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IN T H E S U D A N
I N TWO VOLUM ES
V O LU M E 1
C AM B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P RE S S
C . C LA Y , MA N A G E R
LO N D O N FE T T E R LAN E ,
NE W YO R K T HE MA C M I L L A N CO .
B O M BA Y
CA LC U T T A MAC M I L LA N AN D C O .
, LT D .
MA D R A S
T O R O NT O T HE M A C M I LL AN C O . OF
CA N A D A , LT D
Y
.
TO K O : MA R U ZE N -
K A B U S H I K I K A I S HA
-
A LL R I G HT S RE S E R V ED
A H I S T O R Y O F T H E A RA B S
I N T HE S U D A N
H A MA C M I C HAE L D S O
. .
, . . .
VO L U ME I
C AMBRI D GE
AT T HE U NI VERSI T Y P RESS
1 9 22
Mr d e Her b el o t p r eten d s that the Ar a bs f
o the Defa r t
exc eed th e O th e r A r a bs in W it an d thi s as it
w ill ; b o th th e o n e an d th e o th e r ar e m i g h tily fon d O f th e
D esar t ( 1 71 8 AD 6
pp 9 7
.
.
P R INT E D [ g ( NIX-KN
W
I N T RO D U C T I O N
a h an d fu l o f d is r e p u tabl e p ap e r s t o r n fray ed an d l th y
, , S o m e tu rn .
r ais e d by a grap h ic d e sc r ip ti o n O f an e n o r m o u s t o m e c e n tu r i e s o l d , ,
o r i t h as b ee n l e nt to a r e l ativ e at th e o th er e n d O f th e c o u ntr y o r ,
b ey o n d o ne s reach o r di ed s o m e y ears ag o
.
O cc asi o n ally o n e n d s a nzsba th at is kn o wn to h ave b ee n in
'
au th o r s m anu sc r ip t a c e n tu ry o r m o r e o l d I h av e n eve r s ee n t h o u g h
,
su ch m ay p ossibly e xist .
vi INTR O D U CTI O N
T he chi ef reas o n fo r this dis app earance o f d o cu ments is n o t S O
mu ch th e r el u ctance o f the fekis to risk their p o ss e ssi o ns in ali en
th e d e s t ru c ti o n o f a ll m e n b ks a d d o cu m en ts T h e M ahd i
d l
o r o o n .
wo r d fo r wo r d in th e m aj o r i ty o f th e l o nger m sbas an d p o in te d '
ann o tating s u c h d o c u m e n t s as I c o u l d n d in th e c o u r s e O f m y w o r k
1
Cp f th
.
, or f th M h d i S l ti C h V
e c as e o e a , a n . III .
INTRO D U CTI O N vii
in vari o u s d istr icts Of the S u d an w as th e O bj e ct I se t b e fo re mys elf
,
n o n Arab e l e m e nt in th e p o p u l ati o n o f th e pr e s e nt d a is ch i ey d u e
y
-
.
H A. . M .
5 O ctober , 1
92 1
C O NT E NT S
I NTRODUCT I ON
B IB LI OGRAP HY OF E D ITI O N S F
RE ERRED T O
P ar t I
T HE IN HABITANTS O F T HE N O RT HERN S U D AN
BEF O RE T HE TIME O F T HE I SL AMI C IN VA SI O NS
C HAP
1 . T HE P RE -
I S LAMI C
E LEMEN T ARAB I AN
2 . T HE N UB IANS THE N UB A AN D THE L IB YAN ELEMEN T
,
3 . T HE B E GA T HE BLEM YE S AN D T HE N UB A OF M EROE
,
4 . T HE N ON -
ARAB RACE S O F D AR UR P
A PP EN D I X 1 . A b l c o mp ar is o n o f the B er ti and
ta u ar
Z agh awa d i al e cts
A PP END I X 2 . A tab u l ar c o mp ar is o n o f th e d i ale c ts o f th e
p eo pl e o f Mi dob th e Bi r ke d an d the
,
Bar b ra
A PP EN DI X3 . A tab u l ar c o mp ar is o n o f th e d i al e c t o f t h e
F r wi th th o s e O f c e rtain o f th e
F er tit
trib e s
APP E ND I X4 . A s h o r t v o c ab u l ary o f th e M as lit l ang u ag e
APP E ND X 5
I . T h e T u n g ur F r o f D ar F u rnu ng
-
P ar t II
T HEPR O GRES S O F T HE ARAB TRIBES
T HR O U G H EGYPT
T HE P RO GRES S T HRO U G H E GYP T I N T HE M I DDLE AGES O F
CE RTAI N ARAB T RI B E S N o w RE PRE S E N TE D I N T HE S UD AN
APPE N D I X O n th e p e n etrati o n o f th e S u d an by B e rb e r
.
Tr ib es
N o te to G en e al o gic al Tr ees an d 3 ( fr o m Wu s te n
fe l d)
T HE G EN ERAL P ROGRESS O F T HE ARAB S T HRO U G H E G YP T
AN D T HE I R I NV AS IO N S O F D O N GO LA I SS
G en eal ogi cal T r ees 1 2 and 3 B E T WEEN 1 9 2 AN D
, , 1 93
b 2
x C O NTENTS
P ar t II I
T HE ARA B TRIBES O F T HE S U D AN
AT T HE PRESENT D AY
I NTROD UCTI O N
C H AP .
1 . T HE G A ALI IN
AN D D AN AGLA G RO UP
( )
a T h e B e dayria, S huwayhat an d T er ayfia
( )
b T h e G h o di at
T h e Bathi n
T h e Ru b atab , Awad 1 a ,
M ans ir F ad lun
'
(d) , ,
()
e T h e Hakim b
(f ) T h e G awab r a
(g ) T h e S h auk ia
( ) T h e G aw m a a, t h e G im a a , th e G am
h i a,
t h e Gim i ab an d th e G em a ab
(j ) T he M g id ia an d K u rtn
( )
k T h e G a aliin
pro p er
2 . T HE G UHAY NA G RO UP
( )
a T h e R u faa g ro u p
,
th e G u hay na p r o p er , th e
L ah aw ii n , th e Abd u llz1b an d th e
I nk err iab
(b) T he B e ni O m r an
() T he Aw am r a th e K h awl d a th e Am ar n a
c , ,
an d th e F ad n ia
(d) T he S hu k r i a an d th e D u b sii n
()e T h e D ub an ia or D ub ain a
T he F e z ara g ro u p
(f ) D r Hami d
(g ) T h e Z ay ad ia
( )
h T h e B e ni G er r
(j ) T h e Baz a a
(k) T h e S h en ab la
(l) T he M a lia an d
th e M a k la
T h e D wayh o r D wayhi a
'
(m )
(n) T he M es all ami a
C O NTENTS xi
C HAP .
( )
b T h e Aw l d Ham ayd
() c T h e Hab b an ia
( )
d T he Hawaz m a
(e) T h e M es si ria , Hu mr , T a lb a Ho tia
e , , S a ad a
an d T e r am
g .
(f ) T h e Riz aykt
(g ) T h e T a aish a
(h) B e ni Helb a
T he
(j) T h e B e ni K hu z am
(k ) T h e B e ni Hu s ayn
(l ) T h e B as h i r
(m ) T h e S al am at B eni R as h i d an d Ziu d
d
,
AP P EN D I X
T he . G e n eal o gic al T r ees of th e B akk ara ( I -
V)
T HE G U HAYN A G RO U P (continued)
( ) a T h e K ab b is h
( ) T he M o g hzrr b a o r M o g hr ab in
b
(c) T h e Ham ar
T HE KAwAHLA G ROU P
( ) a T h e K awh la
(b) T h e Ah m d a
T h e Hasm Hu s ay mt
()
c a an d th e
T HE K E N AN A AN D D E G HAY M
T HE RI KAB I A
q
0
0 T HE HAW AW I R ,
T HE AB AB DA AN D K E RRARI S H
1 0 T HE K ERRI AT
.
11 . T HE S O UTHERN M AHAS S
App e n d ix o n c er tain B u r i al C u s to ms o n th e Bl u e Nil e
12 . T HE HAM RAN
13 .
(a) T h e Ras h ai d a an d Z eb ay dia
( )
b T h e Had reb an d Hu d II r
B I B L I O G RAP HY
A r abi c an d L t i n ) 1 8 1
( 3 a ,
.
A J B u tl e r M A O x fo d ( C l a e n d o n P ress ) 1 8 9 5
. .
,
. r r , .
AGATHE M ERUS Ap G eo g r p h o s M i n o r es
. . a
E d E r fu r d t L ip siae , 1 8 08
. . .
-
y
Angl o Eg p ti an S u d an , th e E d Lt C o l o u nt l eich en 2 o ls . . .
-
. C G . v .
Lo n d o n , 1 9 05 .
vy
Ar ch aeo l o gi cal Su r e o f Nu bi a ( S e e sub n am e o f au th o r ) . .
in P r i p l e d e M ar cie n
E p h es ii s u pp lem e n t au x
E L AZRAK I . y
Hi sto r o f M ekk a E d Wii s te n fe ld Ar abi c te t . . . x .
N Yan z a
G
r e at B as i n o f t h e Nil e , an d 2 o ls v .
Lo n do n , 1 8 6 6 .
BAR TH v
T ra e l s an d D i s co er i es in No rth an d en tr al Afric a 1 8 49 5 5 v C .
5 ols v P u bl 1 8
.
57 8
. .
BE C KE T T (H W ) Nu bi a an d th e B erb erin e
. . ai r o Sci en ti c ou rn , . C J .
Au g 1 9 1 1 . .
1 91 5 .
Egypt an d Lo n d o n 1 8 2 1 , .
y
b Q u atrem er e , q xv ) .
B LO CHE T ( S ee Makr iz i )
. .
e l B o k hri s S ahib, b
Hu s a n el Zeb ay di , p u bl 1 32 2 A H y y . .
B O URI AN T ( S e e M akr i z i )
. .
BREASTED (I (a A Hi s to r
) . o f th e An ci e n t Eg
p t i an s L o n d o n ,
1 y
9 08 y .
( H i sto r ic al S e r i es) ( b ) A n ci e n t Re co r d s o f E
g p .t 5 o ls h ic ago , y . v . C
1 O6
E .
BRO WN E (W v
T ra e l s in Afr ic a, Eg p t an d S ri a fr o m 1 79 2 to 1 79 8
. y y .
Lo n d o n , 1 79 9 .
B RUCE v
T r a e l s to d i s co er th e S o u r c e o f th e Nil e , i n the e ar s 1 76 8 v y
1 77 3 6 o l s E d i n bu r gh 1 7 9 0
. v .
, .
G
B UD E (E A . T h e Eg p ti an S u d an , its Hi s to r an d Mo nu men ts 1 9 07
. y y . .
th e B e d o u i n s an d W ahab ys th e l ate o h n Le i s B ur c k J w
h ar d t 2 o l s L o n d o n 1 8 3 1
. v .
,
.
Lo n d o n , 1 8 79 ( I st e d n 1 8 5 5 ( ) T h e Lan d o f Mi d ian 2 vo l s
b . . .
L o n d o n , 1 8 79 .
B URTO N (R F ) an d D RAKE ( F . . C
U n e p l o re d S r i a L o n d o n , 1 8 7 2 . . x y . .
Y G . Y
B UR ( W MAN ) (a) T h e Lan d O f U z Lo n d o n , 1 9 1 1 (b) Ar abi a . . .
I n fe lix L o n d o n , 1 9 1 5
. .
C AI LLI AUD . Vy
o age a M r o e , au Fl eu e Bl an c , au d e l a d e
v
d an s l es ann e s 1 8 1 9 , 1 8 2 0, 1 8 2 1 e t 1 8 2 2 P ar i s , 1 8 2 6 7 3 o l s . . v .
C AME RO N (D
O n th e T r ib es o f th e Eas tern S u d an
. o u r n Ro
y . J . .
Anth r o p I n st , F eb 1 88 7 . . . .
C ARB O U L a Rgi o n d u T ch ad e t d u O u ad ai 2 o l s P ar i s , 1 9 1 2 . v . .
( Pu bl d e l a Fac d es
. Lettr e s T o me X L V I I .
C ARETTE (A E
Rech er ch es su r l o rig in e et les migrati o ns d es
. .
r i n ci al e s t r ib u s de l Afr i u e s ep te n t r i o n al e et l r em e n t d e
p p q p ar ti cu i e
l Alg ri e
. x
E p l o r ati o n S cient d e l Alg rie ( Scien ces histo ri u es et
. . q
g o grap h i u es P ari s 1 8 5 3 q , ,
.
v
P ar i s , 1 8 47 3 o l s . v .
C L AU D I AN q
O p er a u ae e tant omn i a, cu m n o ti s Hein sii et Bu rm an n i
. x .
i n th e ab o e v .
B IBLI O GRAP HY xv
C P
LAUD I US TO LE MAE US .
( S ee P tolemae us ) .
C Y (W
OO LE . T h e N eg ro l an d O f th e Ar abs exa min ed an d e x pl i a n ed .
L nd n o o ,
1 8 41 .
C W F (J
RO O OT ( ) S ome Lacu nae in the Anthr o p o l o gy o f the A E
. a .
-
.
A E Su d an
.
-
J ou rn Roy G eog r S o c vol XXXV I I 1 9 1 1 (c) T he
. .
. . . . .
, .
( )
d C u s t o m
s o f t h e Ru b atab S u d an No tes an d R e c o r d s vo l I .
, .
,
No .
9 8
2, 1 1 .
C NY J
U . o u r n al d e o age d u d o cteu r Vy C h l C ny dar es u e S io u t AE l O b ei d -
du 2 2 No v 1 8 5 7 au 5 A r il 1 8 5 8 . v . P ar M V . . A . M alte B run P ar is -
.
,
1 86
3 .
O r i en tal S eri e s ) L o n d o n 1 88 3 .
, .
L o nd o n 1 8 5 4 , .
Lo n do n 1 8 2 6 ,
.
1 746 .
D EN O N Vyg
l a h au te Eg p t e p en d ant les
o a es d an s l a b asse et y
p agn es d e B o n ap arte e n 1 7 8 e t 1 7 9
9 9 L o n d o n 1 8 07 .
,
.
( )
b W a n d e r i ngs in Ar abi a
( an ab r i d geme n t o f a , e d
( ) E arn ett) . . G .
2 ols v
Lo n d o n , 1 9 08 . .
ELL I OT S M I TH ( )
a T h e A n ci e n t Eg p ti an s an d the i r I n u en c e y
Lo n d o n an d New Y o rk , 1 9 1 1 (Harp er s Lib r ar ) (b) T h e P eo p l e
y .
o f Eg
pt
ai r o S c y o u r n al , M ar ch , 1 0
. C
9 9 (c) I n Arch S u r . J . . v .
1 0
9 9 .
1 88 1 .
ERATOS THENES ( Qu o te d b y S tr b o g m ) . a ,
.
M m i r e su r l e S u d an B ll '
1 8 3
5 ( )
b o . u d e l a S o c d e G eog r . . . .
P ri s 1 8 5 5
a ,
.
EV ETTS ( S e e Ab u S lih )
. .
FARN E LL T h e G o ld en B o u gh Ar t in Q u r te ly Re vi ew Ap ril 1 9 1 5
.
. . a r , , .
o f Ro y S o c o f E d i nb u r gh p p 2 05 if
( 1 8 84. . . .
F I HRI S T ( S ee Ab u l F r ag Mu h ammad )
. a .
p o lo g i e , vo l X 1 1 , 1 901 . .
Ar ab es P ari s , 1 8 7 5 8 1. .
d u K an em P ari s , 1 9 1 4 . .
GAU T I ER (E G v
ra u r e s Ru p e str es s u d O ran ai ses et S ah ar i ennes
.
-
.
L Anth ro p o l o g i e vo l
V , 1 904 , . X .
G en esi s , T h e B o o k o f .
G g p
eo r a hi G r a e c i M i n o res P ar i s ,
1 8 55 61 Ed
M u ller . . . C . .
GZE A RO HAI M
'
K illi ng th e D i i n e Ki ng
.
Art i n M an o f F eb 1 9 1 5 v . . . .
G FF
IU RI DARU ERI GG
Were th e P r e D n as tic Eg p tian s Lib ans o r -
y y y
Ethi op i ans ? M an , vo l X V , NO 4, Ap r il , 1 9 1 5 . . .
G FF
RI I TH (F ( a) M ero i ti c I n s c r i p ti o n s
. P ar t I S O b a t o D an l
g
. . .
I n M em X I X o f Ar ch S u r . Nu bi a T h e I sl an d o f Mer oe . v .
G F x
HA I K HAL A L e ic o n B ib lio g r ap h icum et E n cycl o p e dicu m a M u stafa
.
Lei pzig 1 8 3 5 5 8 , .
HALL (H .
( a ) Re i e i n M an O f M a , 1
y 9 1 2 ,
o v w
f t h e P u bli cati o n s
o f the E Cx
B o e , J r , E p ed itio n to Nubi a ( S ee sub Wo o lle an d
. . . x . y
M l ve r )
c
.
HAM (E Y .
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L An thro p o l o g ie , vo l I I ,
y . .
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J
HARRIS ON (Mi s s AN E ) Anci ent Art an d Ri tu al ( Ho me U ni er si t . . v y
Lib r ar y ,
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ar r an S tu di es Vari a . Afr i can a, vo l . I, 1
9 7;1 V Ol . II , 1 9 8 1 .
C mb i dg
a r e ( M ass
) ,
US A .
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.
s Hi sto r y ,
vo l . 1 11 , Wester n As i a Afr ica .
E d H F Helm o lt
. . . . Lo n d o n ,
1 9 03 .
1 8 36 7 -
. J ou r n . Ro y .
G eo g r S o c . . vo l . 1X ,
P art 2, F eb . 1 8 39 .
xviii BIBLI O G RAP HY
1
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1 1 .
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LE S I US ( )
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y
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.
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.
J . . . .
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Mat ri au p o u r l histo ire du hr istian isme en
.
x C
y
Eg p te , en N u b i e , et en Ab yssin ie
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.
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.
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P ar i s , 1 8 8 1 , .
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o u r n al o f a J
o age o n th e Wh i te vy
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. . . .
b o rn 1 2 32 , d ied in ai r o C
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()
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( )
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4 ( )
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. K i t b e l T a n b i h w a e l Ash r f
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. V
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P RI S CUS ( Q u te d by L e tr o nn e
. I I 2 05 if )
o , , .
1 6 62 .
vo l . v ,
1 8 35 .
RE I SNER ( G ( )
a T h e Egy p.ti an C o n c ep ti o n O f Imm o r t ali ty I nger .
s o ll L e ctu r e 1 9 1 1
(b) O u tli ne o f th e An ci en t Hi sto ry o f th e Su d an
,
in S u d an No tes n d Re c o r d s vo l 1 a , . .
D ec 1 9 1 4 Art b y C p t Ferr n d i
. . . a . a .
Algi ers 1 8 8 9 , .
1 885 .
RO GERS (E C o ins o f the Tu lun i dyn asty (Num ism O rient IV)
. . . .
B eliefs Lo n d o n 1 9 1 1 .
, .
Fr nkfurt 1 8 29
a ,
.
Y o rk .
S ARK I SS I AN L e S o u d an Eg yp tien P ar is 1 9 1 3 .
, .
S CHOFF ( S ee P erip l u s )
. .
2 vo ls .
an d Anth ro p vo l V I I J u l y 1 9 1 6 (Li v e p o o l I n st o f
. .
, ,
r .
(c ) A N e o li th ic Si te i n th e A E S u d an J o u r n Ro
y A n th r I n st .
-
. .
. . . .
o f Re ligi o n an d Eth ic s
(it ) N o t e o n Bi s h ar i n A rt i n M an o f .
.
.
Art in J o u r n Ro y An th r I n s t vo l X L 1 9 1 0
. . . . . .
, .
Wi ngate L o n d o n 1 8 9 6 7 .
,
.
th e Nil e L o n d o n 1 8 34 .
, .
Stew rt K h artoum F eb
a . A
( pp e n d i x t o su b ,
.
Win gate ) .
P u bl ) .
, .
P ari s ,
1 8 62 .
et J o m ar d P ari s 1 8 5 1 .
,
.
1 8 94 .
Lo n d o n , 1 6 78 .
VO LN E Y (C T r a el s th r o u gh S ri a an d Eg p t in th e Y e ars 1 78 3 ,
. v y y
1 7 8 4 an d 1 78 5 T r an s l fr om Fre n ch z u d edn
. Lo n d o n , 1 7 8 7 . . . .
An th r I n s t vo l X L I , 1 9 1 1
. .
_
. .
V ON M ULLER x
E tract from no tes du rin g T r a els in Afri ca in 1 8 47 8 9
. v .
J o u r n Ro y G e o g r S o c vo l
. .
,
1 8 1
5 . . . XX .
V O P I SCUS ( p
A . H i s to r i ae Au u stae S cr i to r es , e d
g .
p 1 6 2 0, u o te d b . q y
Qu atr em er e an d Letro nn e ) .
G
WADD I N TON ( G ) an d HAN B UR o u rn al o f a
. isit to some P arts o f Y J V
Ethio p ia Lo n d o n , 1 8 22 . .
l o re P hi l adelp h i a P a , 1 9 1 2
. . .
1 8 43 ( )
b .M a n n e r s an d u s toms O f the An ci ent C
Lo nd o n , 1 8 37 an d 1 8 78 3 o ls . v .
WI LS ON ( S ir C
O n th e T rib es o f t he Nil e al l e no rt h o f K h ar
. V y
to u m
J
o u r n An th r I n s t , Au g 1 8 8 7
. . . . . .
1 895 .
C
WI LS ON ( T ) an d FELK IN (R W ) U gan d a an d the Eg p ti an Su d an
. . . y .
2 v
ols Lo n d o n , 1 8 8 2
. .
. C
WIN CKLER ( h ap ter b , in T he Wo r l d s Histo r S ee Helm o lt )
y y . .
G
WI N ATE ( S ir F (a ) M ah diism an d the Eg p ti an S u d an Lo n d o n ,
. y .
1 89 1 (b ) T. e n Y e ars a p ti i t i n t h e M a h d i s ( fro m th e C v y
o r igin al MSS o f F ath e r o sep h O h r w al d e r ) 1 th e d n
5 L o ndon J . . .
WO O LLE ( Y C
L ) a n d M .
C
IV ER ( D .
( )
a K ara n O g : th e R o m an o Nu bi an .
-
Cem ete r 2 o ls y . v
U n i Mu s eum , P hil ad elph i a, 1 9 1 0 (b) WO OLLE . v . . Y
( C . K ar an Og : T h e T o wn I bi a 1 9 1 1
. . .
YAKUT ( 1 1 78 1 2 2 8
( )
a I s had r el ( D ictionar o f Lear ne d y
E d M ar g o l i o u th , 1 9 07
.
(b) .
( e o g rap h ic al G
E d W sten feld . o tti ngen , 1 8.
45 G
6
.
Z E LTNER . J
( S ee o u rn Roy Anthr I n st vo l LIV ,
. . . . . X
Z WE M ER ( Rev S M ) Ar abi a : th e
. . . rad l e o f C Edinburgh an d
Lo n do n , 1 900 3r d edn . .
P A RT I
T HE I N HAB I T AN T S O F T HE N O RT HE RN S U D AN
BE F O RE T HE T I M E O F T HE I S LAM I C I NV AS I O N S
M . S . I.
4 T HE PRE I SLAMI C
-
ARABI AN ELEMENT
Nil e . O f th e W di Ham m t r o u te
ns eas t an d w es t b etween th at r u
th e Re d S ea an d th e T h e b ai d P r o fe ss o r Elli o t Smi th s ays :
V S o m e s u c h m o v e m e n ts ar e p r o b ably r e e c te d in th e e ve r r e c u r
r e n t tr ad i ti o n th at th e ear l y d y n as ti e s o f Egyp t w er e o f E th i o pi an
( 0 1 .
5 00
3 00
Th ro u gh ou t th e w ho l e o f this p er i o d a l ar ge p r o p o r ti o n o f th e
wo r l d s c o mm er c e p ass ed b y w ay o f Ab y ssini a an d the c o as t o f th e
o f Bb e l M an d e b b e c am e m o r e an d m o r e assimil ate d t o o n e an o th er
6
1
lli mi
E ot S th , l oo ci t p 8 8
mi i
. . . .
2
N avil e , O r ig i n of E g y p ti a n C i vili z a ti on , S t h so n an R e p 1 9 07 , p p 5 4 9 5 6 4
P li y
. . .
3
n , B k V I , 34
J X kl
. .
S ee S i r H o hn s to n i n j our n R A I LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 3 8 5 W i n c e r , i n Wor l d s
4
. . . . . .
H is tory p ,
. 2 49 , e t c .
S e e S c h u r tz i n Wo r ld s H is tory , p 4 3 3
5
P lg v l y
. .
6
Cp a ra e , C a nd E A r a bi a , 1 1 , 2 40 ff ; an d L u d o l p h u s : t h e atte r sa s o f
i i by i i y iv l m
. . .
t h e E t h o p an s O f A s s n a, T h e ar e n o t n at es o f t h e an d b u t c a e o u t o f
th at p ar t o f A ra i a b w
hi c h i s ca e d th e H ap p , ll
h c h ad o n s to t h e R e d S e a
y wi ji
( ap B e n t , p
. .
I 1 IX
. . . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT 5
VI U n d e r th e
P to l emi es trad e thr o ve e qu ally and ther e is ampl e ,
A D o n th e c o as t fr o m Ba b l M n b t th e G u lf o f S u ez
d 1
. . e a e o .
ar e s o m e w h o wh il e r ej e c ting th e th eo r y th at th e e ar ly d yn as ts c am e
,
th r o u g h E th i o pi a w o u l d y e t b r ing th e m fr o m Arabi a in to E g yp t by
,
way o f th e p eni ns u l a o f S i n ai z
Th is is ver y d o u b tfu l T h e p o si tive . .
h arr i e d by n o m ad s fr o m Sin ai an d Sy r i a an d th er e ar e n u m er o u s
3
,
a b an d o f B e d u in tr ad er s
.
tim e o f th e s am e d yn asty
as I he r d th e s o u n d o f th e l ow i n g o f c attl e I b eh e l d th e B e d u i n T h at
a , .
S ee P er ip l u s an d to e ae u s , p assi ra
1
P lm
i lli m
.
v ap N avil e , l oc ci t
2
E g L ep s u s , q x 3
E o t S ith , l o c ci t p p 9 2 , 9 3
. . . . . . . . . .
4
S e e B r e as te d , A R I , 1 68 , 2 3 6 , 2 5 0, 2 6 7 , 3 1 1 3 1 5 T h e r s t o f t h es e d ate s
f m y y f l wi i y i
. . .
ro th e r s t d n as t , an d all al thi n t h e p e r o d o f t h e rs t s i x d n as t e s .
5
B r e as t e d , His t p 1 5 9
z
. . .
6
I bi d p 1 5 8 , an d A R I , 6 2 0 ; S c h a rt , l oc ci t p 6 1 9
. . . . . . . .
7
B r e as t e d , A R I , 4 9 3 .
8
B r e as te d , H i st p p 1 7 9 , 4 4 2
. . . . .
9
V o n L u sc h an , f o ur n R A I X L I , 1 9 1 1 , p 2 4 2
m k b w gy v b
. . . . . .
1
B r e as t e d ( His t p 1 8 1 ) r e ar s th at t h e He r e s i n E p t m ay h a e e en
i lli yk
. .
b u t a p ar t o f t h e B e d u n a e s o f th e K ad e sh o r H s o s .
6 T HE PRE I SLAMI C
-
ARABI A N ELEMENT I 1
. . X .
an d an insc r ip ti o n fr o m th e to mb o f Har m h ab
( 5
13 0 1
3 1 5 ) is p ar
Th ei r p o w er r e c eived a ch e ck at th e h an d s o f S e ti I (c 1 3 1 3 .
m er cen ar i es 4
.
X I T h e p o w er o f Eg y p t th e n b e g an t o d e clin e an d d u r ing th e ,
r an Egyp t th at b y
95 0 B C th ey h ad g ain e d th e s u p r e m e p ow er
5
. . .
T h e p re su mp ti o n is th at s o m e o f th e e as ter n n o m ads w h o w er e ,
X I I In th e N bi an p er i o d w h ic h fo ll o w e d Ass y r i a r o s e to th e ,
, . .
, ,
o ccu pi e d E g yp t .
X I V T h e Ar abs m ay h av e s tr e ng th e n e d th ei r fo o ting in E g y p t
d ur ing th e Ass y r i an an d B ab y l o ni an p er i o d s Hero d o tu s in d ee d
6
.
B r e as te d , H is t p p 2 6 3 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 1
3
. . . I bi a p p 2 5 4 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8
. . .
I bid p p 2 9 8 , 3 2 7 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 3 if ; an d c p A R 1 1 1 , 5 7 0 ; I v, 3 5 , 8 3 , 8 4
5
. . . . . .
6
Bk 1 1 , 1 4 1
. .
I 1 . . X VI I . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARABI A N ELEMENT 7
an d h i s ar m as th e Arabi an h o s t y
S o , to o , th e P er si an p er i o d .
t o b e g o v er n o r o f Ar abi a ab ou t Her o o p o li s wi th th e ti tl e o f
an d so imp o r tan t w as th is o f ci al s p o si ti o n th at h e
Ar ab ar ch
o u t all th e w ar s o f th e s u cc e ssive P to l e mi e s o n th e S y r i an fr o n ti er ;
b u t to w h at ex te n t th e y m ad e an y p er m an e n t s ettl e m e n t in Egyp t
d u r ing th is p er i o d i t is imp o ssibl e t o s ay .
o f th e e ar ly kings O f Y e m e n Ab d S h ams S ab th e fo u n d er o f M ar ib
, , ,
4 C an d w as king o f Y e m e n an d b r o th er o r so n of e l S a ab
1 3 B . .
, ,
1
ffy Hi
M ah a fE s tory o g y p t, p p 2 0, 2 1
2
M ah aff y
l oc ci t 4 9
P lg v A bi
, . .
, . . .
3
C 1
M akri z i K h eta t, I I , 5 2 3
p a ra e, ra a, 1, 45 3 , 45 4
l Fi d a g Ib yk
. .
,
5
S Ab p p 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , q u o ti n S a i d ; V an D c , p 1 5 ; an d
ee , e g u e n
i d P vl 5
. . . .
,
C au s s n e er c e a 1, 2
H f h S ig x ii l Fi d Dy k
, .
6
e o Ab t 7 V
e n p o st s F o r hi s e p e d t o n se e u e p 1 1 an c
i d P vl ii g l N w
. .
, ,
p 6
. d C
1 ; an Hi I p V
au s s n Y e e r ce a , I , 6 7 ( c t n e u ay r y , st . m . et . oct .
p
v l ( 6 5 ) ll l S b E b H w ll d T h w
.
C i d P7
au s s n e er c e a 1, ca s e a a ss e as c a e e t o
d b h w l i f h i h gi g d w v hi m l (V
.
h o rn e w e c au s e e o re t o p a ts o a r an n o n o er s te p es an
Dy k l b h w w wi h i lik h
c p or (C d
e se ec au s e e o r e a cr o n t po n ts e o rn s e
P vl l ik m im f d wi h
. .
,
e r ce B a f h och w y r e aso n o t e n c n am e e as so et e s co n u s e t
Al x d ibl h i i h
.
,
e h G anDh l K er I i t e r e at u e am ay n t s p o ss e t er e s a co n n e ct o n er e
wi h h w h w by h M k f B j ( P I I I C h XXX )
.
t t e t o o rn s o rn t e e o u ar as q ua art ap 2, III
w by h F ( P I I I b
.
.
,
an d h w h d t ki e t o -
o rn e ta a o rn t e un g se e art su
O i
n i m
ne i Al x d
sa l md Z l
t p as p r c s
ent an r ecu t
,
su rn o ou
p o ur q uo e re e e -
8 T HE PRE I SL AMI C -
A RABI AN ELEMENT I 1 . . X VI I .
th e c o mm o n n am e o f B er b e r s : s u c h is th e o r igin assign e d wi th v e r y
r e as o n abl e p r o b abili ty to th e S AN HA GA an d K ET AM A s e c ti o ns O f th e
Be r b e r z
In th is c o nne cti o n i t m ay b e n o te d th at at th e b attl e o f
.
Ac ti u m Ar abs O f th e Y em e n fo u gh t fo r An to n y o n th e g all ey s o f
Cl eo p atr a 3
.
x
il v i x
p r te n d e n t q u e
a d eu L es d eu
c ar n ay n ( u ns c e st p ar c e q u a a t
mi n e n ce s su r l a t ete , d
au tr e s p ar c e q u
il v i d x
a a t eu c o r n e tt es a sa c o u r o n n e ,
d
au t r es il v i d x l g
p ar c e q u
ad d
a t eu on u es d
t r e ss e s h v x e c e eu p en an t e s ,
au t r e s
p ar c e q u il bj g l i
d l O i
su u ua l
d
u n ve r s , e
r en t l A l O id
r e
cc en t r e
no mi i d A l x d n at o n d x
l le d an ll d J p i
re aux eu co r n e s
e st
an a o g u e e ce
,
e e u te r
Amm (P
i i V D f
on p l T erro n , a 6 e n s oy au a r o ur , pp 45
i d P vl( 7 ) i
. . . .
, ,
1
C au ss n h C
e i
er c e6 a d i 1, 0 po nts o u t t at a e s ar n 4 B C w as Op p o se n
Af i b y h N mi d i f J b i b y h L ib B b ib
. .
r ca t e u d h
an s o h a, e t e yO
-
er er tr e s , an t at t e se
l w m ll d bf m i gC b iv i f
. .
atte r er e co pe e f to r e tr e at e o re e et n ae s ar e c au s e O an n as o n o
Jb u
h i
a s s t at e at ig i f C by t i Si i
e h h d f
n st my
at o n O ae s ar a ce r ta n tt u s at t e ea o an ar
Of dv a Si i b Af k
e n tu re r s d h m Af k tt u s m ay h v b e ri us , an t e na e ri u s m ay a e ee n
m ly f d i h x d i i Ib K h ld ( 7) ll hi ib
.
ere f h
co n e r r e n ono ur o t e e pe t on n a n I, 2 ca s m n
i g h x d i i i lf Ib K h ld 7 6 ( i i g Ib
.
S ai C o n ce r n n t68 e e lpe t on ts e se e n a n , I , 1
1 c t n n e
l Fi d a i d P vl
.
K l b i) P
e k Sp ; Hi A 6
0c 0c e ,Ab 6 ec7 C st r p 0 u e pp 1 1 1 1 au s s n e e r ce a
( i i g h bv d lN
. . .
. .
, , ,
Hi Y
I, 6 9 c t n t I p V
e a o e Can e u w ay r y s st m et oc t p are tte ,
Af i ( H kl y
. . . . .
E pl S i l Al d L
i 6
x or . c en t . ae g er e, 1 1 1 , 30 ; an eo r c an u s a u t 1 , 1 22 .
S 2
Ib K h ld d 8 d 78 d l M
ee 7 n a di
n , 1 , 2 an 1 4, an 11, 1 ; an cp e as 1 1 1 , 2 40
) y h h l i h bi
. .
,
Ib l R ki k
n e p C a l i a ar et t e , oc c t p 49 sa s t at t e r st p eo p e to n a t
B b yw l i fS b I b Af ki ki g f Y m
. . . .
ar ar e re d ve c o o n e s o d h a ae an s u n er n ri n O e e n , an t at
h y g v bi h ib f B b T h l i w k ,
t e a6 e rt to 00 t r b h es o er ers e se ve co o n e s ere t a e n to e t e
G h ma l y ll w h
.
S h an M d
g a, Z a asm d H w I b K h ld
a, en ta , o r a , an o ra . n a n on a o s t e
Him y i i igi f h S h d h K am H y Q M 31 ) W l 9
ar t c or n O t e an ga an t e et a . e sa s .
lV M j
B '
b d
ui l i g l C l} M l (e d . ar .
