf = 1. With Ple,y) = tan” ) tet 6, we tae I teh ( 12, Direct integration gives C= —3. The unique solution is y 2°40. The initial condition y(2) 2-3. 18. Diroct integration gives y ‘The unique solution is y = 1d yo ators d 15, y = Asin’(@) — 2 16 yoda? + 5 sin(22) 3Section 1.1 5 % 3 ¥ 4 : & ¥ a z ; it za ed ei qq Fa a= 38 83 Esc gs EB eg BY as aa 23 > ig gE ISOC LL DPSS ge = 88 UTI Ee? | AN ae 8 COO TE<< AAD g g . & & T2Z938 4 3 ZOGRS Wid mee ae ra Miiccs 1 GEES 3 pbooe? > ZEUS ® Ba-27 1 fs LeGix 8 een a: aa 3 eek 45 (22,8 8 §glSh | s£eccr a3 GEG 8 gesaS8 8 2G5°33 Bgl a ZEGALN B Brn 3 AZ4A8 Rae & R44 f NOS : roammn: 8 s > LSI et nS 5 : sil Zz g ga a i ga-N 3 a3 ZEN % £ A ag>} a a gy} = enw, g aSection 1.2 3 126, Direction field for f = 2y +3: olution for y(0 =} 27. Choose a point (zo,2) on the line x = a, Then the solution curve through this point has slope y/(x0,2) = 4l#o) ~ pl(zo)2, and the lineal element through this point has equation y = glo) ~ pleto)al(a ~ 0) + 2. The claim is that all these lines pass through the common ; Lalas 1 point (20+ sears a "To a2 this, pub # = + 7 in the tangent Tne equation ant get = i 1 au) = [alzo) ~ plso)2|(10 + ~~ aa) + 2 = pire) plato) Section 1.2 Separable Equations 1, Separation of variables gives Syd 4zde, and integration gives y! = 2s? + K. dz 2. The equation is soparable as % — -%, where we have assumed y # 0 and x # 0 z Integration gives In|y = —In|z| +c, or more compactly, In{xy| — ©. Exponentiation gives ay K where we have renamed the constant e® as A’. Removing any restrictions on KC, wwe get all solutions in the form ay = 3. ‘This equation is not separable, since sin(e+ y) cannot be expressed as A(n) B(y) for any AB 4. Since o®¥ = e%eY, the equation is separable as e¥dy = Sxe“*de. Integration gives = 3e(e FHC. dy a 5, The equation separates as = = Ty 1 + G . za) dy. Integration gives lu fx| + C= In a | which ean be rewritten as y = Ax(y — 1). This can easily be solved for y to give (2) = 0 is alto a singular solution. oS "ae 6. ‘The equation is not separableSection 12 7. The equation separates as aul s, and integration gives see(y) = Ar. 1 ay 1 1 8 Separation and use of partial fractions gives { — — dys (a- dz, “ " 8 G Fa) 8 ¢ =) Tote. gration and exponentiation gives the implicitly defined solution — A{ = Poi “lest 9. Not separable 10. Expand the coefficient of dy by using addition formules for cos(x +y) and sin(x — y) to ‘get [cos(e + y) + sin(x — y)] = (cos(2) cos{y) ~ sin(sx) sin(y} + sin(z) cos{y) — costar} sin(y]] — [cos(r}-+sin(x)|[eos(y) —sin{y)]. Also by a trig identity cos(2x) = cos*(x) —sin®(x) = [eos(z) + sin(z)|(oos(=)—sin(=)|. ‘Thus the equation separates as [eos(y) ~sin(y)}ety = [oos(2)~sin(2)|a. ‘The general solution is given implicitly by os(y) +sin(y) = cos(2) + sin(z) + C. 11, Separation of variables and a bit of algebra gives (v ~i+ zh) dy = ©, Integration ? vields 5 —y-tIn jy +1| In [x|-+C. The initial condition gives 2—2-+-in(3) = In(3)+24+C so y = =2, and £ —y+In(y +1) = Infa) —2. Note: the absolute values on in y+ 1f and In fe} can both be rémoved'slnce the initial conditions ensure we are in a region of the ay-plane where y > -1 and « > 0 3x%de integrates to give Injy-+ 2] = 2° +C. ‘Phe initial condition gives C — wee) La 8, s0 In ( re) ots 13, Writing In(g") = ein(y), separation of variables gives "ay = sodx, with solution (la(y))? = 32? + C. Initial conditions give 9 = 124 C so C= ~3 and (In(y})? = 32?—3. 14, Since e*-#” = ¢-e-%, separation gives tye” dy = etda, with sohition eM” = 6 4. The initial condition requires that C = 0 80 o” = e® or yf Since y <0, we have y =~. sin(ay) , con(8y) 3 9 1 4 initial condition requires Fsin(n) + 5 cos(a) = 5 +C, a0 C = =<. ‘The solution ean be written as 3ysin(Sy) + cos(3y) = 92? — 15. Separation gives yoos(3y)dy = 2edz, with solution = 240, The o ar 16, By Newton's law of cooling the temperature is givan by the solution of re - 60); T(G) = 90 and 7(10) = 88. Separation of variables and the initial condition T(0) =. easily give T'(4) = 60 + 30e*. The condition T(10) = 88 gives 88 = 60-+ He! or eb = ‘ uw B At this point we could either solve for & ae(é } #3 ~6.899287 x 1079, or noting that ct = TE rite te station ns T(t) = 60+ se!9"" sao 80+ 30 (#) Jn 20 minutes,Section 1.2 5 14\? ayy T(20) = 60430 (3) = 86.18°F. To reach 65°, solve 65 = 60 +30 (#) to got s0in(1/6) iptaayig) ©2007 este. 17. Let { O denote the time in minutes since the thermometer was removed from the house which was at 70°F. Let A denote the unknown outside ambient temperature (assumed constant). The temperature of the thermometer is modeled by the problem g = KA), with (0) = 70,7(6) = 60 end T(15) = 80.4, We wish to find A. Separation of vasiebles and T(0) = 70 readily yields T(t) = A+ (70 ~ A)e. ‘The other two temperature readings at t= 5 and t= 15 give the equations, T(5) = 60 = A+(70— Aje* and T(15} = 60.4 = ‘A+-(70—A)e!., To solve these equations for A, solve the first fore == EA = 4) | substitute 3 into the second to get (70 — A) (4) = (604 ~ A) and simplify to get the quadratic equation 10.44? ~ 11564 + 80960 = 0 which hs solutions A= 45 and A= 66.15, Clearly we must have A < 50.4, 50 A = 45°. 18. The solution of the equation which models this bacterial growth is P(t} = Fye*t where Py is a constant, & > 0 and t le moastied in hours, For the particular problem we are given ‘P(O} = 100,000 with time = 0 at 10:00 am, on Tuesday, 90 P(E} = 10K. From 10.00 fam. Tuesday umil noon Thursday is 50 hours, and P{50) = 3+ 10 = 10%", Solve for & = (3)'/5¢ to gat P(e) = 10°(3)*°, Time 3:00 p.m. the following Sunday is ¢ = 125 hour 80 P(125) = 10°(3)'29/80 = 9-108, = 1.56 10% bacteria, Monday at 4:00 pun, corresponds to t = 180, co P(150) = 10°(3)° = 2-7 10" bacteria, Assuming the arth is a perfect sphere of radius 3960 miles, we find the Barth ares to be A = 4a(3960 - 5280-12]? = 7.91 x 10" squate inches. At 10° bacteria per square inch, it would take hours to overrun the Barth * iS whore 10°(3)!/50 = 7.91 x 10%, Solve for f ee 2 1876 hn 78 days. 19, Since A= 4nr? and ¥ = 4 so, wehave A= S5RVHS, 90 OE ok = bYOEEV™. Ao a avy? suming V = Vpattimet = 0, this separable equation has solution V2) [ne +k (4) ‘| . ‘ on or &4 20, The amount of radioactive materia is given by the solution of SF* = &A,A(0) = 3, A(ln(2)) o with ¢ in weeks, Solving and fitting initial conditions gives A(t} yin yy itina 2 (2) as 92 (2) = ye yes 21, We easily find U(@) = 10 G vin years, so U(10°) = 10 G) 2 BT ke, 22. At any time # there will be A(E) = 26M gms. present, and A(d) = 9.1 requires ef = O 1, (90 soko Gin(ss) = Ina. (06915805, Half life is the time t* so A(t" od EX =6,ore = on i? 12 6, ore! z This gives tt = 10,02 minutes,Section 1.2 23, With Je) [ PCP at, we have I(x) = — Beets Fd, Now mele the sub- b stitution w = aft in the integral above to get J'(x) MDH gy = og [Ely = —2(x). Solving the separable equation J'(a) = tes gives 7a) = Ge, Now 1(0) = vn a YF oo Ha)= Fe, Putting c= 3 gives [eat = Is 2 2 n 2d. We use a conservation of energy argument. Let state-1 describe the particle at zest (velocity = 0) h feet above some reference point and state -2 describe the particle located the reference peint ong with velocity v. Then since total energy is conserved we have rghit Sn)? = mg( 0) + gine’, Solve for » to get the zesult v(t) = V/Zgh{H), independent of m. 25. This problem is modeled using Torriceli's law and the geometry of the hemispherical tank. Let h(2) denote the depth of the liquid in the hemispherical dome, r(t) the radius of the exposed surface of draining liquid, and V(t) the volome of water in the container. Then dV fat = ~kASIgh and dV/dt = xr?(dh/dt), where r? + h? = 18? from the geometry of the 2 hemisphere, We are given k= 8 and A= Gi) = jg» the area of the drain hole. Using 9 = 32 ft/sec? we obtain after substitution and simplification (324 — nyt = dnvh, h(0) = 18. This separable equation has solution 1620Vh ~ a5? = t+ K, at (0) = 18 gives = 3888,/2. Thus 1620v/i ~ 8/? = 38882 —t. The hemisphere runs empty when h = 886 V7 sec % 91 min, 39 sec. so Pigure for Problem 25 26. (a) For water h fect deep in the cylindrical hot tub we get V = 25%h, so ah 5 dh _3vi Qn = — 60 h,A(O} = = ces St -0 (8) VBHF (0) = 4, thay SE = ° 160 640 (b} To drain the tank will requite 7 = f (& Jane [ Ty, = A coe, " dh, kh 3vh 3 (©) To drain the upper half requires Ty ~ etn A ev scconds = 625 seconds 160 “To drain the lower half requires T f ~ Beat 2 V9 seconde 1508 seoSection 1.2 7 27, (a) Let r(¢) be the radius of the exposed vnter surfece, and h(t) the depth of the draining water. Since cross sections of the cone are similar, we have wr#(dh/di) = —kAygh, with n(0) From similar triangles we have r/h = 4/9, so 7 = (4/9)h, Substituting & q = 32 and A = w(1/12)?, and simplifying, we got h8/*(dh/dt) = —27/160, with h(0) ‘This separable equation has solution 45/2 = aa + K, and A(O) = 9 gives K = 249. The conical tank runs empty when h = 0, s0 t= 243 (3) = 576.800 4 min, 36 1 iA Figure for Problem 27(6) — (b) ‘This problem is modeled like part {a), except the cone is now inverted, ‘This changes the similar triangle proportionality to 4 g-h Oo or + = (4/9)(9— A}. The soparable differentiel equation now becomes (- ny? 2 dhe) no) = Vk yap OHS. with solution 162/h~ 12h8/ + 2h6/2 =: ~(97/160)t-+ (1296/6). ‘The tank runs dey al k=O, 160 or \ | Ml Figure for Problem 27(b) (%) = 1536 seconds, about 25 minutes, 36 seconds,Section 1.2 28, From the geometty of the cone and Torsicell's Law 2” = (Res dh. se. May a a ‘when the drain hole is two feet above the vertex, With the drain fle 1 the bottom ofthe av (16\? 2dr 682) tank we get a) iit Wh. If one knows the ratea of change of depth ‘of water in these two fistances, then one could locate the drain hole height above the bottom of the tank without knowing hole size, since a (Re we (4) = -kA,/2g(h ~ Tig) divided we(@) a (@), = -EAY/IGI gives VR ho _ (dha) P, a known constant, and 81. dé va (dhjdty, ‘we can solve for ha, the location of the hole above tank ver a 36) ah 29, From Problem 27, we have Sj = (B) t 562) ical tank. ‘Thus if we pour water in at 5 ft/sec, the differential equation would be 16) adh _ xf, ve oe «(ye == pte 7 0 ( — "7 } MO = 0, since the tank starts empty. dh Trom h(0) = 0, we see Fi > O so the water level rises, but as hi —+ 9, the right side of the equation ~1 0, hence 4 0, and the tank never overflows 30. From the geometiy of the sphere, the equation = —kAV/Igh becomes #[324 — 8)°] Gj = 08x (4)" VOER, h(O} = 36, whers his the height above the bottom of the sphere ‘This simplifies to (36Vh - bY")dh = ~O.Adt with solution hVR(60 — hk) = 1+ K. Then when h = 36 gives K = $184, The tank runs empty when ft = igure for Problen 30.Section 1.3 9 Section 1.3 Linear Differential Equations Solution of the equations in this section is routine once an integrating factor is found. Details are given for Problem 1, For mast of the remaining problems only answers are given, A few widitionat details are included where the solution involves anusual features. 