,
VI, 9 7 , Bk He p u ts
do w h l d
n t e r e s t as r e ate to t h e Ph ili i f m
s t n e s an d d e s ce n d e d r o C an aan
l Ib B t t T hi v ll vi i m j y
.
C s te d Zh af r , a
p a so n a a, 1 1 , 1 96 s tr a e er o n th s o u r n e
b y l d f m Ad iki g mbl b w f
. .
an d ro en , an r ec o r d s th e s tr n r e se an ce et ee n t h e o o d , the
h bi d h w m m m g l m g t h e p e o p e t h e r e an d a o n
a t s an t e o en s p r o p er na es a on t h o se
i n th e M o g h r ab . He sa y s
9 1 5 0 e -
m s S o w a
te- w o le J am Less .
as m m m ;
0 M M
T h i s r es e an ce mbl
e ar s o u t t h e s t ate b
e n t th at S an h g a an d m o th e r tr ib es o f t h e
Mo g h r ab ar e o f H ar t c im y i i
6
C au ssi n d e er c e a , l o c ci t p 7 0, q u o t n V r P vl ,
A eneid , . . . i g i gil V II I , 7 06 .
I 1
. . XX . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT 9
l
, ,
i n th e m ain fr o m th is or a l ate r p e ri o d .
At th is p er i o d su n w o r s h ip w as o u r is h ing b o th in S o u th e rn
-
t r ad i ti o n th at Ab u M ali k o n e o f th e l as t O f th e tr ue Himyar i te
5
,
d y n as ty m ad e an exp e d i ti o n in to th e B E GA c o u n try in q u e s t o f
,
e m er al d s an d th e r e p er is h e d wi th m o s t O f hi s ar my T h e e ve nt o n .
d iz e b r o u g h t to th e Re d S ea p o r ts by th e Ar abs was p ro d u c e d by
Ar abi a c o mmissi o n e d Ae liu s G all u s th e P r e fe c t o f Egyp t to c o nqu e r
, , ,
th at c o u n tr y
7
.
t h e tr ad e
1
S e e In d e x sub Hirny ar
yk P XXV
.
,
2
C p V an D
. c , pp . 1 8 an d 38 ; an d se e ar t I I , C h ap . 2, I .
3
L e t r o n n e , M a ter ia u x
l ili y l ii
.
1
Q ui n e t ac co as N a S e n e n o n Ae t hi o p u m p o p u o s se d Arab um e s se d c t
u sq u e M e r o e n
Pi y
l n , Bk V I , p ar a 34
P vl yk
. . .
5
C au ss in d e e r c e a , I , 8 2 ; V an D c , p 1 8
P vl lik bi
. .
6
C au s sin d e e r ce a p u t s t h e d at e o f Ab u M a rt h i n 3 1 A D
s
il
.
7
M ne , p p 1 9 , 20 6
I bi d p 34
i lxxix lx x ib
. . . . .
9
C p M u r , Life of M a ho m et , p p x He attr u te s to thi s c au s e th e
w mig i i
. . .
,
n o r th ar d rat o n o f t h e Ku d a a an d B e n A z d
il
.
1
M ne, p .
94 .
1 0 T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT I 1 . . XX .
J u d aism 2
.
i t ab o u t 5 2 2 A D 4
an d u n til ab o u t th e en d o f th e c e n tu r y i t r e m ain e d
. .
,
th e h an d s o f th e Himyar i te s .
D hu Y az an an d g r an d s o n O f th e D hu N awas m e n ti o n e d ab o v e T h is .
h av e fo u n d e d th e king d o m o f K an e m 6
T h at h e di d n o t d o so is .
Ar ab trad i ti o n 7
Bu t d u r ing th e tu mu l tu o u s y ear s w h ic h u s h er e d in
.
L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t
1
yk lg im y i f y y
. .
2
V an D c , p p 2 0, 2 1 T h e e e n d t h at a H ar t e o u n d e d a d n as t in
ix y
. .
B o r n u at t h e e n d o f t h e s t h c e n tu r ( N ac h ti g al ap S c h u rt z , l oc ci t p p 5 34 , 5 8 2 )
i b y vi
. . . .
i s c u r o u s b u t u n su p p o r te d e d e n ce
il P i
.
6
M n e , p p 1 03 , 1 04 4
r o co p u s , D e B ell P er s 1 , 1 9 ( ap B en t , p
yk Fi
. . . . . .
V an D c , p p 2 1 2 4 , an d Ab u e l da , p p 1 1 8 , 1 1 9
m yf Yz mm yf
. . .
6
He ap p e ar s u n d e r th e n a e s S a
ib n D hu a an ,
M u ha ad S a
ll
U ah , o r
S ay ib n Hasan f S e e C ar o n ,
7 , B art h , I I , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 8 , 2 6 9 , b
ig l
,
6 3 3 , an d N ac h t a .
7
Ab u e l F i d , l o c ci t
b l fll
. .
6
C p Gar o u , l oc ci t an d B arth , 1 1 , 2 6 9 I s u p p o s e S u t an B e o to r e e r t o
mvm w k i b lv i Ym
. . . .
t hi s o e e nt h e n h e s p e a s o f ce r t a n B e r e r s a e s an d co n s c r p t s i n e l e e n
as r e e b lli g g i
n a a n st t h e H ar t es an d e n imy i
o r ce d i n c o n s e q u e n ce t o e r at e to b i gf mig
fi
t h e A r c an co ast
T h e t h en y w
e n t t o K an o o m , an d s e tt e d t h e r e , as s tr an e r s , l g
gv m w ib l m ll
.
u n d er th e o er n e n t o f t h e T aw ar e k , w h o e r e a tr e r e at e d to t h e ,
an d c a e d
C HAP T E R 2
I I Al l O f th e s e , wi th th e e xc ep ti o n o f th e n o m ad B E A in th e G
ea s ter n d es er t w er e c o mmo nly inclu d ed by th e invad er s u n d er th e
,
t h e g e o g ap h y o f E r ato s th e n es w h o w as b o r n in 2 7 6 B C He S p eaks
1
r , . .
of
th e N B aL ater th e n ame o ccu r s as N vB S g o r in th e
a t. o a
e ,
L atiniz e d fo r m O f N o b atae .
h ai r e d o n es O r as i t is p e r h aps wi th l e ss acc u r acy t ransl ate d
,
th e
cu r ly hai re d o n es wh o m th at m o nar c h o ver th r ew in th e n eighb ou r
-
h o o d o f th e th i r d c atar ac t : He h ath o ve r th r o wn th e c h i ef o f th e
r
N u b ian s ; th e N e g r o [nehesi] is
is n ot a r emnant
am o ng th e c u r l y h ai r e d w h o c am e to attack hi m
2
-
.
,
Ap S t b
1
Bk XV ra d C
o b p 786 II , e as au on ,
X
. . . . .
,
LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p p 6 1 6 ,
2
B re ast e d , A R 1 1 , 7 1 , an d S e l ig m an , j 'ou r n A nthr I nst
l w y i i i i g
. . . . . .
6 1 8 T h e atte r s a s , W th r e ar d t o t h e n s cr p t o n O f T h o t h m e s I
o r d i n th e
y ym ly i g wi li
.
r e n d e r ed th e c u r o f N e ro ( n eh esi ) , r tt e n e ar e r
h a r e d , i e as a s n o n
-
y x i i m i
. .
i n th e i s n e ce s s ar t o e e r c s e a c e rt a n a o u n t o f c au t o n , fo r
i y i i w mi b y l k
M s s M u rr a p o n ts o u t t h at t h s o r d r e ad s N ebed , an d i s d e te r n e d
a oc
i
of ha r, i e ly i the cu r i ig
h a r e d s t an d s fo r t h e n ebed h a r e d
-
B u t n ebed , acc o r d n
-
g m ly iv l F
. . .
t o B ru sc h , d o e s n o t b u t i s t h e e q u a e n t o f th e r e n c h tr esser ,
e an cu r
k i ,
d o e s n o t h o e e r , a u d e t o t h e p o ss t o f an y c o n n e ct o n et ee n N OT E I an d
N i tba
w T he m im
o rd
iv f m w
N uba i s s o e t e s d e r e d r o
nu bu ,
th e o r d u se d
gl i i i m i im w lf
.
fo r o d in , e g , t h e n s c r p t o n o f Am e n e m h e t (A e n ) i n t h e t e o f th e t e th
y y l lv v b if i
. .
d n ast ( s e e B r e as te d , A R 1 , G o d an d s a e s h a e e e n t h e c h e att r ac t o n
g g
. .
o f t h e S u d an i n al l a e s ( C p B u d e , 1 , 5 34 ,
lli mi y j i lli g b ly l
. .
3
E ot S th s a s : W e ar e n o t u s t e d i n c a n o t h t h e e ar an d t h e ate
i bi
nha bi bi
t an t s o f N u f
a
N u an sv y bf lw
g
i n ac t , i t i s e r d o u t u h eth e r w e o u h t to
ap ply m ll i l i il v ll y b w
t h e n a e t o t h e p r e H e en c p o p u at o n o f t h e N e w-
a e et ee n As an
an d M e r o e
i i
( A r ch S u r v N ub B ull 1 1 , C a r o , k R L e p s u s sp e a s O f th e
b bly i x i m l wi lv
. . . . .
p ro a n co r r e c t e te n s o n o f t h e n a e N ub a t o al l an d s o u t o f h c h s a es
w b g
er e r o u h t t o th e n o r th ( N ubis ch e G r a m m a ti k ) .
1 2 IV 1
. .
wer e li ttl e c o nc er n ed ,
an d u ntil l ate y ear s that s u bj ect re m aine d
su fci en tly O bscu r e .
D e bb a an d K o r ti 1
ar e c o mm o nly kn o wn to th e n o r th as B ARAB RA
,
D o ng o l a 2
,
d is tinc t th e N UB A r o u n d Halfa th e S UKK OT th e M AHAS S p r o p er
, , , ,
an d fr e q u e n t l y th e D AN AG LA T h e D AN AG LA ex te n d as far n o r th o nl y .
m or e o r l ess is o l ated 3
.
mu ch m o r e to th e Ar ab ty p e .
a fu rt h er m eas u r e O f sp u r i o u s h o m o g e n e i ty t o all o f th e s e N b i an
p eo pl es 4
.
1
T he limi f K h d h Ph h f h igh h d y y
s o u th e r n t o us un er t e ar ao s o t e e t e en t n ast
w as i lly h m viz N
p r a ct ca (B d A R
t e sa e, ap at a r e as t e 11 ,
agl m ly D kl i h l l f D g lawi
. .
.
,
D 2
an a, or o re co r rect an a s t e p ur a O on o or
D k la i
on Th
o i w b bly i b w er eD akl d h s p ro a a c o nn ec t o n et e en an a
an t e
D akil S m li Jh
.
an f h h o ( t T h N il Q
e n o rt 34 er n o a co as t s ee o n s to n , e e ues t , pp
B k kh d N bi
.
C 6
p C i S j ec A B
e tt , 5
a ro 6 c our n ug 1 91 1 ; urc ar t, u a, pp 2 2 ;
8 3 wh m B ab i d i l d h D agl
. . . .
.
,
an d A l E S d
ng o -
g h u an , 1 , ere t e ter ar ra s u se to nc u e t e an a
kh d (l i ) y T h i h bi b d W dy K
. .
,
B u rc ar t oc fN c t sa f s : e n a t an t s o ou a, an a en o u s , as ar
gl w i E gy d h m f B ab ( i g B b y) b
. .
as D on k o a , ar e no n n p t un er t e na e o er er a s n er er ut
ll i i ld m m d f b y h i h bi h m lv wh ki g
.
th at ap p e at o n s se o a e u se o t e n a t an t s t e se es, e n S p ea n
f h i i A l h i M h m
O t w e r o n n at o n B s u su a e s accu r at e y a as s p r o p er ar e e an t
di i di i f m h Mh ld
. .
,
th M h
e f M h
a as s o a ass h st r c t as st n c t ro t e a ass sett e e g on t e
Bl N il
. .
,
ue e.
C 4
S hw i f p h .
94 c e n u rt , 11, 1 .
1 4 T HE NUBI AN S , T HE NUB A I 2 V
. . .
t h er e ar e n o g r o u n d s fo r cl o s e ly c o nn e c ting th e m as a r ac e wi th th e
N UB A o f s ou th er n K o r d o fn as Rii p p ell R o ssi an d K ean e di d T h ey 1
, .
3 0 0 0 a n d 4 0 00 y ear s ag o in t h e s am e l o c ali ty b u t th e s e h ad n o m o r e ,
N UB A b o th p h y sically an d cu l tu rall y 2
.
I t m ay b e th e c as e an d p ro b abl y is that th e s o u th er n N UB A ar e
, ,
to s o m e e x te n t th e m o d er n r e p r e s e n tativ e s o f th e r ac e o f n e gr o e s
w h o temp o rar ily h e l d D o ng o l a an d th e c atar ac t c o u ntry s o u th o f
Halfa in th e d ays O f th e Mi d d l e K ing d o m an d e ar ly Empi r e an d
w ho s e c o nge n er s n o d o u b t at a l ater d ate fo r m e d p ar t o f the fo r ce s
, ,
o f th e E th i o pi an d y n asty th at c o nq u er e d Egyp t an d r u l e d i t fo r
n o r th er n S u d an and m o s t o f th e m w er e fo r ce d b ack to th e s o u th ,
an d s e ttl e r s fr o m Eg y p t .
an d o nw ar d s fo r c e n tu r i e s an d th r o u g h o u t th e M e r o i tic P to l e m aic
, ,
N b i ans an d b e gan to s en d c o l o ni e s fu r th er a e l d .
tr ate d in to K o r d o fan an d s e tt l e d r o u n d ab o u t th e m o s t n o r th e r nl y
o f th e N UB A m o u n tains an d in te r m ar r i e d wi th th e n e g ro e s wh o w er e
1
S ee S e ligm
an , f o ur n . A nthr I ns t 1 9 1 3 , L I I I , 6 1 0,
. . X an d B ec k ett , l oc . ci t .
p p 2 00 if F o r K e an e , s ee M a n : P ast a nd P r esent , p 7 5
ligm
. . . .
Se an , l oc ci t
P XXX X
. .
6
S e e art I I , C h ap 2 , . I .
VI I I . AN D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 1
5
th e fo o t o f th e n o r th er n h ills O f D r N b a T h e c o ncl u si o n h o w e v er .
, ,
h as h er e an ticip ate d th e ar g u m en t an d w e m u s t r ev er t .
cu l tu r al matter s th er e w er e m ar k ed simil ar i ti e s T h e tw o p eo pl e s .
e x te n d e d in a m o r e o r l e ss d il u t e d fo r m fr o m E g yp t to th e Bl u e
,
-
a e
T h es e n egr o es w er e fo r th e m o s t p ar t s h o r t an d r e l ativel y b r o ad
o f a typ e akin to th at fo u n d at th e p r e s e n t d a
h ead e d , y in th e s o u th
1
F vi d hi
u r th e r e bj will b f d i P I I I C h
en ce o n wht s su ect e o un n art ap 1 er e
il f h B d ib giv ,
.
,
d e ta s o d th D e l e ay ri a an ot er an g a tr es are en
E lli S mi h A i
.
2
otE p i 66t d i A h S N bi
nc en t R f gy t a ns , p an n rc ur v u a, ep o r t or
II R i
, .
, . .
1 7 8
90
Ch 11 , S d N ap d R d J ; 8 7
e sn e r , u an o tes a n eco r s, an 1 9 1 p
E lli S mi h A i O f hi k l
.
y
, .
,
. .
6
E p i
ot 78 7
t h
nc en t ( 5 4) gy t a ns , pp 9 t s s to c e a so sa s p
i d bl m f vid h w h v y l
.
, .
, .
Th ier e s a co n s er a h e as s o e en ce to s e t at t ere w as a er c o se
mbl
r e se b w h an ce E gy iet d h A b b f
e en t ih b m
e p r o to
-
pt an s an t e ra s e ore e t er eca e
i mi gl d wi h A m id i l l m
n te r n e t r en o r ac a e e ents
E lli S mi h C i
.
4
S i
ot j M h t 56 57a ro c en t . o um ar c 1 9 09 , p p
S lig
. .
, .
,
5
l e i p 6 m an , oc . c t . . 1 4 .
1 6 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 VI I I
. . .
L OW E R N UB I A
T HE C G RO U P IN
th at is d y n as ti e s tw e lv e to s e v e n te en o r
, C G r ou p th e very typ e ,
O f n o r th er n K o r d o f n .
h er e evi d enc e t hat th e Lib yans Tem ehu) liv e d b etw een th e r s t an d
s e c o n d c ataracts b u t as G iu ffr i d a Ru gger i r em ar ks
,
5
th er e is s till -
th e p o ssibili ty s u gg e s te d by Hr d li k a th at th e s e T e m e hu
6
th e o as e s o f K h ar ga an d D ak h l a w h ic h ar e in th e Lib y an ,
1
Se ligm l oc ci t p 6 2 4
an ,
2
Se an , l oc ci t p 6 1 3 n o te ligm
lig
. . . . . . . .
6
B r easte d , A R I , 3 3 5 .
4
. I bid p 3 3 6 , an d S e m an , loc ci t
. . . . .
5
L o c ci t p 5 4
m i i ll i
. . . .
6
Th e N a ti ves of K harg a O as is , E g y p t , S ith s o n an M s c C o e c t o n s , L I X
ig
.
,
NO I , p 5 , W ash n t o n , 1 9 1 2
. . .
X II . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 1 7
o u s te d th e m at a l ater d ate .
w as n eg r o i d th o u g h c er tainly n o t t ru e n e g r o
,
6
.
N UB I A I N T HE T I ME O F THE TW E LF TH D Y NAS TY
X I I D u r ing th e tim e O f th e g r eat ki ngs o f th e tw e lfth dyn as ty
e v e n ts o f g r eat imp o r tanc e o cc u r r e d in th e n o r th er n
( 2 00 0 1 7 8 8 B
C ) . .
b y Am en em h at I by S es o s tr is I ( 1 9 62 ) and by S e s o s tr is I I I
In c o nn ecti o n wi th th es e a s er i e s o f fo r ts an d garr is o ns w as
e s tablis h e d fr o m th e Egyp ti an fr o n ti er as far as th e l o w er en d o f th e
fou n ded D u ring this p eri o d the d is tr ict b etw ee n Asw n an d S emn a
.
b ecam e p op u l ou s an d p r o sp er o u s .
1
I,
5 1 2. S th so n a n R mi i
e p 1
2
9 7 , p p 5 49 6 4
0
. . .
6
S e e S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor ds , J an 1 9 1 8 , p 1 2
w l l i l
. . .
as a r ace wi
th th e L an s r at h e r t h an iby wi
th t h e N e ro e s G uf r d a Ru er co ats g i fi -
gg i mb
i y il i b i w
.
th s t h e o r i n M a n , Ap r 1 9 1 5 T h e q u e s t o n o f B e r e r n u en c es i n t h e e s t er n
l gi l i
.
an , l o c ci t p 6 1 9 A d sc u ss o n o f t h e eth n c p ace o f t h e B e a o o s
5
Se . . . .
in C h ap 3
i
. .
6
Re sn e r , l o c ci t p p 1 2 , 1 3
f ll wi g il
. . . .
7
F o r t h e o o n se e Rei sn er in S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor ds , Ap r 1 9 1 8 .
M . S o I .
1 8 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 X II
. . .
o n ly c afts w e e p o t m ak i n g c l o th an d m
r r t w eav i n g an d b aske t makin g
-
,
a -
,
-
p er i o d ical p u ni ti v e e xp e di ti o ns we r e n ec es s ary .
c en tr al S u d an T h e fo r t at K er ma w as e nl ar ge d an d th e s ettl em e n t
.
ti o ns T h es e p r o v e th at a S p e ci al l o c al ci v iliz ati o n a c u r i o u s m o d i
.
,
m ater i als an d cu s to ms w as d e v e l o p e d an d th r o v e Ab o u t 1 8 79
,
.
,
h o w ever Am en e m h at s fo r t w as s ac k e d as th e r e s u l t O f a r ising o r
S u d an an d cr u s he d th e r eb els an d s et u p th e fam o u s s te l a at S e mn a ,
th at l o ca l c o n d i ti o ns w er e m o r e o r l ess s ettl e d .
n e v er r eb u il t .
T I M E O F T HE E I GHTE EN TH D YN ASTY
N UB I A I N T HE .
I TS E GY P T I AN I ZAT I O N
X I I I T h e E g y p ti aniz ati o n O f th e no r th er n S u dan w as p r o cee ding
s tead il y in th e tim e O f Ah m os e (Ah m es) I th e fo u n d er o f th e ,
e ig h te e n th d y n asty ( c 1 5 8 0 1 3 5 0 B C ) an d u n d er hi s s u cc e ss o r s
2
. . . .
Ah m os e I pl ac ed L o we r N b i a u n d er an Egyp ti a n
1
S e e B r e ast e d , A R I , 6 5 2
f ll wi g l i ig ki g i
. . .
2
F o r t h e o o n , to th e c o s e O f t h e q u o t at o n en d n n s of E t h io p a,
i
.
it . S enuser t I II
p ell e d them an d xed th ei r b o u n dary ab o ve
re
1
tan ts o f L o w er N b i a .
, , .
,
X V I t is to thi s typ e th e that the n ame NIJ B A is I su g
nebed
'
, , ,
bv
S e e a o e , an d B r e as te d , A R 1 , 6 40
1
y x mi b il i y P f ligm
. . .
2
D r D e r r , w h o e a n e d t h e u r a s t e s at G M o a , an d r o Se an
l ly i b f g l
. .
w h o h as c o se s t u d e d t h e N u a o f so u t h er n K o r d o an , a r e e as t o th e c o se
mbl b w
r ese an c e et ly P l m i g
e e n t h e e ar to e z y
a c n e r o o f th e G e i r a an d t h e p r e s e n t t p e
lig
i n so u t h e r n K o r d o fn ( se e S e m an , l o c ci t p
m i i y v yi l mi ll
. . .
T h e c e e t e r e s o f thi s s te [ G M o a] h a e
e d e d th e r e a n s o f a ta
ly b il g g i wi x i ily m iv k ll jw
.
co arse u t N e r o o r N e r o d r ac e th e tr ao r d n ar as s e s u s an d a s
g l y mbl y livi g
.
I n a e n er a w ay th e ap p e ar to r e se e t h e co ar se r t p e o f N u b a n i n s o u th
ig i ili i
K o r d o fn at th e p r e s en t d ay , an d i t i s s n c an t t h at th e cr an a n d c e s o f t h e
Jbl y b ill g l ly
m e n o f e e M o a an d t h e N u a h lig
s a r e e c o se
( S e m an , A d d r e ss to th e
i i v m i
.
An th r o p S e ct o n o f t h e B r t A s so c fo r t h e A d an ce e n t o f S c e n c e , R ep or t , 1 9 1 5 ,
. . .
p 9
hy i l i i f h N b f h K d f P f
Of h h t e p s ca c ar acte r s t cs o t e tI a o so u t e rn or o n ro
S lig ll ly b il m l l w i h d k lm
.
e y Th y
m an s a s : e ar e a ta s to u t -
u t, u s c u ar p eo p e, t a ar a o st
bl k ki T h y d mi ly , ,
ac s n e ar e 6 f h
p re o n an t 0 p e r ce n t o t e
i d ivid l m m i d b i g d li h li d
. .
n d ua s i h l h
e as u r e ar e m e s at ce p a s, t e re a n er e n o c o ce p a c an
b hi
r ac h li i b ce p l a i c ( T h Ph y i l C h
n a o ut f h eq u a p ro p o rt on s
e s ca ar ac te r s o t e
N b fK d f
.
u a o R A I or o an , XL,
m k h x v i G b l M y
. . .
S d N d
'
F R i or e sn e r s r e ar s on t e e ca at o n s at e e o a see u an o tes a n
R d J
ecor 9 65
s, an 1 1 9, p
l i hi h p
. . .
6
S ee ate r n t s c a ter .
I 2 X VI
. . . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 21
at e l Har z a ,
K ag a , in th e n o rth o f K o r d o fn and
an d o th er h ills ,
S hab l ka c atarac t .
t o th e c o u n tr y w h e nc e th e s e n eg r o es c am e b u t t o th e sc e n e o f th ei r
gr eates t tri u mp h s the vall ey o f th e Nil e b etween th e r s t catar act
,
th e l atter p ar t O f th e t e n th c en tu ry i t was n o t u nc o mm o n to r eg ar d
i t as applying p a r excellence to th at m o s t n o r th er nl y d is tr ic t o f th e
S u dan c o mmo nl y call ed M aris wh ich en d ed s o m e w ay n o r th o f th e ,
s ec o n d c atarac t 1
E GY P T I AN PERIO D I N N UB IA AN D T HE N UB I AN
T HE LI B Yo -
C O N QUES T O F E GYPT
X V I Ab o u t 9 45 B C th e Liby ans w h o in th e c o u r s e o f c e n tu ri e s
. .
,
immed i ately we d o n o t kn o w b u t in th e r ec o r d s o f 7 5 0 B C th e ,
. .
an d we m ay ass u m e th at th o u g h h e an d h is s taff m a h av e b ee n
y
E g yp to Lib yans the m ass o f his s u bj e cts w er e N b ians o f th e
-
th e s o u th .
g1
Cp . l
B u d e , I , 6 5 1 , an d I I , 1 05 ; a s o L e tr o n n e , l o c ci t E d e n c e o f t h e c o n vi
i y wi w i i x gy
. .
s s te n c th hi c h t h s t r ac t s o u t h o f A s w n w as c o n s d e r e d an an n e o f E p t
will l P
b e ad d u ce d ate r ( se e ar t I I , C h ap
f ll wi g i
.
2
F o r th e o o n s ee Re s n e r i n S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor d s , fo r J an an d O c t 1
919 . . .
22 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 . . X VII .
XV I I I P iankhi w as su cc ee d e d ab o u t 7 1 0 B C by h is b r o th er . .
S h ab ak a T h is m o n ar c h n o t c o n te n t wi th m er e ly r e c e i v ing tr ib u te
.
, ,
T HE AS S Y RI AN D AN G ER
T ah ar ka s m ain p r e o ccu p ati o n th ro u g h o u t his ign was to
X IX re
an d in 6 70 B C Es ar h add o n fo r c e d hi s w ay to th e Eg
. . yp ti an fro n ti er
an d h e avily d efeate d h i m Tab ar k a r e ti r e d s o u thwar d s l eaving th e .
d r ew n or th war d s T ab ar k a r eo cc u pi e d M e mp h is and r en ew e d hi s
intr i g ues wi th th e Pal es tini an kings .
t o Nin ev eh .
1
T h e d a te s giv en fo rby R i ith e t w y f h d y
en t -
t n as t y ar e as a m en d e d e sn e r n
O ct 1 919
h m k 77 ) h i k hi
. .
M 2
hi
an e t o f Sh b k b a B d (Hi
es m so n o a a a, ut r e ast e st p 3 t n s t s
li l d b f l Pi d w ll b i d
. .
a tt e oukh i S h b k
t u d Sh b k i anb a a a an a at a a, t m ay e n o te er e a ur e
G b l K B k l (R i
.
, ,
at e e S d
u r r u n e ar N d R d O t
ar a e sn e r , u an o tes a n eco r s, c
y f T h k Hi f vdi
.
B 6
d (l i
r e ast e 78 ) oc . c t p 3 sa s o a ar a: s e at u r e s as p r es e r e n co n
m y l h w mi k bly g i d h i i R i
. .
te p o r ar s cu p tu r e s s e un st a e a ne ro c ar ac t e r st c s e sn er , on
y (S d N y h h gh h A y i
.
th e co n t r ar dR ud J an o tes a n eco r s, an 1 91 9, p sa s t at t ou t e ss r an
ki g h T b k g h g f h
. .
n c o se to r e p r e se n t a ar a as a n e ro , e w as not a ne ro or t e s t at u e s
f b h hi m lf h w f wh i h migh b E gy i ,
o ot d hi d se d an s e s ce n an t s s e e at u r e s c t e pt an or
L ib y i ly g
b an ut c e rta n not ne ro
h f f h g y l m i f E hi i N i
.
H w4
e d as t e oun er o t e r e at r o a ce e te r e s o t o p a at ar n e ar
M w
,
er o e .
XX III . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 23
in 6 63 B C an d th o u gh in n am e h e r u l e d o ver b o th Egyp t an d th e
. .
, ,
. .
M ERO I T I C P ERI O D AN D AF TE R T HE
XX I I O n th e n al s ep arati o n o f E thi o pi a fr o m Egyp t P sam m eti chu s
( P s am t ik ) I w h o h ad b ee n
,
ins tall e d b y t h e A ssy r i ans a s K ing of
o f th at c o u n tr y to o tu r n e d th e i r atte n ti o n s o u th war d s an d th e
, ,
w as E th i O p i an iz e d th at i s b o u gh t u n d er t h e i n u en ce o f th e Egyp ti an
, ,
r
cu l tu r e w h i c h h ad b e en i n h e ite d fr o m th e d ay s o f th e Vice r o y s Bu t t h i s
r .
o f th e cu l tu r e b e ca me mo e t h e rac e w s ch an gi n g T h e r a .
Egyp tian e lement w as b eing o verb o rn e by o the s Lib yan Nubi an negro r , , , ,
o r wh ate v e r i t m a
y h av e b e en T h e n e tr ait s o f th e e d u c ate d an d skill ed .
w h i ch m ay h av e b e en s l o w at fo rgetti n g b u t w as i n cap bl e o f gi v i ng a a
XX I I I We n ow h ave as a r es u l t o f Reisn er s wo r k at N r i an d th e ,
T h e d at e o f t h e act u a o u n d at o n o f M er o e is n o t
6
of th e c t no n Fo r
f il lm
.
u r t h e r d e ta s as t o M e r o e an d fo r t h e se tt e e n t o f t h e A u to m o l o i i n th e s o u th
f ll w g
s e e th e o o i n c h ap ter .
24 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2
. . XX III .
k in g d o m , w h il e Me
b ecam e the centr e o f materi al weal th an d p oliti c l
roe a
in u en ce o f Pto lemaic Egyp t an d made their capit l fo r the rst time the a
cu l tu ral ce n t re o f Eth i o i a
p .
X X V We h av e s ee n th at i t w as E rat o s th e n e s w h o r s t u s e d th e
ter m N l B i in th e th i r d c e n tu r y B C As qu o te d b y S tr ab o h e s ays :
oz a . .
a g e at race
r b eginnin g f om Me o e an d e x ten d ing as f as th e b en ds
, r r ar
oz
2
.
6
Th ei r ci ty o f T enu p sis is o n th e Nil e .
an d b ey o n d an d in th e w e s ter n s te pp e s
4
.
,
tr ib e s o f Bl em y es an d N o b atae T h e fo r m e r o ccu p y th e in te r i o r o f .
s Mepbns dpfdner oc uxpc 7 63V dy m br wv
du b A l t btl av, d AA 15 19
r ob x brr or a r r bptevoc r oi s
b b
,
i w k
,
2
B k 1 1 , C h 5 , p 4 1 ap G e o g r M n o r e s Ag ath e m e r u s r o te i n G ree an
bi gm P l my g y il
. . . . . .
a r d e e n t t e d G eog r ap hi as H up o ty p osis
en t o f to e s G e o r ap h
Pli y l il g
.
n , H is t N a t Bk V I , I n s u a i n N o S e m b e r r itar um r e i n ae p ar e t
6
35
ii i m m il
. . . . .
Ab e a N u b e i Ae t hi o p e s di er um o c to t n e r e O p p du c o ru N o i m p o situ m ,
il w
.
T e n up si s F o r t h e s an d o f t h e S e m b e r r it ae ( S e m b r i t ae ) , h i c h i s p e r h ap s t h e
i i b w l f ll wi g
.
d str ct et e e n K as sa a an d Kal l ab zl t , s e e o o n c h ap t e r
P li y l ll m ib y i by m m
.
n a so c a s so e tr e in S r a th e s a e n a e o f N u b e i N ec n o n in
m i m m b mi i
.
e d a S y r i ae ad Li b an u m o n te p e n e tr an ti b u s N u b ei s , q ui u s jun g u n tu r Ra s .
D e in d e T ar an ei , d e i n d e P at am i ( Bk V I ,
ll
. .
4
E d M u e r , Bk I V , 7 4 8 7 8 3
x f ll w
. . .
6
D e B el la P ersi co , B k 1 , 5 9 T h e t e t i s as o o s : eur a a g em r e d AAa q d
. . .
NoBd r a t , n oAva q wrr br a r a y ew] dAAd B A/t ve s
B Anvs r e Ka i u ev r a br s
i 5 pvr a t Ka i
' -
ns r
.
,
tb
x p s
a s r t
z u
j a a ( i
fr m/.r a t , No otr. a t 5 6 r d d up i NeZ
o n o r a nbv
xo va t . . P r o co p i us was
b b
o rn a o u t 5 00 an d d e d a o u t 5 6 5 A D i b .
I 2
. . XX VI I . AN D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 25
t o th e m th e c ar e o f th e D o d ek as ch o i n os th e d is tr ic t s o u th o f ,
A sw n 1
.
, ,
t h e g r eat tr ib e s o f th e We s te r n D es er t 4
.
T h e s tatem en t th at th e s ettl e m en ts o f th e N UB A ex te n d e d to th e
o as e s o f K h ar g a r e s ts o n th e r e m ar k o f P r o c o pi u s to th e e ffe c t th at
5
I t h as b ee n o bj e c te d th at th e in h abi tants o f th e o as e s w er e u n
6
T EM E HU an d th e N O B AT AE w h e th er o n th e r iver o r w e s t o f i t h ad
, , ,
6
1
S ee E v e tts , p . 260 .
2
11 , 1 76 .
11 , 41 7
i g m mw vid
.
o f th e e
4
I n t h e s e q u o tat o n s B u d e s e e s t o p r ess s o e h at ah e ad e n ce
w x g wi will l
.
To h at e t e n t I a r ee t h h im ap p e ar ate r
ll vi w
.
6
L o c ci t 6
Ha , Re e i n M a n of M ay 1 912
ll
. . .
7
F r ag m 2 1 ( e d M u e r ) ap L e t r o n n e , 1 1 , 2 05 if P r is c u s i s a
iy gy im fi g l
. . . .
g o o d au t h o r t as h e w as i n E p t at t h e t e an d a r e n d o f th e en er a .
26 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A XX VI I .
in N b ia at the s am e p er i o d an d th e re co r d o f C o smu s In d ic o ,
p l e u s te s p r o v e th at th er e w er e s o m e th ere in th e fth c e n tu ry
6
.
o f th e T h eb ai d an d as th ey w e r e h eath e n h e wis h e d to c o nv er t
,
b ap tiz e d th e king an d th e n o bl e s w er e al l th e p eo pl e o f ,
K u sh ites c o nv er te d to th e o r th o d o x fai th an d th ey b ec am e s u bj ec ts
4
,
o f t h e th r o n e o f Al ex an d r i a
5
.
fo r th e s eve n c e n tu r i es d u r ing w hi c h th at c o u n tr y b ar r e d th e p r o g r e s s
o f th e Ar abs an d th e i r r e ligi o n fr o m th e u pp er v all e y o f th e Nil e .
1
Vi t C ons ta n ti ni , 1 , 8 , ap L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t 2
S ee I , 1 XX b va o e
li l
. . .
. .
,
6
S e e B u t e r , n o t e t o A b u Sa h, p p 2 6 5 , 2 6 6
m y i b li f J bi m hy i
. .
4
L e th e o n o p h s te e e s T h e n ar r at o r w as a aco te o r onop s te
Ch i i
. .
r st an
l d by B d g ( 5 ) f m h S y i f B h b
.
6
T i l
r an s at e E l i
u e 11, 29 ro t e r ac o ar e r aeu s s cc es as t ca
Hi B h b
s tory Ab l F ag d w
ar e h li w k f J h f
r ae u s , o r u e ar re up o n t e e ar er or o o n o
l i B d g l J li
.
,
E h L
'
p e su s . P k L iet r o n n e q u o te s o co c e s at n t r an s at o n u e p ace s u an u s s
b w l wh ki g i ly d i
.
d at e d 5 8
et B h b ee n 5 40 an 4 ar e r ae u s e se er e , s p e a n n acc u r at e an n
di i g y h i h ig f C i w
.
c o n tr a h ct o n d to t e p as s a e q u o te sa s t at n t e re n o o n s t an t n e e re
conv d ll h g e r te h E hi ai N bi t d h
e ne ( L roes , su c as
,
loc
h i i i f S ilk
.
S L 6
do etr o n n e ate s t e ns cr pt on O o
Th i i i f S ilk y
.
7
a '
e n s cr pt on o b o sa s: rr o lna a eip u nv ner m i n? a t c uoo a u
'
nor 7
I m d wi h h m d h y w by h i id l
.
ax
er m a a or ou, a e p e ace t t e an t e s ore to m e t e r o s
Th y w v d h ly f w d
.
e e r e co n e rt e s o rt a te r ar s
ki B dg ( ) w gly
.
6
Th G N d AAo t
1 1 , 2 9 2 3
e r ee s at ou at awu c wwr p w u e ro n t r an s
l ki g
.
at es h h N b d
t L
e ot i Th
er h o h h
a es : e t r o nn e s co r r e ct . ese Ot er s , t e ot er n s
28 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A XXX I .
d e p th l ng it o r if o n e p r efer ther e is a mo r e d i re ct r ou te th at
all a o , ,
at D e bb a o nly fo r ty ve mil e s w e s t o f K o r ti
,
-
.
at th e s o u th e rn en d o f i t n ear th e D r f r b o r d er th ey ar e very c o mm o n
in d eed .
s tages o f gr ow th h ad th e c o u ntry b ee n as d ry as it n o w is S o m e .
an d th o s e o f th e B ARA B RA o n th e r iv er
6
1912 .
Bu t if B ARAB RA fr o m K o r ti an d D e bb a wh ic h ar e b etw ee n th e th i r d ,
b b b g wi g lf w T h A b l d l h i
ao a ro n se -
h hi g
so d n e ra s a so e c ar e t er e s n o su c t n an s ay
f m h im f N h
.
th e b ldi tu d e s at e ro t e t e o oa
il M lVIi h l T
.
6
F d or e ta Ch s s ee ac c ae ap VI
M il i wi h i h i by h i ill
. .
,
4
I bid C h
d ap V II at r n e ar e s c ent t n e r tan c e t e s s te r s s o n s t
h ld g d M d ob i di d i Ch i i gl S
. . .
o s oo at D i as t n r s t an on o a ee p 59
Cf h v b l i f K z d N bi giv b y B kh d
. . .
6
L i oc c t. t e o ca u ar e s o en u an u an s en urc ar t
P bli h d i j X
. . .
6
u A h p I
s e n3 our n nt r o nst LI I , 1 9 1 2, p 3 9
f m Mi d ob d h b f ll w h i li i h i y
. . . . .
M 7
d ar au ers ro an t er e a o u ts o o t s ne n t e ra n s e as o n
an d l y wi wh i d i g h A b
e ar n te r en ra n t e ra s
P
.
6
S ee ar t I , C h ap 4 . .
XXX V . AN D T H E LI BYAN ELEMENT 29
r ac e s th er e fr o m o r m or e pr o b ably b e c o m e fu s e d wi th th e m in r ac e
, , , .
living o n th e Nil e .
o f th e N UB A m o u n tains o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn th e N O B AT AE o f L o w er ,
.
1
P i l ly
ar t c u ar i l gi T h i w i d
th e att e n nig o f th e f
ro n to -
p ar e ta re on . s as po n te o ut
to m e i K
n by P f
1 91 S ligm
2 at ( i H d Af i
ga S d r o e s so r e an 9 v n a r va r r ca n tu i es ,
w h m i i g i hi i
. .
11 ; V i Af i
ar a I b
r ca na , 11 , t m ay e o rt ent o n n n t s c o n n e ct o n
t hat m y so I w
e ld K ag h h
e ar s i
ag o l i as to at a t at t e an c e n t p op u at o n
u se d b y h i d d igh L i w ld h m f S h K d fa
to ur t e r ea up r t ep s u s as to t e sa e o o ut ern or o n
K d fa k i m f m h hi ll f h m
.
pp 22 1 or o n ta e s ts n a e ro t e o t at n a e
l l O b id A d by h iv h m d ly ly h
.
c o se to e e s u se t e n at es t e na e oes no t p r o p er ap p to t e
md H az g dj i i g i
.
no a y h h
co u n t r h K to t f bi lle no rt n o r to t e g a-
ar a ro up o s a o n n t no r
to t h N b me i u i ha h S M Mi h l
o u nta n s A p n t e so ut . ee ac c ae , p . 1 .
30 T HE NUBI AN S , T HE NUB A XXX VI .
th o s e d e sc r ib e d ab o v e b o th o n th e K er r er i h ills cl o s e to O m d u r m an ,
an d o n th e sm all r o ck y e min e nc e s s u c h as G e b e l e l Ke h a d r o u n d
y , ,
th e c o n te n ts o f s o m e mi dd ens I fo u n d at F ar ag b in C e n tr al K o r d o
2
fan n e ar Br a an d o bj e c ts fo u n d at G eb e l M o y a (e g o s tr ich e g g . .
-
v l y j y
B o th se e r a d a s o u r n e e ast o f K h ar to u
1
m
x Pl ligm
.
2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , T ri bes A p p e n di an d at e X IX , an d S e an i n A nna ls
J y
.
of A r ch a nd A n thr ul 1 91 6
i b l vi li k wi b ill
. . .
6
T h e se o st r c h eg g e a d s a so p r o -
de a n th t h e N o r t h e r n N u a h s
k l l i li w ig
.
P al l m e ( p 1 5 6 ) s p e a s o f t h e p e o p e o f th e att e r ( D a e r , T e ka , e tc ) as e ar n
i li mb m ll b b iz b
. .
r o u n d th e r o ns a nu er o f s a u tt o n s o f a o u t t h e s e o f a s hi rt u tt o n , -
m ad e o f th e s h e ll i wi
o f t h e o s tr c h s e g g , f i g
t h a p e r o r at o n i n t h e c e n t r e , t h r o u h
wi ig ig m g
h c h a s t r n i s p as se d , co nn e c t n th e to eth e r k bl y
I t o o th e t r o u e , h e s a s ,
ig i gl b ibb my i
.
m im
At th e sa e t i b
e t h e u s e o f o str c h e g g b
e ad s i s n o t c o n n e d t o t h e N u a -
s to c k ll k
T h e S hi u m e n c o mm ly w gi l m
on e ar r d es m yb k
ad e o f t h e T he r ea ll th e s h e
i i g l bi i f gm g
. .
n t o r r e u ar t s , p e r ce t h e r a e n t i n t h e ce n t r e , an d t h e n r o u n d o ff th e e d e s
by ig
cr u s h n m xxxi
( W e s t e r an n , p )
ligm i ig mbl i lly b w
. .
an , l oc ci t , d s c u ss n t h e se r e se th at
4
S ee S e an ce s , e s p e c a et e en
y y F gb ik mw m
. .
t h e t p e s o f p o tt e r at M e r o e an d ar a a H e th n s th at A t a so e h at r e o te
i l b k P lmi F i i
.
p e r o d
p e r h ap s a t e as t as f a r ac as t h e t o e a c
th e ar ag ab s t e w as o cc u p e d
by l i l livi g
a p e o p e r c h i n c att e , n g w i gb
i n h u t s o f r as s o r s tr a , an d u s n i o n e p o n ts
i w
fo r th e r l i iv y w i
e ap o n s ; a p e o p e r c h i n
or , y w k wi im l m
h ch t h e o r ed th p e en t s o f
s to n e
Pl I I S m f h h y h m
.
M Mi h l l
6
ac i c ae oc i c t at e o e o t e se t e ar e n t e u se um at
m hy i fli g i g i i m
. . .
,
Kh ar t o u
ar e p o rp Ba r b
te , e s te , n e ss , o r r an te , e as at sa, ut o st a r e
f d ligh d f i bl f w
. .
o f so t s and s t o n e an to o Th N b f h t an r a e o r u se as e ap o n s e as o so ut ern
K d fa h d d l b ( S lig A N li h i
.
or o ph i l n u se s er ca s to n e j -
ea e c u s e m an , eo t c ou r n
i g f m K yli f wh i h I h v ll d mb
.
R A I ThX L, e s to n e r n s ro a o c a e co e cte nu e rs
d wh i h h gh g h i w k h i x ly h m m fh
. . .
,
an c t ou ro u er n or m an s p, ar e e ac t t e sa e as s o e o t o se
f m h K d fa d b y C wf f m b
,
ro n o rt d
er n or o 5
n , ar e 5 at e ro oot ro a o ut A D 1 0 to A D 3 0
( S ligm
. .
e l i an , oc c t p
i i m d E y w bli w igh d m yw
. . .
i h f m f i g
n t e or f g ld od ilv r n d w s ol d b y i w igh W ilki
o an s e r , an as a so t e ste ts e t n so n ,
ki g f h i g y A d i i m k bl h h m yi d y
.
s p ea n o t e se r n s , sa s : n t s re ar a e t at t e sa e c u r r en c s to a
e m l y d i S d h igh b i g
p o e n en n r i an F h mr h t e ne o ur n co u n t r e s
u rt er o e, e n o t es ,
Th J w l w igh d h i m y T h i w igh w f d h w d
.
e e s a so e e t e r o ne e r e ts er e o sto n e ; an t e or
w igh i m
.
e t n (M d Th
e an s a s to n e a nners a n I I , 1 0, e
ill i f m T h b d i d by W ilki
u st r at o n s ro h w h e h esw igh w v y e p c te n so n S o t at t e se e ts ere er
lik h e t i g fM
e s to n e r n d h l s o ibly h v b m d i imi i
e r o e , an t e att er m ay p o ss a e e en a e n tat o n
o f h E gy i
t e y m C l B pt an s d His te f h m l i g H dd
p a so r e as t e st p 92, or t e et a r n s e a s
w igh wi h h i iv l i h i g T h i i g
. . . . .
,
t h at st o n e e ts t t e r eq u a e n ce n suc r n s s r n
m y i h ld y k w Th m i i g f Da f l
.
one s t e O e st c u r r e n c no n e o s t an c e n t c o n a e o r ur a so
k h f m f i g L mi g d m i i f bli D f
.
to o t e or o r n s . e p re er e n re e nu r a re qu ut ta au r our,
I 2
. . XXX X I . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 31
n o r th er n h ills o f K o r d o f n at G eb e l M o ya G e b e l K ay li (o n th e , ,
a l l o v er th e Isl an d o f M e r o e .
D e s er t o f G o ran o r G o r h am o r G o r h an a n am e c o nn e c te d wi th
, , ,
K ORA AN an d as I b e li eve wi th G aram a an d G ar am an tes 4
, ,
O f th e T I B B U K ean e s ays
T h e T ib u th emse l v es pp ar en tly dir ect d escen d ants o f the an ci ent
,
a
T he r e e tw o d i st i n c t se cti o n s
ar t h e n o rth e r n T e d as a n ame r e callin g , ,
bi
l e fu t p ar l e s h a t an t s d u P c h e r I ls p r r e n t p o u r o n n a e d e s an n e au d et a n i m i x
i
ii w l wv l y
.. .
( T an s , V oy a u D arfo ur , p O n th e h o e , h o e er , I e an to t h e t h eo r
g w im l y wi bl j wf
. .
t h at t h e s e r i n s o f s t o n e ere s p s t an d s o n h c h t o a an c e ar s ( C ro o o t in
S ud a n N otes a nd R ecor d s , A p r 1 9 2 0, p
wf l
. .
I s an d o f M e r o e ( M e m X I X , A r ch S ur v N ub p p 1 6 , 1 , 7
1
C ro o o t,
Pl
. . . . .
an d ate X I )
lli mi ll
.
th , A r ch S ur v N ubi a , B u
2
C p E ot S 1 1 1 , 1 9 09 , p p 2 2 if
kl y
. . . . . .
( 1 6 7 0) q u o te d i n th e Ha u t e d
6
S e e R B l o m e s G e og r ap hi cal
fi
. .
o f L e o A r can u s , I , 2 8
v i i bj m f lly x
.
4
I h a e d sc u s se d t h s s u e c t o re u i n an Ap p e n di to Th e Tri bes of
Aror ther n a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n
'
6
S e e M akr i z i , K h eta t, 1 1 , 5 7 1
m l bi i
.
6
T h e n a e Ku r a n a s o o cc u r s i n Ar a a as t h at o f a se c t o n o f Hu w ay t t n e ar
ib
D a o n th e Re d S e a co as t B u r to n (L a n d of M i di a n , 1 1 , 9 7 ) ent o n s t h e s e p e o p e m i l
y bl g li mix
.
h e s a s t h at t h e p o rt o f D um ay g h a e o n s to t h e B e B ali yy ) w h o ar e ed
wi th a few K u r a n H u a t at an d K ar ai z ah H u ta
-
wy
B u r c h ar d t (N ubi a , p -
ym k
mm i g g f m y i
. .
co en t n o n t h e p ass a e ro e l H am d n i , s a s : T h e N e g r o e M o s li m s t o t h s
ly
d ay ap p m
th e n a e o f K o r an n d s c r n at e i i imi
t o al l th e p a an N e r o n atio n s ly g g .
32 T HE NUBI ANS , T HE NUB A XXX X I .
Ethi o pian s th an
fu ll bl o o d tru e Hami te s - 1
.
X L cc o u nts giv
T he en by Her o d o tu s
a P to l emy and P o m p o niUs ,
ing fr o m n o r th o f F ez z n as far s ou th as Nb ia .
ex t en d s fr o m th e s o ur c e s o f th e r iv er B ag r ad a as far as th e l ak e o f
X LI Ag ai n , m o r e th an a mill e nn i u m later , we
h av e L e o ( . 1 5 3
1
1
5)
s aying 6
Go ran (wh o b eing descen ded of the p eop le called Zingani inhab ite the 6
1
M an : l
P as t a nd P r esen t , p 4 74 T h e at es t an th r o p o o c a r e se ar c h e s in n o l gi l
wi l vi w ll
. .
w a y c as h t h K e an e s
e M M G ai ar d an d P o u tr i n , au th o r s o f Etu d e a nth r o
g y
. .
l g ly b
ar e m m
B e r e r s , an d e as u r e en ts s h e e d t h at t h e
e on w y bl g
to a p h s ca t p e yi l y
l l y mbli g
c o se r e se ig i in th e N r t an s o f t h e S ah ar a
( Re e in M an , M ar c h vi w
l y
C ar e tt e ( l oc ci t p 3 1 2 ) a s o s a s th at th e T u an d T u w r e k ar e ibb or n La b y igi m
ta
b ig l g m l i i m i b w
. . .
Be r e r s N ach t a r e ar d e d t h e as a
p o p u at o n n te r e d ate et e e n th e
i ig l fi g
.
nd e n o u s p e o p e s o f N o r t h A r ca an d th e N e r o e s o f t h e S u d an (V o l 1 1 o f S a h
by b
. .
a n d S ud an , q u o te d C ar o n , 1 ,
2
D e S i tu O r bis , c h I V . .
6
Bk I V , c h ap s 1 7 4 , 1 8 3 . . .
4
Bk IV , p 7 4 2
. .
Ka i u yw r a uv $6 11 7; Ka r a uuer a t r n
. v A tbnv 7 6 r e 1 631! P a p a .
6
1 1 , 8 36 ig i
F o r t h e Z n an s ee p 5 6 M arm o l s ers o n o f th e p ass a e q u o te d
v i g
i gl g i i m x
. . .
L e p r n ce [ i e o f D o n o a] a u e r re o r d n a r e e n t t an to s t c o n tr e c e u d e
is :
l
. .
G o r h an , q u i e s t u n e e s p ece d E g y p t i e n s q u i co u r e n t p ar l e s d e se r ts et p ar e n t u n
l gg i li
an a e p art c u e r , t an to s t co n t r e l e s p eu p es q u i d e l m
e u r e n t au L e an t d u N i l v
d an s l e d e se r t (t r an s P er ro t , 1 1 1 , 7 1 M arrn o l o u r s h e d a o ut 1 5 2 0 i b
igi l g zi ig b
. .
e n e r a o n e d i Z n an i see C ar o n , I ,
6
L eo s o r n a is un a (
7
f m k
F o r u rt h er r e ar s o n t h e Ku r a n o f th e p r esen t d ay se e C h ap 4 o f th s art
. i P .
X LI V . A N D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 33
al r e ad y q u o te d o f G e b e l Mi d ob
,
wh er e w e h ave a n egr o Hamitic ,
-
X L I I I Fu r th er e v i d e nc e is p er h aps to b e fo u n d in th e r o ck pictu r e s -
X L I V At what d ate th e m o d i e d N UB A s to ck in no r th er n K o r d o fn
was r epl ac ed in th e pl ains by th e n o m ad Ar abs i t is h ar d to s ay b u t ,
1
l f i l k l g g
T h e c ase o f t h e B r ke d o f s o u th cen t r a D ar ur , w h o a so s p e a a an u a e
-
l ly i
c o se b will
ak n t o th at o f th e B ar a r a l wi b e d ea t i P t h i n C h ap 4 o f t h s art
m g v ig ly f if l mi l i g i i
. .
a e a h h an d s e ad n
2
L eje an s aw t h e an d an c u d e sc r p t o n o f
mwi
th e by
h ch i s q u o t e d li i
H artrn ann i n D i e N ig ri ti er ( B er n , 1 8 7 6 , p I co p ed
m l ly l bli l wi m
.
,
th e as c o se as I co u d i n 1 9 08 , an d p u s h e d th e r e s u t th s o e n o te s i n
XXX X
j our n A n thr I ns t y i i i y ly g v
I , 1 9 09 T h e ar e q u t e d s t n ct i n t p e t o th e r u d e en ra ed
m im i li l wi
. . . .
( o r s o e t e s p a n t e d ) u n co u th o ut n e s i n s h ep h e r d s r u d d e
h ch o c c u r o n
ll Fg w
o th e r hi s at e l Har z a, n e ar o a inf i
e ste r n K o r d o a n , at G D a e r o n t h e n o r t h e r n
fi g b m lil bi v y
.
r n e o f D ar N a a, i n S o a an d , i n A r a a, an d all o e r th e T u w r e k co u n tr ,
an d w i by i l i
h ch m l v m lv
t h e n c u s o n o f t h e ca e p r o e t h e li se e s n o t e ar e r t h an t h e
b gi i g
e nn n i i m m
o f t h e C h r s t an e r a, an d m ay b e i u ch iv o r e r e c e n t s n ce t h e n at es o f
w
t h e p r e s e n t d ay i n t h e S u d an d r a w ll
su ch , e g m o n th e i a s o f ro o s T h e p ct ur e s
f ll lif mvm g f l w ll i
. . .
at S h al s h i are u of e an d o e e n t an d ar e r ace u an d e p ro p o rt o n ed
y
th e w i igm
ar e i n r e d an d h te p b k l gi
e n t , an d r e p r e se n t m e n o n h o r s e ac ; a so r af
fe s
y
an d h e n as
Fl m i i
S e e L A n thr op ol og i e , X I I , 1 9 01 ( a an d ) fo r p c tu r e s o f th s t y p e ;
y F XV
.
V
an d fo r t h e r u d e r t p e L A n thr op ol og i e , I I I , 1 8 9 7 ( l am an d ) ; I I , 1 9 06 ( C ar e tte
v xv
B o u e t) ; i X V l
1 9 04 ( G au t e r ) ; j our n A n thr I ns t L I , 1 9 1 4 ( Z e t n e r ) ; e tc
i l m m l li y l i ly gg iv
. . .
, .
6
O n e o f t h e an c e n t p ace n a e s i n th e s a e o ca t i s a s o c u r o u s s u e s t e
-
g m ml w z l g i g ill ll
.
A t K a a , s o e 1 00 i e s e s t o f e l Har a a, i s a ar e o u ts t an d n h ca e d B ak al i ,
a nam wi e ll g f ll wi g m i
h c h r e c a s a p ass a e , o o nil on e n t o n o f t h e s an d o f M e ro e an d
ib
th e tr P l my
es s o ut h o f i t , i n to e
s G eog r ap hy :
y
I n t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n tr , b ut
f w
ar th e r i ll
e s t o f t h e E thi o p an hi y w l gi w ll
s , i n t h e s an d an d at e r e s s r e on , d e th e
P l my
r ac es o f P h az an i a [ F e z z n ] an d B ak al i ti s S e e to e
,
Bk 1 1 1 , p 7 8 3 , e d M u11e r :
.
. . .
p x p p
( .
'
i P l my
dp oxov xcbpav oi Kur d r hu P arfai t/ l a v Ka i B a Ka X i r w B ar th ( I V , 5 8 0) d e n ti e s to e .
s
wi
B ak ali t i s th W r g e la, far to th e n o rt h .
M . S I
. .
34 I 2 . . X LI V .
c en tu ry ,
it b ee n S till h e l d b y the d ar k er p eo pl e w h o s e
s eems to h ave
ai n iti e s w e h av e d isc u ss e d In th e sixtee nth an d s e ve nteenth
.
th e r s t pl ac e th e n o m ad s c am e in fr o m th e d i re c ti o n o f D o ngo l a
an d s o o n O b tain e d a p r e d o min anc e in th e pl ains n o r th o f th e l ati tu d e
o f K g a Her e at th e p r e s en t d ay th e s o c all ed N UB A wh o s e ty p e
.
-
D AN AG LA h o l d o nl y th e l ar g e s t o f th e h ills e l Harz a K g a K at l
, , , , ,
X L V In th e s e c o n d pl ac e in th e S ix te e n th c e n tu r y th e alli e d fo r c e s
,
D r f r i an r ac e s s o m e r e mn an ts o f w h o m S till exis t in th e n o r th er n
1
,
h ills an d fu r th er s o u th .
1
Q C h ap 4
v l
F o r an acc o u n t o f th e p e o p e o f e l Har a a , K g a , e tc s e e z
my y ill k w
. . . . .
T ri bes of N or th er n a nd C en tr a l K o r d ofa n T h e ar e s t
C h ap V I o f no n as
b mm l ll m lv i b ivi i w
. .
N u a an d t h e co o n p eo p e c a th e se e s so T he r su d s o n s sh e t r ace s
mi i igi m m iv ly bi
.
o f t o te st c o r n : ve o f t h e ar e n a e d r e sp e ct e ( i n Ar a c) C attl e fo lk ,
R at fo lk ,
S h e e p fo lk ,
Woo d o ,
Ho r s e fo lk
f lk i bj
F o r t h s su ec t r e e r t o f
b mi xm l
.
R o e rt so n S t h , p p 1 8 6 ff an d 2 1 7 ff , an d fo r o t h er e a p e s s e e p 9 4 e t p ass i m
. . . .
3 6 T HE BEGA ,
T HE B LE MYE S
th at n o thi n g o f th i s s o rt h as h p p en e d in th e Re d S e P r o v i n ce o f th e
a a
i s o b v i o u s th at wh il e th e Bi sh ar in h av e b een mo st mo d i e d
by the fo reign r o u n d h ead ed el ement th e B en i Amer are the least in
-
I I I O n e n o te s in th is c o nj u nc ti o n th at n o n B e ga tr ad i ti o ns as -
an d as P r o fe ss or S e ligm an s ays
, ,
sm ll
2
a
V Ve ry cl o s e l y r e l ate d t o th e B E GA tr ib e s ar e th e AB AB DA w h o s e
,
b u t if tr ad i ti o n b e any gu i d e th ey hav e m o r e Ar ab bl o o d in th ei r
veins than th e B ARABRA 4
.
2
Se ligm
an , l o c ci t p p 6 03 , 6 04
. . . .
L o c ci t p 6 06 , 6 07
i ff i
. . .
6
G u r da gg e r i l o c c i t pp 5 1
54
P i x ki by m
. . . .
,
4
S ee art IV ( n d e ) , an d c p G A H o s n s q u o te d C a e r o n (your n
ib l
. . . .
A nth r I ns t F e b 1 8 8 7 , O n th e T r e s o f t h e E as te r n S u d an I n o n e case at e as t
w l i m vji m b ib viz
. . .
a h o e s e c t o n o f th e h a e o n e d a n o ad S u d an e se Ar a t r e , th e K aw h l a
b m i g l m
.
i n K o r d o f n , en bl oc an d t o al l i n te n t s e co e an n t e r a p ar t o f t h e ( S ee .
P ar t I I I , C h ap .
1 3 VIII
. . . AND T HE NUB A OF MERO E 37
a r i ti c infu si o n to b e fo u n d am o ng th e m o r e s o u th er nl y o f th e s e
y
B E GA tr ib es it is a very r em arkabl e fact
, .
p r es e nt u n d em o ns trate d 1
.
th e B LE M YE S as cl o s e to S y e n e (As w n ) an d th e c atarac ts .
th at th ey w er e a r ac e o f invad er s h o l d ing in s u bj e c ti o n th e o l d er
N ti bi an an d n eg r o p o p u l ati o n 6 an d p r ac tic ally d o min ating th e w h o l e ,
o f th e T h eb ai d
6
.
o f th e M ar ty r s o f Rai th e o f s o m e th r ee h u n d r e d B LE M YE S e mb ar king
10
ab o u t
3 78 A D o n a v ess e l o f Ai l a wh ic h th ey h ad tak e n n ear th e
'
1
C ro wf
oo t, T h e I s an d l of Me ro e A r ch S ur v N ubi a , X IX 35
v
. . .
, ,
2
C a rm en d e N i l o , , 1 9 :
vg
I n d e a o lap s u Li b y am d i sp er su s i n o m n em
A et h i o p um p e r i e r ui t n i g r an ti a r e n a, m ll g
l
E t o c a c o n t n u o S o s d am n ata ap o r e i li v
I n r o r at , p o p ul i sq u e s a u s si tie n ti b u s e rr at , l
P e r M e r o en , B l em y as q u e e ro s , at r am q u e S y en e n f .
( Al by (M m
6
Bk X IV , Ch IV , s e ct 3 so q u o te d Q u atr e m er e II sur l es
f m
. . . .
.
,
4
V t ae atru , p 5 4 2 ( ap Q u atr em er e , l o c ci t , an d L e tr o n n e )
. . . . .
6
H ist L a usi a c ( ap Q u atr em er e , l oc ci t , an d L e tr o n n e)
.
XXX
. . . . .
Ap P h o tium , B i bl i o thec C o d L 1 9 4 ( ap Q u at re m er e , l o c
6
, p
. . . . . .
7
S e e Ch ap 1
ll vi w P bli i x x
. .
6
H R Ha , Re e o f th e u c at o n s o f t h e E B C o e , J n r E p e di tio n
bi
. . . . .
to Nu a, M a n M ay 1 9 1 2
i
.
,
6
S ee M ln e p 8 1
by L
. .
,
1
I l l us tri um Chr i s ti M ar ty ru m l ec ti tr i um p hi , p p 1 07 1 09 , q u o te d e t t o nn e
i i
.
( l oc ci t ) an d Q u atr em er e 1 1 1 3 0 an d R ai th e i s n e ar S n a
. .
, , 1 33 . .
38 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BLE MYE S I 3 V1 11
. . .
s n d es er t r eall y b o r e th is n am e as it w as c o mm o n to mis
th e ea ter
apply s o m e kn o wn n am e to an y u nk n o wn fo lk w h o app ear e d simil ar
1
.
r o u n d Asw n ex te n d m u c h fu r th er s o u th w ar d s an d e as tw ar d s t o w ar d s
c ou ntry wh ich w e kn o w w as p eo pl ed th en as n ow by B E GA 7
.
T h e insc r ip ti o ns o f Ax u m an d Ad u li s th o u g h e nu m erating th e ,
IX O n e c o ncl u d e s th er e fo r e wi th L e tr o nn e that th e p eo pl e wh o
, , ,
o n th e r iv er an d ab an d o n e d th e n o m ad ic life .
6
L e tr o nn e ( l o c .
2
Ap S tr a . b o, p .
78 6 .
I dy l l , V I I , 1 1 4
,
b
T h eo cr itu s w as o rn 2 9 0 B C an d d e d e r o l d i v y
f ll w b
. . .
4
B k I V , C h V 1 1 1 H e o o s E r at o sth e n e s Hi s d at e i s a o u t 5 00 5 6 5 A D
l m il b w xm
. . . . .
6
D e B el l o P er si co , 1 , 1 9 , p 5 9 H e p ac e s th e e as t o f th e N e e t ee n A u
l
. .
an d E ep h an t i n e (A sw n )
by
.
6
I n H is t A ug us ta e S cr ip tor es , p p 2 2 0 an d 2 3 9 , q u o te d
.
Q u atr em er e , l oc
. .
ci t , an d L e t r o nn e , l oc ci t
. . .
7
L etr o n n e , l oc ci t
ll y v w ll b m
. .
6
W o o e an d M c I ve r h a e sh o n th at th e o ld ru in ca e d K ar an Og n e ar I r i
l
w as th e c ast e o f a B l em y an c hi e f
S e e K a r a n dg : th e C em etery ( 1 9 1 0) an d K a r a n dg :
P bli i x x ii bi
.
th e T o w n ( 1 9 1 1 ) i n t h e u cat o n s o f t h e E B C o e J n r E p e d t o n to N u a ,
iv P il l i vi w by ll
. . .
,
Un M u s eum , h ad e p h a ( r e e e d
. H R Ha i n M a n M ay . .
,
1 3 X I
. . . AND T HE NUB A OF MER O E 39
an d th e m o v e m e n t is d e ni te ly d i r e c te d o n e w ay o r th e o th e r at an
y
p articu l ar p er i o d b y th e p o li ti cal c o n d i ti o ns o f th e m o m en t .
X I Wh en e v er m e nti o n is m ad e o f B E GA o r B LE M Y ES b y cl assic al
o r m e d i ae v al h is to r i ans i t is I b e li ev e alw ay s in c o n n ec ti o n wi th th e
, ,
t h o u gho u t i ts l en g th
r B ey on d it agai n [ e oth e ces] B eginni ng fro m
. ar r ra .
t h e e ast th e se are
Au g i l ae an d th e T r o g l o
rst th e G ar am an t ae , t h en t h e
y
d yt ae , an d l as tl an d fur th est est th e Atl an tes Fu rt h er in l an d are p eo p l ew .
, v
w h o if on e m ay b e lie e it , ar e scar ce l h u m an , b u t r ath e r h alf wi l d b eas t s y - -
Bu t th is
p ass ag e d o es n o t n e c ess ar ily b ear th e inter p r etati o n th at
th e B LE MY E S w er e w e s t o f th e Nil e an d if i t d i d n ee d n o t b e acc e p te d ,
p er fe ct h o s t o f wr i ter s to th e c o n tr ary If M e l a th o u gh t th at th e .
1
11, 1 28 . P o m p o ni u s p l ac e d an s l i n t r ie u r d e l Afr i q u e
au de al
l e s G ar am an t e s
m i
.
2
S u p er e a q u ae L i b y co ar ab l u u n t u r L i b y e s A e g yp tii s un t , e t L e u c o
i
ae t hi o p e s e t n at o fr e q u e n s m u l ti p l e xq u e G e t u l i D e in d e at e vacat r e i o p e r p e t u o l g
im i
.
t r ac t u i n h ab i t ab il i s T um p r o s ab o r e n t e G ar am an t as , p o s t Au g il as e t T r o g l o
l ib
.
M e a , d e S i tu O r bi s Ch IV ) . .
6
r d O K a r wr p w e Ka r wdeV Me dns, n a d ,u c u T O N ei ixo
.
p p p D v 7r pbs T hu
E p v0p<w Me ydup o c
.
( S t ra b o,
xvu , 1 .
g y ib
B u d e ( 1 1 , 1 7 4 ) sa s o f th e tr e s o f th e E ast e r n D e se r t a o u t t h e t h r d c e n tur b i y
i ib lm
i t i s sa d th at t h e se t r e s h ad s e tt e e n t s e e n i n t h e o as s o f K h ar a, b u t n o v i g
au th o r t iy
fo r th e st at e e n t i s q u o t e d m
M akri z i (K h e ta t, 5 6 1 5 7 1 ) q u o te s a er
v y
f l i g f m lm liv y
.
ul d e s c r p ti o n o f th e B e a r o Ib n S e i , w ho e d i n t h e t e n th ce n t ur , b u t
i
th e r e i s n o h n t i n i t o f an y B e a e st o f th e N e g w il .
0 T HE BEGA , T HE B LE MYE S I 3 X I
. . .
r ule s o f M ero e
1
r .
ab o u t th e mi dd l e o f th e s am e c e n tu ry an d m e n ti o ning th is als o ad d s , ,
th at th ey u s e d to s ac r ic e m e n to th e S u n an d i t is alm o s t c er tain
6
,
simpl y N UB A an d C h r is ti an
5
.
X I V An e v e n m o r e d i ffi cu l t p r o bl em is p r e s e n te d b y th e c o u n tr y
which lay a li ttl e fu r ther s o u th As al r ead y m en ti o ne d the c api tal .
o f th e Li b yo N b i an kings w h o c o nqu er e d Eg y p t in th e e ig h th
-
an d s ev e n th c e n tu r i es B C an d o f th ei r imm e d i ate s u cc e ss or s w as at
. .
1
A r ch S ur v N u b X IX , 3 5 , 3 6 C p H a ( M a n , M ay ll h e sa s : y
I f th e
l lm y w l mmy k w ii
. . . . .
p eo p e o f K ar an Og ere B e m e s th e B e e s S p o e an d ro t e i n M e r o t c
v m bi
.
2
W e h a e se e n ( C h ap 2 ) t h at t h e s tat e e n t o f E u se u s t o th e e ffe ct th at as
ly ig i i i iy i
.
e ar as t h e r e n o f C o n st an t n e C h r s t an t h ad p e n e t r ate d t o t h e E thi o p an s an d
f l
Ble m y e s r e ers t o th e p eo p e o f A s s n a an d th e T r o o d t c by i i ho gl y i w m F
r um e n ti u s
v iv i
co n e rt e d , an d n o t t o th e r e r a n Bl e m y e s th ho wi w m
S ilk o o u h t f g
by
.
6
D e B ell o P er si co , I , 6 0 o f e d n 1 6 6 2 , q u o t e d Q u at r e m er e ( I I ,
4
w l ml
L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t T h e r e e r e a so at M e ro e t e p e s s ac r e d to I s s an d to th e i
iv ly i g f m ix v y bv
. .
S un r e sp e c t e , d at n ro t h e s th o r se e n t h c en tu r B C ( s ee p 9 a o e )
ivi i i i
. . . .
6
I t m ay b e n o t e d h e re th at He r o d o t u s d d e d th e E t h o p an r ac e n to E as te r n
i wi
E thi o p an s ig g li
th s tra h t h ai r , t h at i s t h e B e a an d s u c h k e , an d W e s te r n E th o p an s i i
y
( th e o f L iby wi ly
a )
th cu r i g i
h a r , t h at i s t h e n e r o d s , each r o u p s p e a n g ki g
a
i l g g x
d ffere n t an u a e ( Bk V I I , 7 0 T h e c o n t e t i s th e c o p o s t o n o f t h e ar m ii my
of
X x )
. . .
er es .
I 3 X VI
. . . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 41
b ee n s h ifte d to M er o e ab o u t tw o hu n d re d mil e s aw ay to th e s o u th
,
t h at s am e r e d b r o wn r ac e w h ic h is h e l d o nc e to h av e o ccu pi e d th e
-
a n d t h at th ey c o n tin u e d so u n til ab o u t th e th i r d c e n tu r y B C T he . .
a cc o u n t o f M e r o e giv e n b y Her o d o tu s c is vi nc l
( 45 )
2
0 B C e d e e ead . . .
i n g to th e s am e c o ncl u si o n ; b u t b e fo r e we d eal wi th th is an d wi th th e
s c r aps o f info r m ati o n l e ft u s by l ater G r e e k an d R o m an g eo g r ap h e r s
c u l tu ral in u e nc e at w o r k b e si d e s th at o f E g yp t .