5. ‘The equation 1. Identifying p(x) = —8/s, an integrating factor is ef PO {after multiplying by 2-3} can be written ee aya a which gives by 4 routine integration ya$ = Qn(z) + ¢ oF y = ex + 208 Inc ‘We have assumed here that 2 > 0. 4 solution n(~a) fz <0, This | in one formula, for x < 0 can be found by the same technique except we noed f SE would give the general form y= ex* + 203 In(—m}, or y= cx? + oe°in wd a Laet dey moot bet dae’. ect yt, t Byer + 5-7 4, To find an integrating factor write sin(2x) = 2sin(z)eos(x) and put in stendard form sine) _L phe solution is y of + ye ~ soutaye The sohtion is y = s(n) + ceoste) 5. y ade? do Dee ae a2 — eel 6. Standard form gives p(z) » and an integrating factor d . (9? (e+ 1)(e— 2). Thus —(y(e + 1) = 8, and we find y = nee Ne y Ge + VE a, and we Bad y = Gey + wre 7. An integrating factor is easily found to be ¢*. Then ~-(ye") = { “> Je gives y = ei ef Ca) eds +ce™*, ‘The integral hero cannot be evalusted in closed form osx) ~ co’ Ts ina) ccoa(z) 8. An integrating factor is see(x) + tan(z) giving solution y = pay ‘ain(e) 9 yaat-2-2 10, y= 6-24 36% Me ysoti+ arti? 12, ‘The equation ean be written ob “=, which lets us identify an Lys integrating factor of “Phe solution is y= x%{x — 2) infor — Be"* + 2a%(x ~ Dem* e ite 2) 13, Be me a10 ‘Section 1.4 16, Let (#,y) be a péint on the curve, We want the langent line at (x,y) to pass through ~o? (0,222), so the tangent tine hes slope 222" But this slope is also given by y', henve the a? curve satisfies y/ = “—"=" ‘Tie solution of this first ordor linear equation is y = —222 + ex 16, Let A(t) be the amount of selt in the tank at any time ¢ > 0. ‘Then a (ite salt added) — (rate salt comoved) = 6~2 (es) ;A(O) = 28, An integrating factor is (5040)? and the solution is 7 +i wre ‘The initial condition gives C = —180,000, 0 A(t) = 6040) ~ aa 0. ‘Phe tank contains 100 gel. when ¢ = 50 and A(S0) ~ 176 pounds of salt. 17 IE Ay and Az denote the amounts of salt respectively in tank 1 and tank 2 af time 1 8 BAL BAL os . 420 we have Ay = 5 ~ Fpy-Aa(0) = 20 and Ay = 1 A2(0) = 90. Solving the Tinear equation for Ay(t) we get A,(é) = 60 — 30e~/9. ‘Then ez is given by the solution of b+ aA Set, Aa(0) = 90. Solving gives Aa(t} = 15 + 900-2 — 75e-/39, Tank thus 286° — 45¢-# = 0, ‘This givas ef = 9% 2 will have a minimum when A¥(é) = 0, 9 (_ 9 5450 or t= 60In (3): with Ag(Duin = Aa (som (3))- = Pap” Pounds. 5 Section 1.4 Exact Differential Equations out 1. Since 2 ay, function is (2,9) = 2xy? +e +y%; solutions are defined implicitly by Ay +e + y2 =. iy te paye = z the equation is exact in the entire plane. A potential 2, since OM — ga = oN the equation is exact everywhere, A potential function is #(a,9) = Qaty tat + ys solutions are Qay? + 2? -+y3 =e. 3 Pe = 40422? and x = 4s, 50 the equation is not excl, 4 e 2sin(x +y) —2xcos(e-+y) = x 50 the equation is exact everywhere. Potential function is (x,y) = 2xcos(x + y); solutions are 2 cos(e + y) = OM an 5 1 = 21 80 the equation is exact for all x £0. a, y) = Infa| bay + 9%; with solutions In fr] + 2y + y® = 6 ad = 2ye"(0 + 2) coe(y?} and z ye"(1 +) sin(y*), so the equation is not exact 7 me = sinh(}cosh{y) = e 0 the equation is exacts (ay) ~ cash() sinh(y) is 3 | function; solutions are cosh: sinh(y) =Section 1.5 mT an B ou = 104! = SE, 50 the equation is exact everywheres& potential function is lay) = dey? + Bsin(z) — 3sin{y); solutions are day® + 3sin(x) — Ssin(y) 3 10, Qay ~ tan(zy?) = =A taal on lay’ = 5 0 the equation is exact everywhere; Sry — a = aT HL asin(2y a) = i 12, @ + ae =14e°% 13. Not exact VA. wef — y= 8 a 15, To be exact we aod St = bay? - = 3 — any”, hence choose a= ~3. A oy potential function will be (x,y) — 3y? and solutions are xy —3xy - dy? =o, AL 16. To be exact we need ed = cite 3 = —2ay°"', 0 choose o = —2. A potential iy 2 2 function will be (2,9) = ig and solutions are :c* 4 +P actor y #0 a 17, If gis a potential function, then % Mana 3 NV. But then ¢ +0 is also a potenti! tunction, since 2 (4 o) = 2? = ay ana x using d and 1 are the same curves. Section 1.5 Integrating Factors 1, A function of y ouly, u(y), is an integrating factor for M+ Na = 0 if and only if @ (Ml) = Zon, Since » = u(y) we get the condition UM + vMy = vz. Solving for oy vo jyle~ My) ascent condition for such ais that Gee My} isa Ration of y 7 fgls — My) = oly), then »(y) = ef #4 will produce en integrating 2, ay! will be an integrating factor for M+Ny/ = it Sth) = Re 4 N}, Simplifying N this equation gives sufletent condition as My ~ Ne = a> ~ B, for some constants « and 5. J, {u) My = Land Ne-==L so nevor exact 2 jaz) 1 a (b) Since iM Me) i (6) Shawwe 55 OMe Me) = {d) By Probus 2, My ~ Me = (a+b) for any a,b satisfying 2+012 Seetion 1.5 4. (a) My = ~3,N, = 1 80 not exact (b} Since 4 (ag, — Np) = ~4 pe) = eff = (c) New C s 2) +! =D isexact with solutions defined implicitly by % —2in jx or y= ex! +20" Inga. . 5. (0) My = 0,Ne = 4; (b) oly) =e; (c) ae —e = 6. (a) My = 6 4 120 + 2y, Ny = 122; (b) p(x) = &% (6) Ga ye® + ye = co. % (a) My = 4a4 1dy, Ne = 4+ by (b) By problem 2, M, ~ Ne (0) afy? + aatys = 8. (a) My = 2y41,Ne = Gy = ale + By) — b(4x + 6y) holds for e = 2,6=1, s0u=2%y 1 1; {b) ety) = PF (0) ay +2 = cy; (d} y = 0 is a singular solution. 9. (a) My = day + 2x, Ny = Sry + 2x; (b} ly) = 10. (a) My =4y — 90, Ny = 3y — 120; (b) By Problem 2, My — Nz = 432 = a(3y— 6x) —(2y —92} holds for a = (c} aty? ~ 3: . LL. (a) My =1~ 495, Ne = (b) The hint produces p(z,y) iy t= hyte® 12, (a) My = 2— iN, = 2x, aay, geri Py ef@) y=—1 =1op=ay (b) By Problem 2, we get je (2 BelP? +E? =o 1 13. ale) = Aulal ty = Gy = 4— Ina} a. a(n) pee e2y = 62 >0. 16. ple) = 2, 2%y cie%(ys 2) = el 16. ne ey glee 8 1 .) 17 oy) = i + alm habs Gy = de 18, ae jyntet” = cyyntet = 1pet 19. se sin(t —y) = ce" sin(w = y) = 20. oly =i 4 any! =e: 4 ny? = 10Section 1.6 i3 22. Let (2, y) be an integrating factor for M+ Ny’ = 0 and suppose the general solution is defined by 4(a1,y) = 0. Consider SplsMteee ad) ~ FeWNCCOCe 0) = ctote.n [Fan — Fan] 24 +6 ma) [noe — aor $e| = GH, u))0 + Ga, v)ulMdy — Noe] =0 +0 =0. ‘The first bracket term is zero because jis an integrating factor, the second because f(x,y) = 0 are solution curves and yf = a honce M + Ny! = 0 is ecptivalent to Me, — Ne =0. Homogeneous, Bernoulli, and Riccati Equations 1. ‘This is o Riceati equation with solution S(z) = 2. ‘Thus put y = a+ + and substitute Zod nei 1 4 5, 1 i to get 1-5 z(e+3) -E(s+})+1 Simplification gives 2 + Dy =~, with ee) ey ent soluiion = AE 4 © hen y= 2+ 4/3, 80 we put 2, This is a Bernoulli equation with a 18, or y = v¥/?. Sabstitution 2 gives Sot Sait uM og after simplifying of + a = & An integrating factor 1 49 and ‘by integrating v7! for this first order equation is 27/3 so (wat!) P18, 20 ByVal — 7818 = b, 7 pite But v= oy=—2 = ee 3. Bernoulli equation with 4, ‘This is » homogeneous equation so we pul u=y/x or y= ow. This gives u+ au! which is separable as wdi = s sou? v Infe| +6, and Fy =2in |x| +e. 5, Homogeneous y ts [yl — ey 6. Riccati equation with solution S(2) 7. Beast; ay - 8, Homsgeneo, se (2) 4 tan (2) = ce4 Seetion 1.6 9. Bernoulli with «= -3/4; 50%/4y"4 4 72/4 = ¢ avd, oy fQyaa\ 10, Homogeneous; “F* tan? (A ) sini te A, Be NH with =2b 2 11, Bernoull with a= 2iy = 2-4 = 2 24 Le = injalee 12, Homageneons: 55 et 13. Riccati with solution (0) oe eae 1 «equation y= 2. 14, Bernoulli equation; y = == ast iy te eeMviad bela) (a fe have (EE at bys) befy ¥) it and only ife =0 18. (@} Web (eee ) (ce fi) 1G) ly fe and r= 0. ay a¥de ‘th ¥ = sch, we have by the chain rule S = = (6) With ¥ = yk and 3 = ehh, we have by the chain ule > = SOS = Tink) = Ott HEN ay AY ax ite detey tr ax EX B+ eY —k) +r aX + bY te ah— . -_ J F (Gta =) By (a), this will be homogeneous #Pah+bk = cand di-tek =r # ‘The given condition ae — bi’ ensures that for any ¢,r there will be unique values of hand so that ah-+5k = cand dh-+ek =r and the tion = s0 the equation St =P -w equation in X’ and Y will be homogenecus, Ye find these values of hand che We find these values of fk and & to be fh= SF k= SES 16. From 15(b), choose h,# 20 that # = 3, and A4+E =I, or k= 2. The new wjuation y y, aX ~ Xe "Ty yye w+wex = oe which is separable and has solution Wn |W] ~ 1 in X and ¥ becomes Now let W? = ¥/ or ¥ = WX to got + , ~3 5 Replace W= 3 = EOS and simply to get (y= 3) lly — 9} ~ (#42) 17, To make homogeneous, choose hand k so 3h—k=9 end A+ = 1, thus & = 2, ay Uk-V 5 ge 29 ‘Thon solve Ty = Sopa As & homogeneous equation and substitute to get 3(e—2)? 2x — Diy +3) ~ Yr =e 18. (2 £5)? + 4(e + 5)y + 1) ~(y + Ih =e. 19, (2a +y — 3)? = ely — 2 +3) cnt by 20, Putting e = autre ate ee Np (Se) = bd = ! (arte “tayts) (FAS), stone meet & om +e a ty ory = (us) given du Hence we get a 14 on (ToSeotion 1.6 1s du ut? L om Problen 29, let = 2 yy to got Sm 1-242 = wo (wp 3} = de o+ 2 From Problem 20, Jet a = : yy to get SAS a gpg et tlee = deo S ave ese Hence ESM 452g) mete 22, Let wa 30+ y to get the soparable equation # coat tun 3 Fea) d= de and integrate to find 2 — ; Inffu— 10] = Te +6 Since w= Set y, we get 14(y +32) ~In]212-+ Ty — 10] = 492+ 23. With w= 2 —2y we find a solution « ~ dy — 4In | — 2y +4] 24, With u=2—y we find a solution 2 —3y + 7In |x y— 1] 25. At time £0, ussnine the dog is at the origin of an ey system and the men is located at (4,0) on the 2 axis, The man moves dtectly upward into Ube ftst quadrant and at ime ts located at (A, uf). The position of the dog at time £ > Gis at (x, y) and, ae stated, the dog runs with speed 2v, always directly toward his master. At time f > 0, the man is at (d,vf), the dog is at (,y} and the tangent to the dog's path Joins Unese two points. ‘Thus # sf for © < A, To climinate # from this equation use the fact that during the time the man hes moved vf units upward into the first quadrant, the dog has run 2ut units along his path. by el al ‘Thus 2et = f [is ( #) | dé, Use this integral to eliminate the vt term in the original In wy 2) df —2y, Now differentiate GPE Dah or AM ay = (LPP, differential equation to get 2(A — 2}y!