X V I We h av e al r e ad y h ad o cc asi o n to n o te th e c o n tin u e d c o n
n ecti o n b etwee n Abyssini a th e Nil e vall ey an d th e Y e m en o f ,
th e S u n T e mpl e o f T almis 4
th e tw o li o ns b e fo r e th e g r eat pyl o n o f
,
fo rm o f S ab ae an su n wo rs h ip ; th e mo n o li th s an d altars al l p o in t t o th is ;
-
2
E ot S 1
lli mi
th , A nci en t E g y p ti a ns , p p 6 1 , 7 9 . .
Bk I I , 2 9 6
S e e C h ap 1
w vl i gy f m m
. . . .
th e ti o f th e
4
S un o r s h ip w as o f c o u rs e , p re a e n t i n an c e n t E p t ro e
ig m
,
O l d K n d o : s e e B r e as te d , His t p p 5 9 , 6 2 , e t c
wf li i y gy
. . .
6
C ro o o t , l oc ci t p 23 S to n e o n s o f th s t p e ar e r ar e i n E
. . . .
pt .
6
Th e S a cr ed p 8 3, a n d c p ibid pp 1 3 8 1
.
97 an d 2 3 1 2
93 . . .
42 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BL E MYE S I 3 X VI
. . .
d o o rs i to th e fo u
o r en tate d
p o i nts o f th e c o mp ass th e sacre d gr o v es
r ,
w e kn o w o f B l w o sh ip w h i ch w as c l o sely ak in to th e su n wo r h ip o f
aa r ,
-
s
S o uthern Arabi a .
sini an c api tal o f thi s S ab aean o r Him yar i tic c o l o niz ati o n w as Ava
(Yeh a) wh er e ther e ar e m o no lith s a m ass o f Him y ar i tic i n scrip
, ,
ti o ns an d a s u n te mpl e I ts fo u n d er s (th e
,
-
. ar e s u p
a Him y ar i te fo u n d ati o n wi th m o n o li th s an d a h ig h l y p e r fe c te d fo r m
o f s to n e w o r s h ip ass o ci ate d wi th s ac r ic es to th e S u n .
,
-
1
Bk I I I , 7
wf i li
. .
2
L o c ci t p 4 0, b u t C r o o o t i s n c n e d in th e c as e o f e l M uso w w ar at an d
xm g x i b w
. . .
A u t o r e ar d th e A um te s as th e o rro ers .
6
H e ro d o tu s , 1 1 , 2 9 , 1 44 , 1 5 6
ki g m y) H lly
.
4
He r o d o t u s , V I I , 6 9 ( s p e a n o f X e rxe s s ar d o es sp e ci
e not ca
m i y liv m ly gi b v
.
e d r o un d M e r o e b u t s p e ak s
e n t o n t h at t h e ere o f th e re on a o e
Egy pt
.
44 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BLE MYE S I 3. . XX .
E r ato s th en es .
T o th es e an d th e r e s t o f th e Gr e ek and R o m an g eo g rap h is ts th e
E th i o pi ans wh o lived n o t in M ero e i ts elf b u t in the s u rr o u n d ing
c o u n try w er e n o m o r e th an wil d s avages , wr etche d K u s h as th e ,
P h ar ao h s wo u l d h ave c all e d th e m .
w as d e s tr o y e d 6
.
Ab o u t 6 0 A D N er o s c e n tu r i o ns s e n t to expl o r e th e Nil e fo u n d
.
, ,
an o th e r C an d ac e r e igning at M er o e
6
Th ey r ep o r te d to o that th e .
, ,
1
uer a a xnfc cbs d y wy s Ka i ( t lxo a o gbr a a s
p j M ah aff ( p y 1 4 0) mk a es Er g a
m m y f h f h P l my (
. .
en e s a co n te p o r ar o t e o u rt to e 2 2 2 2 0
B 2
b w 6 d 54
o rn et Di d f e en 4 an B C e a te r 2 1 A D
P d C lli h p B dg Al x d
. . .
6
S ee seu o 8 i
-
a h G st e n es , a u e, I I , 1 0 n re e an er t e re at
C wf ii gS b 8
. .
,
4
lro i 3 o ot, oc c t p 3 c t n tra o , p 2 0.
P i h P imi ( I b m) b h R m b d y b wi h i y
. . . .
,
6
e t ro n u s c o se r s ri to e t e o an o un ar ut t n a e ar
it w as a anb d d i f v f Hi k i ( M h k ) h l d P l m i
on e n a our o e ro s y am no s u ar r a a
,
t e o to e a c
f i w T h f i m i d Hi k i il D i l i i d
,
r o nt er to n e r o nt e r re a ne at e ro s y am n o s u nt o c e t an r et re
h l gi A wa
.
t e e o ns to s n
P li y Hi N G if h ( A h S mi
.
6
n Ch 5 st N bi
at 8 ) VI , 3 r t rc ur v u a , X IX 0 su r ses
ibly h i d y y f C d i i d i l wi h h N k i A i
. . . . . .
, ,
t h at p o ss t s n as t o an ac es s e n t ca t t e at a am an -
m an t r e
i f y l i wh
ser es o ro mi a f d M
t es
d Nk Th o se r e a ns ar e o un at ero e an a e r e ar e n o
d i hi y f livi g f h y d f m h
.
r e co r s n C d s to r o an y an ace n a te r t e r s t ce n tu r A D an ro t e
i i l vi d f h m m i m h ki g l d i h d hi d
. . .
p cto r a e e n ce o t e o nu e n ts t se e s t at n s ru e n t e s e co n t r
d f i ( C wf l i
,
s en a q u o t at on h ro r uc e c t e ac t s ar e au t en t c , S e s t at n 1 1 9
t h w
ere md C d as a li g M d i h I l f M
o ern d d ivi g
an ace r u n at
,
un ar a n t e s e o e r o e an er n
h eri m f m h g
n co e d ro b w t d w e h y re at tr a e -
r o u te et ee n e as t an e s t as er p r o to t p e n o
d b d id
ou t
C wf P li y (l i ) h w f wi h E y w
.
7
lro i 6 o ot, oc c t p 3 n y sa s oc c t t at ar ar e t g pt as
ibl f h d l i f E h i i b C wf y h i
. . . . . .
r e sp o n s e or t e e so at o n o t o p a, u t, as ro o ot sa s , t er e s no
w i hi
ar r an t y f hi
n st o r or t s .
1 3
. . XX IV . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 45
in r s t p ar t o f the fo u r th c e n tu ry th e p er i o d o f th e Fl av i an an d
th e ,
T h e b u il d ings er e c te d at th is p er i o d at Bsa e l Mu s o ww ar at an d ,
d yn as ty r e p r es e n t in C ro wfo o t s w or d s a b y e p r o d u c t o f th e
-
, , ,
e n er gy an d w eal th b e y o n d th e imp er i al b o u n d a i e s
1
r .
o f in d e b te d n e ss to th e Himyar i te s o f s o u th e r n Ar abi a .
fu r th er a e l d than G eb e l K ay li an d G eb e l M o ya 2
.
Haw ad an d Ab u D elayk .
M er o e thu s fo r m ed an exc e ll en t si te fo r an e mp or iu m wh er e
sl av es ivo ry an d go l d might b e O b tain e d by exch ange
,
6
.
1
C ro wf
o o t , l o c ci t p p
37 39
k ig yli w i vi g ki g
. . . .
T h er e is a r o c at Ka i th a car n
2
r e p r e se n t n an E t h o p i an n
w g
e ar i n t h e u r aeu s , an d a S u n G o d ( s e e C r o o o t , l o c ci t p an d i n a c a ewf v
l by f wi g w i i k li
. . .
c o se I ou n d in 1 9 1 2 a d r a n h c h M r G r f th t hi n s r e p r e s e n t s t h e o n
h e ad e d A r se n u p h is o r Ap iz e m ak k wi
U p o n th e r o c vi g
th t h e c ar n ar e h e ap e d a
mb i ill b i w by i
.
nu e r o f s to n e s T h s m ay u s t r at e th e A r a p r ac t ce h er e i t i s s a d , th e
ig i i m i g b mi bl J
.
,
p as se r b y s n e s h i s d et e s t at o n o f so e t h n a o na e ( se e au s se n , p
-
w i b li f x m li imil
.
o r m ay b e c o n n e c t e d i th t h e an c e n t e e s e e p e d in a s ar w ay i n n o r t h e r n
D r fr ( s e e A p p 5 t o ar t I , C h P
F m l m v
. .
ro t h e N as t as e n e n s t e a ( 2 9 8 2 7 8 B C ) i t ap p e ar s th at t h at o n ar c h m ay h a e
iv f i i i f m w l im ly
. .
n ad e d K o r d o a n , an d
o p er at o n s at t h s d s t an c e r o M ero e o u d p t h at
z l g
t h e G e i r a o r a ar e p ar t o f i t w as p er m lyan e n t i by o cc up e di t h e E th o p an s
i
i
.
( Re s n e r i n S u d a n N o tes a n d R ecor ds , J an 1 9 1 9 , p p 6 5 ,
wf i wv g m wi i
. .
6
S o C ro o o t , l oc ci t p 7 H e co n t n u es , h o e e r , in a r e e e n t th L e p s u s
b i i iy gi l l
. . . .
p b u t t h e t r u e as s o f t h e r p ro sp e r t w as a r c u tu ra an d
l i ik m ig v m y g
.
p as to r a , an d t h s , I t h n , i s s o e th n o f an o e rs t at e ent I n a ear o f o o d
i fi mill v if ll w i f ll
.
r a n s t h e wa dis p r o d u c e a a r c r o p o f e t , b u t e en t h at th e r a n a
one a o
46 T HE BEGA , T HE BLE MYE S I 3 XX V
. . .
Bu t ab o u t 340 3 5 0 A D , as we l ear n fr o m o n e
X XV . . Axu mi te
of th e
inscr ip ti o ns , an exp ed iti o n w as m ad e by Aeiz an es
1
o r Ai z an a th e ,
th e Wo r l d an d I smo te t h em at th e T ak az e b ey o n d K amalke An d th en
,
6
.
an d d u r i n g w hi ch my p e o pl e r etu rn e d w h o h d g o n e t o th e w ar an d a ,
d u ri ng wh i ch I b u rn t t h ei r to w n s o f maso n w o rk an d o f str aw an d th ey ,
p l u n d ere d h i s c o p s an d h i s i o n an d h i s o re an d h is co
r
pp e r a n d d es t ro y ed r ,
c orn n d t h r e w th em i n to th e r i v er
,
a w ere o f leaders who
p e i sh ed ve an d o n e p i est an d I r e ac h ed t o th e K asu an d s mo te them
r ,
r ,
an d ann i h il ate d t h em at th e c o n u e n ce o f t h e r i v e rs S e d a an d T ak az e .
An d th e d ay afte I h ad rr i v e d I se nt o u t a mar au d i n g r t h ey a
w as r ath e r h ea vi
w l d ill h v b
er g
2 000 l
y e ar s ag o , th e r e ou st a e e en no r e at s u r p u s
Ag i g d lw lh h f h I l ld h v
.
a n as r e ar s d f M
p as t o r a ea t t e S t ep p es o t e s an o ero e co u a e
d l g h d f m f h y h y d vg y
, ,
s u p p o rt e ar e d
er b s h or o st o t e e ar , a s t e o to -
ay , ut t e sa a er
of h t mi g ib m h v m d i im ibl f k f m M
e ro a n tr es u st b a e a e t p o ss e or oc s ro eroe to e
d iv g zi g f l d h y gh h fi w d
r f en or ra w n d h as ar a e as t e ar e n o an t ou a rs e re u g to
v h i w
p r es er e t ly l g e ra nibl h g -
ly w ld h v
ate r s up p as on as p o ss
,
e t e r as s su p p ou a e
f il d if l g k w
a e ar d ll h y
e oc limi ds S
e re l c o n c e n t r at e a t e e ar on a te ar e a ee a so
R i
.
i S d
e sn e r N d R
n d J u an 5 if o tes a n ecor s, an 1 9 1 9 , pp 0
I f ll w B wh D D H M II l i d
. . .
1
o 6 o ent , pp 2 3 e t s eq e re r U e r s t r an s at o n an n o te s
giv T h l i f ll w d b y C wf ( l i
. . . .
ar e en e t r an s at o n 6 8) i h f o o e ro oot oc c t pp 3
3 s t at o
Li d d i ff v l i l F i
. . . .
ttm an d K k ( 6)
an i r en c er 1 90 an er s n se era p ar t c u ar s . or n s t an c e ,
C wf ro y h x di i w g i h N b
oot sa s t eh h d e l
pe d
t on as a a n st t e a a w o a r ecen t y co n q uer e
th I l d fM
e s an I m h w v f N g gg i h d l ly g d
o e ro e . t see s t at a a e o e ro a r e ss o n a ate su r e
up f mh ro h d v wh lm d h
t e so u tR d h I l dan d v o er h e e t e e
r ace s o n t e s an an e en n o r t
o fi T h Bl k h d
t de w f m y b l gi g h K
ac s a i d
cap t u r e to ns o aso n r e on n to t e as u , o cc u p e
h m d b il w fg h h m g ill h y
.
t e an u t to h h ns o r as s u t s n e ar t e suc as t e ne ro es st u se ; t e
h d h
a i d h i igh b wi h
ar r e t e rd h im h y h d b k
ne o u rs t o u t a c au s e ,
,
an t r ee t es t e a ro en
th i w de r d i l d h v y f h Ki g f Ki g
or an n s u te d h h w ld t e en o s o t e n o n s , con en t t at e ou
ne v h A b
e r cr o s s t T h Ki g h w i
e v g h hd kdb h
t ar a e n r e co u n ts o n re en e e a s ac e ot
w fm y d w fg h x di i d d w
.
to ns o as o n r d an to h ns o r as s u t s , an s en t e pe t o n s u p an o n t e
N il f m h i f i j i wi h h M ll l i giv
e ro t e p o nt o ts u n c t o n t t e ii e r s tr an s at o n es
no w f f h K b y wl y immig N b
ar r an t o r an y r e ce n t co n q u e s t o t e as u ne r an t a
T h f ll wi g i mi v l im li f h igi l giv
.
2
e o o n q u o tat on o ts s e e r a u n p o r tan t n es o t e or n a as en
by B en t
h A b
.
6
I e. t e t ar a .
h N il
.
4
L e t e e
w f m w k Al (i S b ) i m i d T h m i
. .
6
Of h
t e to ns o as o n or oa e o a s e nt o n e e r st en t o n
f Al I b li v l fN di g
. . .
o o a, i i h e e wh e, s R i n t e s te e o as t asen e n , o, ac c o r n to e sn e r s
l l i l d f m 8 78
c a c u at o n , r u e Am f ro f hf m h 29 to 2 B C : en o o rt ro t e
d h m d b Ki g v d Al d h Ni
. .
G H
r e at o u se , an T K e a e m e to e n o er a -
e n se t an u t an t e ne
T ibr wh es gh wi h b w d h o y b h i d f h iv d h
t t o s an t e c o u n tr on ot s es o t e r er an t e
F Q o ur f h W ld (B d g
u ar t e r s o S P XXV t e or u e, 11 , ee ar a III
C wf hi k b y Al i h i i i f A i ibly m
. .
h i
ro oo t t n s t at oa n t e n s cr pt on o e z an e s s p o ss e an t
M (
ero e f ll wi g ) b wh v Al i m i d i
see o o n n o te x h ; ut en e er
oa s ent o n e n an y c o n t e t t at
d e h l
n es t li y h gi e d S Ob i
o ca lw y l ly i d d T h m
t t e re o n r o un a s a a s c e ar n ten e . e na e
1 3 xxv1 1
. . . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 47
in go o d co n d iti on t h e r eu p on I p Ha en an d th e
sen t th e tro o l
t r o o p D ak n an d th e tr o o p a ar a S b
t , an d th e p u n d e r e d an d a d y l
as te l i w
w
d o n th e e d a th e S u a to N b w
n s o f str aw (h o u s e s ) o u r , N ag sO 1 T o n s f . w
of m aso n r y
o f t h e K asu an d o a, N asz ato 1 N b D v r tli 1 , an d r e a h e d
. .
-
c
i i
as far as th e d str ct o f th e re d O it , an d N b
ood o d t o in g
retu r e d c n ii n n my
p pe o le I se t u p t h i my
r o n e w thi n th e o u en e o f th e r c n c
er iv
S e d a an d T akaz e in sight o f th e to w n o f
,
i sl an d whi ch th e ,
, ,
h ar d to avo i d h az ar d ing an O pini o n th at th e Re d N UB A m ay h ave
b een s ou th er nly c o l o ni es o f B lem yes As r egar d s th e d i ffer e nc e .
b etw een th e KAS U an d th e N UB A o f th e inscr ip ti o n m u ch
I t is at l eas t cl e ar th at by th e mi d d l e o f th e fo u rth c en tu ry A D .
w h o wro te th ei r d e sc r ip ti o ns o f N ubi a in th e t en th c en tu ry .
N b i a ab o u t tw o c en tu r i es l ater ; b u t th e s e v er anc e o f fr i en d ly r e l a
ti o ns b etwe e n th e two c o u n tr i e s wh ic h o cc u rr e d in th e mi d d l e o f th e
fo u r th c en tu ry mi li tate d h e nc efo r th agains t th e sp r ead o fth e r eligi o us
b eli efs o f the o n e to th e o th er and so mu ch s o th at when C h ris ti ani ty
,
of l
l li b x
A o a, b e i t n o te d , i s a so ap p e d , o th i n th e A um i te n scr p t o n an d ate ri i i l
by w
Ab u Sli h, t o t h e t o n ( S Ob a) as e w ll i
as t o t h e d s tr i c t T h e n a m m
e s ee s to
vv lf m lw m i i il f m b
.
s u r i e i n th e d u a A an , th e n a e o f a d s t r c t n an d r o So a
or of
F m v f m li i i
.
1
ro T ak az e to h ea e n h as or s n e 40 o f t h e i n sc r p t o n
wf m k i m i i lf
.
Cro o ot r e ar s t h at i t i s c u r o u s t h at t h e r e i s n o en t o n o f M er o e tse
i i l g k w
i n t h e n scr p ti o n , a th o u h w e n o t h at i t w as st ill l g w i i
th e ar e s t to n i n t h e d s tr c t
l f w w m y w mig
.
B u t i n in e 4 0 th e r e i s a g ap a ter t h e o rd s th e t o n o f as o n r hi c h ht
surely v i m if
h a e c o n ta n e d th e n a e th e w
o r d s tr an s at e d
l wi
thi n t h e co n u e n ce o f
li i wi
c an b e ap p e d t o a s t e gl
h c h i s in t h e an e o f th e t w o r er s t h o u h iv g f y mil
t es
w yf m
a a ro lj i
th e act u a u n ct o n .
48 T HE BEGA , T HE BL E MYE S XX VII .
w as nally es tablis h ed in NII b i a in th e S ixth c en tu ry it was by w ay
o f Egyp t th at i t c am e .
T h e to wn o f S ob a o r A l oa h ad b e e n a pl ac e o f imp o r tanc e ev e n
, ,
th o u g h A l u t o n th e s te l e o f N astasen en r e fer s n o d ou b t to th e
qu en tl y fam o u s by th e s am e n am e .
m u ni cati o n w as O p en e d fo r th e fu tu r e b etwee n Al ex an d r i a an d th e
o l d r e d b r ick b u il d ings
-
p r o b abl y r em ains o f chu r ch es n ear B lti
, , ,
r e m ains fo u n d at S Ob a .
1
g
B u d e , I I , 3 04 T h e n a e S o a s u m est s b gg
Astaso b as , t h e n a e h ch m by w i
b l il
.
S tr a o d e n o t e s t h e B u e N e
m b bl y ly by i w k
.
T h e sa e p ro a d o e s n o t ap p to A s s n ia, h e r e th e u s e o f G r e e
2
wii g
r t n i y
w as ch e
d u e t o t r ad e in u e n ce s ( se e L e tr o n n e , l o c
l b m i l y b w
.
6
A o a, o r S o a, i s en t o n ed A o a ) i n t h e t r e at o f 6 5 2 A D e en th e
et
b P by y
.
V
Ar a s an d t h e N b i an s ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap 2 , ) , an d th e t e n th c e n t u r i t w as t h e
m im w gl lim
.
p o rt an t t o n in t h e S u d an s o u th o f D o n o a ( s e e I b n S e
o st s a c co u n t i n
P a r t I I , C h ap mi m y g
I t r e a n e d s o fo r s o e tw o o r t h r e e h u n d r e d e ar s an d , t h o u h
wi f ll i i ki g m gl iv i b
.
th th e a o f t h e C h r s t an n do o f D o n o a an d th e n as o n o f t h e A r a s
i tsim b imi i
p o r t an ce n o d o u t d ly viv m w ill l
n sh e d , i t ap p ar e n t re e d so e h at at a s t at e r
b gi i g ix y i l g
d ate , fo r at th e e nn n o f t h e s t e e n t h ce n tu r i t w as t h e c ap t a o f t h e An a
or Nu a b w m F g iho th e un P
d s p o s s e ss e d ( s e e D 7 , I , i n ar t IV )
wf lv z m i
.
o o t , l oc ci t p 8 ; an d s ee n o te t o M S D 7 , I A ar e e n t o n s th e se
4
Cp Cro
l lly i m i i
. . . . . .
c h u r ch e s I t i s S t at e d o c a th at th e an c e n t n a e o f E l ti w as An t An ti an d R ud s
i v b i b g by l
. .
ar e s a d t o h a e r o th er , A n a r ace , w h o s e tt e d o n e ( R di s ) o n
e e n s s t e r an d
b k
t h e e as t an i
o n t h e p r e s e n t s t e o f B as h a kir a E as t ( o r Ro d o s , C ai l li an d s R od ess ,
11 , i w b
an d t h e o t h e r ( A n t ) o n t h e e st ank
lm k b b m
.
an d e l M as di , i t i s t r u e , s p e a o f t h e t r i e s so u th o f S o a i n u ch
Ib n S e i
m m
t h e s a e te r l i lg g
s as d o t h e c ass ca ll m w i
e o r ap h e r s , an d c a th e o r s h p p er s o f t h e
m im l bl k k lik
o o n , s t ar s , r e , t r e e s an d an a s, ig y l ly
ac s n a e d e th e Z n ,
b u t th e c e ar
f ib livi g i l
r e e r t o th e t r es wyf m
n v
n an d , a a l ro wl
th e r i e r , o r e se t o th o se w h o d e t
i bly f
c on s d era m
ar th e r u p s tr e a .
I 3
. . XXX I . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 49
an d th e l e ss er p r inc e l e ts w h o w er e w e d g e d b e tw ee n th e tw o p r o b abl y ,
th at is o f th e r is e o f t h e F UN G king d o m
6
.
,
ad d u c e d p r o o fs o f t h e c o rr e c tn ess o f th e trad i ti o n T o w h at ex te n t .
,
1
I n 6 8 7 th e P
at ri ar c h o f A e an d r a s e n t a lx i
e s sa e e h o rt n th e n s ofm g x ig ki g
bi by i i i i
N u a an d E t h o p a (A ss n a t h at i s ) t o co n c o r d ( R e n an d o t , H is t P a tr A l ex . . .
1 7 8 , ap L e tr o n n e )
P i w ig bi iig
. .
I n 7 37 A D th e at r ar c h r it e s t o C y r i ac u s K n o f N u a to ce ase r a d n
gy bi g k ki g w x ig v
.
U p p e r E p t , an d t h e o r ap h e r s p e a s o f t h e n s po e r as e t e n d n o er
i ki g
t h r te e n o th e r i
n s ( ap wi
L e Q u e n in O r i en t C hris ti a n , 1 1 , 6 6 2 , fo r h c h se e
m f i l i i
. .
L e t r o nn e) B u t as a att e r o f ac t th e r e i s a c o n t n u a co nfu s o n i n t h e d e as o f
ly i i w i b w bi by i i v m
.
t h e e ar C h r s t an r t er s et een N u a an d A s s n a , an d e e n i n so e c as e s
b wet by i i
e en A i bi l
s s n a an d I n d a , an d b bl y
Nu a by i i
sh o u d p r o a r e ad
A ss n a
i g bj i f i will f
i n th s p as s a e T h e s u e c t o f th s c o n u s o n l wi l b e u rt h e r d e a t th at e r , b u t
by J l m k by li
.
o n e m ay q u o te a n o t e A B u t er to a r e ar A b u Sa h ( p O ur
m l k w bi i i l wi f ig
. . .
au th o r h e r e s e e s to oo u p o n S o u th e st A r a a as d en t ca
-
th o r o rm n
by i i
p art o f A i i ki f i
s s n a o r E t h o p a , an e r r o r a b y i i wi
n t o th e c o n u s o n o f A ss n a th
'
i wi lw w
I n d a h c h ap p e ar s o e r d o n
y ll l g ii
.
I n th e thi r te e n th c e n tu r w e s h a s e e t h at th e S u tan o f E yp t i n ad d t o n to
i g mb y
se n d n an e k gas s gl
to t h e i n o f D o n o a h ad to ap p r o ac h te n s ep ar ate m eks to
th e s o u th ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap P
P
.
2
1 6
m yi il bi
. .
6
W e ste r an n , L I I if I n 1 8 4 2 th e n h a te d th e s an d s as far n o rt h as t h e
f g l i Fig wi f
.
o u r t e e n th d e r e e o f at t u d e ( D e h r ain , V I I , Op p p C p S ch e n u rt h ,
J y gi g i l
. . . .
1 , 9 1 0 : O n th e 1 3 th o f an u ar , o n o n e o f t h e th r o n n s an d s , w e h ad o u r
wi
r s t r enco n tr e t h th e S hi l l o o k s T h s t r e o f n e ro es i ibor er g f m ly x m
e t e n d e d th e
lv m f vi g l m il
.
se es uc h u r th e r n o rt h t h an at p r e se n t , h a n s ett e en t s o n al l t h e s an d s ;
b u t n o w [ 1 8 6 9 ] th e o n e cep t o n a y ly x i lly
p e n e t r ate t o t h s at tu d e ( 1 2i l i
i
i n th e r
c an o e s y
I n a few d a s w e l ay t o a o n s d e t h e -
l gi vill g
a e o f K a a , th e k m ly
o s t n o r th e r n
l i bi by i il
. .
p ac e n h a t e d S hill o o k s o n th e W h te N e .
M . S . I .
50 T HE BEGA ,
T HE B LE MYE S I 3 . . XXX I .
th e th i r d c en tu r y B C o f th e c u s to m o f killing th e king wh e n h e w as
. .
at w h o s e c o u r t th er e w as a p e r s o n ag e w h o c o mbin e d th e fu nc ti o ns
o f M as te r o f th e Ho u s eh o l d an d Ex e c u ti o n e r o f th e K ings ; an d i t ,
s t te th at h e b e s u ffere d to
a eign an y l o n ge r T h e e i s o n e o f fi cer o f h is
r . r
an d ki n sman s bl o o d T h i s o f ce r i s c l l e d S i d el C o om m ste r o f th e
. a ,
a
th e h ills o f n o r th er n K o r d o f n ar e s till c o mm o nl y S p o k e n o f as
1
ligm
Se X
an , j o ur n A nth r I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 6 6 4 T h e l ocus cl assi cus o f th e
bj F z P l illi g
. . . . .
C p a so M a n , F e b 1 9 1 5 , K
su e ct i s r a e r , Th e G ol d en B o ug h , ar t I I I n
ivi i g b y m l l i i m
. . .
th e D ne K n , G z a ROh e im , fo r s o e U r a A t a c n s t an ce s o f th e c u s to -
lig i l i y vi
.
2
S e m an , l o c ci t p p 6 6 5 , 6 6 6 an d s ee , in p art c u ar , M s s M u r r a s E d en ce
m il i g ig i
.
y
. .
in An c e n t E g p t , i n M a n , F e b 1 9 1 4 F o r th e
fo r t h e C u s to of K l n th e K n
m i
. .
c u s to in F az o g hl i se e L e p s u s , p 22 1
P
. .
6
S e e D 5 ( a ) i n ar t I V
y i mw i viv
.
4
B r u c e , B k V I I , C h 1X F o r an o th e r an c ien t E g p t an c u sto h ch s ur ed
m g F g ki g lly i g i l P
. . .
a on th e u n , th at o f th e n p er s o n a h o e n a p e ce o f an d , se e art I ,
XXV
C h ap 4 , I T h e co n n e c t o n et e e n t h e tw o i b w
e s i n th e t p c a li
Ha t c co n y i lly mi i
ki g imk m i mw b y y ly
. .
ce p ti o n o f t h e n as a r a n a e r an d t h e ed u h e re t h e e ar r e n as c e n c e
of vg i
e e t at o n i s e n s u r e d Cp S e an , l o c ci t p p
. ligm
. 68 1 , 683 . . . .
C HAP T E R 4
The non -
A r a b Ra ces o
f D a f
r ur
I T he c o nsi d er ati o n
c s wh o inhabi ted D arf r b e for e the
o f th e r a e
1
t h e i r d ay s m ad e s u ch gi an t s tr i d e s as n o w an d th ei r s tate m e n ts ar e ,
vast u nfer til e n o r ther nl y p o r ti o n o f Afr ica wh ich is set asi d e by n atu r e
fo r th o s e w h o l ead a p as to r al life Sc atter e d in insignic an t nu mb er s .
an d e n ti r e ly n o m ad ic rac e r e l ate d to th e Z AG HA W A T h e i r g eo .
t o h av e o nc e b ee n C h r is ti ans In B ar th s tim e m o s t o f th em w er e
4
.
p agans b u t th ey n ow p r o fes s M u hamm ad anism P ar ti es o f th es e
6
.
2
V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p I , p 49 6
ig m l i x
. . . .
3 08 , i n L A fr i qu e F r a nca is e
6
S ee R e n s e n e en t s C o o n au , p .
D ec 1 914
hi i i
. .
4
I bid O n t s p o n t se e A p p 5 to th s c h ap ter
k b igi
. . .
6
E l T II n i si ( V oy a u O u a d ay , p 1 7 ) s p e a s o f th e B e d ay t as n o t o f A r a or n
g i m lif i l g g
. .
th o u h th e r ann e r s an d w ay o f e , b u t n o t th e r an u a e , ar e t h o s e o f th e
Ar a b s. l m
H e c as s e s th e ( p 2 5 ) as n o ad c n e r o e s o r p s eu d o e d u n s
. m i
g -
b i .
T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 53
o f D o ng o l a T h ei r h an d is ag ains t ev er y m an s b u t s o r e m ar k abl e is
.
,
r ace very d ark in col ou r with straight features a thin no se and small
, , ,
fr om the b ark o f trees After taking t he outer shell s o ff they l eave the
.
,
an d mi x in g th em wi th d ate s th e y g ri n d th em i n to a s o rt o f o u r wh ic h
, ,
th e t o p o f th ei r sp ee d to the d eceas ed s h ou se ; an d h e w h o ar ri v es r st
female ho u seho l d is enti rely regu l ated b y his nan cial p ositio n I t is .
cu sto ms an d it amu sed m e greatly when S aleh D onku sa who was b y way
, ,
what the great heg lik tree w as wh ich I h ad p asse d the p revio u s d ay when
-
1
Bk 1 , C h 3
l wi h
. . .
2
B a la ni tes A eg y p ti a ca F o r t h e c u t c o nn e c te d t tr ees an d s t o n e s i n D rf r
l g
.
see ater s ub D a u an d F r .
54 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR
t h eir c attl e n e th e t ee ; b u t w h en I s aw th at i t w as d e d ic te d fo so me
ar r a r
s p e ci al p u p o se I p ev en te d t h em f o m d o i ng so He th ank e d m e mo st
r ,
r r .
s o r et in h i s h o l d o v e r th em
a I sub se qu ently learn e d th at it was entirely
.
th r ou gh h im th t th e h o l y tr ee w as p rese rv e d
a .
I I I K U R A AN T h e K UB A AN fo r t h e m o s t p ar t liv e to th e n o r th o f
.
wi th i t 1
T h ey d iscl aim all c o nn e c ti o n wi th th e T UW ARE K K EN I N
.
fo ll o wing :
BU LTA D ON ZA
G AI D A K I LLI A
B I RRAS A D UD I RN IA
K O KURD A N O ARM A
M URD I N GA ,
or M URD IA
J I GADA (i n w ) th e est
i ly
1
Cur ous en o u h , g w
h e n I w as as n so e B e d ay at , Ku r a an an d Z a h a a ki g m g w
wi w ib
th i l
h at t r e i n p ar t c u ar t h e c o n n e c t e d t h e T u th e r epy e d t h at t h e T u ibb y li ibb
w e r e r e p u t e d to h a e v b
e e n i n o ld d a s r e at y l iv
e s o f th e H a d e n d o a o f t h e E as t e r n
i m
S u d an T h e s tr a n c o m o n to o th i s o f c o u r s e th e H a t c b mi i
X
. .
2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l i n j our n A n th r I ns t
L I I , 1 9 1 2 , an d . Ch III . . . V .
6
K e an e , E n cy cl B r i t ar t S u d an , an d c p C u s t , I , 2 5 3 , an d C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 09
ig l i g mi f i
.
y
. . . .
N ach t a , o n t h e o th e r h an d , d en e d , o n r o u n d s th at se e n s u fi c en t , t h at t h e
w er e a T ibb u r ac e S ee V oy a u O ua d a i , p 7 3
. .
'
. .
I 4 IV
. . . T HE NON -
A R AB RA CES O F D ARF II R 55
kin d .
e l M as ud i ab o u t H e sp e aks o f th e d esc e n d an ts o f Ku s h
2
943 ,
A D .
th e B E GA an d th e Z I N G b e c am e s e p arate h e s ay s fr o m th e o th er s , , ,
M ar k a an d K au k au an d Gh an a an d th e [s e c o u n tr i es o f the] o th er . .
K ar aki r an d M ad i d a an d e l M e l an a an d el K u m ati an d D u w ay la
an d cl K ar m a
3
Wh at h e o bvi o u sl y m eans is th at cer tain E thi o pi an
.
r ac e s at a v e r y e ar l y p er i o d p u s h e d w e s tw ar d s t o th o s e c o u n tr i e s
e nc e o f th e p eo pl e an d s ay s :
5
,
S ak o u t a et d e C h meh ( a ti ) O n y tr o u v e u n e tr ib u v o y ageu se
a n .
a
pp ell ee S ad r i et aq u i p s se p o u r etr e B e b er e L es i n d i vi d u s a r .
il s se s o nt id en tis a l eu s
c es et il s o n t rec o u s a e u x p o u r t o u s l e s
r ra r
l p lu p ar t aK o u k ou
a vill e situ e a1 6 j o u rn es d e distan ce I ls b o i .
c o u p e en l n i r es et s ch e au s o l eil
a I ls se n o u r i s en t au s si d e ep ti l es . r s r ,
d o n t il s fo n t u n e ch e ab o n d n te et q u i l s fo n t cu i r e ap r es l eu r av o i r
ass a
q u a cc sign e d n s to u t l e p ys et d n s t o u tes l es tr ib u s d u S o u d an o n
,
a a a ,
re con n it u n Z a
g h a w i e n S il sa s a b st e n ai e n t d e m an ge r d u se r en t i l s e n
.
p
,
s er i en t to t l eme n t e x em t s
a a I l s v o n t n u s et c ach e n t s eu l eme n t l eu s r
p .
1
Cp . M ac M i c h ae l
s v bl i
o ca u ar e s in f oa m . A nthr . wi h t t h o se of C ar b o u , I,
21 3 e t seq .
2
V o l I I I , Ch 3 3 , p p 1 , 2 , 3 7 , 3 8
m v y i g g
. . . .
3
T h e n a e s ar i n d ffe r e n t M S S K auk au ( L eo s
Ga o is Ka b o (or
g ig ly
.
G ao o r G o o ) o n t h e N e r S e e C o o e , p 3 2
lyl ly i x g g l i i w
. . .
4
Coo e e ar n e d d sc u s se s th e e ac t eo r ap hi ca s tu at o n o f t h e s e e ster n
ig m
k n d o s an d m ay b e c o n s u t e d fo r d e t a s l il
P
.
5
I I I i n V o l V o f t h e R ecu ei l d e
. .
5 6 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 IV
. . .
.
,
sa ,
a r r
et l es te n tes o u il s d em eu re n t av e c l e p o il d e c e s an im u x e t se n o u r i s se n t a ,
r
r ar e ; c ep e n d n t il s cu l ti v e n t l e dh o rra q u i (c omme o n s ai t) e st l p r i n ci p al e
a , a
u n d er th e d o min ati o n o f th e B U L A
2
LA
T ag ua 4
.
M akr iz i ( o r Ibn S a 1 d fr o m w h o m h e c o pi e s
. te lls u s ,
th e eas t B ar k a o n th e n o r th an d T ak r r o n th e w e st ar e c all e d
, ,
s
Z ag h ai .
c all ed Zingani , an d wh en , in th e p ass age p r evi o u sl qu o ted , h e y
s ay s king
N u b i a m ai n tai n eth co ntinu all w arr e p ar tly agains t
th e of
1
Or L o u n ia
B ar th , I I I , C h L I , p 4 2 8 , q u o t n M a kr i z i an d Ab u e l
2
d a; b u t i t i s p r oig Fi b bla e
ll i m ly g w m
. .
t h at th e a u s o n i s ere t o t h e Z a h a a o f K an e
l
.
3
E d d e S an e , Bk I I , 6 4
v i g
. . .
4
I bi d p 1 05 , an d e d ar , V I , 1 9 9 ; B k I I I
. . A ar an t fo r
. T a ua
. . .
r e ad s T g ra
5
Coo ly e , p .
98 .
IV . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR 57
n o o th er n ati o n vn d ers tand e th ) an d p ar tl y a a g ins t cer tain e o th er
o p le
l
e
p .
t h e n o m ad Ar abs h av e inte r p o s e d to a l ar g er d eg r ee b e tw ee n th e m
a n d N ubi a an d th e o nl y c o l o ny o f th e m n o w b etw e e n D a
,
r fur an d
h ills o f e l Roy i an an d e l At s h an : it is n o w in g r ad u al p r o c e ss o f
, ,
bl o o d feu d s .
, ,
( an d E RE N G A) K u yu k an d th ey c all t h e
ms e lv e s B e r r i b,u t
in
B I RKE D u se th e fo r m Z au g e I
s u l tan wh o had twe lve m eliks s u bj ect to him I t was o ften kno wn .
6
a ter m als o u s e d h o w ev er t o incl u d e th e
as D ar T ke ny ao uy ,
1
Cp C h ap i P
T h e r e e r en c e t o L e o i s Bk V I I , 8 2 6 an d 8 2 8
2 , X LI , o f t h s ar t f
m l l ig y i w k
. . . . .
T e p o r a t r an s ate d Z n an e as G p s e s an d D r B r o n ( L eo , p 8 2 8 ) t hin s
i y ig i l wi
.
t h s c o r r ect O n p 8 2 6 ( l o c ci t ) h e s a s t h e Z n an c an n o t b e c as s e d th an y
k w l il g ig i
. . . .
no n p eo p e S i r C W so n (f oa m A n thr I ns t A u g 1 8 8 7 ) t h o u h t th e Z n an
ig bb b bi iz y i yi i
. . . . . .
h t b e K a a i sh A r a s T h e G p s e s i n S r a an d A s a
m n o t y e t ar a c ed
i ill ll
.
M n o r ar e s t c a e d t chin g en e ( vo n L u sch an , l oc ci t p
. . .
2
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , p 1 09
g l w mb i l ig
. .
3
Ho o n i s a s o t h e o r d u s e d o n t h e H o or p at e au ( U p p e r N e r ) fo r
a ra nimk a e r o r s o r ce r e r ( s ee M ac M i c h ae l , l oc ci t F o r t h e r e e in c e rt a n i b li f i
ly P
. .
ho s t o n e s an d t r ee s s e e ar a I I I o f t hi s c h ap t e r V
b
. .
C p Gar o u , 1 1 , 2 09 5
V oy ag e a u D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 1 3 9 , 2 9 7
i by ii m m lf wi g l
. . . .
6
T h e te r i s sa d e l T un s t o e an t h e e t ar m o r n [ o f t h e S u tan ]
ll li
b u t t h e F ur o f th e p r e s e n t t e m e i t d e n o t es th e o n s T k n y ao u y
il l f i y i i i
w as t h e t t e o f it s r u e r , a u n c t o n ar q u te d s t n c t r o t h e o c a S u t an an d f m l l l
a p p ar e nt ly ki
a Vi y
nd of l
ce r o f o f t h e S u t an o f D a r ur ( s e e l oc ci t p p 1 32, 1 33,
i l ill viv g l i iy i
. . .
T h e t t e st sur e s , t h o u h i ts h o d e r h as n e t h e r au t h o r t n o r d u t es .
58 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR I 4 IV
. . .
o f w h ic h th e c h i e f ar e th e fo ll o wing 1 :
ART EY T .
M I RRA .
AKAB A .
d e sc e n t o n th e m al e si d e an d Z AG HAW A o n th e fe m al e si d e T h ey are .
KA LI B A
N I K I RI .
th e Awl ad B I RA Y N naha s
o r 3 0 mil e s w e s t s o u th w e s t o f D e bb a in th e n o r th eas te r n c o r n e r
5
- - -
of Da r fur an d m e n ti o n h as al r e ad y b ee n m ad e o f i ts p e o pl e as h av ing a
,
1
g w g lly
T h e Z a h a a en er a li i b ib
ad d th e B e d ay at t o th e s t o f th e r s u t r es
b w w f b
.
2
T h e K aiti n g a r an d i s as s h o n T h e
as e i s
cr o s oot at t h e -
mm m g b b w f m
.
co o n to o s t F ur an d T u n u r r an d s an d ap p e ar s to b e o rro ed ro
yl y i P xx
t h e r o a K a r a se ct o n o f F ur ( q u P
a in ar a an d c p ar as V I I an d X IX )
il b ivi i w li by
. . . . .
,
3
T h e d et a s o f s u d s o n s o f K o b b an d K u b g a e r e s u p p e d to m e
ll ivil vi
M r E G S ar se ld Ha o f th e S u d an C f
S e r c e , I n s p e c to r o f N o r th e r n D ar ur
b
. . .
4
S ee Gar o u , 1 1 , 2 09 2 1 0
P XXX X b w i f ll w ly
.
,
L I I T h e ac co u n t o f M i d o
5
ar t I , C h ap 2 , I I I an d h c h o o s i s p ar t
i i l wi il ib il bi
. .
d e n t ca t h an a rt c e I c o n t r u te d , u n d e r t h e t t e N u an I n u e n ce s i n
f
D ar u r ,
to th e mb r st n u i
e r o f S u d a n N o tes a n d R eco r d s b u t ce r ta n
ii v b m
ad d t o n s h a e e en m iv v b l y
ad e b i
F o r a c o p ar at e o c a u ar o f M i d o , B r ke d an d
b l i
.
B ar a r a , s ee at er su b B r ke d .
60 T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE II R v .
th e o th er o f th e s o u th er n ( S HE LK TA s e c ti o n) an d in b o th c as e s th e ,
p r actice is th e s am e .
c u t b u t b e fo re th e g e n er a l r eaping
, O n th is o cc asi o n th e y o u ng m en
.
an d th e gi r ls in h e c as e o f th e s o u th er n M i d b i s to K h or O d i n a
g (
o t ) g r
an d c amp th er e fo r ftee n d ays e nj o y ing th e ms e l v e s wi th d ancing
,
an d h o r s e pl ay T h e e l d er fo lk m er e l y act th e p ar t o f S p e c tato r s an d
-
.
A m o n th l ater o n th e e ig h th o f th e fo ll o wing m o n th th at is th e
, , ,
th e K h o r ; an d th e n al l g o h o m e .
an d i t w as ad d e d in p assing th at th e y o u ng m e n h ad th ei r h ead s
hi s h ai r l o ng an d th ickl y pl ai te d an d p ar te d d own th e mi d d l e s o m e
to g e th er fo r te mp o r ar y c o nv eni e nc e at th e b ack o f hi s h e ad T h is .
A r a bi c ; ur ung ul Mi dob ) i t is n o t h e l d
1 -
, .
T h e pl ai te d h ai r (di wa o r
r t i r wi A r a bic ; r ufan Mi dob )
1
, , ,
1
T he M i d ob i s sp ea k o f th s i as an Ar a bi w
c o rd , b u t , if so , it see m s to be a
i
c o r rup t o n o f s o m e sort .
I 4 V
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 61
( w h ic h ar e o f c o u r s e cl o s e s h o r n ) th e l ad s d r e ss th e ms e lv e s u p wi th
, , ,
g
ing vill ages b eating th ei r d ru m an d invi ting co ntr ib u ti o ns
,
.
tw o o ld m en ( bar ag a sir ig i r u l e r s o f th e y o u ng m en
i e ) as
. .
,
all o w th e ms e lv e s to b e o v er p er s u ad e d w h e n th e l ad s e ng ag e s o l e mnly
-
s am e e l d er s m ay never s er ve m or e th an twic e .
I n add i ti o n th e l ad s s e l e c t fr o m am o ng th ei r o wn n u mb er tw o
,
c h o s en .
1
w d i igi i l h
T he or d f
s r s a so t at u se or a vill g h ikh M d ob
a e s e at i
l ly ll d b g i igi ld I
.
2
A so ap p ar e n t ca e ar a a s r h
as ar e t e tw o e er s t ap p e ar s t o
i mm i l wh i h f l l h y h b h d m
.
,
be at e r a c o a t e o ut s e at s t e ru .
62 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR I 4 V
. . .
o n e e ls e to d o s o .
two e l d er s w h o d i v i d e u p o n e th i r d o f th e to tal am o ng th e l ad s an d
,
-
m or e in th is d is tr ib u ti o n than th ei r c o mp ani o ns .
to th e m o th e r an d s h e h angs th e m u p in th e h o m e an d th er e th e y
,
r e m ain s u sp e n d e d in d eni te l y .
th r e s h o l d o f hi s m an h oo d an d o nc e fo r all T h e r e is n o p ar tic u l ar , .
a e sp e ci e d an d th e r i te h as app ar e n t ly n o c o nn e c ti o n wi th p u b er ty
g , ,
I t is o nly fo r bi dd e n fo r s o ns o f th e s am e m o th er to g o th r ou g h th e
cer em o ny in a singl e year th o u gh s o ns o f th e s am e fath er by d iffer e n t ,
a b o y t o l eav e th e m o u n tain an d in th e c as e o f th e o n e wi th u ns h o r n , ,
c u m s tan c es w o u l d h av e in d u c e d h i m to d o i t an d h e w as o bvi o u sl y ,
as h am e d o f h ims e lf
1
.
1
ig b i g f ib l
I co u d as c er ta n n o o t h e r n e h o u r n D ar ur t r e h as an y st r ct
S o far as i ly i
lg i
an a o o u s r t e m w i il i m g
T h e s o e h at s m ar p r ac t ce a o n th e Kim r ( se e ar a X X I ) i sP
i wi i m i i ig wi v
. .
asso c at e d th c r c u c s o n an d h as n o t h n to d o t h t h e h ar e s t
bvi i bi f iv l mbl b
.
T he o ous n te r e s t i n th e M i d o e st a i s t h e r e se an ce i t e ar s t o
f iv l w
M ay D ay e st a s , h e th e r t h at as so c ate d
-
i wi th th e h oly b ll u g i i
o f M a n e s a (A s a
i i i y ill l i gi
M n o r ) in p r e Ch r st an d a s , o r th at st h e d i n T h u r n a , o r i n th e c o u n t r y
-
i i gl
d st r c t s o f E n an d
w h er e ,
i i y
as M ss H ar r so n s a s ,
t h e Q u e e n o f t h e M ay
an d t h e J k
ac ill f m
i n th e G r e e n s t go
-
ro - -
w y
h o u se t o h o u se N o ad a s it i s t o
ll i g i
.
( A nci en t A r t a nd R i tua l ,
co e c t p e n c e ; o n ce i t w as t o d ffu s e r ace an d n c r e as e
p 75 )
1
T k f h T h i gi f iv l b gi
.
h a e t e case A
o t h e ur n an e st a r st : s soo n as t e tr e es e n
to b g e i i g h h ild
r een mbl
n sp r n S d y d t i h w d
e c r e n as s e e on a un a an go o ut n to t e oo s,
wh h y h ere t f h i
e l ym
c b Li l L f M
o o se one
,
Th y bo kt e r p a at e s to e tt e ea an e rea
b h f m h d wi h m b h il d ill ly h i h lf
.
r an c es ro t h e t re e s an t ne t e a o ut t e c t on s s o e s ar e e t
p e ep i g T f h h h ild l d hi f f h h ld mbl T h y
n o ut wo o t e ot er c r en ea m or e ar
,
e s ou s tu e. e
k h i i gi g d d i g f m h ki g f gif f f d h
.
ta e m s n n h an an c n ro o u se to o u s e , as n or ts o oo su c
gg m g
,
as e s , cr e a (A d Ri l
s au sa es , rt an tua p
Ev m iki g i h ll l f m i A i M i ly
.
, ,
en o r e s tr n I w s t e p ar a e ro an c e n t s a no r : t as n o t on
at E li h h l y B ll
s t at a h S i g Fo iv l P l u h k h
ap p e ar s at t e pr n e st a u t ar c as s an o t er
i
iv Q i W h m g h D l h i i h S i ? A d w d
.
n s t r u ct e ues t o n : o a on t e e p an s s t e an c t er n e n
to o u r a m z m h h S i i B ll A B ll w h
a e ent t at t ly i h l y h i
e an c t er s a u u o not on s o m
lf b i h ly h h h w m k h h ly h i h S i
.
se ut s so o t at e as po er to a e ot er s o e s t e an c t er ;
d m im by h i d h i h m h B i h
, ,
an f
o st h i
p o r t an t or us, e s an c t es s e at n t e o nt ys os, t e
m h h o nt
,
th b gi at i g f i g h im f h bl mi g f m y t e e nn n o sp r n t e t e o t e o s so n o an
p l an t s .
W d
h e h h S
o not ifi D l hi w ear t d iv b iat ll tb e an c t er
at e p as r en ,
ut n a p ro
a bili y h w l d f m h
t e h as h v y migh
e ro k i h iy
o u se to ouse, t at e er one t p ar t a e n t e s an c t t
1 4 . . v . T HE N O N A RA B -
RA CES O F D ARE tJ R 63
u p o n i t an d s o m e s to n e s an d c o w d u ng o n th e to p o f i t T h is s e c o n d -
.
T h e c er em o ny at U d r u is p er fo r m e d by c er tain o l d w o m e n o f
t h e O r d arti s e c ti o n w h o in h e r i t the p r i v il eg e fr o m m o th er to d au g h ter
, .
v o tar i es to th es e o ld w o m e n an d by th em place d o n th e r o ck T h e .
d ancing an d singing .
p art c u ar s h e r e , at t e an n u a a r e ar ear t e st e ar s o t e c t ou t
B ll h ld b w m f h m
.
a u h t e d
n e st t h at c o u h h e g o t, an at t e ne o on o t e ont at t e
b gi i g f d i h y d d i d i f h i y w lf T h B ll
e nn n
,
o see t rn e t e i d e c at e t or t e c t
s e ar e e u
s s an c t e
lif b g wi h h i g f h g i l l y wh h wi h h i g
.
e e an t t e o p en n o t e a r c u tu r a e ar , et er t t e sp r n or
t h e m l gh i g w d
au tu n k w T h d d i i f h B ll w h igh
p ou n e o not no e e cat o n o t e u as a
lm iy H w l di i h h d f wh i h w hi f i
.
so e n t e as e h n p r o ce s s o n , at t e ea o c en t t e c e pr es t
i i y W i h h m w h l d d h i b d
.
an d pr f h e st e s s o t e c t d t t e en t a er a an t e s ac r c er , an tw o an s
fy d m id S h ly w h b ll h hi g l ky migh m
.
o h out s an a en s o o as t e u t at n o t n un uc t co e n e ar
h y d m id m hv b h hi liv h y m
.
hi m ; t h e o ut s an a en s u st a e ot t e r p ar e n ts a e, t e u st n o t
h v b a e d h b
een u n h i f i f d
er t h Th h e l d
ta oo , t e d l d n ect o n , o eat e er a p r o n o un ce a ou
y f h f y f h i y d h l d d h i iz d h w m
.
a p ra er or t e s a et o t e c t an t e an an t e c t e n s , an t e o en
d h il d d w l h h b i gi g f h fg i
,
an c f ren , d f or p e a ce an d f ll ea t an or t e r n n o rt o ra n an o a
t h h
e ot f i d f l All h i l gi g f f ili y f f d d h ild
er ru t s , an o c at t e
,
t s on n or e rt t or oo an c ren ,
f d h h l y B ll w h h li gh df if l
.
,
o c u se s r o u n t i hi e o u o se o n e ss s s s tr e n t an ru t u n e ss
T h b ll i i i g d giv hi f d , .
e d f d
u d s f h
se t ap art an h e an t s oo or t o se t at e m oo
H liv gh m d wi b ly i A il h d m Ag i
.
e h es o n t r ou au t u n an n te r u t e ar n pr t e en co es a n
i i f md i h il d d y gby dy h
.
a p r o c es s on d s or e s e n ate an pr e st s , c r e n an o un o s an out s
j m m h d k hi
u st c o e to i i an d h B ll i
oo
i d h
ta e thi e r p art n t , an t e u s s ac r ce so t at s
g h d vig
s tr e n t an hi l A d wh h y h ll h v i
our m ay p ass t o s p eo p e n
en t e s a a e s acr
d h B ll l h m d ivi d i m g h wh k i h i
.
ce t e u et t e t up a on t
e o se o to o p ar t n t e p r o ce s s on,
g h f h B ll f h l k f h S
,
t h h
at e ac hi h f h m ay g e t s s ar e o t e s tr en t o t e u ,
o t e uc o t e t ate
( Ar t a nd R i tu a l , p p . 86
64 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARE IJ R 1 4
. . v .
m aking c er e m o ni e s ar e h e l d a d ay s j o u r n ey away at G eb e l Ab u ,
i ts l ai r b en eath 1
.
T h e thr ee m ain s e c ti o ns in to w h ic h th e p eo pl e o f Mi d ob ar e
d i v i d e d are th e U RT I (in th e n o r th er n h ills ) th e T O RT I (o r D O RT I ) , ,
.
,
K URM U to th e B IRX ED as S UL GU t o th e Mi d ob p eo pl e as B ay ti
, ,
.
m
1
C o p ar e I b n S e i s r e co r d o f t h e lm
vg
o u e o f a s acr e d s t o n e i n co n n e c t o n i th i w
imk g
ra n a in b z gi
in th e S o a ( G e i r a) r e o n in th e te n t h c e n t u r ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap y P
il g g m wi b bly m i i
.
2
T id d i i n t h e B e rt an u a e e an s h te
p ro a a e r e co n c d e n ce .
3
P
S e e ar t I I I ,, C h ap 8 . .
4
S e e V oy D a rfour , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 , 2 9 7
. . .
I 4 VI
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 5
g o o d n atu r ed p eo pl e In fac t th e Arabs d e spis e th em as spi r i tl ess
-
.
T h e b all o f cl ay is pl ac e d o n a pi e c e o f r o u g h m atting th e st is ,
d r iv en in to i t an d th e w alls o f th e jar ar e d r iv e n o u t fr o m th e
insi d e T h e m o u th pi e c e an d n e ck are mad e s ep arate ly an d s u p er
.
imp o s e d .
, , ,
u n u s u al fo r r e c o u r s e t o b e h ad to th e s e si te s ( m aha ll a t a wa z
h ad c h il d r e n o r is ad vanc e d in y ear s T h e sp ac e r o u n d th e tr ee o r .
= an e vil spi r i t th er e th o u g h th ey h ad n o n o ti o n
( g f ( ) )
'
a a r z t sin a r z t .
,
o f th e i r s h ap e o r fo r m o r attr ib u te s T h e o l d w o m e n th ey s a t alk to
y .
, ,
th e s e an d s tr o k e an d s o o th e th e s to n e .
, ,
1
S ee p 8 9
m ll h ill wh i h giv m wh l
.
y
.
2
O n e i s at S a ah , o n e at t h e s a c es i ts n a e t o th e o e
Ta gb g
a o r an e T h e att e r o f th e s e i s th e . l m im o st i
p o rt an t s te o f all .
M . S . I .
66 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARF IJ R 1 .
WAM IRT O M IN A
MAS AN D I AT BAS I N GA 2
KAYLI N GA WARL
ARM AD I AT K AM LI N GA
WAD K EN I AT W i z ATo
KA M ARS Ho wAT K AS HRI T O
ATAB I RT o K I B RAN To
KAM AL KUA B O B ART o
M U S AB A AT M I S M ART o
1
WI M ARTo
K UD I L
U M B AT o BU RAN To
K I RAT o GnAT o
U MZAT O KAD AN To
HAN D I LT o HoB AT o
K ARAKA MAD I N K IRT 03
T h e d i al e c t sp o k en by th e B ERTI b ear s m ar k ed s mbl anc e s
re e to
th at o f th e ZAGHAW A G
.
th e Ar abic fo r m o f P to l e my (P to l e m ae u s ) an d th e l eg e n d s u gg e s t s
8
,
c er tain cu s to ms th at s u r v i v e am o ng th em o n e w o u l d infer th at th ey
9
s tate s 10
L a tr ad i ti o n d es T o u n djo u r p ar l e au ssi d u n s ej o u r d e l eu r
'
tr ib u s u r le s b o r d s d u b ah r Nil ; an d o n e n o te s in c o n r m ati o n
1
Pm bly F b y igi
r e su a ur or n
T h h dm i C
.
2
e w ea an s o n se c t o n p p 95
m g h Bi k d ?
. . . .
3
C M d
p k i a ar g ar e
a on t e r e
m g h D ag
.
C
1
S bi d
um S b l n an g
an am e an g
a on t e u
p
l imi g b K b ab h b y igi m g h F
. .
5
C h p L b ab ot er a is, c a n to e a is or n, a on t e ur
xm l d ix hi
. .
6
F or e A a p hes se e p p en 1 to t s c ap t e r .
7
Q V l v Ch o 111, LI , p 43 0
l Fi d a H i
. . . . . .
Ab A 4 i d li l i l l
2
S ee , e g u e a e) st nt p 1 0 ng , J o -
g z o u
y
. . . .
.
, , ,
D B w di i g L ll ( 6 ) h B li
I s e e t at
h r ro n, e f h Z
t n e o , ca s p 45 t e at a se s o ne o t e e n e ta
b ) ib
.
( B e r e r tr es
d ix 5 hi
.
9
S A ee p p enh to t
74 s c ap t e r I,
w ll h v b li h h ix h yb h T g
. .
11
I t m ay e a e e e n e ar er t an t e s te e n t ce n t u r ut t e un u r are
not m i d by L
e n t o ne h b gi i g f h ix h eo y B
at h i bid
t e e nn n o t e s te e n t c e n tu r
,
: cp ar t
N h ig l h gh h y d Da f f h y
.
, .
pp 4 2 9 , 43 0 ac i th a t ou t t e e n te r e r ur n t e te e n t ce n tu r
C b
. .
( se e ar on , I ,
O F D AR P II R
-
68 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES VII .
o f th e p eo pl e o f D a r F u r nu n
g th e ms e lv e s at th e p r e s en t d a
y .
T h e T UN G UR w er e n o t c o n te n t to r e m ain fo r l o ng in D ar fur In .
an d c o mp e ll e d th e Ar ab tr ib e s to p ay tr ib u te B y th is tim e if no t .
,
s u b d u e d b y th e B o rn u an s b u t in th e mi dd l e o f th e nine teen th c en tu r y ,
c am e fr o m th e n o r th fr o m Tu nis u n d er Ah m ad e l Ma ak r (o f
, ,
th er e m ay s o easily b e a c o nfu si o n b e tw ee n T UN G UR an d F IJ R tr ad i
'
1
m h d h f h f D ali w h i k f h
N o t e t h at t h e ot e r an no t t e at er o o s sp o en o as t e rst
K y S l b l g d h K y f mily h f h w T w i ( C b
,
a ra u tan , e on e to t e a ra a : t e at er as a u n g ur ar o n,
m x g h ) i id h v m i d h
,
S Ab d l K
I, o, to o , e eri ne t p ar a r ap s sa to a e ar r e t e
d gh f h T g ki g ( G b
au ter o t e un ur n ar ou , I ,
B 2
h l i N h ig l S h
ar t ocd S d c t ;44 ifac t d V
a , a O d an u an, I I I , 9 an oy au ua ai
d G b 6 Th l
. . . . .
, ,
pp 7 S h 2, 93 ; c 84
u rt z , p p
7 554 1
5 44 , an w ar ou , I , 3
2 2 e as t t o ar e
i gN hi l
. .
.
, ,
q uo t n ac t ga .
3 4
C b Ch ar ou , I , Ch
111 ap
bj i d i d i my l E
. . .
5
Th e su e ct 56 57 s S s c u s se d n pp ee a so s cay r ac e
7 Th l md
. .
,
L L D l S d d C b 8 d
au tu r e , e es er t e t
7 e ou a n , an ar ou , I , 4, 4, an II, 1 e as t n a -
e
l f il Sh by H m i D i l i h
.
a so r e er s d T d h
t o an ar t c e c oa un un sc er ar t an n n er s a m sc e
C H B k hi h
S d
O i d Z G d li h
'
r en t, I, 29
31 an to ec er s ur e sc c te er ost c en u an
f B k bi g h T g f m
. .
,
(i D I l
n er s am ) ,
6 16 re
an n e , asc . II , pp . 1 1 ,
1 2 . ec er r n s t e un ur ro
th e K ff
e as t ( S di d
am bi l p B d i di l
m e y er I Af ik tu en er ara sc i en e u nen a ecte nner r as
bi g hmf mT i
.
p p C b 8a ar ou, I , 4, r n s t e ro un s
i Hi lal P I I Ch
. . .
F f h B
o r an acc o u n t o t e en s ee ar t ,
ap . I ,
X IV .
VII . T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 69
th at o n e wou l d h e si tate to a cc ep t an
y of i ts d etails as h is to r ic all y
c o r r ect .
to b e g e n er all y kn o wn as T U N GUR a th eo r y n o t u ns u pp o r te d by
1
,
l o cal tr ad i ti o n 2
.
s h o o ting ; N ubi a was k n o wn to th e Ph ar ao h s as T a s ety ( L and o f -
L es N u bi ens d i t s ervent d ar cs
th e B o w)
an d , ,
, ,
a ,
L es Ar ab es l es n o mm e n t l es a r cher s ha bil es T h ei r tr ad i ti o ns co n
e
.
n ec t th em wi th D o ng o l a an d th e B EN I H I LA L th ey p re s e rv e (as m ay ,
o n e m ay s a
y th at s u c h e vi d e nc e as th e r e is cl ear ly in d ic ate s a N ubi an
o r igin fo r th e T UN GUR .
T hi1
m t b C b Vi w ( q v 7 4 t )
s se e s o e ar ou s e I, no e
JhX vi w i
. . .
2
Cp MS D 1 C L I I I , an d cp S ir H H o n st o n s
e s n f our n A nthr
i l g i f
. . .
X
. . . .
,
H H il al i an
I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3, p 39 9 e co n s d e r s t h at a ar e p ro p o rt on o th e
i vd f d h i w f m h gi f h N il f
. . .
n a e rs oun t e r ay ro t e c at ar act r e on o t e e D ar ur t o
ac r o ss
W d i B a a o r nu d B gh i mi w h
an h y a d h r er e t e ar e r e p r e s e n te at t e p r e s en t d ay by
h S h wi g i mi gl d wi h H mi i d g l m f
, ,
t e a a O h t er s a a n n e t a t c an ne ro e e e n t s an d o u n de d
w f l F j dy y f S F m h m
.
h
t e po er u un d f h
n as t o e n aar ro t e s e co n o t e s e s t ate ents I
w ld i ly d i
.
ou ent re s sen t
P
.
3
S e e A p p t o art I I , C h ap 1
. . .
4
Re i n i s c h , D i e N uba S p r a che , p 1 6 5 -
. .
5
Q u atr em er e , I I , 2 8
XX bv) b
.
4
M as d i , I I , 3 8 3 ( an d cp I I , 2 ,
. III a o e : th e Ara i c i s g f lm
70 T HE NO N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF IJ R 17 1 1 .
Arabs , th e y s till f
G a ali m anner make p er th e d eb as e d
an d ,
a t er
th e r e p u tati o n o f b e in g Arabs
1
.
d es Ar ab e s ( ham er z r ou g e) m ais la n u anc e akh d h e r (li tt v er t :
, .
o r igin
2
.
an d Wad ayans d o 4
.
T he T UN G UR o f D ar fur ar e m en ti o n e d by e l T unisi am o ng th e
min o r S u l tan ates o f th at c o u n try n eigh b o u r s o f th e B I RKED living , ,
r u l e r o f th e T UN G U R u s e d to w e ar a bl ack tu r b an an d h e to l d e l T uni s i ,
, ,
an d ar e kn o wn b y n o o th er n am e th an T UN G U R t o th e v ar i o u s d i al e c t
an d 1 67
2
1
V oy a u O u a d a z , p 9 3
. . . C ar b o u , I , 8 2 8 4 .
4
3
I bi d 1 1 , 1 7 ; an d I , 7 3 , 7 4
. . I bi d 1 1 , 1 7 , 2 2
. .
5
V oy d a D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 3
m viv
. . .
4
I bid p 1 2 8 T h e c us to
. . . d o es no t s u r e now .
I . 4 VI I I
. . T HE N O N A RA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 7 1
b e th e m o s t imp o r tant T h e b r an d s wh ich e ach m o s t c o mm o nl y u s es .
var i ants .
a nka r z b
a, b
B D O W LUN GA (th e ru ling family at Ku ttu m ) T h ey u se
U I
. .
th e ding ar (i . e . nag a r a
th egu r e .
C K I RW A T h ey u se th e tuhdi ( r eaping I IU
. .
. .
, ,
( )
b b u t,
in t h e l atter c as e c all i t a nag a r a
a
E . N I M I N GA . T h ey u s e th e b r an d as s h ewn .
F . U M K ADARI K T h ey '
. u se th e ri
g l el g hor a b
cr o ws
fo o t ) in
th e fo r m sh ewn .
G . S UKIJ RI
'
. T h ey u se a ri
gl el g hora b
in th e fo r m
s h ewn .
H WARI N GA T h ey
s ai d to b e a b r anch o f S UKIJ RI
. . ar e .
T h e g u r e S h ews th ei r b r an d w h ic h is all eg e d to r e p r e s en t ,
T h e i r b ran d ro u n d K u ttu m is as in th e gu r e
, , .
, ,
1 794 th at ,
T h e D ag eou r ac e c am e o r igin ally fr o m th e n o r th h aving ,
1
lli g w m
F o r t h e s p e n o f t h e se t o na e s se e n o t e l ate r u n d e r ikd B r e
bv g w dC ly i l lli g f D ag
.
2
S e e a o e su b Z a h a a , an oo e p 30 Th e o cc as o n a sp e n o a
g l l m i h ibili y id i i b y
. .
,
as Ta u a o n e e ad s m e t o e nt o n t e p oss t of th e en t c at o n er r o r
g
o f D a u an d T a ua
2
g .
p 280 . .
72 T HE NO N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 VI I I
. . .
, , ,
an d o f th e rs t n am e d s ay s : -
,
.
D ad j o au su d d e O u ad y .
c o l o u r to this th eo r y an d th ei r c u s to ms su gg e s t a B an tu c o nn ec ti o n .
1
w
B r o n e , p 3 06 A s u r a o f t h s c u s to viv l i
n o w o r o t te n , m ay li e i n t h e u se o f m f g
w iv l v ig y i
. .
,
th e o rd n r r e as t h e e q u a ent o f so er e nt : t h u s i t i s s a d th at s u ch
an d s u c h a t r e is
ib
i n t h e r e o f ( fi n ar ) an o th e r t r e , e an n it i s s u e c t ib m i g bj
b gi
i
to i t ; o r a a n th at so an d so h a s e e n ap p o n t e d t o t h e r e o f
fi n ar ) a t r e , ib
m ige an n b m if v
h e h as e e n ad e c h e o e r i t W h e n I d r e ct q u e s t o n e d t h e D a u as i ly i g
y l by w y i k v y v g ly
.
t o t h e t r u th o f t h e s t o r to d B r o n e , t h e d e n ed i t , b u t s p o e e r a ue
m i il
o f so mwi
e s m y b li v
ar c u s to h c h , th e e e e d , h ad p r e a e d a on th e D a u o f v il m g g
l v f
D ar S u a O n e m an o u c h e d fo r th e ac t th at S u t an B a h i t Ab u Ri sh a o f S u a l k l
by F m g lv b bly F
.
( d e p o se d th e r e n c h i n 1 9 1 6 ) h ad s ix t i es c au h t h i s s a e s ( p r o a e rt i t ,
qxlig i g m
o )
. i wi
h t n so e s u c h r e ag a n s t h is sh e s an d h ad ca use d i t to e p ut o u t b
C p R o s co e i n H a r va r d Afr S tud 1 , 3 7 , 3 8 ; an d B ag a nd a , p p 1 03 an d 2 02
lli g k f m bi
. . . . .
2
V oy a u O ua d ay , p p 2 4 5 , 2 4 8 T h e s p e n i s ta e n r o
. . t h e Ar a c ( 9 v. . .
p p 7 2 8 if )
. .
3
V oy a u D arfo ur , p p
ibb ll F k
. .
4
V o l 1 1 1 , C h LI , p 4 2 6 T h e T u ar e c a e d N as ar a o n i n t h e T ar i h
m v i b m k l
. . . .
i s , a n ati e M S o f W ada ( se e C ar o n , 1 ,
e l Kh a C p r e ar s at th e c o s e
i
. .
o f th s c h ap t e r .
5
V oy a u O ua d a z , p 6 8
. . .
T HE N O N ARA B RA CES o r D ARE I J R
'
1 4 V 11 1
. . .
-
73
T he yh v ine fo r thei r deity w h om they su p ply v ery fr eely w ith
a e a sh r
l u cky fact T hey have al so a sacred tree w h i ch they simil arly w ter w ith
. a
m er i s sa an d a h o l y s to n e
,
D eath i s se l d o m attrib u te d to natu r al c u se s
. a
ar e seiz e d an d th ei r h o u s eh o l d s s en t in s l av e r y to Wad a
,
i .
K o r d o fan w h o m th e tr av e ll er m et in S e nn ar an d w h o ad o r e d th e
,
m o o n an d tr ees an d s to n e s th o u g h I c o u l d n ev er n d o u t w h at tr ee
o r w h at s to n e i t w as o nly th at it d i d n o t exis t in th e c o u n t ry o f
,
S e nn ar b u t in th at wh er e th ey w er e b o r n Bu t as a m atter o f fac t
.
,
o r igin al s etting an d r e s e t i t in a m o d i e d fo r m am o ng th e u m
-
D ar fur :
w h t k in d ?
a
Z agh aw a .
A ns T o G o d o f c ou r se
.
, .
Q es D o es h e h av e n o l o c al demo n al so in v i ew ?
u .
1
C p Ro s c o e , B ag a nd a , p 9 8
. . .
2
S e e B r u c e , W , 4 2 0 ff ; an d c p . . Ro s co e , B ag a nd a , p . 27 1 .
74 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 VI I I
. . .
A ns . Well ,
t h er e u se d t o w d y h y p p l t G d ly
b e, b u t no a a s t e a ea o o on .
QuesD id th e ad o
. t s s st e o o y
s tes r o t e 1 11p t h i y m f h ly i f m h F 7 ?