(2) = f it ( this equation and obtain 2A ~a)y" — 2y" = subject to y(0} = 0,4°(0) = 0. Let a= y! to get the separable ation te = ject to v0) = 8yf(0) = ne equation Fs = aa) 1+ which has solution Inf + YI] In(A - 2) +0, tome y(0} = uf0) = 0 gives - A aevire - ye equivalently ¥ + V1+G’P = =.y(@) = 0. From the equation for y” (before the substitution) get /T+ W? = 24 — 55 soy! +2(A—a)y"" = vA y(0) = 0,y'(0) = 0,2 < A. Let a =y to write this as a linear first order equation An integrating factor is —— Po and wo got a) aA — a9 Vara & "Dhe solution of this, subject to w(0)} = 0 is ww 1 7 ——(A~ 2) 4 3A, using y(0) = 0 to determine the constant of integration, The dog catches the maa ake A, so they mest at {A,2A/3). Since this is also (Ayu!) when they meet, we find ut = aA so they mect at time 2A be Integrate once more to get ya) = AVA ie16 Section 1.7 26. (x) Clearly exch bug follows the same curve of pursuit relative to the corner from which it starts, Place a polar coordinate system as euggested and determine the pursuit curve for the bug starting at 0 = O,r = a/V2. At any me the bug will be at (/(0), 8), ita target dy _ dyfdi _ F(C)sin(@) + f(@)cos(8) | is Ht (LOn0 + 0/2), and FE = FT = Ta canay jay aiatay PY 8 ee other hand, this tangent doe rust be from location (7(B), 9) to target ((8),0 + 1/2), dy _ f48)sin(@ + x/2) — f(@)sin() a. sin{?) _sin(@) — cos(6) Equate Hence 7 FO} cost ~sin(8) —cos(@) ~ sin(@} + cos(@) these two capi for # and simplify to get fo $10) = 0, with f(0) = a/v. Thus (8) rule. On the ve (b) Distauce traveled is D = Pe tr a “149 of e "d0 = a. (e) Since r= f(8} = between pursuer and quarty will be ae~, ® gives polar equation of the pursuit curve . na “a0 [~ fe e y) wo b iW > O for all 8, no bug ever catches i quarry, The actual distance 27, Assume the disk rotates counterclockwise with angular velocity w radians/secone, and ( a the bug steps on the rotating disk at point (a,0). ‘Then by the chain rule 2 thus r= * and r(0} =m gives (2) o “This is a spiral. (b) Ba coach the omen, sve r= Oto get 9 = radians ore is revolutions (€) Distance traveled s = f£ "ETP - Lf (o-)' @ a. ‘Vo evalne we ! ee — tn ween er) ate this, let = “2, so =~ Ba ld = his, loro = ah Ve ide= ction 1.7 Applications 1. Take =0 a8 the point at which one end of the chain just touches the floor end let x > 0 denote the upwetd movement ofthe shorter end of chain, "Then Uhe mass of moving ehain is m= (18~ om slugs and the net force that acts on this is F == (2+2)p pounds. The mation is w(16-2)°] = 0 y= Oife= wd 0B tay a HM _ ty modeled by lo 16 vel = Gaz}e.y Oita = 0. By thechsin vole THe) = SESE = wil aod PE -ah souk jolls—2 | = 82(2-42}. Rewrite as the Barnoulli equation (ee = 32(2 Let 2 = oF fo gol the linesr equation 2 — (iSection 1.7 has integrating factor yu = (16 ~ 2)? end solution (16-2)? 2/8) . 64 (22% +12 - 3). since 2(0) = 0 or va) = Put © =7 to get v(7) = 18.91 fi/see. r 0) Fat 2. The time require for the chain to leave the pulley is ty = f “dt = f (a) - > 0 " " a at 1 1-2 f (g) de = [ wo" f ie Sn = Ls ile L901 seconds 3, Since 10 feat of chain ang down initially, the chsin touches the floor at t= 0, ‘The forox pulling ebain from the platform Is F = 109 pounds, « constant, and the arnount of chain roving is 20 feet with mass = 122. Let w be the velocity of the center of mass ofthe henging pay dv oak leaves the support when s = 90, at time t = Nw at a velocity of (a chain, 90 10p = gyv(0) = 0. We find u(t} = 32¢, and sft) = 16:2, ‘The chain 8/30 = 43.82 ft/sec 4, Take x = 0 to be at equilibrium with 24 feet of chain on one side of the pulley and 16 feet of chain and the Sp weight on the other. ‘The system will be released from & = 1 al w = 0. ‘Total mass in motion is = slugs, and for a > 1, the net force acting is F = 2a pounds ‘Thus 2p = 0. Solve by separation of variables to get $v? = 422+ uf} = 8 gives & {2% — 1). ‘The chain leaves the pulley at 2 = 23, with y= B11 26.5 ft/sec. 5. Let aff} denote the amount of chain hanging dows from the table, and note that once the chain sar moving, all 2 fos move, wth veledty +. The motion is modeled by oe = Dp du _ 3p, di 4 a Ae ly yf) = 0. Thus 2? = 5 u(6) = red gd ade (6) Thus Y be, and uf6) = 0 gives ¢ = 36 so (a ~ 36). ‘When the end leaves the table, 2 = = 24, sou = 125 © 26,84 ft/sec. The ime is ty = oan a aye =[ pyeede = Sate vi 2.15 seconds. f ve) lp Wa? — 36 i Is 6, ‘The force which pulls chain off oe table is due to the four feet of chain hanging between the table and floor, Let # denote fhe distance the fee en of chain ox the tsble has moved ‘The motion is modeled by 4p je aif, y= 0 when # = 0. Rewrite us 12840? = a (2 aw, and solve by separation of variables to get ¢~In(22— a) = 5 ln(128 44%), and u = 0,2 = 0 gives c = In(176V2}. ‘The end of the chain leaves the table when z = 18 so / 3744 #2 61.19 hse. 78 Sestion 1.7 8, Compute potential energy by PE = mgh where A is the height of the center of mass of ‘the object above the floor. Initially, PE + KE = 7p(16.5) + 9p(15.5) + 5 £(0)? = 2869 foot pounds, Al any later time, the chain moves with velocity v, and the ends have moved feet ap and down from the equilibrium position, for 2 2 1,PE+ KE = (8—a}o(16 +2) + @+2)0(18- 2) + ae quate these two expressions to get v%(2) = («? ~1),x > 1. 9. Since the mass in motion is not constant, we need to derive @ conservation law by finding, a constant of the motion, Consider ig Tye = since the equation of motion is ous + Fe 0 when 2 = 10 and v= Owe got MO we 2 10. Tho chain leaves tho pulley when « = 40, 50 v = 2v210 29 ft/sec, t 10. Let y = y(x) be the shape of the curve, then the normal line to the curve has slope 1 meng =F, @ 4 a dy areata dy ~ oe? EL. Once released, the only force acting on the ballast bag is due to gravity, so if y represent é distance above the ground, fe ~9 = ~32,y(0) = 342,y'(0) = 4. By two integrations obtain y(t) = 4 — 32t,y(¢) = 342 + 4¢ — 16%. Meximum height is reached when y(t) = 0 which must be the equilibrium direction for the acting forces, ‘Thus 2 ‘a.separable equation with solution y = ett parabola. or += 1/8 sod, Max height ~ y(1/8) = 942.25 fe The ballast bug remains ab unt 1 u(t} = 0 or 160? + 42-4342 0, hence t= spond = [y'(19/4)j = 1480, (sec 12, With a gradient of 7/24 the plane is inclined at an angle @ for which sin(0) = 7/25 and he veloc ox sutisies (2°) 2 gn (24) (2 7\ co = 275. iy tte (8) = 0) (!) aa (2) 5, ) =, Soe Tn on = seconds at which time it hits the ground with — = ft/seo, which reaches zero 35Section 1.7 9 when fy = In (3) sec. ‘The box will travel a distance of sits) [ wleMde = Bae b ae, 4a, (2) 82, far # Bw) Be (G) eam 382 de a 6x,v{0) = 0. The solution for 0 < # <4 is easily found to be w(t) = 32¢1 —e*}, When her chute opens (f = 4) she has velocity of u(d} = 32{1 —e°*) ft/see. Velocity with an open chute satisfies (B)e 8 _ 99 — gu®, ud) = 92(2 — efor 6 > 4. “This equation is 13, Until the chute is opened (ab t = 4 sec) the velocity is given by 2 separable and can be integrated by partial fractions a5 J [aa a aaj - -f But bo +8 de S{1 + hea) et 8) ge yin BOAT v got v(t) = St be} get In [= 3 Bet [5 =a 482, Solve for v to got v(t) = SEER p> * get where k= P—, ‘Pemnal velocity is Jim o(2) = 8 fife, Distance fallen is s(t) foou- aa L bet for 0st sd, and for (4, s(t) = 3268 + 4) 48 —4) 4 2In(L = he 8) — 2h (Ge ) 14, When fully submerge the buoyant force will be Fy = 1 x 2 3 x 62.5 = 975 pounds 384 upward, Te mass, im = —— = 12 slugs. Velocity of the sinking box sutisties wf 32 384~ 375 ~ ,o(0} = 0. This linear equation has solution vf} = 18(1—e"/*4), intends the box will have sunk s(t) = 18(¢ + 24e-¥/4 — 24) feet. From u(t) we find terminal velocity = Jin v(f) = 18 Moe “To answer the question about velocity when the box reaches the bottom (s = 100) we would normally solve s(#) = 100 and eubstitute the ¢ value into velocity, This equation can be solved numerically to use this approach. We can answer the question by an alternative approzch, Find ty so v(t,) = 10 ft/sec, and ealeulate 2(¢,) to see how far thie box has fallen. With this approach we solve 18{1 — e~/4} = 10 to get ty = 24la @ seconds, and compute slés} = soa ( — 240 = 110.3 feet. We conclude that at the bottom (# = 100) the box hos not yot reached a velocity of 10 ft/sec. 15. If the box loses 32 pounds of material on impact with the bottom, m= EE shigs. So ih = —a82 + 375 — Fe, 00) = ‘ouft) = 46(1 ~ -¥), vo distance traveled up feom the bottom is o(f) = 46(t +2262 — 22) , where we have taken up as positive, Solving gives20 Seotion 1.7 fect. Solving s(¢) = 100 gives t ~ 10.56 seconds and a surfacing velocity of epproximately (10.56) #2 17.5 fr/sec. 16. The statement of gravitational attraction inside the Earth gives, # kr, where is distance to the Barth center, When r = R we know the acceleration is g, so & = dy ge de _ dear ich oi and SP = —4F. By the chain rule S- = S257 = vGe, which gives the separable equation gr 2 oe v& = —4, with o(R) = 0. Integrate to got v? = gh 8. Pub r = 0 to got the speed at Earth's center of v= /@R = 24 = 4.9 miles/second. YT. With 6 the angle thaé the chord makes with the vertical we have m4! c= mg cos(0} a) = os \2 geosd where 9 is the length of the chord. By the law of cosines, the length of thie chord satisfies s? = 2K? — 2K costn ~ 20) = 2R?(1 + cos 26} = 4A* cos” @, Thus t 0. Then s(t) = at? onl); so the time of descent is given by t = independent of 8 18. The loop currents in Figure 1.22eatisy the equations 208 + 26(i, ~ i) = 10, 18(6 i) + ._} 30fe =O 80 f= 5 amp. and tp = 5 amp. 19. The capacitor charge is modeled by 250 x 10% + pris 8.000 = 0. Simplify and put {= of to got q! +29 = 92x 10°, with solution g(f) = 16 x 10°81 — e-®}. ‘The capacitor voltage ia B, = 4q = 80(1 —e™). This voltage reaches 76 volts when t = + 1n(00) =: 1.498 seconds after the switch fo closed. Calculate current at this time by é(in(20}/2) = q (in(20}/2) = 32 x 10-e- ®*) = 16 micro amps. 20. From Problem 19, the goneral solution is g(t) = 16 x 10° 4- ce“ for charge or Be 4 = 804 Ae, If B(0} = 50, then A = —30 and By = 80 ~ 30e~%. Now this reaches 76 ec 1, (16 = tn (3) 1.00 sons volts when z 21, The loop currents satisfy the equations 5{¢ —%)+10i, = 6, —Bij +5) + 30:2 +-10(q2~g3) = 0, 10g, +1095 + 15a + gy = 0. Since mf04) = aal0#) = e+) = 0, from equation 3, 4,04) = 0. Add the three equations to get 0i:(0+) + 30i2(0+) = 6. From the upper node between loops | and 2 we reason that i3(0+) = ig(0*). So (04) = in(04 a 22, (a) Calculate #(t) = Ze-B¥ > 0, so itt) incceases. (b) Note thet (1 — eo) (c) For (0) #66, the time to reach 63% of E/R is tg = 4 a [ 163+, co the inductive time constant is to = L/R. EERO), cee swith (0) B (0) = q an integrating factor is 8° go (getty = Byasnc 23. (@) Ford + 5 and g(t) = BC + Ae YRC. 9(0) = a gives A = a ~ EC, 60 gft) = BC (go — BC) UR (b) lim g(t} = BC, independent of go,Section 1.8 ai (0) If gp > EC, Gmuax = 4(0} = go, there is no minimum in this case but q(f) decreases toward BC. If qo = EC, g(t) = EC for all t, If go < BC, Quin = 9(0) = qo, there is no maximum in this case but q(t) increases toward EC. (d) To reach 99% of the steady state value solve EC + (gp — HC}e/B° = ECKL +01), 80 ~ EC! =RCn DEC 24, Dieontiting +29 = Hip we find that he given fil suc tho deena equation y! = 3 ‘Ths the orthogonal trajectories stily yf = 2, and ace piven by y= Rete 25. ‘The differential equation of the given-family is we Fi orthogonal trajectories eatsly dy 3 : _ 3 © 3 and ato given by y = ~Zin|el +e 26. ‘The differential equation of the given family is a Jp orthogonal tajoctorinnatity BY and ce gon by y= Ast, a fly of parabas aefy-D 27, ‘The differential equetion of the given family ig y! = 2Kx = orthogonal trajectories satisfy 2 and are given by (y— 1)? (E or 2a | which is separable with solutions 2 ay 1) of ellipses, 28. ‘The differential equation of the given family is 2 — yy! K = 2 2G. ‘The differential equation of the given family is fourd by solving for K and differentiating — la) 5 Lang) + by! <0 or yt — Zine bo got K = SB wo Sy In(y) + go! = Oor yf = ERM, orthogonal txajectories satis 4y _ © which is soparable with solutions y2In(y2) ~ 1] = ¢— 22. dx ~~ yln(y) Section 1.8 Existence and Uniqueness L. Both /(2,y) = 27°+3xe¥ sin(ay) and z = 4y-43ce¥ sin(2y) +3226" coa(zy) are continuous everywhere. 