A ns I t is general i n D arfur T h e D A U an d th e B I RK ED an d the FHR
. . G
an d th e ZG
A HAW A an d HED A AT al l d o th e same , an d th e p racti c e is p r ac Y
y v
t ic all u n i er s al e cep t amo n g th e Arab s x .
s th e r e a m e d iu m ?
Q u es I .
Q u es I s the r e an
.
y p articu l ar seaso n mo r e fa o u r abl e th an an o th er ? v
Ans N 0, b u t o f co u r se at th i s p r esen t s easo n ( u n e) it o u l d b e fo r
. J w
r ain m o st p eo p l e w o u l d b e p r a i n g an d m ak i n g th ei r o f fe ri n gs T h e D A U y . G
of D a r S u l a m ak e a regu l ar festi al o f i t T h e S u l tan an d h is n o bl es atte n d v .
an d all th e h o r semen , an d t h e
p l ace t h e dihn i n fro nt o f a h o l e i n a y
c ert ai n ro ck an d ait w
I f th e ant s th e big bl ack b attli ng an ts c o me o u t ,
.
y
s st e m I b eli e e t o b e co n n e d t o D a v r Su l a T h r o u gh o u t D arfur it is .
y q
merel a u estio n o f makin g o ffer in gs at certai n p laces an d p ra in g fo r y
s u cessc .
o f co ur s e as h ead m an ,
an d hi s r ig h t h an d m an i s th e s am bei ,
-
sa m bei s o r d e r s e xc e p t th e S u l tan s o w n an d o n e o r tw o o th e r s
am o ng th e b o d y o f t h e tr ib e by a c o ns e n t th at is as n ear as p o ssibl e
T ek ali 3
.
I n D ar ur , e e n
1
f
v m g h A b h ib l ld h b d y h h a on t e ra s, t e tr a e ers , t e o t at c o o se s
h ikh h k w d m alig
or d e p o s e s th e h e ad
i (i s e t at s, ar e no n as a s ng
f ll w T h m i d l wh
.
S ee p ar a X X I to i h S d o F o e t er s n o t u se e se e re n t e u an or th e
i i f h mb i m g h D ag di g m g
. . .
pos t on o t h f h
e sa e a on t e u cp t at o t e n ar a on th e
M al ( P x ly
.
as ) Th wit d
ar a X VI e t o e ac t co r r e s p o n
l C b
. . .
C M Mi h l
2
p Sac 7 cd 8
ae pp 5 1 52 e e a so ar ou, I , 3 1 an 11 , 2 1 2
20
T h D ag i K d fa g d d l lly H b y igi
. . .
, .
, ,
e u n or N b o n ar e r e ar e o ca as am e g s or u a or n
l Ih v ly h d f h m wh i D a f
.
3
Th d I
e se as t a e n o t m e t an on e ar o t e en n r ur .
7 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE IJ R 1 4 V III
. .
I t is w e ll e s tablis h e d th at th e D AG U w e r e at o n e tim e th e p re
d o min an t rac e in c e n tral D ar fur th e e ar li es t kn own fo u n d er s o f a ,
th e six tee n th c e n tu ry
2
T h e c o ming o f th e T UN G UR r esu l te d in th e
.
r e s tr ic ti o n o f th e D AG U to th e d is tr ic ts w h er e th ey s till liv e .
A . To the east
T ULI N DJ I GERKE, th e r o a h ou se , yl
h o d n th e naha s l i g
T he DA GU u se e th er o f tw oi b ran d s on th e i r animals ,
nam e l y the
hindir ei
or th e
loho nei .
T h e fo r m er is
sh ap e d as (a) l b
an d th e atter as
( )
b .
a
1
T he o o n f ll wi g li
st o f co on mm w o r d s co ll e ct e d at r an d o m sh e w s th e e te n t x
o f th e d f i
fe r e n c e T h e co rr e s p o n d n
. i gw o rds i n th e B ay ko d a e c t ar e il l
a s o add e d .
n u an i
t wo ad d a f b i d d ak d d a
th r e e k o dd os k o dd os k o dd os
f
our k as hf tis h e k tesh w e t
ve m u d d ak m u d d ak m idd ik
s ix ar ann ar an n ar an n
ro t e au t o r t es t f h T at t e gu an cp t e c ase o t e un ur a o e ru e
ll D a f i i b y b h h y v h ld w i
.
a B r ur d ll d ut t s e h
on a ou t t at t e ne er e an y po er n no rt er n
Da f ( h T ibb i G b l M y hw f
.
r ur h )
t e u spi h er e no r n e e ar r a n o r n t e c o u n tr no rt -
est o
i ( h F ) Th y d v dv h l im
,
t t e h r sp er e e o no t e en a an ce an y s u c c a
l d d i hi i P) T h i m i
. .
3
I '
nc u e h S b l
n t (S bi s se c t o n ar e t e am e an g urn n an g s na e s
h D ag f m f S h Th y i S h ab l m
.
sa id b to e t eab l u or o en a. e s ay c ert a n en a at a r e o te
p er idb m i
o d m
e ca g h D ag C S b a m g h
e n c o r p o r at e a on t e u p
am an g to
a on t e
i (P b v ) d S b ll m g h T g F fF
. .
B er t ar a . V I a o e , an am e an g a a on t e un ur -
ur o u rnun g
( Ap p .
5 to thi s c h ap te r ) .
T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 77
, .
, ,
mi d u P r o p h ete
3
.
B ar th m er ely m enti o ns th em 4
Bi r kit am o ng th e n egr o tr ib es
o n th e Wad aI D a r fur fr o n ti er
-
.
N ach tigal s ay s : 5
t o t h emse l v e s 5
.
S IRI N D I KE E RAYIAT
ie , . .
T O C O N C E s ai d to b e HI LAL I I N E ay k at li v i ng wi th th e B I RKE D
,
r
KAM UN G A T O N GO LKE
M IRO W GE
KA GI JRT I GE
K ULDU KE M O R O L KE
I ZM AN D I KE S AS U L KE
1
lli g
T h e s p e n o f B r ke d an d B ay ko i s t a e n r o i t h e A r a c o f e l T un s
k f m bi ii
w yg iv ly l
.
T he o r d s ar e p r o n o u n ce d Bi r g e d an d Ba o r esp e c t e an d s h o u d
p e r h ap s b e s o s p e t l .
3
,
2
V oy a u O ua d ay , p p 2 4 9 , 2 5 0
. .V oy a u D a rfou r , p p 1 3 3 1 3 6
. . . .
1 1 1 , 5 4 3 ( Ap p
4 5
L oc ci t p 6 7
k bi w ll i i i f m
.
y
. . . .
5
T h e n o w s p e a A r a c as e T h e r r o tan a i s d st n c t r o t h at o f t h e
g l
.
D a u , e tc S e e ate r
b i i ll f
. .
T he r an d o f t h s s e c t o n , c a e d a t e r i t th e M ad ar ar k , i s as
7
g
she w ig
n , r e p r e s en t n , as a c o p ar s o n th th e r o a F ur m i wi r an d an d yl b
g will
t h at o f t h e T u n u r sho , a w
ar d r u an d s t c s w m
I t i s n te r e s t n
-
ik i ig
Vi w w f ll w l F lk
.
in e of h at o o s t o n o t e th at t h e S e r ar B ukke r C att e o )
bl z
at G e e el Har a a i n n o r t h e r n K o r d o an a so u s e a f l
r an d c a e d Ba t b ll y
w
e l N u g ar a ,
hi ch r e p r e se n t s a s a r o u n d d r u m ll
an d s t c , as i n th e m ik
g u re .
( S e e M acM i ch ae l , C am el B r ands , p .
78 T HE N O N -
ARAB RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 IX . . .
an d i t is s tate d at th e p r e s e n t d ay th at th ey o nl y h ad a S har ta i o r
th e S ha r ta z .
hd URGL
A few B I RKE D live in K o r d o fan , s o u th o f e l O b ei d , an d i t is
tr ad i ti o n ally r e p o r te d I n n o r th er n K o r d o fan th at ab o u t th e b eginning
o f th e e ig h tee n th c e n tu r y th ey w er e th e r u ling p eo pl e I n th e h ills o f
N IJ B A d e sc e n t
'
o f th e B I RK E D in s o u th er n D a r fur
7
b ear s an o bvi o u s simil ar i ty to the
N ubi an an d K anzi vo cab u l ar i es c o ll ecte d by B u r ckhar dt Th es e tw o
s
.
N
El T un s , V oy D a rf p 1 3 7
w m i i l
. . . .
e nt o n ed
O
C
I bi d I 3 8 , h e r e n o B r ke d S u tan i s
i m b bly viv g w i m
. .
T he r na e p ro a e s t o o i n th at o f t h e ad R ajj ar ( ap s
h
su r r e at
a
K a a, g
K ajja ,
K i a , et c )wi b w
h c h r u n s e t e e n D ar M asa i t an d W ad a
. l i .
5
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , p 66
P g l gi l g P
. .
5
S e e ar t I I I , C h ap 1 , an d t h e e n e a o c a t r e e s o f th e A roup in ar t I V
i z ly k bi y i f k
. .
7
T h e B r ke d o f T a r a o n sp e a Ar a c T h e say t h e r ath e r s all sp o e a
i ill l l g ib
.
r o tan a as th e s o u th e r n B r ke d s t d o T h e att er ar e a ar e t r e , an d n o t a
m ll lm wi b livi g m z
.
,
s a se tt e ent th Ar a s n r o u n d th e as i s th e c as e at T ar a
x i
.
5
S e e Ap p e n di 2 to th s ch ap te r .
80 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR Ix .
ai n si ; qu n t au x K adj h s o n n e n c o nn ai t q u e c c qu e n d it Ab d u ll h b e n
a a , a
9 75 an d 99 6 A D b u t w hat h e h ad to s a .
y ab o u t t h e
.
, K A JJ A R A w e
d o n o t kn o w b e c au s e th e e x tr acts fr o m h is wo r k q u o te d by el Mak r iz i
c o n tain n o m enti o n o f th em .
( 1 8 00 1 8 3 8 ) w as a B aykaw i a an d h e
-
in c o ns e q u e nc e d e cl ar e d th e , ,
, ,
t h e m is th at th e i r anc e s to r s c am e fro m th e E as t vi a s o u th er n K o r d o
fan an d th e N IJ B A c o u n tr y at m u c h th e s am e tim e as th e BAxxARA
'
. .
1
l m h f h v b w i wi h i w y y
T he e t t er f h ust t er e o r e a e een r t te n t n t en t e ar s o t e co n
gy
q u e st o f E pt
kh d l ( W lik i wh d mk m h
.
2
B urc ar t t r an s at e s p ar e n at o n s o o n ot a e uc
b y Th b v i i f mB i l i (
.
oot e a o e q u o tat on s ro o u r an t s t r an s at o n 11,
kh d l I k w h K dj
.
4
B 3
urc B h ar Ch
t t r an s at e s : ut no not w o t e e a ar e 11
B w m i b y Ib S d ( p Ab l Fid a 5 8 )
. . .
5
85 T h
ro i ne, p 2 er e s a ent o n n a i a u e p 1
l ll d h B aj o d wi h h Z gh aw m zzl d
. . . .
,
of a p eo p e ca d h
e t e co n n e c te t t e a a, an t e t er pu e
I i h w v v y lik ly h h B k ,
B h (
art V l Ch q v o III , LI , p t s, o e er , er un e t at t e ay o
m
. . . . .
ar e ean t
x m l giv b v wh ki g f h D ag
.
3
E g
g . se e e a p es en a o e e n sp e a n o t e u .
1 4 11
. . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 81
s o n o f Hu s ay n s o n o f Ibb a s o n o f N a s o n of Haggar s o n o f Ah m ad
B I RKED d i al ect 1
mu ch the s am e as i t is n ow b u t li ttl e is s ai d of th em b ey o n d th at ,
t h ey w er e r u l ed by a p etty S u l tan o f th ei r o w n T h e tr ib al wa ki l
2
.
o r vizi er o r P r e si d e n t o f th e C o u ncil o f S h e ik h s th e
sa m bei o f th e D AGU is am o ng th e RAY KO call e d the g indi (p lur
, .
e na di i
g .
, ,
s u cce ed ed S u l tan .
S u b han in an d G h ar ba n
n i 4
an d
I ncl u d e th e fo ll owing :
T I RR I T HA GGAR 5
( the ro yla h o u s e) T I RKI T MARS HIJ T 5
K O ROE AI K I 5
P AM AR I 5
1
E g .
~
.
D AGU o f D A GU
F m B kh
ro urc ar d t s
N ubia
E N G L IS H
BAYR O D ARE IJ R o f S U LA ( M i n oa) N IJ B A K AN Z I
cow te i n y teiny t ei n y ( tu r ) ty g a ty g
h o r se m u rt an n m ur t an i m u rt ( p o r r n y i) m o r ty g a k ky
o
as s k atc hi n k ac hi n e, k at ch ( u t ch ) i k dja a h an o u b
k ak in
or
T h e p er cen ta e o f B r ke d g
o r d s th at re s ei e N u i an w o r d s is a o o d h un dred mbl b w g
g
p e r c e n t hi h e r , I s h o ul d s ay , th an i n t h e c as e o f D a u o r B a ho o rd s T he g y w
m l l i i i ly f m bi
. .
2
E l T i m s , V oy D a rf p p 1 2 8 , 1 34 , 1 3 8
gv k l m lf m y i f m
. . . .
3
Y ad ar r ag i e s r an T h e S u t an h i se w as n or an t
o n th e p o n t i
y bi y ll i g
.
4
T h e B a ho c an n o t p r o n o u n c e t h e A r a c g h , so t h e ca th s r o u p t h e
Har b an i n .
5
T h e se ar e Su b han i n .
M . S 1 .
82 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARF IJ R 1 4 x
. . .
1
T IRTUS HKI , or T I RTEJ KE
1
LUDUKE
1
D IS AKE
NYO GOL GO LE 1
KALAKALI KA 1
S IN fIN an d M ARA
,
RIT O f th es e th e M IMA ar e th e o l d es t c o l o ny . .
MIMA .
et les K o kah 4 .
D ar fur 5
N achtigal m en ti ons th em as a l ar ge tr ib e in Wadai b u t
.
,
u ns av o u r y an d t h ey h ad l ar g e ly in te r m arr i e d wi th th at tr ib e
, .
1
T h e s e ar e G h ar b an i n an d c an b e r e e r r e d to as g en ad i , i e sec t o n s s u f i bj ec t
gi i
. .
to th e nd
i m k i
.
2
T h e r h ead an i s sp o e n o f as M akd m N as r
ly l wi f m
.
3
S ee C o o e , p p 45 , 8 4 , 8 6 O d er r te r s t h an I b n B at ta u s e d th e
. . or
Am im a .
4
V oy au O ua d ay , p 2 4 9
w f wi h i Om a
. . .
5
V oy au D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 38, 297 T h e se e r e at eu d t th e B en r n
b
. . .
Ar a s
b l ll h m
.
5
V oy au O ua d a z , p p 6 5 , 7 4 , 7 5 ; an d c p C ar on , II , 1 9 9 ; th e att e r ca s t e
M imi
. . .
ou M o u t o u to u .
.
84 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE UR 1 4 14111
. . .
g ou ps the I BB A an d th e I KKA
r ,
1
.
th e F UR th e ms e lv e s .
T o tak e th es e in tu r n
X I V KIMR D ar Kim r li es no r th o f th e M ASALI T c o u ntr y an d eas t
of D a r Ta m a T o th e n or th an d eas t o f it is o p en c o u n tr y sp ar s ely
.
I t is a small tr ac t p o or in n atu r al r es ou r c es s an d y in p ar ts an d s to ny
, ,
e sp e ci ally at B a bi r i .
e xc e p ti o n o nly o f th e AB U J oK HA s e c ti o n w h o sp eak T a m a) an d h as ,
t o r e c o mm e n d i t .
T h e n am e KI M R lik e th e n am e E RM BE LI wh ic h is u s e d in pl ac e
, ,
T h ei r m ai n s u b d ivisi o ns ar e :
1 MI C C I (the ru ling sect o n )
. 2 ABU J oKHA i .
( )
a d hu rr iat Tahi r (a) Effe r
(b) Hu sayn b
( ) S h o wa
h c h n a e t h e ar e n o n t o t h e A r a s an d H au sa i n W e st
as P o u an ,
fi i ll m F ll
A r c a T h e K am i r ca t h e l gi y
e ata T o e thn o o s ts th e are c o on no n mm ly k w
F F P l
. .
as u lb e o r ul or
ou
V
: s e e B ar t h , V o l I V , C h L I I , p 1 43 I n th e S u d an th e
m F ll l ly v l
. . . .
te r e a t a I S o o se u se d t o co er th e H au s a a so .
2
bi
T h e Ar a c is
3
C p N ach ti g a1, ap C ar b o u , . .
Cp C b N h i g l V O d
'
4
4 5. ar p
o n, 11 , 20 , 20 ; ac t a ,
oy . au ua ai , .
73 .
1 4 11 141
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 85
3 . K URBU
(a) G id ayrnu k
(b) O wng a
( )
c Seib i r
(d ) Rim ayla
4 . LUK
w
(a ) A lad Haggar
b
( ) Si ki n
( c) M e dd i
(d ) er a a K
o f in d e p en d e nc e an d i t h as a lways h ad a S u l tan o f i ts o wn
, .
m ay r e p r e s e n t
2
.
1
S ee C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 07 .
2
S e e C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 05
g i i
.
3
V oy d a O ua da i , p p 6 6 , 6 9 , 7 4
e r h ap s t h e S u n u r are to b e P
d en t ed
wi b g l m l
. . .
t h th e A sun g ti r r an c h o f E re n a ( q v ate r ) T h e T a a di a e ct an d t h at o f t h e
g i lly i i l
. . .
E r e n a ar e p r ac t c a d e n t ca
y ll m lv l lly k w
.
T h e c a t h e s e e s M asal at as a r u e , b u t ar e u s u a no n t o o th e r s as
l m ll m
M asai t T h e T a a ca th e M asar ak
. .
86 T HE NO N ARAB RACES O F D ARFUR-
I 4 . . X VI .
b e a m er e b ackwater .
n ear es t p ar t o f D ar fur .
.
,
, ,
th e fo r m er ar e all pl ac e d in s u bj ec ti o n to
, a m ak d um o f th e
, ,
( in t h e c as e o f M AS AL i T E RE N GA an d M U N a
,
lik e
) th er e is a b o d y o f
In F UR d ays ,
y say in D ar M as alit each fer sh h ad als o a
th e ,
h as b een d ro pp e d .
1
S ee p 7 4 . .
88 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F DARFUR X VI .
In el T n isi
s d ay t hey
n d er fo u r kings (i e m eks) w er e u . .
an d th e i r c o u n try fo r m e d a p ar t o f D ar Ab o U m a
l
.
waki l o r ding ar
,
nu a r
T h e r o y al s e c ti o n th at o f th e naha s am o ng th is s ou the rn
, ,
O , ,
K UN D ERUN G K AI D UN G B I ALUN G an d o th er s u bs e c ti o ns ; b u t th e
, ,
t r ib e h as th e r e m o te s t i d ea w h ere i t c am e fr o m an d e ac h h az ar d s
a g u e ss to wh ic h li ttl e atte n ti o n n ee d b e p ai d .
sp o k en o f as living in th e no r th er n p ar t o f wh at is n o w D ar M as al it .
M UN o r J E B ALT A b y th e M AS AL IT .
1
E l T tm i si , V oy a u D arfour , p p 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 S e e p 9 8 an d n o te o n p 9 5
'
k w ig w l w
. . . . . .
i s t h e M asa i t o r d fo r
2
I do no t no t h e o r i n o f th e o rd , b ut E ri n g
b
Ar a s
I t m ay b e , an d p r o a b bly
i s , p u r e co in c d e n ce t h at
e r un g a
i s th e i
f mily m k l i k
.
a na e o f th e s n a e p e o p e at T r a e l A h d ar i n s o u th e r n D ar N Ub a ( se e
li m
S e g an , A rt an d t h at t h e E r e n a o r d fo r ra n
g w
( or sky i s ar r ,
i
w il ill g b i b i
.
h e at D in ( n o r th e r n D ar N u a) r a n i s ar a , an d at M i d o i t i s ar r
.
I 4 xrx
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 89
D UL A G G IR A
of i
th e r o wn : th e r e t o s nl y
rr ash .
a sk e d s a s o A s is u s u al in n o r th c e n tr a l A fr ic a fr o m eas t t o w e s t
y
-
.
,
th e y ar e h e l d in g e n er al c o n te mp t an d th e r e s t o f th e p o p u l ati o n d o
n o t in ter m arr y wi th th e m Th is fee ling o f aver si o n to war d s th e
.
w o r k er s in i r o n is s tr o ng e s t am o ng th e Z AG HAW A wh o s o far fr o m ,
a r e a h er e d i tar y c as te an d ar e c all e d M i r o si n by
( g m i r
) th e F UR . .
i r o n th at th ey o w e th ei r in h er i te d u np o p u l ar i ty as to t h ei r e mpl o y
m e n t o f r e fo r th e p u r p o s e 2
.
X IX
S LAV E TRI B ES T h e slave tr ib es o f D ar f r m ay b e
.
1
l
S e e p 8 3 T h e r e ar e a s o M ar ar t a o n th e M asa i t p r o p e r i m g l
m wi w
. . .
2
N ac h ti g al ( V oy a u O u a d a i , p p 8 0 8 1 ) r e c o r d s t h e c o n te p t th h i c h th e
bl k mi l i g l m g
. .
t h i s h e d i n B o r n u , W ad a an d D ar f r
ac s an d i n en era a on al l t h e
ib ib i w l i k m yi g i wm
T u t e s an d t h at i n W ad a n o o n e o u d th n o f ar r n o n e o f th e r o e n
f m
o r e at r o m l bl k mi
t h e s a e p ate as a l
ac s th T h e S u tan o f th e Had ad i n i s t h e r e
ki v l ki g f i m ly i
.
n d o f c ar n i a T h u s , t o o , i n D a r ur A l i D n ar co n t e p tu o u s
a n ap p o n t e d
l iv l l w m v w
.
S u t an o f th e Had ad i n
as a r a t o th e S u tan ate ho h e o e r th r e as a
p relimi y n ar i
to h i s o w n s u c c e s s o n
m b z b
.
C o p ar e C ar o a , 1 , p 4 9 et seq an d 2 09 : Ha dd ad ch e l e s Ar a es , d og od
'
z mb z b z ll z
. .
f g j f m
l e s O u ad ai e n s , l e s o r e r o n s so n t to u o u r s p ro o n d e n t m I n K an e
th e mj iy a or t w k
o f th e i o r e r s in ibb igi
r o n ar e o f T
- -
u Ku r a an o r n -
l k mi by i i l k
.
S o , t o o , i n t h e e as t : C p B e n t , p 2 1 2 T h e B ac s th i n A ss n a i s o o e d
wi mi gl v w
. . .
up o n th n e d d r e a d an d i s s u p p o se d t o h a e t h e p o e r o f
i g i lf i
tu rn n h m se y mmi i g v g
n t o a h ae n a an d c o tt n mir a a e s o n h is e n e es
m f ll wi g f m fi
.
C o p ar e th e o o n ro T h e P r e B an tu O c c u p an ts o f E as t A r ca -
i i ik y y
( B e e ch ) , i n M a n , M ar ch , 1 9 1 5 : T h e an c e n t p o p ul at o n o f th e K u u c o u n tr i n
fi v b ib l w f ll
E ast A r ca ar e r e p u te d to h a e e e n c ann a d ar s c a e d M ai th dac hi an a T h es e
l ig i i mmi i F ll v i y
.
atte r , acc o r d n t o t h e D s tr c t C o ss on er o f o rt H a , ap p e ar t o b e a ar e t
o f e ar thg m wi m y
-
no es th an l o f th e u s u a g m m e ar th n o es in o st
f lkl
o y
o r e , th e killar e s i
e d i n th e a r t o f r o n ik y i l i s a K u u n s u t t o s ay
Y o u ar e th e s o n o f a M ai th ac h i an a
.
90 T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F DARFUR X IX .
, , , ,
to b r e ed c h il d r en fo r th e i r c ap to r s fr o m th e ear li e s t p er i o d t o th e
p r es ent ; b u t o f th es e it is u nne cess ar y to say m o r e at th is j u nctu r e .
T o th e r s t o f th e two g r ou ps sp e ci ed b e l o ng s u c h p eo pl e as th e
TURUG wh o ar e b y o r igin N UB A fr o m G eb e l Tekali in K o r d o fan
, ,
imp o r te d by th e S u l tan T ir ab th e AB i D i A r ou n d K eb k eb ia an d ,
m o n ar ch an d th e D AD I N GA wh o ar e s ai d to h av e b een in B o r nu
,
1
, ,
i b
T h e r r an d , o r r ath e r th at o f t h e r c h e , th e M e
1
M ahm ti d i if lik
e l D adi n g aw i , th e o st m
en e r a g lly
r e s p e c te d m an i n D ar ur i n Ali f
i
D n ar s t
im
e an d o n e o f h i s c h e c o un c if
o r s an d co an d e r s , i s as ill mm
v
( a) O th ers u se s u ch ar i an ts as ( b) C o p ar e th e F ar r an d ( p
. . m b .
9 2 T HE N O N A RAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 xx
. . .
S i, ) e tc . s an d th e h ills
o u th w es t an d w est o f i t in a s tate o f s avag e ry -
AB B AS 1 c am e to th es e p ar ts I t w as a d esc en d an t o f th is Ah m ad
.
,
anc es to r o f th e r o y al lin e
2
He an d h is so n MUsa ru l e d fr o m Tu r r a .
,
1
i i f
Th s im ibl T h B i Abba h v
s, o co u r s e , i wi h h p o ss e e en
s a e n o c o n n e ct o n t t e
B i H ilal ( P II Ch
.
en se e ar t ap
A b i g B i Abb a h y l im ki d f ki hi wi h h G li
.
,
2
s e n en s d t e c a a n o ns p t t e a a in , an
Id G l
ri s E d i dj l
a a
or l g d f h f S l ym a S l g
r s a
ap p e ar s as p ate rn a r an at er o u a n o on
N h ig l p H l l W ld Hi m G li i
Th
( se e ac t a a e rno t, or s s to ry p e sa e a a co n n e c t o n
i im li d i di i S l y a w
.
, .
,
s p h e hn t e tr a f T ki [ F ]
t on t d at u a m n as son o a em Ur ar an an
A b w m ib f B d f K d fa
ra f h
o an o t (E
e tr d L e B ll
O e ay r i a o or o n s cay r ac e au tu re , u
b i g g lly k d G li
.
G A S 855 h B d
S o c. eog r ug
ep t 1 p t e e ay r i a e n en e r a r ec one a a fn
A imil l im i l f di h f m f h Af i
. . .
,
o f a s o rt s ar c a s a so p re e rre n t e c as e o o st o t e r can
ki gd m w f D a f F i W d ai li f m S h d i
.
n o s e st i o G r Ur or n s tan c e , n a a a a ro en
a
A bb a i h m Ab d l K m ib Y m ( h G am i
.
,
b
so i di-
sa nt i s t at s
y na e e e ri n a e t e a
d ig di i l
f h G wa ) i h
o f h G t eli a a in p e r ee s , an c e sto r o t e a m a a s t e tr a t ona an ce s t o r
N h i l V O d d dP I I I Ch h G
( l ii
''
s ee ac t ga 7 oy au ua az , pp 0 an 93 an ar t ap 1 on t e a a n
D agl g
, . .
, .
an )a rou p
il f S l yma S l y x m ly v g d v i
.
Th d e eta s o u a n o ong s an ce s tr ar e e tr e e a u e an ar o u s .
I h v g a e lly h d h i
en er a k f A b f h B i H il al
e ar h m m id sp o en o as an ra o t e en w o ar r e a
F i
r p r n c e ss H m im f A hm d l M
e so k
et d m es ap p e ars as a s o n o a e a a
r , an so e
im d d f m hi hi d m di g i
.
t d
e s as i
e s ce n h d e ro m n t e s e co n or t r or o re s t an t e n e r at o n
Hi m h i v i ly A b w m f h M al t b h
.
s ot er d s ar o u s r e p o rt e as an ra or a o an O t e as i ut t ere
f g m b hi b y d h f h h w A b
,
i s no so rt o a ree ent a d o ut m e on t e ac t t at e as an ra an co n
n e cte d wi h h F b y m i g B h h F ( K ga ) d h T g wh il
t t e Ur ar r a e ot t e ar un ra an t e un ur , e
d mi i g h y i ly d iff f m l im b d d d
.
a tt n t e h
ar e e n t r ei e r en t ro o n e an o t er n r ace , c a to e e s ce n e
a ; ut t e ac t s e to e t at a
co mbi i f F n at o n d A b ( h o K y i ) mi di g
Ur an f h fra t e a ra s ect o n re n n one o t at o
h B g d A b i i m i d wi h h T ,
t e e a anh S d ra n t e e as te r n u an , n te r ar r e t t e u n g ur as a
p re limi y n ar di g h m i to h d
su cc ee Da f n h d
t e n n o rt er n an e as t e r n r fi r at t e en
o f h tix he s y D Hl l
te e n t Th W l d
ce n t u r Hi 585 r e rn o t s
tr e e , q v e or
s s t o ry p
b d N h i l d Sl i h w FO gh f h K y
. . .
.
, ,
d
ase on ac t g a s an at n s ac c o u n t s , s e s r a, a au te r o t e a ra
C hi f i e m i d ( ) h f h f S ha D h d h l f h T g S l
ta n , ar r e a to t e at er o u o rs i t e as t o t e un ur u t an s
o f S i (f wh m or d ( b)
o Ahm d l M see k hp f h an to a e
,
a a
r t e
an ce s to r o t e
g i D a f T h h b d h b S ha d h d D ali
.
T un ur n r Ur O er r st us an s e o re u an to er s e co n
f S l ym a S l gT h m il i w f i
.
,
t h e an c e s t o r o u a i d n o on o p u rsue t e at te r n et a s a as t e o t m e,
xi i F k
.
an d ll h a t d i h
at o n e n e e f n o te d s t e e s t e n ce o an an c e n t Ur s to c co n n e c te on
d wi h h I l mi A b wi h h T g ,
t h e o neh an d t h h t e s a c ra s an on t e ot er , t t e un ur
i m ili i l bvi A h d y y
.
,
Th h at t e s u cce ss o n w as d at r n e ar s a so o ous s e ac n as t s u c ce e s
h l di i ld m f il m y h f d f h w d y y h
.
t e as t , tr a t o n se o a s to ar r t e oun er o t e ne n as t to t e
d au gh f h l ter o iv f h ld T h i y m m i i d i E gy
t e as t r e p r e s e n tat e o t e o s s s te a n ta n e n pt
ly N w K i gd m d lm i ly b f h P l m i
.
un d her t e e ar e d i n o an a o s t ce r ta n e o r e , an n t e to e a c er a
y R y l M i g d M ili D
,
( s ee M ur r a o a i j R ar r aA h p e s an at r n e ar e s ce n t
n o ur n oy nt r o
m g h B g d i h Ch i i ki gd m f D g l W
.
, . .
I ns t X LV , a on t e e a an n t e r s t an n o o on o a e
h ll h A b wh m h i h d b f mili i A bi
. .
s a see , h to o , ow t e ra s, to o t e p r ac t ce a een a ar n ra a,
rea d il y d d i f
a h i
o p te w wh h y t or t d D g l dh wi
e r o n p u rp o ses en t e co n q u e r e on o a , an o t
w as i v g n m g h B b i
o ue a d A b
on i h f t e h y
er er pr n ce s ro un s en n t e o u r te e n t cen t u r
F ll d il d f will b f d i P I I Ch XXX
.
u er e ta s an r e e r e n ce s e o un n a n o te to ar t ap 2, III .
y Th K i v ll l
.
,
S B h ( 7 ) h d
O , to o , ar t II, 2 3 sa s : e an ti r e e n at t e p re s en t ay c a p eo p e
i g n l b i i lly h i ki g lw y f h
en era ut pr nc f h i m h
pa t d e r n s, a a s a te r t e n am e O t e r ot e r , an
t h e nam fh m h e o
,
ib i lm
t e i lly dd d i h h i l
ot er s
tr e s a o s t co n t n u a a e n t e c ro n c e as a
XX . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 93
h er e an d in G eb e l Si is fabl e d to h ave b ee n T o Ra b u t n o m o r e
,
c i r c um s t an c e o f th eg r e ate s t im
gi i mi
A a n , i n B ah r
p o r tan ce y B ar th s a s ( 1 1 1 , 4 5 3 )
m h S l b g g ly wi
.
,
u tan , o r t h e K u n an a, i s r e at
T he o th e r O f t e -
r e sp e c t e d , b u t th o u t
ig m iy v
p o ss e ss n s u c h p ar a o u n t au th o r t as w e h a e se e n t o h a e
v b wi e e n t h e cas e th
th e m gi ll x i by
a r a i n B orn u , an d as w e s h a n d e e r c se d
m y
t h e M o a i n W ad a
li i b viv f i l ii ig i y
.
A r e c o f th e s am e d e a n o d o u t s u r es i n t h e o fi c a p o s t o n o f d n t
u nt il l ly j y b y g m
at e en o e d th e r an d l i l
o th e r s o f t h e S u t an o f D ar fr an d i n p ar t c u ar th e
m ate r n a lg m r an d ii y '
i bj
o th e r E l T i m s s a s ( V oy o u D a rfo u r , p 1 8 4) o n t h s s u ect : S i le
g m g m ll g
. . .
s ul t an r n an t a en c o r e s o n er e e t s a r an d er e , e e s o n t c h ac un e u n r an ;
bi e n e n t e n d u , c c r an g i i j m
n es t p as u n e d g n t t o u o u r s p r s e n t e d an s l Et at ; il
e ur t
v ll
a e c c e e s q u i e n s o n t r e v t u e s
g l imi g m i m y
.
Ah ad e l M a ak r as th e r an ce s to r ,
T h u s th e T u n u r , i n c a n ar r h im
g l g l g vi g b
to t h e d au h t e r o f t h e as t D a u S u t an , th e D a u h a n mi il
e en p r e d o n an t u n t
t h e co mi g n g l ym
o f t h e T u n u r ; an d S u a l g ll
an S o o n bm
i s a o tt e d an A r a o th e r
l i
( S at n , C h imil ly
S ar lli g m
t h e M u s ab a at , ca n
il li
A h ad e l M a ak r a H a
m y g l g l
.
,
ar r h im t o th e d au h te r o f t h e as t T u n u r S u t an ( s e e M ac M i c h ae l , Tri bes
p g
g wi
an d t h e D a u o f D ar fUr a r e e
m i ii
th t h e in th s t r ad t o n
m g b il l
. .
T u r r a i s p art o f t h e s a e r an e as M ar r a I t i s th e u r a p ac e o f t h e D ar fUr
1 -
l mb l m m mm
.
S u t an s an d t h e r e s t an d th e t o s o f S u ay an , M Us a , Ah ad B uk r , M u ha ad
w
D o r a , A b u e l Kas im m
T i r ab , A b d e l R ah an e l R as hi d , M u ha
mm F ad adl an d
y yw b il b y i b b i k wi g f
,
Hu sa n T h e A l i D n ar a o u t 1 9 1 0 i n r e d r c
er e r e u t th r as s r o o s
l i g v l ym
.
in p ac e o f t h e o ld s to n e an d m u d e d c e s T h e r a e s o f S u a an an d M s a
i gl mb ig l
.
A b d e l R ahm an ,
hi s so n ar e i n a s n e to s t an d n a o n e t o th e n o r th o f t h e r es t
mm F l y v i gl l g mb v
.
M u ha ad ad an d Hu s a n h a e a s n e ar e t o T h e o th e r s h a e e ac h a
mb mb i g i by i
.
s e p ar at e to T h e ve to s co n t a n i n M us a s s u c ce s s o r s ar e s d e
s d e in
i gl w ll l by mb l ym l g
.
a s n e a e d e n c o su r e N e ar t h e to of S u a an an d M i i s a i s a ar e
m b il b y l m k wi ill g
.
s to n e o sq u e u t t h e S u t an Ah ad B u r ( 1 68 2 1 7 2 2 ) h ch i s s t in o o d
i
r e p a r b u t fo r th e r o o f imil m
T h er e i s a s ar ll m i
o s q u e ca e d G a a K u r r o n e ar
b w lk l w i
.
B u l d an g , e t e e n K e b k e b i a an d K u u to t h e n o r th e s t o f M ar r a T hi s i s s a d
-
v b b il b y l g w ll m i
.
to h a e e e n u t A b u e l K a s irn ( 7 3 9 5 2 ) an d i s a ar e e
1
ad e c o n s t r u c t o n -
o f red b i k m i wi
r c s, o r t ce d li vi g
th e ar t h an d s p s O f s t o n e an d h a n wy ar c h e d d o o r a s
an d wi w ndo s
l w ll f gi liz
.
2
T h e p e o p e o f T u r r a say th e T o R a er e c a e d a t er th e an t ar d o r
m i o n to r
(A r w i r i l , o r ll ca ed
il
to
i i
i n F ar d a e c t I t s s c en t c
m m m l
. .
na e i s V a r a nus N i l o ti cus T h e sa e n a e to or tow o cc u r s a s o as th e
ik m i
.
n c na e o f t h e p r e se n t S h ar tai o f th e B r ke d
v i i i
.
3
F o r t h e ar o u s acco u n ts o f th e r se c e s s o n s e e M acM i c h ae l , T pp 60
m ii l g lly l
.
6 2 T h e n am e o f T o n s a , t h e t r ad t o n a M u s ab a at an c e s to r an d ( e n e r a ) u n c e
l ym l g viv ll i
.
of S u a an S o o n , su r e s i n T u n s um , o r T u l z urn as i t i s n o w c a e d , a s t e
ill b w f v wi
i n t h e h s e t e e n T u r r a an d Ti n a T h e M u s ab a at i n K o r d o an h a e t s t e d
i mm P i lly g i ig
.
T o n s ar n
n to M uha ad T um s a h r ac t c a all acc o u n ts , t h o u h d ffe r n
il i f m l ym l g
.
in d e ta s , d at e th e M u s ab a at s e c e s s o n r o an S o o n T he
t h e tim e o f S u a
m iv f m bi
.
M u s ab a at i s d er e d r o
T h e Ar a c h i s
so b aha ,
na e to g o e as t
mm ly by w k
.
co on d rop p e d th e P I3 1 an d th e s e a en e d t o s .
94 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR XX .
O m du r m an and S h e n d i 1
After s u c h ac h i evem en ts i t was th e natu r al
.
T h e K ARAK I RI T ar e p r o p er ly th e p eo pl e o f G eb e l Si an d th e T E
'
F UR ,
s te m to su ch an exten t th at th e F UR o f th e p r es en t have qu i te as
larg e an e l em ent of F ERT I T in th ei r c o mp o si ti o n as Of tru e F UR
'
1
B o th S h en d an d M e te i mm i
a a r e s a d to b e P i i t n a es
m .
2
V oy o u D arfour , p 1 3 4
ii g ii l m g b v w
. . .
3
W h en e n q u r n fo r a tr ad t o n a an c e s to r a o n Ar a s o n e ne er dra s
bl kan wv l
T h e F ar , h o e e r , ar e n o n p u sse d an d h a ar d su ch u esses as z g
th at f ll w
e o
Ad m ly l g
.
a , w
as i t n o t ? or S u a m an S o o n
x l gv l l
.
4
E am p e s ar e i en at e r S e e a s o n o te o n p 3 4
. . .
5
S e e M ac M i c h ael , C h ap s I an d 1 1 . .
9 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 X X . . .
th e D im ang owz
or D um ung owi .
MURGIN GA ,
or MURKEI ,
th e HAGARAN GA
Dum
u n g o w i s o wn se ct o n i SURON GA
BURN A , or BURN AB AT I N GA MAYRI N GA1
N UY GON GA T E E ELLA 2
MED ERI N GA
T n isi , w h o sp eaks o f th e D ar Ab o D im a
N ow el D ar Ab a
d ym a ) as th e T E M URKA c o u ntry and o f th e Ab o D i m a h ims e lf as
th e d igni tar y
q u i a l e T m o u r k eh c o mm e ap an ag e attac h a so n
3
ra ng d escr ib es th e latter as living in a l ess m o u ntaino u s an d in
,
p ar is o n wi th th e F UR o f M arr a to w h o m th e wo r d s qu o te d ad mirabl y ,
appl y o r m r e p r o b ably h e r e fe r s to th e K UN GA l m n w ic
( o , ) R A e e e t h h ,
as p e r s o ni e d by th e h ead m an m a h a v e b ee n th e o nly o n e in th e
y ,
es t -
il tu a la g
l e K am n e h , s i l l ui s u r t e t s i l r e e n t , e s t m i s a
uerr e ,
o rt ; o n vi
vi m
l tr an g l e e n se c r e t S o n s u c c e s se u r e s t l u p ar l e s u t an n o u e au S i l e s u tan l v l
m li viv y f
. .
e u r t d an s s o n li t , o n a s se s u r r e l e K am n e h L es p a s d u D ar o u r o i l o n n e
l b ll f i
.
p ar e p as ar a e ap p e e n t e n c o r e l e K am n e h , ab a fo r y , l e p er e d u D ar o u r [T h s -
i
i s n o t q u te ac c u r ate : A b o i s a co u r t es t tl e] la e e yi
e r t m m lib
i
d e c o n d u te e t d ac ti o n q u e l e
( p
kill F yf
.
W h e n A li D i n ar w as
e d i n 1 9 1 6 th e Ur e o f t h e d ay , o n e S a o , a F Ur ,
viv
sur vi
ed (h a n d e se rt e d a g ee o r two e o r e ) an d so w k n cu r r e d r e at o d u bf i g im
am g F
on th e Ur I h e ar d h im s p o e n o f n o t o n as t h e
k n ec
b ut
th e h a lf o f ly k
l lf m
.
'
t h e S u tan , i e I s u p p o s e , h is s e co n d s e E l T n is i s ac c o u n t w as ore or
l b x wv l i F
. . .
ess o r n e o u t e ce p t t h at I u n d e r s t o o d th at h o e e r t h e S u t an d e d th e Ur e
m l
u s t d i e a so an d t h at fo r a n ew S u tan t h e r e u s t n e ce s s ar l
b e a n ew Ur e, m ily F
m
b u t o f th e s a e a f mily
ll f l lg m
.
1
C a e d a t e r a o ca r ass n a ed m ay r i
w m ig b i i
.
o th o f t h e d s t r c t an d i t s
2
T he o rd e an s p eon s in F r I t i s u s e d
i bi
.
nha t an t s .
3
V oy o u D a rfou r , p p 1 3 6 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 6 , 1 4 8
F i il
. . .
4
In r an d a e c t T um u r d o n g o .
T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARE UR 97
sp eaking as far n or th as th e wad i Az 1i m wh ich r is es in G eb el M ar r a
,
,
an d o ws w e s t t o G e b e l M u r ni o n th e M AsA Li T b o r d er an d th e nc e
N or th o f th e Az m li es D ar K er n e su bj e ct to a F r fu ncti o nary
l
,
Ar abs 4
How th ey c am e to b e call e d F UR an d why th ey sp eak o n e
.
m et b o th in M arra an d th e eas t an d th e w e s t th e n o r th an d th e
, ,
th at th e F UR w er e a d is tinc t rac e at s o m e e ar ly p er i o d h o w ev er m u ch
t h ey m ay h av e s u bs e qu e n tl y am alg am at ed wi th th e F ERT i T
5
.
1
K ern e i n F m Ur e an s [th e] tro u s e r s [o f th e S u l t an ]
m
.
2
Fia e an s a h ar e
im
w lk i f [ f h S l h ]
.
M ad
3
e an s o n e who a s n ro n t o t e u tan s o r se
ki g
i d D a Ab D i ffi m d
.
S 4
f h F
p ea n d K
o e h Nit e r o u ts e r o m a an ern t e am at n a r e
th e l fN
p eo p e o (w l fM ) w B d h
u r g ni a d S h tai e s t e r n s o p es o ar r a ere an a, t o se un er ar
Ali ( 1 fM ) w Bi g h f h U wi ( fM e as t o
e as t e rn s 0p e s o ar r a ere n a, t o se o t e m un g o ar r a
an d i i ) w nM k k ( t ib l ly f li d h Az d ) f m B h l
ere a ra a a tr e c o se a ate to t e an e ro a r e
G b l d v f G b l Si w F i l
e e h K akian e en t e ar ri t o e e ere ert t a so
i y h K ga l g g i i d iff
.
,
L 5
ep s us 6 ) p 2 0 sa s t e un ra an ua e s q u te er en t
f m N b i (i B ab ) d m h v g f i i wi h m S h
.
ro an a ar ra an see s to a e s tro n a n t es t so e o ut
Af i l g g T h F w h h K ga k h m l g g
. .
r can an u a es ll e Ur , et er un ra o r no t , a sp ea t e sa e an ua e
bl m i g i wi h h F d i l i d d d i A d ix
.
at p A
r e sen t . ta e co p ar n t t t e e rti t a e ct s s a e n p p en 2
to thi h s c ap t e r .
M . s . 1 .
98 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 xx
. . .
th e F UR o u tsi d e th e ir o w n da rs
, ,
o th er B AK KA RA th e B AY RO B I RKED an d D AGU b u t h e is n ow r e
, , ,
a K UN GA RA e l e m e nt , e sp e ci ally in th e c as e o f th e r u ling cl an t h e ,
t o th e w e s t .
all th e F UR to d e n o te th e i r v ar i o u s g ro u ps ) n am e ly : ,
MAYR I N GA T URU G
K UN ARA G M i RI
ZOM I S UN I 4
S UMB I 3
WANNA in clu ding (a) ,
Nuy g o n g a5
D ULLO (b) T um
h e ad mi ts a sl av e o r igin 5
.
1
T here is b l I akh i F b a sol a Ge e
s a n i a, ut i t is d e n id
e t h at th e I s akh un g ar e
na m f e d a ter i t
i i w b dd h by li li
.
2
Hi s te rr to r e s e re oun e to t e n o r th D ar D a , o r Ab o D a
(th e
S l wh i h w bj h Ab o i
S h e kh an d e ten d e d to x
u tan s c as su e ct to t e th e
f i
e as t e r n ron t er
Th w d m
.
3
e or e an s a s p e ar
Th w d d m ll d k i v mm
.
of do i n D arfi I r an d
4
e or e n o tes a s a ar sp e c e s e co on
K d fa
or o n
li
.
5
C h D p wi t e um u n g o s st
i G ib S l b h y w i lv
. .
5
A ce r ta n ay t a n a a e sa s, as t h e r an c esto r G ay ta w as a s a e
h f E gy
, .
f Ph
o ar ao o pt .
1 00 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR XX .
r a T h ei r cl aim t o b e K U N G A
an d D a . RA is p ro b ably a g o o d o n e sinc e
K ing o f th e War D r u ms
X X I S o m eth ing m ay n o w b e s ai d o f th e h abi ts an d cu s to ms o f th e
F UR .
In th e r s t pl ac e th ey ar e all n ow n o minall y Mu h am m ad an s b u t
, , .
so th ey w e r e in e l T n is i s d ay a c en tu ry ag o Previ ou s to thei r
l
, .
c o nver si o n by S u laym an S o l o ng they ar e p o p u l ar ly su pp o s ed to
a wa id
( pl ac e s o f c u
s t o ms o r r i te s in A r abic o r a din a llo
g , in ,
T h e h ead m an o f K er n e d is tr ic t m u s t n e v er p ass b y th is
g i n) .
1
V oy o u D arfour , p 1 4 5
bl mil w lli f i li
. . .
In G e e K o n g y o , a e st o f G u at th e o o t o f a s te e p n c n e , in
2
e
the ben d o f a s a kh or , m ll w k ,
h e r e t h e t r ac cr o ss es i t an d h e r e th e a er s d r a w vill g w
i w
th e r ate r ( at t h e d e p th O f a fe w f g
ee t) th r o u h o u t t h e e ar T h e
s to n e
y
r e e rr e d f
i yb l i igi f m b l
.
t o w as an o r d n ar o u d e r u n d s t n u s h e d i n an y w ay ro an y o th e r o u d er
n e ar i t C p p 1 2 2 fo r an o t h er s m ar cas e
. . . i il .
I 4 X X I
. . . T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 01
an d h er fu nc ti o ns ar e th e r e fo r e in ab eyanc e .
o r by th e s to n e fo r th e sn ak e S h e w ou l d at th e s am e tim e h o l d co n
.
t o h er a n d gr an t h e r r e q u es t S h e w o u l d ad d r ess i t as ya w al ad i
.
(
m y c h il d an d p e t i t an d pl ac e i t in th e s h ad e .
t h e e d g e o f a k h o r r u nning th r o u gh a g ap in s o m e l o w h ills an d n o t ,
a s to n e u n d e r w h ic h th e l o c al sn ak e l a
, y h id I als o h ear d o f o th er .
, , .
are m ad e by p er s o ns ab o u t to s tar t o n a j o u r n e y o r an p e r il o u s
y
ven tu r e an d ar e d esign e d to pl acate the l o cal d em ons T h e inter .
m e di ar i es in al l s u c h c as e s ar e th e o l d w o m en o f th e vill ag e .
T h e b e li e f in th e s acr ed sn ake is no t co nne d to D arf r
.
to s e n d th e ir w o m e n t o pl ac ate it an d th e Ab y ssini an G r eg o r i u s in
2
,
t h e s ev en te e n th c e n tu r y t o l d J o b Lu d o lfu s th e T r e as u re r t o th e ,
c al l d Ar w e mi d re T h e s am e c u l t exis ts in s o u th er n K o r do fan
3
-
.
1
As l
a ru e , th e s h ee p m ust be
a kh d ar in l
co o u r , b ut I am n o t s u re if h i
t s
is un iv
er sa l
il i l g li m b i
.
F o r d e t a s r e th s
2
an d r e th e cu t at Ka a see Se g an ,
Ar t . Nu a n
H as ti ng s s E ncy cl op a edi a
.
3
L u d o l fu s , Bk . 11 , Ch . 1 , an d Bk . 1 11 , Ch V I . .
1 02 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 4 xx1
. . .
p r es en t d ay 1 .
(p l d.a m a z z
g) T
h e s e ar e misc
. h i e v o u s an d in p ar tic u l ar d e lig h t , , ,
, ,
Of meaning h e is no t h er e an d was to l d
,
s .
,
a
u n c ar a d e l ai t et o n le d o nn e au v en d e u r q u i l e p r en d et l e p o rt e d an s l e
3
,
, ,
g d ,
q u i ,
r,
lu i C e lu i ci le su sp en d a u n m u r d e s hu tte e t en co ne le so i n a u n e
.
-
a ,
es cl av e o u a u n e femme
, q u i ch qu e m ti n v i ent le p re n d re e n v i d e l e
, ,
a a , ,
1
il
F o r d eta s r e t h s an d r e th e cu t at K a a see S e i an , A r t N Ub a in l g ligm .
ii
.
g
. . .
2
E l T i m s , l o c ci t p p 1 49 , 1 5 0 3
L e a o urd
i l f y b
. . . . . .
4
E l T Un i s i , l o c ci t p p 1 5 0, 1 5 1 E l T un si r e ate s a u r th er sto r a o u t a
m i
. . . .
d a m a g i n t h e s a e s tr a n .
1 04 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 X X I
. . .
an d t h e r e is n o e vi d e nc e o f r e c e n t c h an g e in t h is r e sp e c t
is
simple At the h ead o f th e affai r s o f each d is tric t is a S har ta i (pl
.
to wh o m th ei r d is tr ic t b e l o ngs .
o r t r ib al e l d er s
)
3
( g
si n d i m .hg .
, , .
o f p er s o n al u n su I tab i lity s o m e o th er d im h
g is c h o s en B e l o w th e .
g , .
)
4
m elik .
a n e is imp o s ed i t is s h ar e d b e tw ee n th e two .
1
T he w ord is re g ar d e d as o f A ra bi c d eriv i at o n th o u gh w h e th e r t h s i i s r ea ll y
so see m s do u bf l
t u . T h e p ro p er F Ur t e r m fo r a S h ar tai i s
K i so ,
or
K son i g
(p l
ll d i i if
.
2
A h e ad S h artai i s
-
ca e K i so n g S h ar t ai s )
'
ong K rr ( Ch e of th e
im l g v i i i
.
3
E l T Un i s i , p 1 7 6
: Les s p es o u e r n e u r s s e c o n d a re s d e d s t r c ts o u d e
mm l l il i ib
.
u n e s s o n t ap p e s c h ar tay
co ( au p u r e L e s n s p e c t e u r s d e s tr u s
i g li
p o r t en t l e n o m d e d am al i dj ( s n u e r d e d o u m l o u dj q u i l s p r o n o n c e n t d o um
i m
As e l T n i s i s e d t o r n o te s , t h e t e r
d i m li g
i s o f A r a c d e r at o n an d bi iv i
m e an s b l w bv
a so rt o f lb w
r ace e t o r n a o e th e e o
T h e p r o p er Ur te r fo r d a a F m m
lig kilm i gl lly ll by m
.
is o, an d a s n e d i m l ig i s u su a ca ed th e d i lrn o n g
w y lk bv
h e n th e ta i n F ar C p n o t e t o p 7 4 a o e
lik ly bi m m i g ki g
. . . .
4
Me i s , o f co u r s e , a p u r e A r a c te r e an n n T h e p ro p er
m m lik gl gl
.
F Ur te r fo r a
e
is sa a
(p l sa a .
1 4 1 11 1
. . . T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 16
5
, ,
m ar ch e .
i n g th e S u l tan o r S ha r tai mu s t p re fe r h is r e qu e st 1
.
b y F UR th e re h as e vi d en tly b ee n s o m e c h ange an d wi th th e wi d e r ,
u s u al fo r th e m to b e c o ns u l te d as m u c h o r m o r e as th e Ur undulus ,
n o n F UR tr ib e s p er fo r m th e s am e fu nc ti o ns as th e Ur undulus am o n g
-
l aw th an the l atter p o ss e ss .
.
,
t h e m o n ey w o u l d h av e to b e p ai d e v e n if th e d e c eas e d o wn e d th e
l an d o n w h ic h h e was b u r i e d 2 T h e fe e w h ic h is e n ti r e ly d is tinc t
.
,
1
w
T he F r o r d fo r a doo r is w
wu rr or u rr e T he o r d fo r a ki
m w l m m by g i i g g i
.
is r T h e sa e
. o rd a so e an s o ur ( ad e r nd n ra n o n a
m u r h ak a
2
m f li g w ig
S o e e e n w as c au s e d i n 1 9 1 6i b h en d u r n th e d s tu r an c e s t h at ac c o m
i m b w kill b y
p an i e d th e r eo cc u p at o n so e A r a s ere l w ed t h e F ar an d t h e att e r er e
n ot on ly v yi g
a e r se t o p a bl m y
n
w
d ia ( o o d i im by
o n e ) b u t cro n e d th e r
-
p u d en c e
m ig b il
d e an d n a
f m
u r a fe e
b bf
ro yw l
th e A r a s e o r e th e o u d co n sen t to l e t th e
b b y i
A r a s u r th e r d e ad .
1 06 T HE NO N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 X X I
. . .
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
n o r th er n S u d an El T Un isi s ay s o f th is s u bj ect :
.
1
p r e et d e l a mer e d e s o n fu tu r es t d e r g l e ai n s i q u e n o u s ,
, , ,
a
,
r ,
,
If - -
.
th e p ar ti e s w er e fo r c e d b y ci r cu ms tanc e s to sp eak wi th o n e an o th e r
th ey w o u l d d o s o b r i e y an d r api d l y wi th b e n t h ead s .
1
V oy . ou D a rfour , p p . 21 9, 236.
1 08 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 X X I
. . .
o f KI M R n ear K e b k ebia b u t it w as s ai d to b e c o mm o n to al l D a
, r fur ,
an d a m an s sw o r d in th e p ar tic u l ar c as e u n d e r n o tic e an d fo r a p er i o d
,
o f fo u r te e n d ay s after th e ci r c u mcisi o n th e b o y d e m an d s fr o m an y
a c o n tinu o u s sl o p e is a s er i e s o f s h o r t s te ps O n th e s e b ank e d u p
.
-
, ,
ti o n Of s to nes b u il t u p ab o ve th e gr ou n d l e v e l u p o n wh ich it is s ai d
-
, ,
to d o wo u l d h av e an e ncl o s u r e c o n taining a nu mb e r o f r o o ms o r e ls e
-
a g r o u p O f s e v eral h u ts b u il t c o n tig u o u sl y to o n e an o th er T h e c h i e f s
.
e ncl o s u r e
as o n e ass u m e s i t t o b e ge ner all y o ccu pi es a c entral
r e c o ns tr u c t th e i r ru ins T h e r s t r e p r e s e n ts a c h i e f s h o u s e s o m e
.
s e v en ty feet u p o n a
l e d ge o f G eb el K o wr a .
( T h is g e bel fo r ms a c o n
n e ctin g link -
b etwee n
G eb e l S i to w h ic h it
,
b e l o ngs an d G eb e l
,
M arr a T h e r o ad fr o m
.
e l Fa s h er t o K eb k e b i a
p ass e s th r ou gh it ) T h e .
o th er tw o gu r e s ar e o f
l ar g e h ou s e s at th e o l d
vill age of D er ib layn o n
th e wes ter n e d ge o f
G eb e l Si to the n or th,
o f K o w ra .
T h e d ate o f n o n e o f
th e s e vill ag e s is kn o wn
fo r c er tain b u t S O far as ( f m G b l1 K w ro) A = m l le le t B = i
o ra . s a c o se s . c r
,
c an b e asc er tai n e d th ey
l pp h mb
c u at u t di g er c p l t f m b il t
a e r s an n on a or u
t m h igh t w ll O th imil b t
o sa e e as a s. er s ar u
Z u b ei r P as h a d evas t t da e p i t d W ll C C
c ur e b t . f t th i k
a , , a ou 2 ee c .
D ar fUr l ate in th e l as t
c e n tu r y T h e m o s t c u r i
.
o u s featu r e o f th e b u il d
into th e walls In s o m e .
cas es (as in th e gu r e s
p o r tr ay e d ) th es e cl o s ets
w er e singl e g ener all y ,
ab o u t tw o an d a h alf o r
th r ee fee t h igh wi th a ,
Co nc av e r o o f an d an
F i g ( f m G b. l S 2i ) D i
ro m t f e m eb t . a e er o ro o s a ou
3 y d W ll b t 3 f t h igh A d
,
ar s a s a ou ee oo r
e n tr y b ar ely big e n o u g h
.
.
,
wi th t l b li t l s o ne s a as n e .
t o ad mi t a sm all h u m an
b eing In oth er cas e s th ey w er e d o u bl e th e sm all er cl o s et l ead ing
.
,
o n e o fte n n d s an u pp er s to re y r o o m b u il t o v er th e cl o s ets o r o n th e
-
Fig .
3 ( f m
ro im
Ge bl
f i l e b y d R m b
S i) . D a e te r o c rc es a ou t 1 1 ar s. oo s a ou t
y d 8 d ar h lf f A
s. d anf m ll ky hill
e as te r n a o st an on cr e st o s a roc .
W h lf f A i
e s te r n ad w g di W ll b
o 5 f h i gh x
s on o n ra ent . a s a o ut 2 3 e et e ce p t
onw h lf f A w h
e st e r n h y wa b bly b 5 f 8
o i d e re t e er e p ro a a ou t eet . c o n ta n e no
m 0 i i d l f m f m h igh w ll D ibl i
ro o s. s a r a se p f
at o r o sa e e t as a s. , p o ss e p o s t i on o
e n t r an ce . w ll m l l y i d F ibly p h GG h d
D E, a co p ete ru n e .
, p o ss a at .
, s eer rop
d w h ill i d
o n H b ld
s e . ou e rs .
an d
b u r i al pl ac es o f th e O l d in h abi tan ts ar e fr e qu entl y m et wi th
T he -
.
U m G o n an
a te r m w h ic h m u s t b e th e s am e as t h e
, Ab u G o n aan
K r e fabl e d t o h av e o nc e liv e d in t h e n o r th e rn
( )
o r o n a an w h o a
p agan tr ib es 1
.
I t is as fo ll o ws : A nu mb er o f p o l e s wi th s h o r t fo r ks ar e p u t in th e
gr o u n d so as to fo r m a r o u gh sq u ar e T h e fo r k is at the l o wer en d .
an d r em ains a fo o t o r s o ab o v e g r o u n d In th e fo r ks o th er p o l es r es t .
h o r iz o n ta lly an d b r u s h w o o d an d m atting ar e l ai d fr o m p o l e to p o l e
,
to fo r m a b e d T h e h ead s o f c o r n w h e n cu t ar e h eap e d o n th is b e d
.
, ,
, ,
p l
.
.
,
a l ar g e cylin d r ic al v e ss e l fo r m e d o f c o w d u ng an d m u d s o m e fo u r -
, , ,
K o r d o an K o n a an
as u .
I 4
. . XX II I . T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 1 3
F UR m ak e an u nc o l o u r e d r ay ha o f b ask et w o r k T h is is in s h ap e a -
.
.
, ,
c o w d u ng t o p r ev e n t l eak ag e
-
.
.
,
, ,
ev e n l e ss c o mm o nly
( )
a o r (b
) or , , ,
as (c) an d cu t fr o m th e r o o ts o f t h e
F UR c ar r i e s o n e o f th es e an d th ey ar e ,
very exp er t in th ei r u se T h ey ch i ey .
e mpl o y th e m fo r killing h ar e s an d
, , ,
h o r s e s r i dd en by th ei r fo e s .
van i tI e s .
ru mo u r s h o t temp er e d i d l e an d d r u nk en ; b u t th ey ar e easil y
,
-
am u s e d an d h av e a d is tinc t s ens e o f th e l u d ic r o u s Th ei r o ne am .
I1
m
XV d y ty p i ti g N g
n nu ero u s
p t d wi th b w
III n as a n n s e ro e s ar e re r es e n e o s
an d ar r o w s an d t h r o wi g i k ( b m g ) S lig
n st c s oo e r an s . e m an , A d d r e ss to th e A n th r o p .
B A R p e 1 9 1 5 , pp 1 0, 1 2
T hi w i d l b y D F lk i ( B ibli g y)
. . . . .
2
s as n o t c e a so r e n see o r ap h .
M . S . I .
1 14 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 . . XX I II .
to see an ex tr em e ly we ll b u il t m an o f m assi v e p r o p o r ti o ns d ar k in
-
r e du c ed to s o m e kin d o f r egu l ar i ty .
v eil ed
T UW ARE K o f th e n o r th er n d e s er ts
kn o wn in D ar fr wh er e th er e is a l ar ge c o l o ny o f the m cl o s e to el
,
F as her as KE N I N w h o ar e l ar g e l y B er b er
.
,
th e S u l tans O f D ar fUr .
1
M ar ch 1 9 1 8 , w as th e d ate I m et h im
w f i i m
.
,
2
S ee , e g B ro ne, p 21 1 an d cp r o n t sp e ce to D e n h a , C l ap p e r to n an d
i v ig m
. .
. .
,
O u d n ey Tr a vels F o r th e an c e n t c u sto m o f c o
s .
er n th e o u t h s e e B ar th , 1 1 ,
l by i i
.
2 70. It a so ap p ear s i n A ss n a (s ee B en t, p .
3
11 , 27 1 .
4
V oy . au D a rf p . . 1 60
.
1 1 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4
. . XX VI .
N O TE O N C ERTAI N E GY P T I AN OR HAM I TI C
S URV I VAL S I N D AR UR F
XX V I S ir H J o h ns to n sp eaks o f a wave o f l ate Egyp tian cu l
.
1
an d o th er ar ts
.
Egy p tian civiliz ati o n was o nly a sp eci al d evel o pm en t) wh ich was
l eavening d ar k Afr ica p er h aps fo r th ou s an d s of y ears b efor e Egyp t,
h er s e lf em er g ed in to the lig h t o f h is to ry 2
.
as fo ll o ws
3
t ou t l e m o n d e .
ci t
1
L oc p 387
X l
. . . .
j our n A n thr A d d r e ss to th e An th r o p
2
I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 4 2 0 S ee a so
i i v m i g
. . . . . .
S e c t o n o f t h e B r t A sso c fo r t h e A d an ce e n t o f S c e n c e , 1 9 1 5 B art h t h o u h t
f v i li g i i l gi b w ibb i gy i
. . .
h e o un d ar o u s n u s t c an a o e s e t ee n T u an d an c e n t E p t an , an d t h e
k
T ar i h e l K h am i s ( q v s up r a , p 7 2 ) ap p e ar s t o d er e t h e T u ro ivE g p t ( se e ibb f m y
m x m ly
. . .
C ar b o u , I I , 1 b u t M R e n B as s e t n o t e s ( C ar b o u , I , 1 1 7 ) t h e att er i s e t r e e
bf l b l
.
d o u t u an d S i l e to u o u e st ap p ar e n t a l g y p ti e n , i l e s t p ar c o n s eq u e n t au
b b
e r er e q u i ap p ar t e n t au
3
i
r o u p e c h am i ti q u e , a g
p p e au ss p ro to s t q ue
l i mi i -
.
V oy a u O u a d ay , p 3 9 3
ligm i
. . .
p 6 5 4 , an d i n M a n , M ar c h 1 9 1 5 ( r e th e B s h ar i n ) Cp
4
Se an , l oc ci t
w iki g i
. . . . .
B r o n e , p 4 6 6 , fo r o n e st r
. n n s t an ce .
1 4 11 1 11 1 . T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 1
7
The g r ea t m a ce -
hea d o f Hier akonpolis da ting back som e , si x o r
The g ur e
is the king standing wi th a hoe in bo th hands
centr a l .
f
B e or e him i s a m an holding a bask et for the ear th , a nd bey ond tha t
3
ther e has been a no ther m an h olding a bunch of ea r s of corn .
th e king always pl o u g h e d an d s o w e d wi th hi s o wn h an d a pl o t o f
l an d o nce in his r eign 4
.
o f th e N il e
5
.
1 816 1 81
7 a t C ai r o : th ey r e l ate d th at at t h e t im e o f th e in u n d ati o n ,
s o l emn o ccasi o n thr own into th e s tr eam by o r d er o f th e king 5
.
1
w
B ro n e , p p 2 8 3 2 8 4 E l T n is i c o n r s t h e tr u th o f B r o n e s acc o un t as
m w
g l il l b bl
. .
r e ar d s D ar fi I r L e s u t an p o ss ed e , e n p r O p r i t s p c a e , d es t er r e s a o u r a e s
g m l j
. .
l p o q u e d es p e , e s co rt d e p u s d e c e n t e u n e s
s o rt e n r an d e p o
i fi
p r n c e , u n e o s ar r e n p e n e c a p a n e , d es ce n d d e c h e a , iv li m g vl
if
p r e n d d f r en t es r a n e s , e t , a g i m
e s u r e q u u n e s c a e p o ch e l a t e r r e , i l l e s e tt e e t
lv i j
l es se e m
C e st la p r e er e s e e n ce q u i t omi m mb
e s u r l e s o l , d an s l a co n t r e o u e s t
l
.
a o r s le ( V oy a u D arfo ur , p
ligm X
. .
2
Se an , f o ur n A n th I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 6 6 7
Fli P i b y ligm
. . . . .
n d er s e tr e , H i er a ho n o l is , 1 , an , l oc ci t Cp
3
9 1 0, q u o t e d Se
p .
i g ll
. .
4
B ru ce , I V , 4 6 9 ( B k V I I , C h I X ) A cc o r d n to M S
D 7 th er e e r e six u n ig
ki g ll i
. . . .
n s c a e d Bad
l
.
5
B ut e r , Ar ab p 4 37
k
. .
B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , Ap p 1 1 , p 4 8 9 ; an d cp H o r n e m an n s Tr a vel s , p 1 03
5
. . .
. .
APP EN D I X 1
E N G L IS H B E RT I
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1 21 VO CAB U L ARY O F T HE MAsAL IT L ANG U AGE [4 1 a
APPEN D I X 4
one ti o
tw o b ar r a
th r ee t an g
f o ur as
ve t or o
s ix i i
tt
se v en m i urr
eigh t ai a
i
n ne add e
ten u tt u
tw y en t i d d o m b ar a
thi y rt i d d o an k g
f y ort i d d o as
f y t i d d o t or o
a h d un r ed m ia ( A r )
A b
.
ra s E r in g
F r F u rt a
D ag u B ere e j
co rn a ss
h i a r k ji
i
h d ea k ujjo
m h out k an n a
ey e kg o o
t h e tw o e e s y k i os m b ar a
h an d k o ro
leg j i o nyo
arm k u ru
f h at er b ab a
m h ot er da
APPEN D I X 5
The Tung ur F ur f D F
-
o a r ur nung
I A da y j
s o u rn e yw lies the d istrict o f D ar
est n o r t h
- -
we st of K u ttu m
F u rn u ng T o th e east it i s b ou n d e d b y B err e d i s tri ct i n h abi te d b y
.
,
d eath o r d i saste r
1
.
1
C p p p 1 00, 1 01 a o e fo r an o th e r o f th e se h o
bv ly
s to n es , i n K e r n e d s t r c t i i
w bl ly kim
. .
e st o f G e e M ar r a A t F u r n u n g i t i s o n t h e ha
( th e
S h ar tai o f t h e
i vill g l i if m
.
D ar ) w h o s ac r c es T h e a e r s an d esser s h e k h s d o n o t , b u t o n e o f th e
i g iv ly ly k w
.
as p r es t o b e S h ar tai h e o e s p r at e t o t h e h o ro c an d t h r o s a sto n e o n t o
l
i t If t h e st o n e h o d s , t h e o en i s o o d ; b u t
. m g if ll
it r o s o ff, t h e o e n i s b ad fo r h is m
p r OJ e ct .
1 24 T HE T U NG U R FUR -
O F D AR F U RN U N G [4 m
B eyo n d go rge to the e st w her e a few s qu are miles o f hill si de
th e ,
a ,
te asses
rr No w all i s o vergro wn with stu nted kit bu sh an d the lin es
.
r
o f th e s to n e s h av e b e e n b ro k e n b y t he r ai n s b u t at o n e time all mu s t h av e ,
a fo o t o r s o ab o v e th e o th er .
nked by sto n e w lls n o t less than 1 2 feet h igh Enterin g here the ou ter
a a .
o f th e s tru ctu r e an d th e i nn e r r o o ms an d d i v i d i n g w ll s
, e o f m gn i c e n t a ,
ar a
o u tli n es can e asil y b e trace d Near the centre is a d eep s qu are p it w ith -
.
,
o f h u ge b u r n t b r i c k s 2 an s l o ng b y 1 b T h d o o r w ay s h av e
3 p 1
1
s ro ad e 7 .
s u h it b e i s j u s t l rge e n o u g h t o ad mi t a m an an d b ey o n d i s th e h o rr ibl e
c ,
a ,
c av i ty i ts e l f to o l o w fo r m an t o s t n d in
,
n d w i th a o o r s p ac e o f n o t
a a a
ab o u t 2 0 fe et b el o w i t s tan d s t h e S u l tan s h o u se a m e d i u m s i e d
,
-
z
o bl o n g b u il d i n g o f re d b r i ck T h e o n ly r emar k bl e fe atu r e o f i t w s th e
. a a
l s tere d w i th
a e d e t h o f t h e e x act k i n d u s e d fo r m ak in g th e b r icks
r nd a
p ar
,
o ,
a a , .
r
to th e e st an d fo u i n te i o r p il l r s T o th e casu al e y e th e re w as n o th i n g
a r r a .
l g bik l f
T h e s e ar e r c s are a s o o u n d h e r e an d t h e r e i n t h e r u n s o f t h e ar e r
1
i l g
h o u s e s an d th e o rt an d m o s u f
t h e y h a e a so v l b i
e e n n o t c e d n e ar
h
o a in e st e r n Fg w
f
K o r d o an o n G e e Z an k i I r , a s t e bl
n i l yi g i ig
o n t h e an c e n t h h r o ad ro N u a to f m bi
D ar fUr b u t t h e as t a or t o f the v mj iy bik
r c s u se d i n all t h e b il u d n s er e o f t h e ig w
l iz
u s u a s e an d s h ap e .