2. Both f(e.y) = dey + cosh(2) and a = 4x are continuous everywhere s0 ‘Theorem 1 applies, Since the equation is linear we could epply Theorem 2 3. Both f(e,y) = (y)? — sin(y) and z = ey? ~ cos(y) ate continuous everywhere 4, Both f(x,y) = 25 —y° + 2xe¥ and z = ~5y! 4 2ae! are continuous everywhere,2 Section 1.8 5. Both f(a,y) = a aye-2 tg? and ze =ate-® 4 2y are continuous everywhere. 6. (a) Taking |y’| =! we get y! = 2y with solution p(x) = yoe"*-*), Taking jy/| = yl we get yf = —2y with solution y= ype 42-70) (b) Solving {y’| = 2y we get y! = £2y = f(x,y), dut f(x,y) = £2y is not even a function (unless y = 0), lot alone continuous, 60 ‘Theorem 1 does not apply. 7, (a) Since both f(x,y} = 2—y and o = —1 ate continuous everywhere, the initial value problem hes a unique solution. Wjy=2-e* (c) wo = Land ys auf tdt= 143; h 2 + [qu ntee- 4 a 2 = t & nois [o-t4 pide tee F eo sO 2 2p x wots fae age site See -9 a wait [ond vt Gide tbs 7 ata eo god pate [intact gees i ee ye +(-1)" aoa Since 2 Peay = jim ya(a), the Picard iterates convorge to the urigue solution. a 8. (a) Since oth f(x,y) = 44 y and 2 1 ere continuons everywhere, the initial value problem has a uniqpe solition. (b) y= 44 ret (yy =3 and mad4 [ran a4ts: lo 2 waa4 forgo st et 2 vs Perna jabs B+ 2247S $7 fo 2 us a oa a mass firenes wide arene er are, 2 7 oo [wtoa= pte4 TE 47 lv e atta tgSection }.8 23 w= 3+ [ ‘ys(i)dd = 9+ 7 + be @ ua S847 HTS et Note ya(z) =~ ~4 + Te® since the series iat me converges. Thus the Picard iterates converge to the unique solution, f 9. (a) Both f(x,y} = 2x? and OF <4 are continuous everywhere. att gl Q)y= 5845 wah, ; nad4 frase ri 3 t gna ta | a) Since f(x, y) = 202 is independent of v, we have wa(z) = gua) = be + q for all n> 1, aud he soguenca of Pir iterates i content sajence ya ge +353 +z 1) +e —1)7 + yee 1)? is the Taylor series of the solution. For n> 3, the nt partial sum of the series is the solution. Certainly {yn} — y so the Picard iterates converge to the sotution oF oy 10. (a) fey) = cos(z) and (b) v= Lt sin(2) (©) v9 = 1, anid wait | cos(tidt=1+sin(2), = 0 are continuous everywhere, (@) Since Hx, y) = cosa) is independent of y.ua(e) = u(t) = 1+ sin(e), for all Picard iterates, m > 1. mee acetal 2 y = L+sin(z) = Gere l4e-F sum of the Taylor series Zh(x) does not agree with the n!* Picard iterate yq(z). However ‘The n! partial a lim T(z) = fim ya(2) = 1 +2in(z) so both soquences converge to the unique solution.24 Section 2.2 Section 2.2 Theory of Solutions In Problems 1 - 6 direct substitution of y) and yp verifies that each is & solution of the given differ ential equation, h(22}sinh(22) 1b) We= deinh(22) 2eosh(22) €; cosh (22) + 22 inh(22); = cosh(22) | cos(3e) —sin(3e) 2D) W= | _gein(Be) Scas(32) (0) y = e1cos(S2) + cp sin(3e); (@) y= ~foinl32) a ge tee = 2cosh?(22) — sinh?{2r}] = 2; .awe 2 * con f7z) eain( 7x) . e*(cos( 72) + V7sin(Vi2)) e-*(—sin( 7x) + V7 cos( 72) hoy cos 72) + ep sin( v7); ~*12c0s( V2) + “sin F=)] Vi = Vie", af ating 5.) W | 3 ane + 2? (chy = ate, + caln(x)) 5 (@) y= 224 = det in(e) Se “ CRD GE tee) un ayF + of, 6.) w=? a fe __« easle) — (16r-+5) sin(z) y= Pe eos 7. W=] 2x 82? | = otim and yp are tinearly independent solutions of the differentialSection 23 25 4,6 5 equation 2%! ~ day! + 6y = O or y" — yf + oY = 0. Theorem 3 applies for this equations only on intervals pot containing = 0, and on any such interval W = x* #0, & Clearly wand yp ae nearly nutepencent om [1 1 soe (2) AoC). The diixenta equation can be weliten y"- Sy + zy = 0, so Theorem 2.3 appliss only on intervals not containing 2 = 9. 9. yf — yf — dy = 6 has solution yy = 2, bul yiyn =e isnot a soletion. 10. Theorem 2.2 applies only to Hinear equations and yy! + 2yf — (y")? = 0 is nonlinear 11. At arelative extremum of a differentiable function y, we have y'(za) = 0. Thus W(zo} = yi@o) volo) uilto) paleo) wieo) vale) 0 0 dependent, 12. By Theorem 1, y+ play! +ala}y = 0, js clearly yl) = 0. If (a) = 0, then d(x) Hence #(t0) ¥ 0. = 0, and by Theorem 2.3, y1 end yp are linearly hhas a unique solution, which G-which contradicts the fact that ¢ is non-zero, 0 sn(eo) ya(%0) o | ate Also} vi(to) vale) 13. We have W(co) | and ya ate linearly dependent. @, and by Theorem 2.8, 42 Section 2.3 Reduction of Order Jn problems 1 - 10 we put yo(2) = u(z)yi(a), derive the equation satistied by 1, give its solution for u(x}, and give the general soluti 1 af the second order equation. 1. w cos(2z) — Asin(2a}u! = O;u(e) = tanf2s)iy =e: eoe(22) 4+ en sin(22) 2. a! + 6a! = Osule) = e-Biy = ee ge 3. ul = Ojula) = ay = cre + conet™ Ao aul! tu =0;u= Infshpy = eye! + one in(e). 5. cul + uf = Oyu = In(a)jy = c12” + op” n(x) 6. (nd tape 4220; wa Be 4s y = ere + (2a? — D, 7 aul + Tul = Opus a Sy = eat + oye ® 2 Baul O which can bo writton as [xc # 0. Thus w= 14 4 and u= Tye SS and y= ex(a? — I) bear 9. a7? conta )ul! — 22M? sin(x)e' = Opu(z) = tan(x)y =e 10. {203 4 Bx? + abu" + (62? + Ge + 2]u’ = 0 which gives ui = 1 and the general solution is y = ci +e (4)6 Section 2.4 Ve y= ce? + cae 2 12, (a) With u = of we get a ~ u = 2, first order linear with solution w= -2 + ext. 2 Integrate to goty= f ite) de —21n|o| +22" +ea Pe bp ow + 2u= a gies ue = +S ane thon y= E+E tex Jiu = ded gives us ce 44 Land then y= a+ Ge! + op ( & L fou ives & = —— (2) f bul =O ges d= Ey 1 gives u = tan(x-4c1) and then y =In|sec(2 + )}[ +e, (eu! ad ay tu 13. (a) wg + 3u* = 0 is separable as ETT integration gives Inful = —3infy| + and then y= Inf +e] +e cor wy? = A. Thus dy = date ans & cst nonyt mye +p {bv} Wy Ye sorter or y= cy y= oa ry (a) y= ln |sects +a1)|-+02° @)y=Injae teal a A . 14, With y = ug wo got y"+Ay! +By = el A ¢ Tut A (al — Sue) 4 Bul tet wer AV2 9 fh ul = 0. Thus w= ey 4 eytand y = ee 42/? 4 opne-Ae/2 A B 28, With y= tn ve get y+ Sy! + y= uta? + (A ~ Ajan! — 04) (Ce Me uta (2 i) + Bu) OOP — fru ila FAN = gif ou pe = 0, Thus a =o top in(edand y= ey20-AW? 4 eget inf), Section 2.4 The Constant Coefficient Homogeneous Linear Equation 1, The characteristic equation is A ——6 = 0 which has roots = general solution is y= qe + ene 2 and A= 3; thus the 2, The chacacteristic equation is 7 — 24+ 10= 0 which has roots A= 1-34 and A thus the general solution is y= ¢*fe; cos(3a} + cy sin(3x)] 1-3; 3. The charactoristic equation is \?-+624-9 = 0 which hes repeated roots } = —3 and thus the general sohution is y= e7**[oy + cga] 4, ‘The characteristic equation is M* - 3A = 0 which bas roots 4 = 0 and A = 3; thus the general solution is y= ¢ + ae 5. The characteristic equation is A?-+10\+26 = @ which hes roots A= —5+i and A= 5 ~é thus the general solution is SH costar) + epsin(e)] 5. ‘The characteristic equation is 4? 4 64 —40-=0 which has roots the general solution is y= cre ™ + eye Wand 2 |; thsSection 2.4 ” 7. The characteristic equation is M+ 9A +18 = 0 which has roots 4 = —3 +397 and = —4 = 184, chus the general sokution is y = e~¥* In oa C4.) + epsin (45) 8, ‘The characteristic equation is 1? +16\-+64 = 0 which has repeated roots 4 = —8 and A= 8; thus the general solution is y = e~*{ey +r¢] 9. The characteristic equation is A? 149-449 = G which has repented roots A= 7 and A= 7. thus Ue geneval solution is y= &"[e; + en] 10. The characteristic equation is 1? -6A4-7 = 0 which has roots A = 3-4éy2 and A thus the general solution is y = e*(cye¥* + ope" V2} vB; i, ‘The characteristic equation is A? + 44 +9 = 6 which has roots A= 2+ a/5 and = 25 —2.— iV; ths the general solution is y= e~ 12. ‘The chayacteristic equation is A? +52 general solution is y =e, + cae 13, y= 5-20 14, y = Ae + Re 15, y =O forall s 16. y= 13a} [1 cos( YB) + ey sin( Vex] which bas roots 4 = Q and A —S; thus the eMen2) 7 +7 iy Ato) 18. y= Few = ein) 19, y = elas - 270] 20, y= 5 — VIE na o(B =) + 22. (a) b= efor tea); (b) de = eMfere™ + cre; (0) liga) = fer + ca] # O) in general 23. (a) B= e[o-+ (2 ach] (o) og = eet [sede (©) lima) = F limlald-acreeje- lac d-pecje tefe™ +e7)| = [et (d—ac)e] = 2), by L'opital’s rube 21, yw oft BID wt Ado 24, The characteristic equation has roots dy VRB wd dy = 3A With B > 0 we have A® — 4B < A?, 50 A; and Ap ave either both hogative ceal numbers of are complex conjugates with negative real part, In the first ease Bla) = ew" + ege™" aad im g(a) = 028 Section 25 In the second case He) = 4 leon (SVB Hs) 4 sn (VB P)| Totey| <4 fA and nn] = 0, hence eno Section 2.5 Buler’s Equation Lyear ter fer + enln(z)} €3 cos{2 In{ =r) + 69 sin{2In(x}] exo! + cpa? 2-%{ey cosS n(x} + c2sin{3 In(z)]} ar? toa? = 2* {ey cos{? In(2)] + 9 sinf? In(z)]} Moy + eg in( caw! + cpa t 9-2" aoe {Bs see Ba 2 27*(5cos(d In{—2)] — 25in(4 n(~2]}) ltt a ) +i) : y= [4 - 3lo(a)} =~ cos{2In(—2)] 9 5G)" 3G) 4-1 + 12in(e)] 10 [on ui oneal“ ef transforms the Buler equation 2?y/" + Azy! + By = 0 into ¥¥ + (A= 1)¥" + BY =0. Let Ayand Ag designate the characteristic roots of this constant enefficient equation. Suppose on the other hand we substitute 2” directly into 2*y"+Asy'+By = 0 to get r(r~ Us" + Ara” +Ba" = (r+ (A tr Ble” = 0. Then r must satisfy 7? + (A r+ B= 0 and the values of 7 are exactly ry = Ay and rp = Az. ‘Thus both the transformation method, + and direct substitution of 2 lead to the same sohitionsSection 2.6 9 Section 2.6 The Nonhomogencous Equation 1. By variation of parameters with yr = ccs(z),yo = sin), and f(x} = tang) we get w = a7 coo(a) ~ see(z), uv = sin(a). ‘Thus w(c) = sin(x) — In|sec(x} + tantz)) + cy and u(2) = —cos(x)+0, and the generat solution is y = c} cos(z)-+e sin(e}—coa(sx) In | ofr} + tans) 2, y =e + ge + $o0a(e + 3} — Zsin(s +3) 3. y =) cos(3z} + cgsin(S2) + 4zsin(3x) + 4 In[cos(32)] cos(3x) by variation of parameters. 4. Pirst write 2sin®(x) = 1 ~ cos(2z) and get y= exe" + qge® — 4+ Z cos(2x) + 4 sin(2e) 5. y = ene + one — e?* cos(e“™) 6, First write Ssin?(4z) = 4 cos(8x) 4 to get y = cre +ene** +2 + 38 cosfBar) + (M0; sin{(Be) Tao + oet—ete-d 8. y = cre + ene — 26 8. y = efor cos(Se) + cpsin(32)] +222 42-2 10, y = e™*[ey cos() + ce sin(a}] + 21e* Ly = c1e™ + ope bet 12 Sf, + ona) + $sin(e) 13. y= cre? + exe + Bcon() + sin(s) 1. y= began ~ Ba — do? Ym Bol 1. y 16. y 17. By undetermined coefficients y= eye" + oe-* + Je” e*[c; coa(3x) + epsin(3x)} + te™™ |e, + con] + 32+ 6 + ¥cos(Se) ~ 2sin(3x) 18. By variation of parameters y = ex + oxt~® ~ 4h in(x) ~ dy 19. By undetermined coefficients y = cye™* + oz¢- ~ dar ~ 20, First write 2sinh®(z) = cosh(2r) — 1 and use undetermined coefficients to get y = cet + cge* — § cosh (2x) + Fy sinh(2z) ~ 7 21, By variation of parameters y = 2? + 24 +2 Moy + ep in{a}] + 2x7 In?(z2) 23. By variation of parameters y =; cos{2In(z)} + e2sin{2 In(z}} ~ { eos2in(2)] In(x) 22. By variation of parameters y = 24, By varintion of parameters y= cu? + cyt”? + fa? n(n) +} 25. By undetermined coefficients y= ere + eyre’™ +e ~ } 28. By undetermined coefficients y = ee + cye~ 27, y= Felt — fort — Taal 28 29, 26. 3-42e- — 2eos(z) + 8sin(o) + 22 ie Wy Bey Nonny — Bem aher sd fe Jet ~ be*|oos(2} + dsin(x)]30 Section 2.6 BL y = Bel 4 2¢-% — Qe ~ 32, y= et — nel 4 Qaete 33. Be + Hel + gy cos(2n) ~ & sin(2e) om fon) - ») + dy sin to facilitate fitting the initial conditions specified ab @ = 1. We get y(l) = old, 1 Saray 2. We find dy = 3e“'end dy = ‘The general solution can be written in Ue form yadeor fae (F ee » ~im (Be-»)] eh 8 fogeVTE 4 cge VM] 4 By the results 5 of the hyperbolic functions this solution ean be inh 142 + 1))) + >. his foram will gest 34, The generat aclution is given by y = can also be written in te forin y =o? [2 08 pea] + 4,and y'(8) yet + 35. ‘The general solution is given by y = of Problem 27, Section 2.4 and properti B written y = ef [Acash( VTle + + vid facilitate Atting the initial conditions specified ab 2 = —1. We get y{—1) = Ac~*y hr = Sand y((-1) = ddet + Bet — 4 2. Solving for A and B gives the general solution ety ye [(55 — e) cosh v14(a + 1)) {Se — 198) al Via sinh(V1d(e + 1))| + i 36. y = Lh fe-*(108 — 2702) — 8eos(x) ~ 6sin(a)} 105 BT y= 4e-* —sin%a) — 2 38. y =4cas(z) + 4sin(z) ~ cos(2) In fsee(2} + tan(z)] 39, y= da8 4 ad dp? 40. y= Sa" + 224 Infz) + Sla(z) - 2 2? + eva{ln(2)] + sinfn(}} cote (SeteSection 2.7 30 Section 2.7 Applications 1. The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 6,y'(0) = 0 is w:(4) 3 Be Honsh VBE) + /Beinh(/2t)); with initial conditions (0) = 0, y'(0} =5 is yaft) % simh(\/28). 2, The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 5, conditions (0) = 0,9! (0) = 5 is yaft) = Ste32 Section 2.7 3. The solution with initial conditions (0) = 6, °(0) is s(t) = Se-*[2cos(2t} + sim{2u)]; with initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 8 ye(t) = fe-*sin(2t), 4, ‘The solution is y(t) = Ae-*feash( vt) + V2sinh{V24)] and is graphed for A=1,3,6,16,-4 and —7.Section 2.7 33 A 5. The solution is y(t) = * sinh(V/2t) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6, 10,4 and 6. The solution is y(t) = Ae (1 +26) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6,10, 4 and — 7,o Section 2.7 ‘7. The solution is y(t) = Ate~™ and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10,—4 and —7, A ty 8. The sclotion isy{t) = Fe~[2cos(2t)+sin{2}] and is graphed for A= 1,5,6, 10, —4 and —7Section 2.7 ES 9. The solution is yt) fe sin(24) and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10, -4 and —7. 10. From Newten’s accond law we have y= Jyforces = ~ 29y — 10y/, s0 the motion is de- scribed by the solution of y+ 10y’-+29y = 0,¥{0) = 3,y/(0) = —1. The solution of this under~ damped cane is y(2) = e-¥"{3.cas(2t) + Tsin(2t)] = VERE cos(2t— 4), where p= tan™"(7/3) Comparative graphs are shown below for y(0) 7,-12 em.fsee, {recall down is the positive direction). i initial velocity for undardamped spring-taaee problem, 12 cam/see. Crap showing fl of Siutowet yf 4 H0y 2p —Oys(0) = 32/0) = Vas¥o= 12.436 Section 2.7 yd 11. The motion is desoribed hy the solution of y+ Ly’ + Qty = Oy(0} = 35 m, 9/(0) = —5 m/sec. The displacement is y(t) = alere — 52e-}, Comparative graphs are shown below for (0) = 3,12, 20, 90,45 em;y!(0) = —5 an/see, Graphs showing effect of varying displacement for overdamped apring- mass problem. Solution of y!" + Fy! + 24y = 0,y(0) = Dp; Do = 26/9, 12, 20,30, 45 cm, yO) = —5 m/sec. 12. Since one pound = 4.45 Newton and one inch = 2.54 em we caleulate the epring modulus © 4(4.45) Newton/m 2 700 Newton/m. ‘The equation in the mks system will mB ,¥(0) = 0,y(0) = —4 with solution y be Ty" + 700y = 2 sin(108) meters. 13, For overdamped motion, the displacement. is given by y(t} = e-°'(A-+ Be®) where a > 0 (-a is the smaller characteristic root) and 8 > 0 is the difference # = (larger root - smaller root). The factor A+ Be* could be zero at most once and only for some t > 0 if -A/B > 1. ‘The values of A and # are determined by given initial conditions, in fact if yo = (0) and (0) we have A+B = yo and ~a(A+ B) +B = m. With a bit of algebra we find $- ‘To ensure that — < 1 we see that: no condition on only yo will be sufcion. He sled specify that ep > ~aqp, this wil ensure that the overdamped bob never passes through the equilibrium point 14, For critically demped motion, the displacement is given by y(i) "(A+ Be) with a> O and A and B determined by the initial conditions. From the linear factor we sce that the bob could pass through equilibrium at most once, and will for some ¢ > 0 if and only if BA 0 and AB <0. Now note that yp = y(0) = A and up = y'(0) = -aA +B. ‘Thus to ensure that the bob never passes through equilibrium we need AB > 9, which becomes: (v + a30)yo > 8. No condition on yo = y(D) alone can ensure this. We would also eed to specify 9 > ~ayo, and this will ensure that the critically damped bob nevor passes through, the equilibrium pointSection 2.7 a 15. For underdamped motion we have y(¢) Vien on which has frequency w = ing c incresses the frequency. 16, For critical damping y(t) = e“*/?"(A + Bi). For maximum displacement we need 2mB cA Ac y(@) = O from which we find # = “=. Now y(0) = 4,y'(0) = ~ 5 + B and since am? wwe are given y(0) = 9'(0) # 0 we find tf = 5 ‘Thus increasing ¢ decreases the frequeney and decrens- , p: independent of y(0). ‘The maximum displacement is y(t*} (om + je 17. In the case of undamped mation, my, When @ a sor = a ‘ cos(ut) +ep sin{ust), therefore y” ‘The period of the motion ie P= 2 = any/— yedy" = 2,900 = @ Note that d and @ (as scalars) will have opposite signs, 18. ‘The period of the original system with mass m; is p= 2a/%. ‘The now system with ‘mass (ry + mg) will have period py = 2a /™P"* = 20/1 + ME = py ft 19. With w # wy the solution of y” + oy A contuthin(O) = ¥C0) = 0 ull) = cos(wat) — cos( wt) ml aod) tsin(wné) which is the sohution of y” bey = & contuntx(0) =¥0) . Letting «& + wp and using L'Hopitals’ rule we find lim y(t} = Bera u 20. The spring constant is k= 10+ -— 16 Be = 3 eg 90 the 4oos(wt). ‘The general solution of this equation is WE) = BA costev TH) + Bain(2VTO) + ez aaa Tee ooo wt) +4uosin(ot)} As t -» +00, the exponential term dies out and the steady state solution can be written aaa 8), ‘The amplitude is maximized when w is chosen to minimize the radicand (44—w?}? + 16.7 = (w! re ‘From this form we see we should Veto ~ mm 22 pounds/ft, mass m= cquation of motion is 3u” + 2 + 22y Yer = choose wi = 6 to get maximum amplitude of —=— 1270, cosy Ham — 24/2m) +c sin( YBa ~ ot/2m)]38 Section 2.7 21, ‘The gonoral solution of the overdamped problein y" 4 Gy’ 4-2y = Aeas(3t) can be waitten 8 y(t) = eer cosh (V7) + casinh( V)] ~ oy oslat) + gp inl) (a) The initial conditions 4{0) = 6,y/(0) = 0 giv a — 8 and @ = 22% and unique solution ya(t) = shy{e™*|2266 cosh( Vit) inh(/7#)] — 28.co8(3t)} + 72sin(3é}} (b) The initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 give cy = BS and cy = BYP and unique solution s(t) = sip fe [28 cosh( V7t) + 2 sinh(V7E)] — 2Beas(3t) + 7 Pein(3t)} (c) Those two solutions are roped ‘on the axes below. at Lert [anos eashve} + S282 sinc v7 ve 28 cost) + suites} w= { ast 1 ae ane Tada} \ SA 22, ‘The general solution of the critically damped problem y+ dy! + 4y = 4eos(34) ie given by vt eles + eat] — peo) + een (a) The initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0) = 0 give = {QP and ep = 188 and unique solution welt) = Tey fe° [1034 + 19244] ~ 20cos(t) + 48sin(3t)} (b) The initial conditions (0) = 0 and y'(0) = 6 give c) = # and cz = 919 and unique solution yo(2) = eB {e-*[20 + 9104) — 20cos(3e) + 48sin(3¢)) (c) These two solutions are graphed on the axes below.Section 2.7 9 ve(O = w {o- [1034 + 19242] — 20.con(3¢} + 48 ain(3e)} 23. ‘Tho general solution of the underdamped problem y/" + yf + 3y = 4cos(3t) is given by vit (# y(t) =e? Jey cos. “yr ) tesa )| — Hf cuw(at) + H sin(3t). (a) he initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0} = O give a = 3 js {e" pp (*) + Jaan (*) - aot sean} at 0 =O give cs = f and o = 7284; and unique solution = jgihq ond unique solution (b) The initial conditions w(0) = walt) = z {eo [ams (B+ + a sin ()| ~ 8 eos( 34) nga {c) These tity solutions ate graphed on this axes below. wd= & {en poe (2) + den (#)| Beast) + 4.sin(32) mira ine() han (eB) star40 Section 2,7 In Problems 24 through 27 the RLC cirenit driven by the potential £{2) is modeled by the differential equation ut + Rif + i = E(t) for charge g. Since current ¢ = q! this can be written Li + Ris Lg = A(t) aud by diferentiation we get the second order equation 1 6 Ti+ Ril + Gi = Bt). With a(0) = (0) = 0 we get 0+) cotton for the euatent problem. In the answezo below, some lem with exceedingly small coofficionis (~ 10°) have been dropped so inftial conditions may net be sntisfied exactly. 24, a(t) = —0.0050272~98% + (0.001030 + 0.005027}e* 25. a(2) = —0.000938e~ 9625 + 0,01 80006~%99 2%. 4, 000852 cos(20#) + 0.299908 sin 201) 26. (2) = 0.007695" — 9,0007704e~" 27, i(6) = —0.00051£e-9 "6" + 0.016% — 0.00112 1e~* eas( 6t} = 0.000044e~t sin( Gt) U4) ‘7 fis the second initialSection 3.1 Chapter Three - The Laplace Transform Section 3.1 Definition and Basic Properties 1. £fsinh(s) — 4] = Lhe — 8 Tei F488 6 3, 8 Se ae i 3 “aya t Ba10 = eos dt} — § sina iv 14, Seosh{/7t) + psn, 15, Se" +t 16. Ste" 17. ot — Gites Luo ts, 8 18. 55 ag + ge Rn 19. LUO} = Fis} af eo" F(e}de. Bor each R, lot fe be the largest integer se that (i+ 17 < R, and use additivity of the integral to write 4a42 Section 3.1 a Since F(a) exists, for R sufficiently large; [ e-"/(0)de can be made arbitrarily small. lesiyr a so pine Also as Rs 00,k + too. Thus we nave f 8 FOdt = x eo f(i)at I Soha 20, This result is established by « change of variable one 09 follows: [ eo pleyde = [ eH Ha 4 Pe uP fa since f(u + w Ga). inti 2. LF] = LE] Lf, v and the periodic property of “/ sor | © Fala, b 2 ” eo F(thdt = See fe“ ft}dt, by Problems 21, 22 and the ‘ 4 hb ca fact that t Yl is independent of 5 22, For all s > 0,e7*| < 1, hence Se"? = Story" = wh a LUM) 6 4 23. f has period T = 6, and [ ef (thde = [ ene 4. [ \ fs Gse*) 5 ¢ 8) ele) te te . 24. Since f ot B sinlut)at = Zo gil +e] and f bus period T= afer, we have I Fee Bo [irer] py [oper] me om Ata = a PE] = yl (Boa ($2 a f0<8<5, 25. From the graph we have fQ)=¢ 5 i5<1£10, and f(e+ 25) = 0 tw ] Hl) 5 0 5 32, y" + 2H(t— 3), y(0) = —2,y'(0) = 1, ‘Transforming gives us ¥(s) z Then = heen ra —ayre3] Hu-3) 38. Assume that the switch is held in position B for five seconds, then switched to position A and loft there. The charge 9 on the capicitor is modeled by the initial value problem 250, 0009" + 108y = 101 ( — 5)}, g(0) = €, B() = 5107), ~ ‘Transform and solve for Q to get 4(10~°),Section 3.3, 8 Inverting the transform, we gel «, a Bout = 10%g(t) = be + 19[1 — eH) Het — 8). 3A, ‘The current is modeled by the initial value problem Li! + Ri ‘Transforming, we get 2 i i | ate - € 10) = aH Iaverting gives us it 436. The current is modeled by Li’ + Ré = [1 — H(t —5}),4(0} = 0. ‘Transforming, we get k kf. i ose 10h Tat aG-sml ae) Zu =e MUSE 5). i Tnverting gives the current, $n en Hey én =e MOOME2(¢ — 5) amps. it) 36, The eurtent is modeled by Li’ + Ri = AeUH(t — 4),i(0} = 0. Before transforming write the impressed voltage as Ae~4e-@-Y 7(¢ — 4). ‘Transforming and solving for I gives us pg te Aa G4 Nlis+ Ry UREL, and inverting gives us W R= 1 we have 38Section 3.3 ‘To transform this function, rewrite Fih= MMe) oe -a)]| Ht-0) N ~paqlt OH or (b-ahH(t- a} + l; baal +(M — NYE 9} = Then Pom et +(M —N 39, Since f is piecewise linear we can write fO= pat a\{st96— @) — He—D)) it oH(t 1) M(t), or Alea) [te wom alee ea) mera wee) i- Hee} DH 8) h(c—a) v0. a" =o) H(t 2) Then Aye ena reul-4§ at Gje=a) 40, ‘The current is modeled by the initial value problem Li! + Ri = (i), where BE) = 101 — H(E—2}} for 0 nd B(t-+4) = 2(t), The transform of this differential equation gives us (Ls + RUS }. Since BG) is 8 periodic fumetion with period T = 4 we get 1 Paty 10 de® an S180) = paw fetes a =Section 34 31 aaa (res) Since €°% > 1 for 8 > 0, expand 1/(1+e"% in the genmetuic series T%o(~1]%e™ to get WE afl 1) ane Ho = RL i veal Inverting this transform gives us Then a ‘The graph of this current function is shown for 0£4<28, with R=3 and L=1, 2and4 ale Re-annit) an(e— an). =a { = ‘Convent far Problem $0 with R= 3,b=1, 2, 4 Section 3.4 Convolution ey = one “1 yprsy = S29 aug po sinh (24) L Lat Fs) = rpg ond ls 4 90 LEE) = A and CGE = 2-4 Ye convoluti ae By the convolution theorem, £ | 7 ‘| Fain(2e) se sinh(2t} = 1 ff satote —ysahcarier ~ J inter) eosh(tr) + esl — sinh) r Falsinin(2e) — sin(20) s 2, Take F(s) Gs) . ee f cos(4{t — 1) )H(r ~ 2kdr. Since Hr — f {and £-*[F(s)G(3)] = costae) + He = 2) = = { 0 red 732 > 1R(C()) = [ cose myer = — sin - a] I, i and zero otherwise, We cau write Uis as we have fsfate = 2) rt 22, 1 sinlaCe — 29)21(¢ — 2)2 Section 3.4 coogi] eee =| tern 4 [ sinf{b— a)r-+ at] + sin|(b +a}r — atldr = 18, weg ecr| Lf cosf(h—a}r +t] cowf{+a)r—al] | _ 3 aay a Cae cosfat} eee Ga) Wa) * Ga” Ba) J Kale ray ea) ‘ ta sin(at) le f, {sin{at) +sin|2er — at} dr = 5 a sin(at} — 3 - eaesH =) (#5) ee . cont Vira = 0 [con VErje Mar I, 5 4, Express ye waar eso = 2 ser de vfanivin + yielding . 3 3 Be 2 fecuterg] et fev + Bancv . 1s and oo! [ 1 nto 5. Since £- | ara Pa? , wwe have £1 |sertanp] Steeda ecintan = 3 [o- cos{a(t —r)]} sin(ar)dr = fee ge test eo geo 2 ale nett fate Shay a 1 # fine Sar Aft ~ costar) = <5 sin(ot), ot i Fos otherwise, So £-* {+ see ten ]eerene-s wrap eo MMe = 3 9 ft > 4 and vero 4Section 3.4 53 89 (5 * [2+ 22082 <4 [oanivite— nie cos( V5), a PT5 V5 9, Taking transforms we got (s? ~ 5s + 8)¥(s) = F(s) or By the convolution theorem, y(t) = e%« f(¢) — e** + f(t). 10. Taking transforms we get (s® + 10s + 24)Y(s} F(s}-+ 8, since y(0) = 1. Solving for ___ Fe) 8 1 ee: 3 2 YO= By eierd | GrOers poly Ali al 1 1 and inverting by the convolution theorem gives y(£) Me F(t) — sea f(t} 4 30 20, uw) = ie sft al a Flt) + 228 — bet 32. x(t) = rd +O) ~} ote Hoa ge uo 13, yl) = F sin(ae + FE ~ conte) + Esin(@i) 14, y= finn) + (9 — Boosie) ~ fsinh(et} 15. u(t) =p lOrE ee FQ te te fli) ~ je ye + te 16. 0 = Fes he 10- al w= Be FF) ST. he nseralauaton canbe expresses f() = 1+ JU) +°% aud asta aves = 2! 2G). When solved for Fis) we get 3 hers #48 1 8 eF3) Hera) Fs wie 18. Rewrite as (t) = t+ f(t}esin(), transform and solve for F(s) = ~249 Invert to get f(t) = 19. Rewrite aa f(2) = e+ f(t) +1, transform and solve for 3 1 i P= ETie=D if Invert to get f(t) = it 4 ie = cosh(t).54 Section 3.4 2, Rewrite as f(2) = 1 +4—2f(¢) «sin(t), transform and solve for G-setet) 2 1 2f 5 2/1 PQ) = aieeay * Bet aaa) +3 (2 Invert to got £0 = 4 } - Fost + ws sin( V3t) 21, Rewrite as f(t) = 3+ f(1) * cos(2t), transform and solve for a2 3 POs Gao sa a) aed Invert to got f(t) = 3+ wis ef? sin »(F) “ 22, Kewrite as f(2) = cos(é) + f[ ‘Fla)e dex = cos(t) + f(t) «e, transform and solve _ set) es wan fo PO) Baye y= sagt (a) +4 (we) Invert Lo got = —Fets Sete) + tn 2 28. Rewrite as f(l s+3 3 eDe+8 ~ Hers) 24. Lot f(t) satisfy conditions which enaure f has a Laplace rans, on f Pins continuous on [0,1], all T > 0, and [/(0] < Me™. ‘Phen el fi ‘su a = cite fi= te) S -3 maf. flayed =e « wee", transform and solve 3 for F(s) = Invert to got $0) = Fo 4 Soret 25, With f(4) = cos(t) we have (f¥1)(4) > footer ~sin{é—7)[f, = sin(t} # coo(t). ls 26. f(t) =e fhe™cos(3w)der = fye-%) cos(Swhdw = e°% + cas(ae}, so £[f(t)] = aaa 27. Changing the order of integration in the double integral we have f f Flodadw = fo Jo f [feat [ste fia = ou aldo = f(t) eb= ot [co . 3Section 3.5 55 Section 3.5 Unit impulses and the Dirac Delta Function 1. Transforming the initial value problem gives (8? + 53 -+ 6)¥(s} = de~® — de~** Solving for ¥(s) wives 1 1] ae td | te ¥e) 3| aalé tla sale and inverting, we obtain fe HERD MEAT — 9) — shor AEM xt) HES) He 3-4} sin|3(t — 3))A(t - 3} (erent 4 te“) Beos(dt} + Ssin[A(t — 5:r/8)] Ht — S/8) 5. f(t) = (B+ De —(B + Ge; §(0) = 3,4/(0) = B. The Dirac delta function applied at time fo, 6(¢ ~ to}, imparts a unit velocity to the unit mass, 6. The pote Thre 3 ean beni os f F(e}A(t-a}at= im, 7 FOE jd = t= tpn Fa = hin > -effe +8), where 0-< # <1 by tie Mean Value Theorem for Integgals, But ln, flat 6a) = flat), which establishes the result 7. By the Filtering Property, Theorem 3.12, we have [ nO /8ydt 8. Write f Po(t— 3)dt = f Bl — H(t 2st — 3)at = 0 by the Filtering Property. te 0 sito 9. Since (=) 8 if Pit t>2 fee and by Problem 6 [iose-oa we have Me * pect — 2h 4 A(t+h} 8) sf ! Now note for h > 0, #(¢-+h) — H(t) = 0 for 10, Formally "(0 = fim, all £ > 0. So consider h <0, and let ¢ = “i Then 4'(@) = tim om 1) He fig, #@ HOCHEA 9. 4(t) for t> 0. 11, From Example 3.17 of Section 8.3, the initial value problem ia given by 25 10% + 10%q = 10fH(t — 2) — H{é—3));i(0) = g(0) = 0. Differentiating the equation and using H'(6) = 6(f) gives 25 “Tad eee) ote ~3}]. Transforming aad solving ° = ety . for 1) eves 108) = Gee pam |, Inert the transform to get aft) and then Emus = Rift} = We?) (4 — 2) — e HSL (E ~ a)Section 3.6 12, LH) = 6 [EE() EO) = Butif H'(#) = 64), den £[H"()] £16) = 1. These results are not compatible, ‘ * 0 iftee 13. S(t —a}e f(t) = Fret — 7 — adr = [ F(\s((l-a)— adr = 4 fie—a) itz i ln by the filtering property of the Dirse delta function. 14. The motion is modeled by the initial value problem my" ky = 0;y(0) = 0,9(0) = w. ‘The Laplace transforms give Y{8) = pe And inverting gives y(t) = vo sin [ may initial momnentumn is mt, 15, The motion is modeled by the problem my" + hy = mund(t),y(0) = y'(0) = 0. Tranforms a mot give ¥(s) = and inverting gives yl) = w0/'Fsin | /Et 24 3p = yg SEE The motion is modeled 16. = ka gives k= age = 9 pounds/ft, and m + Ho) = 0. ‘Trans’ ives Y(6) = pty = Fote}:y(0) = ¥(O) = 9. Transforming gives Ys) = A, and hone Section 3.6 Laplace Transform Solution of Systems 1. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives aX ~26Y = I/s; sX¥ —X4¥ Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥(s) gives X(s) 4 =stl PQs —1) Inverting the transform gives the solution ¥is) a(t DH Rell, yfe) ~14e. 2. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 25X + (¢--3)¥ = 0; sX +sY = Us? Solving, these equations far X(s} and ¥(s) gives +8 (9 = = Inverting the transform gives the elation x(t)Section 3.6 57 8, Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 5X + (2s — IJ = Ifa; sX +Y = 0 Solving these equations for X{5) and ¥{s) gives wana 3(2)*5)-3 GS wang) 49 =3) Y= Taverting the transform gives the solution 4 wit, yy = 2 4 Beau gems ute) = 5 58 4, Taking the Laplace transform of the syste gives (6 1)X +6¥ = Solving these equations for X(3) and ¥(s) gives weygi OX +28 =O. 23 X(8) = aay 3s) ¥(s)= rae Investing the transform gives the sohttion 1 att sil 1 . ~ 5 00s(2t) + 5 sink2t)s w= ie + feoe(20) - Faint 24) 5. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 38X — Solving these equations for X(a} and ¥(s) gives 34) +36)- 23% 9X + (s-1)¥ = (=) YO aay Inverting the transform gives the solution5 Seetion 3.6 6. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 8X +(4—2)¥ =0; oX +2¥ at Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥(s} gives —4s+1 ft (an X00) = yas — as) Inverting the transform gives the solution BB su. 30 7. Taking the Laplace transform of the aystem gives (s-+2)X —a¥ = (+X 4Y = S Solving these equations for X(e) and ¥(s) ives 1 sth ~ yt waar s+ 2) 2 21 1 YQ)= Sirgaea 8° at GST Inverting, the transform gives the solution aft ~iteteos(t); y(t) =#? ~ t+ entsin(e), 8 Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives (s+ 4} ~Y¥ = 0; sX +5¥ = 1s? Solving these equations for X{s) and ¥(s) gives . 1 Loa X(0)— amas) Tats ~ Boe? at+4 1 1 YO)= Sara) 7 "Ts Inverting the transform gives the solution V2 de 1 pe a(t) = oe — set 1 73st" as 9. ‘Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives (s+ 1)X-+(s1)¥ = 0) (s+1)X+28Y = is. Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥{s) gives I-s 1 4 2Seetion 3.6 59 Inverting the transform gives the solution aft) =1 ete 9 = 10, Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives {e—I}X +2s¥ = 0, deX + (8+ 1)¥ = —6{e. Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥{s) gives a sate __6is-1) 3105/1 YO) = SpsFr 25) + etd Bed Juvevting the transforma gives the solution aft) = 6-4 668; y(t) = Sek hms 11, ‘Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives s¥j — 28Y2+3¥3 = i/sts Yi ~ 28Y) + Js¥y = —I/s. Solving these equations for ¥i(s),Yo(s) and ¥s(5} gives | Yi ds¥a + 8¥5 = s-3 WO = Bayo vfs) =? Yas) = Inverting the transform gives the solution de de n= tT 5e + 50 12. The loop currents, 41, and i, satisfy the system of differential equation Qt 5Sti ~ iy) +341 = Bt) = 2H(e~ 4) - H(L-5); te din + she -a Simplifying these oquations and transforming gives Ss +I) - Ssh = Solving for ,(s) and Jo{s} gives [}-ze* 2 4s, 1 5s ier” 5Qer* Als) fis) = —“ Section 3.6 and inverting the trarisform gives A) = Ph mG ~ 4) — fA), in(t) = 29 4) + got Ones). 13. The loop currents, 4, and #2, satisy the system of differential equations Sd + 5é ~ Si, = 1-H(t— 4)sinf2(¢—4)]; —B#; + Bi) + Bip = 0. Simplifying these equations and transforming gives 1 (s4Dh ~sh= = Solving for 4i(s) and Ja(s} gives n= itty | (s+ 1) i - and inverting the transform gives sy § ft 2 9 ett] 2 yaya -ayee - - 5 | wl coslQ(t~ 4)} + 5 sin[2Ce — a} AE(e— 4); alt) = fhe? + Ele OM ~ colle] —Asinfate — ay} HUE ~ 9. 14, Letting «1 and az denote, respectively, the downward displacements of masses mz and my from equilibrium and applying Newton's second law we obtain the equations of motion mix Yoforees = —kiz + kale — a1) + fill); mash = Doforces = —kywa + balay — 22) + falt) Substituting values fy = Oka = y= $.m = Lama = 1. Ail) = 2, f(8) = 0) simplifying and transforming gives (s? + 8)X) - 2X2 = et (8? + 5)X = 0. Solving for Xy(s) and X2(s) gives Kye) =e = BAe 8 (ie WS) ry ast 36) ibe 10 a) EO) Hat) = ~4 typify) 4/_s w8) = Ay Tae? + 36) is 5S ea) LTO and inverting gives the displacement fimctions Bra 8 Bil) = Fy 79 84 ~ Ge cos(8i); aa(¢) = i ~ gest” + HeostaeSection 3.6 61 15, Following Problem 14 above we have the equations of motion af + Bry = eq = 2 — H(t— 2); -2n1 +09 + Bag e];, -2N1 + (5? + 5)Xa ‘which upon transforming gives (9? + 8)X1 ~ 2% = [2 — Solving these gives P45 iy (SF Ts? + 36} and inverting gives the solution ei SOF 18 a5 7 Xs) 3, als al waft) = | — 5 costar) — eosta0| - 5d aca(e — 23) — 4 cost age — 2))] HUt-2); 36 20 36 0 45, wo [5-4 16. {a} The equation’ of motion are sn! + kitn — Kaltte — v1) + cua = Asin(wt); my ~ (2t) +2 so] le t cos(att— 2) + 2 cost — »} Hit-2) alai ta) = 0, with initial conditions 41{0) = v4(0) = vs(0} = 96(0) = 0. “Transforming and solving for ¥(s) and ¥s(s) gives ¥i(s) = #2y4(3) and 2 Awky VS) = Gaya Sma + Oh + ly + Mh Beas + ky) (0) Iter = of then (+ Aw “ME Tas Th tet Mae eas + he ‘The absence of the factor (s? +”) im the denominator indicates that the forced vibrations of frequency w have been absorbed, 17. ‘The equations of motion and initial conditions are myf = Myz— yi); may = Ry — ya); 1(0) = ¥f (0) = (0) = 0, 92(0) = d. Transforming and solving for ¥i(s) and ¥2(s) gives dims? +k) . = , and ¥9(s}. = —~——_—. The quadratic facts 0 = ser aap sat Cagayan etor the denominator shows that the motion has frequency w = y/("E2)k, and hence period fa 18. ‘The equations for the loop currents can be written as 21 BH (t~ 5), 8005 + 10a + 10(i2 ~ i) = 0; with (0) Ay(s) and Fe{s) gives ____8(808 + 20}e"8* nn ne a) 54 AGS) = 00st + 7008 s Werh 5 eri }f® if + 10 — &) = Blt) = ©. Transforming and solving for _ 50e* _fi 1 18/1 ts 1S) = aaa Tide +10) ~ li ‘ety ( + | °6a Section 3.6 and the currents are 1 9 afr dete 9 ese] yee — a(t) A wae ae ] H(t- 5); in) = ea Feta Set al He-8) 19, Following Problem 18 above with 5(f) = S6(t— 1), the transformed eqjuations have solution, 1) Tagg pow = 10D) ~ (805 + 20)e* [ 1 9 | as+1 * ime) ° Bde Rosey] ¢ and the currents are = [ge D4 be ns] H(t); (= bi 1 HD 4 eO8) ar n° +B | ae By} 20. Let ay(4) and g(t} denote, respectively, tho amounts of salt (in pounds) in tanks 1 and de 2at any time t > 0. Then 4 = rate of change of salt in tank 1 = (rate salt aided) — (rate salt removed). With this notation, 2y(é) and mp(t) satisfy the system of differential equations 1,38 , 5 5 whe st yet? ~ ggtti THO) = Ws eh = gam — Fe ae FACE 4) — H(t —6)]; 22(0) = Simplifying and transforming these equations gives 4 (12s + 1)Xy — 2X2 = 51192 3% + (B84 10)Xo and solving for Xi(s) and X23) gives (4752s? + 19688 + 40 + 799|e~** Kilo) = 84325" 4 1568+ 4) 6 | 8 foo rsa J, 7S peitaet (5 a7 ail! ~ BDRAS? + 6485 4 12-4 306(128 + 1}f (GIs? F 156s + 4) Xa(s) = 3, 9, 86 (9 MY gy s Bs+1° 36841 e 8st) 36541Section 3.6 6 Inverting the transforin gives y(t) = 10 — 64 + 307/98 + 2]09 + Ge“ AVS — 1080-498) H(E — 4) =2[99 + Ge“ HSH — OBE 8/99) FEE — By oft) = 3+ Be7U 4 oo H58 4 fa9 — ae MIS _ gyeHt-A/86] AAC — ay [99 — 276-98 — 720) 6) 21. Using the notation of Problems 20 absve we have a) 3 4 4 af = aan + jpg Mul) = 10s oh = sige ~ gaggia FBKE- 8], m0) =H Simplifying and transforming gives (100s + 3)Xy — 3X2 = 1000; -2X + (100s + 4)Xe = 500 + 500e"* and solving for Xy(0) and Xe(s) gives LOD000s + 8500 + 150% ae 200 pate [__ 800 150 200003? +. 700s +6 (100s +1) ~ (50s 56) Oost 1) GOs + _. S0000s + 3500 + (50005 + 1500)e~ 4ols) = og nsE + TH + 6 a 00 as f_ BO 200 Gis +H) * Glide FH Ws) * Tos + Inverting the transform gives alt 580 4 96-100 4. gfott- I/O _ —ME-8Y/8O} F7(¢ — 9), int) = 2 EO 4. GeO. [ger ME-BYAD 4 nor -DNON TEE — 2)64 Section 3.7 Section 3.7 Differential Equations With Polynomial Coefficients 1, Before transforming the equation make the substitution uo 1/t, Letting 2{u) = y((e)) = wena fv tz du de WA) wend a ae Bde 2. Now transform te get (ee a-te = : "Then Z(s) = by the chain rule and 2 ae Bg, a 4) ae 20) 1 a) SH2 5 Invert ta get 2(u} = ce-™ — 1, or y(t) = ~1 4 ce", This is also easily solved by first order linear techniques 2. ‘Transforming the initial value problem gives [s°Y ~sy(0)—y'(0)] 4-2 [s¥ —y(0)) av = ‘Compute the indicated derivative, substitute initial values and rearrange to pet ‘he first order 2p linear equation 4s¥7+(8—s?)¥ = 7, ‘This equation has solution ¥(s} =~ at Bee where cis the arbitrary constant of intagration. Since im ¥{e} = 0, we must choose ¢ = 0. ‘Thus ¥(s)= -} and inverting gives y(é) = —7t. ay aT? dys at Sy =ctet 6 y= 3? Ty=d 8. y= 104 8 y= 50 a ‘ 10, Transforming gives |s”¥ — sy(0)—y/ (0) + alr ~ sy(0)—y'(0)] ~ =o Computing the indicated derivatives and substituting values for y(0) = 3) 0): ae we have (a? -s}¥'+(s?+28--2)Y = 89-42, first order linear iy ¥'(s). This equation has an integrating YW] = aster + 2se* factor of # = se*, and multiplying by this factor gives Ries Integrate and solve forSection 3.7 65 Inverting the transform gives the solution y(t) = 3e! — 4t + K[e'? — s] H(t ~ 1), valid for all values of K. Note the appearance of the term with coefficient, K’, which arises in solving by Laplace transform. ‘This term gives a bifurcation of solutions at ¢ = 3, which are shown in the graph below for K = —20,0,20. Notice that the hypotheses of the existence, uniqueness theorem are not satisfied at ¢ = 1, which is a singular point of the solution, If this original initial value problem is solved by series methods (see Chapter Four), or by using a software package, this bifurcetion may be missed in the solution,66 Section 4.1 Chapter Four ~ Series Solutions Section 4.1 Power Series Solutions of Initial Value Problems lia a v get teeta Here ¥ Bee 3924 ee 345 eu + ie a ptsdw-1+ Age 1A 2) ~ He 2)? 4 Stn 294+ Seo ay 5. y= 7430-1) =e 1 = (=a) +(e 1)8 + a 1 6 yet ta? Db int 5a Se eat es nog. Broo” * 7,909,600" * | Sof go mt v Pa Fat ea gas Boa ae age? + 2e~#/3 in closed form, 3.2) find the solution y Bey pital Ae~, Here again the solution can be expressed in closed form since the series can he recognized] regen del a weer ee Lio 1s, re x 16" as5" ~ 2,900 i ols 180° Peo Seo my jen [et ae aaa n 5-9 10-1 15-19-20" L + e610 i 15-16" 56° * 5 610-1” 1 16 a Hae |Section 4.2 or rl , 1 afte f Le = 5, Wo, 82 ay, | 20. y= a0 [+3 oes Bote he + ae bay 2, Oto 3sa8" > 710,506 39 166 vs 1 ai 35° * ian” * 175175" Section 4.2 Power Series Solutions Using Recurrence Relations L yleay= Den 2 Sea ¥ ay + [2aq—ag]2-+ ) > [nay —aggJe™ | = 1a, which too a gives the recurrence relation ap erbitrary, a1 = 1,2ay ~ a9 = —1,0q = n> 3, Letting , % Ca © a= wwe get coeffi = Beg = = a= 1p = ey + 1 we get cx ents 104 es Frage = ey gigi = has FEF FEF ge and soltion kee Stam Gath re dea Bon 2y = raga” — Sage" ot = recurrence relation is aa arbitrary, ay = 4,az = a3 = O,¢n solution 9 = 4) ery =o p+ Bag + Sasa? +S “Ina, — age”? = 4 the68 Section 4.2 By tA —2y= See "+ Sina — Sat (a) tay) + (2a +a} + > fran + ob = 2; the recurrence relation is ap arbitrary, a) + a) = 0,202 +a, = On-3 =0 er 3, This gives the solution nan + oy 1 4,19 1 1 1 + Ytnaya™ == mt = 4 yl tay tay = n(n — tena 4 a2" = (Pay + 2a) + (3-2ay + 2+ 2ag + ag}at+ Sle = Vay + 2 = Taunt + dag}? = 0; the recurrence relation is st ana arbitrary, a = —a1, G+ 400-409 =O,rfn— fon +2(n—T)tuca tan 3 = Ofer n 2 wl = =0eh fe Loy hyd ‘Taking ao = 1 end a = 0 gives one solution ay = 4524+ cs Bett Gat ts taking ao = 0 and a; = 1 gives a second sohution yp = a—2? + 52% at + 254... The general solution is of the form y = agyi(x) + axyn(a) where ag = y(G) and ay = {0} are arbitrary constants. 5. y! - ay ty = Sone — Taga * = Spon + Songs” = nn + 09) + De a6 = +3 with cp arbitrarya; arbitrary we get the (=) Lay — (rn ~ B)an-a}e" recurrence relation a = qa, M1 > 3. This gives the general solution yadtmete 12 >~ it 12 which a = y'(Q) and o = y(0) —3 are arbitrary. 6. yf bay + ay = Sontn = ane 4 Sone a + ona = = don + Shot — Ves + fat Qay2 + anugla = 0, ‘The reeusrenee relation is ap and arbitrary, a2 = 0,en = = for n > 3. Taking aj = 1 and a; = 0 gives one solution yy = 1 — ie 3-5 2 s trae gives a second soltition Vota, 8 rs "ya" try rs 3-4-5) 2 ‘homogeneous, the general solution ie y= agy;(2) + axye(a) whete ay = y(0) and ay = ¥/(0) are arbitrary constants, soa" bos teking ay = 0 and a, = wasn :t° +--+ Since the differential equation is Toy — ay! + Oy ox (n= Tage? ~ Spe mtd Soma" (2a + 2ay) + (3 mi = 2a3 + 2ai}e + S[nfm — Lop ~ (m — 3)an—g + 2ay. ? = aw, The recurrence relation aot is aay arbitrary, az = ~a0,8a5 + 24) = tha, = © s— Bead for > 4, tho kn = 2) general solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation can be obtained in the formSection 4.2 6 dehy. | eh -| where ag = (0) and a; = y'(0) are erbi- tzaly constants, ‘The third bracket above is a Series representation of a partis obtained from the recurrence by putting 05 =a, =0. By" 2%y! + y= Stn Lone? + Shaye" + Some (2a + 2a5) + (3-205 + 18 oi lar solution 2ayja + Poin = La + (n — 8)eu-a + 2an-a]z”* = 0. ‘The recurrence relation is ap, a, at (n= Banas y Panne itary, a = ~< - for n > 4 Taking aj arbitrary, ag = —a9, 03 co : for a > 4. Taking ag = ¥ and sob = 1-4 aat+ Dat 5 {taking ap =O and a; ‘a, = 0 gives one sohition 9 z +h +p Gore to taking ao = 0 and 7 Ft by Tah po the gi i 36 790" ‘Whe general solution 3 of this homogeneous equation is y= aoti() + aiva(e) where @ = y{0) and ay = '(0) are arbitrary constants. 9 yh ead + Oy = Some Men a 24 Ye at) — Sagat Pana = oe gives a second solution ye = © {Zaz +1 +200) +) fr — Lan + (m— Lanna — (Aone gla? = 1 - 2”, ‘The recurrence = relation is ap, arbitrary, 2a +a, + 2a = 1,6a3 + 20g + 0, = 0, 1204 + 3ag = —1y iy = n= Donat + (n= Ae for n> 5. ‘The general solution of this nonhorsogeneous differ~ n(n = 1 Ls lal tial equatio bbtained i = ay /1—a? +a Lat y Dad — ential equation can be obtained in the form y of aa gat att ay + =) fl la te tio, 2b as |z— >] + [52° g2"— ag" > ago" tae | ste 0 = uf) ad 1 = 0) are arbitrary constants, The third bracketed termn above is’ « particular solution of the non- homogeneous equation, 10. ty - (eee ay = Loe = ‘aga? + Yew 1 ~Y a" San att =o Sat? = (az + ai — ap) + (Bag + 2ag ~ a) + ag)e + Sinln = Dag + (2 - Vox — = wi Oy. -9 + Gy_y — Mga)? = ~5. The recurrence relation is ao, cy arbitrary, 2ay + a1 — 4g = —5, Gag + 2ay — a, + ae =0, wna Haas Fett #804 ene 4, ‘The general solution of this pontaogsneons differential equation has the form wd basen bbw de Bat ed oy = B® a 03" oa tap - a + ae - | where ag = y(0) and ay = 9/(0) are arbitrary constants, The third termn above is 8 particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation 1 1 v= wpe ae a70 Section 4.3 Uo ty = Sone! + Sage” = ay +) Bkone + agg] + S28 + oases + = ie =i ‘The recurrence relation ig ap arbitrary, ay = 1,aax i 1 , fork & 1. 'Vhe solution is y = a9 [1 ~ 3 ty qe - ar + | where ap = y(0) is an arbitrary constant. 12. y +2 = Saco ~ i)an2"-? 13 at a”, The recurrence relation is ag, a4 arbitrary, az = 0,ax 1 for n > 3, The solution is y= vo tea fe ja® + oe By, oy, | Lie Lig 2a6y Bye Myr 196 765, BL 9 tog’ — gett gett ae! tt ptt get to] wheveag = 9(6) ane a; = y'{0) are atbitzecy constants, The third bracketed term above is a particular solution of the nonhornogencous equation. Section 4.3 Singular Points and the Method of Frobenius 0, 222) _ He+2) % “Play ) “e3 is a regular singular point. For 1. From Pl) Rez) _ 2? Pi) are both analytic at ¢ = 0, so: = os sa) M23 ae 9p A == 3 is a reilar singular point. 2 Sines P(e) = (e+ 1)%e (2-8)? = 0, singular points arex = Oand x = 3. Fors = 2 and e — 2 are both analytic at a: = 3, so aa “land © = 4 are singular points, 4 is regular, rower E10) is not analytic at = —1, so 2 = —1 is am irogular singular point 3. 2=Oand 2 = 2 are singular points and both are regular. 4. @ = 3 and ¢=—3 ave singular points and both are regular. 29 5. © = 2 and 2 = 0 are singular points, © = 2 is regular, however Pay analytic at x = 0,50 2 = 0 is an irregular singular point. a wteger are allsingulae points, "2@) 6 @= ands = bk any non-oeto integer ane all singlar points. EE) = is not analytic at z= 0, 50 7 =0 is an irregular singular point. Fora = bn(e #0), (2 AN Qe} (2 ~ kr) tan{) Fay Bainla — a) coale =) O96 # movable singularity atSection 4.3 n rr, as does = thus = ko(h 90) in regular singular point, Since at any a = QR-+1)E (k any integer, each point = (24-+1)5 isan imegur singular point {e —km)*R(x) s — ka) | cos(x} Play singe —) jan(2—") tan(a) is not analytic 12m fa} and 2 © are both analytic at « = 0, s0 2 = 0 is a regular singular (a Play ~ 2 Po) 4 point. With y= ons"! we yet d2%y"+2ey'—2y =D Ant rite Dene +S 2+ = = f= ent? — Sonat = ar(2r = Dena” + Slee + e247) — Yea — eal a tat (h) Since cp # O,r saust subsfy the indicial equation 2r(2"-— 1) =O with roots ri = 5 and nad ° 1 (@ The recurrence selation is & = GEE Ay ean 21 2 gives Oo = gt ey ad on aot (eS (d) Using r z gives cy ina +) ‘y—1 and one solution y= lt > Gn Fi) 1 whereas using r= 0 gives Cn = aba cen and second solution yo hereas using F = 0 BES Ow = Tey cond solution yx = 1+ 2Ql2}__ 2 R(x) Pe) 4 Py 3 8 (a) 7g both analytic at =0, (b) Tho indicia equation is 16r? —16r 4-3 = O with roots ry = Janel ra = 3 {0} = aera mz] (a) Using $ gvercn = mony yet ee an fn thet ye it +f wtonsir Eyres Ate sada ale Sac Pt Oe aa ae | 9. (a) ye O and oe 2s +0, path analytie at x= 0. (bs) e896 +2 = O with routs 15 = 2/9 an = 1/3 6 = Fer aeame ye {d) Using r = 2/3 gives em = ey rand yy = 27/8 [ whereas r= 1/3 gives ey = cya and yp = 2/8 [ ~ Ga Tnn Section 4.3 aQ(x) 5 1 2a? — and — 1h a 10) BP yg 88 gy = yp bath enaltie at (b) 12? Fr 41 Which nas roots ry = 1/8 and 2p = 1/4 0) Oy ng, ()e= apy HG ee) Ot =? 1 Jsing » = 1/3 gives cq = >, 9, or with n = 2kyeae = aoe) —ong_gy ke > (€) Using » = 1/8 gives oo = rap ayo OF with m= 2h eae Rom Tye t et ‘4 = L andy =e! re and jn = ee ps i0-79---ie+ ay” | whereas r= I/H gives Cn 2 b> Land yp = Win Tor Oe oe vfs Enea yp and Bay = & both analytic at x = 0 (b) 2r? — with roots 7, = 1/2 and r= 0 (6) tq = pd fat nQ@ +r) <1) 7 (Qn +3) alt (a) Using ry = 1/2 gives on = oo espera gn = 2 | 1 - veh Ben dethety Mate |: Ant Co ) eM een ond [ree 1 ea Reed whereas = O gives ta = — ma 3 both analytic at a= 0, (b) 2r? — Sr + 1 = 0 with roots r; = 1 and rp == 1/2 1 (ch en Owen were ete? (a) Using r = 1 gives cy = = ee ctegtenantn = [Lt Daa vs awh) |: whereas + = 1/2 gives oy ==) yn, andy = 22 ag h = UP gives cn = Ti yen and oe [hs Sag Tey” 13, (@) 2 a fe) HT ayy 2 , both analytic at 2 = 0, (b) 2 O-with roots 7) = Land ry = 1/2 (6) (2r ¥B)er + oq = 0,05 = 2eR= AAT Dew 2 (4) Using = 1 gives 1 = ~£0,¢4 = neSection 4.4 a 4 Pk 457-9 : = n= Sena 1 2p 18 ye 16H el 58" ope" HBS whereas 7 = —1/2 gives cr = ~Co,¢n 3, 13,5, 10 wort rg Sat Boa, 28 we hi a + a8 n> 2, and 14 (a) ae 3 anc RP both analytic at 2 = 0. (b) $2 4r—2=0 with rots ry = 2/8 and ry = —1 © = Gata erey een) (a) Using r = 2/3 gives en = 5Gna 4 and wow | aga ees : whereas r = —1 gives cp = Wane and - = a wae ‘ptes Ta Gn By aQte) oR Poa fcate= 15. (a) Boy = hand Gy mg bath analytic at 2 = 0. (b) Gr? ~ 4 = 0 with roots r, = 2/3 and rp = —2/3 a =e= 1 1Gna2,th > 2 BR +r) — HEM +2) (@) Using v = 2/3 gives ¢ = 0,00 = Taney > 2 and a ge =n ae nee +See teas ay” | whereas + = —2/3 gives Cpa) BE Band nln — 8) <. cys _ [: + mt vd Fe (3n = 2h 4 Second Solutions and Logarithm Factors 1 (@) ay’ +(i-2yy' ty = Soneryinte = Nena +S (ner jena 1S intra = nb at Sot atte Sint Pen (mtr — Dep a|e"! =O. Since e # 0,7 must om net satisfy the indicial equation r? = 0, which has equal roots ry = ra1” Section 4.4 {b) By Theorem 4.4 - (2) there will be one solution of the form yr = Sez" and a second é solution of the form ys = yi (x: pine + Sos (m2) {c) Hor a first solution, ys, choose the coefficients La satisfy c) = Iq = 5596, n> This choice of coefficients yields the solution y = I~, It follows that yy = (1 ~ x)ln(e) + Siete" and by substitution into the differential equation we obtain x [-2 — Bs 3 +e 2) kw Inf’) + + (8) lala} + Safe Yea 4-1 aS neha! + Sepa = = wi +) [née —(n —2)eh_yj2"4 = 0. The coefficients cf are given by 3 2 ot 4. > 3, and 2 second solution is yo = (1 — 2) Inf} + 32— 2 (a) r( — 1) = Owith roots my =A and m= 0. (b} Since rj — rz = 1, a positive integer, by Theorem 4.4-(3}. 32 = Srene a+) with eg £0, = and 92 = kun (e soins} + Sos 2n in Gt 1, With r= 1 and cy = 1 we obtain yy = 2 as a first solution. Substitution of ye ~ (c) For gn the recurrence relation for the coefficients is ey # O, cn = kx In(z) +) cha" into the differential equation gives (after simplification) (2ef +4) +26} - = . 0. For simplification tale oj = 2, thus & = —2, ¢f an nn 1) is arbitrary (which we choose to be zero), cf = —2, and of = 10 3. this gives 2eln(z) +1 — Sac Got a second solution yo = 3. (a) —r8 4dr =0 with roots ry = 4 and m= 9 {b) Since ry —r = 4, by Theorem 4.4-(3), 1 = Sina with oy #0, and yo = ky (e) In(x) + ma Sooke” where & may be zero. a nat (c} Using 7 =4 gives the reourrence oy = ( ) nai and solution yy = a4[1 +294 3x? 4Section 4.4 18 d ae Etasettattaty “ye A senna alton isa = 4. (0) dr? 9 = 0 with roots ry = 9/2 and re = 8/2 {0) By Theorera 44 (8), 92 = Sreue*9?,00 £0; wt and ya = ky: (2) In(z) + “ee? 8? where & inay be zero, = a. cola 2 yaa » on + Sas eee ; la, i 1 ofp ey L . ! * [: To” * 290" ~ isiz0” * sero75* * } (b) n= 2? ema" co #0; yo = Seba” at a Oman? j- Somes STF) — efits lis, a [es soa" * Sene80 Beet yal 3-8 Gn Hh 1 i - aot" + pay 720" * 4820" | ait de 0 with rooia ny = 3 ond ra = =f = Siena, 9 # Wand yo = hya(2) Info) + Sa wa, {c) Note this is an Buler equation with solutions y 7. {a 2? — Br +2 = Qwith roots ry = 2 and rm = 1. 2 and yy = 28 (0) 1 = Sen", 9 £0 and ya — kunt} ate) + ete, a cad i (on = att Batt Bal 4 Fat t= asinhta 4 a te 24 Sat galt ge? a 3 8 (a) 1? — ar =O with roots r; = 2 and r2 =O tb) nn = Soent™, co £0 and ye = bunts) infa) +S eh2" wt mb16 Section 4.4 (©) Por yi, the recurrence relation is cg arbitrary, og = m & 1 and a solution is ae . (1/2) ao ye Fs pd dis, 1 (sith co =) 0 sah gat pat — ea + + Substitution of the form of ya, the series solution for y;, end simplification gives (2c} — ef} + S“[nfn ~ = Dok + Beha + = y aoa "= Q, With oj =1 (for simplicity) we get of = 2k = 2,5 arbitrary (which we tale to be O) of = ——-t— for 4 WPA] os 5 and got a y R= ay PA niga Bye = 8 ond cond solution yz —% ie 3 me 18; wf senoned solution ye = ~2yp(2} na) +1 +2045 3° + aw 9. a) 2r? = O with roots ry =r =0 = Sa" eo #0 ond yo = ile} In(z) + Sea” mb w= (m= ann (-ajin(- 10. (a) r2 O with roots ry Ody See me yn(e) Info) Sine at tb 4 ¥nlfs 8 ihe Gat D)) (@) 22 + 15 b) 1 = Seat, #O and yo = kys{x) In(a) +See 4/8 ot 12, (a) —192r? — L44r — 27 = 0 with roata ry = ry = 3/8 (} ys = Lena" 09 #0 and ya = gue) Ina) +S oye 9/6 =o < 13. (2) 48r? ~ 20r —8 = 0 with roots ry =2/3 aud ry = —i/4 (b) a = Sena with eo AO; y= Doefe? M4 with of #0 = =o LA. (0) 984+ Br 56 = 0 with roots ry = 1/9 and rg = 8/3 (b) vn = env"*7/3; cg £0 and yy = kyr (x) Inf) + Sie 8 where k may or may not be yee 3 ‘ Scop 61 we = 0 with roots ry = 1/8 and ry = —4/5 zero. 15, (0) 472 ~ 10 = 0 with roots ry = 6/2,0nd ry = 0 (b) = Seat with co #9; m= Sige" with o§ #0 vot ao