5] T HE TU N G U R -
P IJ R O F D AR F U RN U N G 12
5
of G am i K a
Wadi B a e b et w een K eb keb i an d Ku lku l an d
u r r o , o n th e r
a ,
ofT u rr a n . z ra
giv m
en so bl
e tr o u e fo r t h o u gh th e f c e o f th e ar ch h ad b een n ego ti ate d
, ,
a
f lly th c
su cces s u e o n cav e b ack h ad b e en fo rme d b y b u i ld i n g u p a s t aight
,
r
s u f ce o f l ar ge b i ck s an d th e n h e w ing th em i n to c o n c av ity as o n e w o u l d
r a r
o f t h em w e r e u n u su all y l ar ge ; th e d i mete o f o n e cl o s e to th e mo s qu e a r
o tt e r y w as o f th r ee ki n d s T h e c o mmo n bu m as w e e o b v i o u s ly o f th e r r
p .
as th e o r d i n ary bu m a f D a fu an d K o d o fan w i th w i d e mo u th
r o r r r , ,
s h o rt n e ck an d r o u n d b e l ly T h e i n s i d e an d o u ts i d e s u r f c es a e b r ick re d
. a r -
an d th e i n ter v e n i n g m at e i al b u r n t bl ac k I n t e x tu e th ey ar e v ery h ar d
r . r
an d t h i ck e th n th e u su l r a v e ry n e ce s s a y p e c u ti o n w h en o n e c o n
a a r r a
inch o r mo e th ick r .
T he b r an d is thu s 1
V vill g i th F
At t h e p r es ent d ay th er e g h ill l l ar e n o a es n e u r nu n s: a ar e
T hi T
1
g b d b bvi s mblun h ur r an l e ar s o o u s r e se an c e s t o t e c ar ac t er e s a u n e tt es
pi d by D
c tu r e ( Th l d b y h M h mm d
o u tt q v p f e se att e r , as u s e t e u a a an s o
h Af i id b d iv d f m J wi h m i d y
. . .
N o rt r c a , ar e s a to e er e ro e s ag c , an m ay r e p r e s e n t e e s ,
ymb liz P vid
to s d o h
e vil Th b
ro d h v b
en ce an co u n t e r ac t t e e ey e e r an m ay a e een
b gh b y h T g D a f f m N bi b i h l k f vid
.
ro u t t e un u r to f r ur ro ti a, ut , n t e ac o an y e e n ce o
th f
e u se o l i N bi i i m b bl h h y b w d
c ar ac t er e s a u n e tt e s n u a, t s o re p ro a e t at t e o rr o e
o u ts i de where the grazing and cu lti vabl e so il are b etter b ut within r each
, ,
o f th e wate r s u
l
pp ly .
w ith l ess d istinctively negr o id features than the FIIR o f Marr a and S i '
-
a
r.
. az , , ,
th e
of
'
v
e i d en tl y q
felt himself in a u an d ar , an d th e o th er two dg etted u neasil : y y
if h e Calle d himself a T u ng u rawi h e riske d a smile at his p r etentio u sness
an d a sneer at h i s p u s ill an imi t , so h e h es i tate d an d tr i e d y
T UN UR F R
G -
w
P IJ R i s th e term w h ich o u l d b est d escrib e th e p eo pl e o f F u rnu n g T he . y
fall into th ree gro u p s , FELLA (FELLAN GA) , S AMBELLA ( S AMBELLAN GA) an d
. G
D UM tJ A All o f th ese th e T UN UR p r o p er an d th e P i JR p r op er alike r egar d
as P IJ R , th e y v
th emse l e s seem to r e gar d th e F E LLA as T UN UR r ath e r th an G
P m an d th e S AMBE LLA as F IJ R r ath er th an T UN UR
,
G .
th at o f th e S am b an g ato se cti o n o f B er ti
z
.
1
T he T un g u r ro u n d lik
K u ttum ,
F u r n u ng i
e t h e B e r t an d
an d m o s t o f t h e res t
l i
o f t h e p o p u at o n w h o c u t l iv f f
at e o n so t s an d i n e as tern D a r ur ,
u se fo r h o e n th e ig g
r o u n d th e
g i lrn o i a ( o r g
n a ar a
as th e
g ll
T u n u r c a i t an d o n e n o t e s t h e w o rd isf m f m
or ed ro th e
sa m e r o o t as T hi s im l m g l l
p e en t is o f r o u h o ca
w o o d an d s h ap e d as s h e n w b l
T h e e n d at B i s a n atu r a o n e
l g ig gl l g f m
. .
I t i s r ath e r ar e r t h an a r h t an e T h e e n t h ro A to B
b i f m b
.
i s a o u t 2 7 n c h es , r o B to C a o u t 1 8 T h e h e ad i s o f
mm i wi lig ly v f
.
ha er ed r o n an d s h ap e d th s ht c o n ca e s u r ace as
she w n F o r h o e n th e i g im l m
p e en t i s h e d l wi th th e tw o h an d s
f m bv ww iw b w
.
at A an d u s e d ro a o e do n ar d s an d n ar d s et een
lg
th e e s Fo r a n m ki g l
h o e s i nt o wi
h c h to d r o p th e se e d i t i s
l l b l iv w lk l g
.
a so h e d i n o th h an d s , b u t t h e c u t ato r , as h e a s a on ,
at e ac h s tep a es m k wi i
th i t a s h o r t jab n to th e g r o u n d o n hi s
lf i
e t s de
ig g k m
.
F o r h o e n i n a ar d e n o n o n e s n e e s a u c h s h o rt e r
i m
n s tr u e n t o f th e s a m
e s h ap e b u t wi v y m
th a er u c h s h o r ter
f
s h a t (B t o C e n on b i g ly i
an n c h o r tw o ) i s u s e d
m
.
2
S e e p ar as V I I I an d V I o f thi s c h ap te r C o p ar e to o t h e
g b wi F ll mi g AB W OOd n S h aft
.
g
.
D a u r an d s th t h o se o f t h e e a an d o f t h e s e T un u r
a
-
'
K ai tin g a n a livi g m g
on the Z a h a a g w .
i ro n ea
1 28 T HE T U NG U R F C R -
O F D AR F U RN U N G [AP P .
5
s ay , P IJ R
'
ar e e s co rt e d to th e s to n e b y th e sh ei k h o f th e v ill age o r i n hi s ab s en c e , ,
s ac r i ce d ) in th e fo rm o f a c ro s s wi t h th ei r fo r en g e rs o n th e si d e o f th e
co w d u n g T h i s d o n e t h e c o u p l e ar e l e d o n to t h e wate r sp r i n g
-
.
,
-
e ac h o f fo u r an k l es an d wr i s ts an d r o u n d b o th n e ck s an d th e c e r emo n y ,
is o v er .
Muta tis m utandzs isely the s ame is d one it is sai d o n the o ccasi o n
'
p r ec , ,
o f a ci r cu mci s i o n o r a bi r th b u t i n th e l atte r c as e it i s th e m o th e r an d n o t
,
th e c h il d w h o i s th e o bj e ct o f th e r i te I n th e c se o f a l dk m v i siti n g
'
. a z z
r r ,
b r o u ght with them fr om C h ri sti n Nubi a th e reco ll ecti o n o f cer tain chu r ch a
th e mo s qu e at Fe r ra b u t b o th th e y an d th e P IJ R still p r ese r ve su p er
'
1
My if m
n or an t d escr ib d h i by l
e t s p aci n g hi g j
s n er u st a bv
o e h is na e vl b ut
ca ll d i
e t h is
h e ar t .
,
P A RT II
T HE P RO G RE S S O F T HE ARAB T RIBE S
T HRO U G H E GYP T
M . S . I .
1 3 2 T HE PR O GRES S THR OU G H EGYPT II .
th e B E N I AB B As , an d th e B E N I O MMAYYA
.
as v ass als o f P er s i a
z
.
th e t r ib al m o v e m e n ts th at to o k pl ac e in Ar abi a after th e C h r is ti an
er a r es u l te d in a sp read o f A rabic an d wi th th e acc e p tati o n o f ,
th e p r e s en t d ate .
w h o w e r e c h i e y c o nc er n e d wi th m atter s o f c hu r c h h is to r y ; an d th e
r e c o r d s o f th e ear li e s t Ar ab h is to r i ans b etw e e n w h o m an d th e C o p t s ,
1
P vl b ig
C au s si n d e e r ce a ( 1 8 5 8 7 ) p u t s t h e u r s t n o f th e d am a o u t 1 2 0 A D , b
w i bl iv g ii x
. .
,
b u t s h e s t h at t h e r e i s co n s d e r a e d e r e n ce o f o p n o n as t o t h e e act d ate
Fi yk
.
2
Ab u e l d a, p p 1 2 2 e t seq an d V an D c , p 2 4
Fi yk
. . . .
3
Ab u e l d a, p p 1 2 8 et seq an d V an D c , p p 2 8 3 1
. . . .
D io d o r u s s T h am u d e n i
4
l
.
5
C p B u r to n , L a nd of M i di a n I I , 2 2 0 e t seq ; S a e , P r el D is c
l vi xxi if l i l i
. . . .
,
6
S ee B u t e r , A r a b pp
T h e d fi c u t e s ar e a s o n c r e as e d
by i ibili y v lm g l iy
. .
t r an s at o n s .
I I 1 VI
. . . IN T HE MI D D LE AGES 1 33
T h e F a tah wr i tte n ab o u t 8 68 A D is
el B ul da n
o f el Bal ad h u r i , . .
,
r e g ar d s th e q u e s ti o n o f th e tr ib al c o mp o si ti o n o f th e fo r c e s w h ic h
at s u bs e q u e n t p er i o d s o r h ad b ee n b o r n e w e s tw ar d s o r s o u th w ar d s
,
o n th e t i d e o f c o nq u e s t .
75 0 y ear s
3
The y an d th e B EN I LAK HM w ere th e ch i e f r ivals o f th e
.
t o r y o f t h e B E N I K ELB 5
.
2
h c h w as o u n d at th e t m e o f N ap o eo n s e p e d tio n an d
T h s t r e at s e ,
k
t a en a a ro w y f m gy
E p t , h as ee n s u ar ed b mm iz b y
Q u atr e m er e in hi s M m oi r es
an d s u p p e en t e d ro o th er M S S lm f m
H e ca s hi s p r c s M m oi r e ll i
fl l m i bl
.
f
F a m i li en h e r e e r s to i t as A bha ndl ung zi ber di e i n A eg y p ten ei ng ewa nd er ten ar a bis ch en
S tam m e
3
M akr i z i s ap
Q u atr em er e ( I I ,
f ll wi g
.
4
E g i n 8 1 3 A D ; s e e o o n c h ap te r
P vl
. . . . .
5
C au s s i n d e e r c e a , I I , 2 3 2
fl wi iP
.
6
W ust en e d , 5 ( fo r h ch s e e T r ee 1 at th e e n d o f t h s ar t , p I n Q u atr e .
m er e
s M m o i H m
r es ,
) G m ar a
j oj
h ap p e ar s as ar a
7
I e n e ar ly ll h b ib f B i H m m i d b y W
a t e su -
tr es o en ar a en t o n e us te n f ld
e ar e
i l M k i li f ib i E gy
. .
nc u d e d in a riz s st o tr es n pt .
1 34 T HE PR O GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT II 1 v1 . .
t o wns in ef 3
.
t h e B EN I B U G A an d th e B E N I S UW AY D Am o ng th e B EN I K U M AYL
5 6
.
,
o f th e ve S a ad s m e n ti o n e d in Wus te n fe d s tree ; s e c o n d ly
l th e
7
,
B EN I RAS HI D S ; th i r d ly th e HALAB A ; fo u r th l y th e B EN I U KB A1 ; ,
g
,
fth ly th e AI D H ; six th l y th e B E N I Z AY D M E N AT
11
, , .
O f th e B E N I U KB A s o m e w er e in Sy r i a r o un d ab o u t D am asc u s
,
s ou d A
n fl T h e r e s t w er e in th e Hau f
13
an d o th er r a . .
to n o r th er n K o r do fan an d b e c am e th e nu cl eu s o f th e KAB AB i S H
t r ib e .
An o th er s e c ti o n o f G UD HAM cl o s e ly r e l at e d to th e HALAB A an d ,
th e B E N I U KB A an d r e p r e s e nte d in Egyp t w er e th e B E N I R U D AY N I
1 5
, .
1
W u sten f ld e D h o b e ib Q u atr e m D ab ib W u st e n e d o o
er e ,
f l f ll w s a
i y m g y w i ig
.
,
de n te s ste o f o r t h o r ap h h ch Q u atr em er e d o es n o t In q u o t n th e
f m l h lli g i g y v f ll w g
.
,
or er I a te r t e sp e n to s u t t h e o rt h o r ap h I h a e o o e d t h ro u h o u t .
2
Q u at r e m er e ,
K em i l .
3
S e e M akr i z i ap Q u at r e m re (11 1 93,
ll m wi h B i K gi b h f B i Hilal l d
.
, ,
1
We sh a e et t en u rr a a a n as a r an c o en se tt e at
B k ar m g h K am B b
a a on i t h B i H il al i v i
e etf N Af i a er er s pr o r to t e en n as o n o r ca .
l l wh h h i i b w h w
.
I i t s u se ess to s p e c u at e as t o et e r t e r e s an y co nn e c t o n et e en t e t o or
not P b bly h w ( S l ro a t er eb B i H il al
as d
ee m
ate r , su h f en an co p ar e t e c as e o
h B i U kb )
.
.
,
t e en a
B dj b id
.
5 6
Q e u at r em re , Q e S a a u at r e m re , ou
M k i bvi ly m m B i S d h d d iff
. .
7
a hri z h o ou s e an s t at t e ter en a a a ve e r e n t co nn o ta
i
t o n s acc o rdi g h i l S d f d I i l f m h
n to t e h
p ar t c u ar a a
r e err e to t s c e ar ro t e tr ee t at
m f h i l d d h Th m ligh d i i b w
.
so e o t e ve nc u e ot er s ere are so e s t sc r e p an c e s et e en
f ld d M k i h h l k fS d
.
d S d ib
ib d f S d ib
'
n s n st e a o a a n a n s an a a n n
i d f S d ib M alik ib Z yd M a
.
,
n s te a o a a n n a en t
w h d d f S w yd ll d Ra h id d B i Ra h i d
.
3
Th ere er e t ree e s ce n an t s o u a ca e s an en s
w asb bly d i h m w w B i S d
p ro a u se n t e sa e ay as as en a a
,
M k i i d ivi d i H l b a ib S w yd d H l b a ib B g
.
9
Th If
e se a r z es n to a a n u a an a a n u a.
Wu f ld is te n e
1
h f m
h ld b H l ba ib M alik ib S w yd
s co r r e c t t e o r
er s ou e a a n n u a .
Q Ak b h
u at r e m r e , a a .
T h y liv d b w
11
C ie d A l (M k i i p Q
e eet Aid h
e en a r o an i a a r z a u atr em re , 1 1 ,
( Ai d ) d f ld i f G dha
.
,
i Wu
s o es n o t o cc u r n st e n e as a s e c t o n o u m
Th y
.
S 12
Ib K h ld o , to o ,
9 h d f n h M d Tha n , 1 1 e r e ac e as ar s o u t as e in a e r e ar e
ill f w f mili f h m d M w l
. .
st a e a es o t e ro un u ay a .
Al 13
Ak b Al w
f a, h m di v l
or
m I i h El h f i
a at i a, as t e e ae a na e. t s t e at o an c e n t
t im h Ak b f h es , t e
(S M i Lif f M h
a a o lxxviii d
t e p r esen t . ee u r, e o a om e t, p .
,
an
B L d f M idi
u r to n , an o an, I ,
M ki i( p Q
14
a r z ) k f h B i U kb m g h B i
a u atr em er e , 1 1 , 2 01 sp e a s o t e en
a a on t e en
H ilal livi g A f d E B L im h B i U kb h d
.
i d s e c t o n s an as n at s un an sn a y eo s t e t e en a a
b m mi i f B i Hilal ( l )
.
e co e a a n sect o n o en q v . . at e r .
15
Q u at r em r e , B en o u R ad iny .
1 3 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HRO U G H E GYP T 1 1 1 VI I
. . .
a t r eat y o p e ac e w as ar r ang e d
f 1
.
2
to 300 .
Wh e n Mu
iz z
Izz el D in 3
, th e rs t
M aml uks of th e Bah r ite ,
, m any o f th e Ar abs at o nc e ro s e in r es e nt
ment agains t th e ru l e o f a b ar b ar i an sl ave an d in 1 2 5 1 fo r me d a
,
l e agu e o f r eb e lli o n 1
.
T h e B EN I T AI to o k a p r o min e n t p ar t in th is r e vo l t an d th e y w er e ,
t rad i ti o n fr o m th e m ; an d s o m e o f t h e B AKKA
,
R A m ay cl aim a c e r tain
T w o o th er l ar g e Kahtan ite tr ib e s re p r es e n te d at th e c o nq u es t o f
Egyp t ar e th e B E LI an d th e G UHAYN A B o th wer e m ain b r anch es o f .
d e sc e n d e d fr o m K ah l an th e b r o th er o f Himy ar .
1
M akri z i p 44 3
,
i
. .
2
M akr i z i l o c ci t p 1 06 Bl o ch e t r e ad s Djo u d am i s , b ut I as s um e t h s to
mi
i g f h A bi x viz w
.
i d f
.
, . .
be a s r e ad n o t e ra c te t , .
, or n s te a o
M i
3
E mi E i b k
u r s
Ai b
Q r e
-
eg e tc u atr em re , I I , 1 92
f ld O d f ld giv f
.
, ,
Q5
e Ad h h
u at r em Wu re , Wu
ra s te n e sr a s te n e es o ur
ib
.
,
Od ll K h
s r as , i a a t an t e t r es
F mMk i( p Q migh h Aw l d Ad i d
.
3
ro ) a riz q a u atr em e r e one t sup p o s e t e a an
w ib R f f ld (
. .
h K
t e d h M dl
e n an a an t Wu
e u ag e re s e p ar ate tr es e e re n c e t o s ten e q
d P) h w h y w m g I a li i f mily h gh d b
. .
N
an sll f h e s t e ere a o t e sa e r e at sm i t c a t ou no ou t,
as o f h te n i i f i h d h igh p
ap p e n s , a ce r ta n ll h f p o rt on o t a t e r t ar exce
,
ence to t e u se o
h
t e na m K a e en na .
M k i Kh t
7
a riz I b K h ld
e a t, I , 2 1 0 7
3
n a n , I , 1 4
i G h i dy y i h H d w
.
, .
9
T h K da
ed d h u a s u cc e e e t e an c e n t ur um te n as t n t e eg z an ere
h g di f h K b il h y w l d b b y h K ai
t e u ar an s o t 6 e a a a un t t e e r e r e p ac e a out 40 AD t e us
i f K y h (V D y k
.
se ct o n o u ra s an c 3
4 , pp .
,
I I 1 V 11 1
. . . IN T HE MI DD LE AGES 1
37
y
S r i a , b u t at th e tim e o f th e c o nqu e s t O m ar ibn el K h attab trans
1
d ay th er e w e r e nu m e r o u s b nc s t m in Egyp t an d wi th the m
ra h e o f h e
8
.
,
A k h mim d is tr ic t wi th th e G UHAY N A 3
.
At p r es e nt th ey are a l ar g e tr ib e o n th e Arabi an c o as t r o u n d
We gh neighb ou r s o f th e G UHAYN A and th ere are o ther s s ettl ed in
, ,
E gyp t r o u n d
1
T h e h ad p r e o u s y vi l y b
ee n i n so u th e r n Ar a i a S ee B u r to n , L a nd of M idi a n b .
,
I , 2 9 6 , an d 1 1 , 1 4 1 , e t c
i v l
.
2
I b n D ukm ak, ap B u t e r , p 2 7 9 ; e l K i n d , ap E ett s ( A bu p 1 09
i w
i lm i by i
. . . . .
giv
.
1
B o u r i an t es M ah ar r ah ( 9 3 .-o m as i ts n a e ib
T h e r e w as n o s u c h t r e . .
I i t b bl h M d r h ) i m
s p ro a e t at
u r
o s e an t .
M k i Kh
5
6 a B giv
ri z , f h m i L d f Midi
e ta t , I I ,
4 9 . u r to n e s an acc o un t o t e n an o 1 an ,
II , 1 41 e t seq
i lly d f m A wa i B i
.
3
Ai d h ab l h
ay p r ac t ca u e e as t ro s n , n e ar t e an c e n t e r e n ce : s e e
M k i Kh t t
a riz d d W f ld b B l b A
e a
I, pp 4 1 an 43 , an us te n e su a i en
m r
f ld 6 Th b d i
. .
, , ,
S M k i p Q
7
ee ( d Wu
a ri z a u at re m e r e II , an s te n e I, 1 0 e o un ar e s
f h B li w h h b id g f S h h ai igh b
, .
, .
o t e h e d
ere o n t h h h e nort t e r e o u an on t e so u t t e ne our
h d fK l ( i M k i Kh t
oo o am a q v n a riz e a t, I
i B H B S wad B N ab
. .
, ,
B H (M k i p Q
3
E g an e arm o e tc . a ri z a u atr em re, 1 1 ,
f ld l
. . .
, .
, .
, .
, , .
2 02 W ; us t e n e oc
i l d d by M k i i m g h m w f l ib f U E gy
, .
9
B h ot ar e nc u e a r z a on t e o st po er u tr es o p p er pt
( P II Ch
se e art ap
li g i i b h ibl h m
.
,
1
h M akl
Th i
e ru n I i s e ct o n n ot c as e s s t e a a t s p o ss e t e na e su r
iv i h M akl f K d fa d D a f ( i P I I I ) T h S h ikh f h i
.
v es n t e a a o or o n an r ur q v n ar t e e o t s
b h Gi g g v m f i f B li k w h i d livi g
. . .
r an c h at r a a e m e t e na e o t e n se c t o n s o e no n to m an n
d W gh
ro u n d Gi g h y w e an r a: t e ere
M akl M w ah b S h m W h h h Hil b a
a a o i a a a a as s a n
h H R b id d
R a B
um ka F
t i a om r n e r ay t ere t u a
B (l
u r to n i 4 ) i w y h
oc . i i l i
c t . II, 1 1 sp e c es t ent -
t r ee pr nc pa s e ct o n s .
Ibn K h al d un ( 1 3 32
1 406 ) te lls us
y
In U pp er Eg p t fr om As an an d b e o n d it as far as th e l an d O f th e w y
y
Nub a an d that o f Ab ssin ia are numer ou s trib es an d scattere d section s , all
o f t h em b e l o ngi n g t o G
U HA N A, o n e O f th e b r an ch e s o f K U D AA T h e
Y . y
lled th o se p arts an d co n u ere d the l an ds o f th e NIJ B A an d s armed o e r q '
w v
y
th o s e o f Ab ssin i a an d s h ar e d th ei r c o u n tr i e s wi th them 7 .
o nly a d e c ad e o r tw o b e fo re h is o w n bi r th an d th ere fo r e wi th in
c o mm o n r eco ll e cti o n s ay s : ,
s ettl e d i n i t an d r u l e d i t an d l l e d i t w i th rap in e an d d i so r d er At st . r
t h e k in gs o f th e N I J B A attemp te d t o r ep u l s e th em b u t th ey fail e d : th en
'
th ey w o n th em o ve r b y gi vi n g th em th ei r d au gh ters i n T hu s
w as th ei kingd o m d i si ntegrate d an d it p asse d to cer tai n o f th e son s o f
r ,
-
a ,
S e e W uste n e d , 1 , 1 8 6 7 , sub
1
flG o h e i n a b en Z e d
i
b yb w ly mil
.
e s n o rt h o f Hau r a ( B u r to n ,
2
T h e o u n d ar et e en th e t w o i s n e ar 50
l o c ci t 1 1 ,
P vl
. .
3
C au ss in d e e r ce a , I I I , 2 1 7
m
.
4
E l N uw ay r y , ap I b n K h ald n , H is t B er b I , p p 3 1 3 ff S o e 7 00 G h at afan
m i m
. . . . .
an d F ez ar a , e t c , acco p an e d th e
. .
5
M akri z i , K h eta t , I I , 5 6 9
il m i m m g mi m i ib
.
3
I bid I I , 7 1 0 S i r C W s o n en t o n s th e a on th e s e no ad c t r es -
w
. . .
n o r th o f A s an ( l o c ci t p
l
. . .
7
E d d e S an e , p p 9 1 0 ; e d ar vo l 6 , p 5
i g vi g b l by l
. . . . . . .
3
E d ar vo l 5 , p 4 2 9 T h s p as s a e , n o t h a n e e n t r an s at e d d e S an e ,
g lly i
. . . . .
h as e n e ra e s cap e d n o t ce .
3
P
S e e art I I , C h ap 2 T h e Ar a c i s a b Eats li M . . l bi - .
,a U vi g i l-a .
U
lj ) l .a
j .
1 40 T HE PRO GRESS T HRO U G H EGYPT x
.
l
T n s o u em sq
1
M an y o th er s e cti o ns o f th e tr ib e als o entere d
.
als o s o m e o th e m s till s tt l d
f n l x nd i a
d A 5
e e r o u e a r .
Am o ng o th er K ah tan ite t r ib e s p o r ti o ns o f w h ic h ar e kn o wn to
h av e e nter e d Egyp t at th e tim e o f th e c o nq u e s t o r s o o n after i t w e
m ay n o te th e B EN I HAM D AN th e l ar g e Himy ar i tic family o f D HU ,
tr ib es w h o to o k p ar t in t h e invasi o n o f E g yp t T h e m o s t fam o u s .
ar e th e K EN AN A an d th e K URA YS H .
K E NANA an d KURA S H
X I T h e e p o n m o u s anc e s to r o f th e Y . y
K E N AN A m ay h ave lived ab o u t 1 00 A D T h e h o m e o f hi s d e sc en d ants
3
. .
fo r s u cc e ssive c e n tu r i e s h ad b e e n in th e Heg az an d Ti h am a r o u n d
M ekk a " T h e g reat su b tr ib e o f URAYS H b ecam e s ep arate fro m th e
.
-
K
p ar ent s to ck s o m e tim e b efo re th e r is e o f th e P r o p h et an d th ei r m o s t
y
fam ou s famil that o f KUsAI O b tain e d th e gu ar d i ans hip o f th e
, ,
K a ab a ab o u t 440 A D 1O
. .
1
M akr i z i K heta t,
I, 36 1 T h e r e w as a sol a s e ct o n i of Ra i b
a ca ll d Y
e as hk u r
P vl
.
,
( C au ss in de er c e a 11 ,
2
O ne of th e i r nu
,
mb er w as G o v e rn o r o f E gy pt in 7 5 0 A D .
( L an e -
P l oo e, H is t .
p 49 )
lx i k
.
3
M akr i z i l oc ci t 11, 49 3 , 4 9 4 A e an d r a w as r e ta en i n 8 2 7 an d th e A n d a
l i w
x ll d C P l g zy
. . .
,
u s an s er e e p e i e to r ete : se e L an e o o e , l oc
-
. c t .
p .
3 6 , q u o ti n Do ,
11 ,
6 8 76 d Q an e u at re m re .
P l l i
,
4
L an e -
8 M k
oo e,i l i 6 oc . c t .
p .
3 ; a riz ,
oc . c t . I, 2 9 .
5
M ki i p Q a e
r z ( a u at re m re II,
f ld
.
,
3
Wu s te n e 3
l
.
,
Vi d M k i Kh t 6 6 d 6 d Ab
7
e a ri z e a t, 11 , 0 an 07 , an u S lih ( p T he atte r
k f G iz b il x l iv ly f h H m d a ,
by E v giv f
.
sp e a s o a as u t e c us e or t e a n : a n o te e tts es a re er
l Si i H l M had i 8 ( A bi ) C B l
e n ce t o e t s u sn e u ra, I , 1 ra c p ut er , p 43 1
i d P v l l i T bl V I I I
. . . .
3
C au ss n e e r ce a oc c t a e
f ld 6 8
. .
, .
3
I bid d Wu 1, 1 9 3, an ste n e I, 2
i d P vl
.
.
,
1
C au ss n 5 e e r ce a ,
1, 23 .
II 1 X I
. . . IN T HE MI D D LE A G ES 1
41
At th e b eginning o f th e s even th c e n tu r y b o th th e an d th e y b u lk
o f K EN A N A s till w o r s h ipp e d th e i d o l U zz a , an d th e tw o tr ib e s w ere
1
at th e en d o f th e s e v e n th c e n tu r y th e B EN I M UD LAG s e c ti o n w er e ,
, ,
to p ay t ax e s u ntil an ar my w as s en t ag ains t th e m
5
.
app ro ac h o f th e e n e my an d in c o ns e q u e nc e t h e S u l tan h u ng as
,
m any o f th em as h e c o u l d catch 7
.
1
P vl
C au ss in d e e r ce a , I , 2 6 9 O th e r K e n an a o r sh p p e d t h e M o o n an d A d e w i l
b yk
.
ar an (i bi d I , 3 49 , an d cp V an D c p
b k fm ly b w y
. . .
,
2
E g in 5 8 0 A D r o e o u t th e a ous Ho W ar s et e e n th e Ku r a s h
b i
. . .
an d o t h e r r an c h e s o f K e n an a o n t h e o n e h an d an d th e B e n Haw az in o n th e
l
o th er : th e s e as te d fo r a o u t t e n b
e ar s ( C au s s in d e y
e r ce a , l oc ci t I , 2 9 6 P vl
P vl
. .
3 4
I bid 1 1 1 , 9 0 C au ss i n d e e r c e a 1 1 1 2 4 1 if
b i
. . .
, ,
5
M S Ar a 1 40, p p 3 3 ff , ap Q u atr em er e I I , 1 9 8 S h en d i d e d i n 4 5 1 H is
bi g wi l
.
y
. . . . .
,
o r ap h w as r tt en in 6 8 5 o r 6 9 0 ( B u t er , A r a b p p 8 7 an d .
3
E g se e M akr i z i , K h eta t, 1 1 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 5 , 49 6
P l
. . .
7
M akri z i , S el ak p 5 1 2 ; L an e o o e , H is t p 2 3 2 -
fl m m
. .
, . .
3
W ust en e d ( N ) , D h a r a ; Q u at r em er e , B a r ah
km by i giv li b
.
I b n Ab d e l Ha a , as q u o te d A b u e l M ahas n , st o f th e Asha
3
es a
m i ly
w h o acco p an e d Am r N e ar
al l o f t h e s e e r e Ku r ay s h i t e s , an d o f t h e a a n, w m gi
mj iy i l i g by bl g i b i
.
,
Am r an d Z u a r , e o n e d t o t h e B en K a a se c t o n
th e a or t , nc ud n
l
( s e e B u t e r , p 2 2 9 no te) . .
1
42 T HE PRO GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT II 1 x1
. . .
G A AF I RA o f the p r e s e nt d ay ar e th e i r d e sc e n d ants
.
o u t U pp e r Egyp t
4
.
, , ,
X I I KA Y S A Y LAN Ab o u t 7 2 7 A D a p o r ti o n o f th e gr eat tr ib e o f
. .
o f Egyp t
"
.
o f Eg p t tw o o f th e FAHM an d o n e o f t h e AB S s e c ti o n an d th e s e
y , ,
1
F o r th e n u mb er o f th e s e s e e f ll wi g
o o n c h ap te r , p ar a V II I
f l wi g
. .
2
S ee o l o n ch ap t er , p ar a x1
l
. .
3
I b n K h ald i m ed de S ed vo l 6 , p p 5 , 6 , Bk M akr i z i
, . an e , I , 9
-
1 1 . ar . . . . II ; cp .
,
K h eta t,
71 0
11 , .
4
M akri z i , K heta t,
II, 71 0 .
5
Q u atr e m e re I I 1 7
P l giv h d b
.
, ,
3
S e e M akr i z i K heta t L an e o o e ( H is t p 2 8 )
I , 229 -
es t e at e as a o ut
P vl ib ym y
. . .
, ,
C au ssin d e er ce a p u t s t h e d ate o f th e t r Ka
732 e s ep o n o u s an ce s to r s
b w ly f g i b w hi
.
Ad n an
at a o u t 6 8 A D T h er e ere o n o ur en er at o n s et een m an d
P vl bl
.
( C au ss i n d e e r c e a , V o l I , T a e V I I I)
P l
. .
7
L an e o o e , H is t p 4 8
-
li
. . .
3
El ap A b u S a h , p 1 10
fl w i
. . .
3
S ee W us te n e d , D , h er e c l Q e n is r e ad fo r cl Kib r .
T HE PR O GRES S THR OU GH EGYPT X 1I .
o u t b e tw ee n th e B EN I F EZA RA an d th e B E N I AB S b o th in d ep en d e nt
,
Ab u B u k r in 6 3 2 3
.
t o o k p ar t wi th G U HAY N A an d o th er s in th e exp e d i ti o n w h ic h Ab du ll a
b een fo r gotten 5
.
th is o r an ear li er g r o u p o f F E ZARA c o al e sc e d wi th th e B er b er s to s u c h
a d e g r ee as h ar d ly to b e d is tingu is h abl e fr o m th e m
3
.
Q u atr e m
1
er e , I I , 2 07
l d ill 6 8 i d P vl l Fi d a
.
2
It C
as t e t d0 Ab A D z s ee au s s n e e r ce a 11 , 429 an 49 9 ; u e
Dy k f ld H T h w
.
,
.
,
pp 4 V1 8
0 e t seq ; d W an f h c p 3 ; an us t e n e e ar ar o se o u t o a o rse
i wh i h f l ly k l
. . . .
, ,
r ac e n c ou p a to o p ac e
i d P vl
.
3
C 8
au s s n 6 e e r ce a 111 , 2 1 34 5 , 3 2
l MS S A d D 6 X
.
, ,
Ap I b K h l d
4
7 S n a i
n , I , 3 1 3 44 ee a so 1 1 L I V , an III n
P f m wh i h i m m f h m h v m i d Ab d ll ib
. . .
, ,
ar t IV , ro c t s ee s so e o t e m ay a e acc o p an e u a n
S d
a a
x di i f 6 6
s e pe t on o 4 1
42
i d P v l (T bl X ) ym
.
C 5
au s s n h d e f h e r ce f a a e B p u ts t e ate o
t e ep o n o u s an ces to r o
t h F a e b ez Th r a at a h g i b w h i d G h fa
o ut 3 00 A D e r e ar e t r ee en e r at o n s et e en m an at a n
h g fK y
. .
t e d r an so n o a s
p Ib K h l d ) y Am g h d d
.
3
Ib S id ( n a q v a n a un , p p 9
1 1 sa s : on t e e s ce n an t s
h H yb i
. . . .
o f Gh fa h B k
at a n th R ah ere d h F a
ar e Id at ar a t e a t e u a, an t e ez ra. ris
( p p C R h
2 9 0, a h 6 ff ) k f h i i f O ld P l m i
ar e t t e , ec er c es pp 1 2
,
sp ea s o t e t e r r to r es o to e a s
i h bi d b y Z a d F a d ll d h m B b ib bi iz d
. . . .
. .
,
as n a te en ta a n ez r a , an a u e s to t e as er er tr e s ar a c e
Th Z a w B b S m F a m i d i N h Af i d
.
v d h i ib l i g i y M C
p r e s er e t (l
e r i tr 44 5 ) m ai h m i 85 n te r t : ar e tt e oc c t p en t o n s t e n 1 3
m g h ib i h vi f C i
. . . .
as a on t e tr es n t e p ro n ce O o n s tan t n e .
Q 7
e 7 Th u at r em ill F a i E gy ( K li l
r e , 1 1 , 20 d e r e ar e s t ez ra n pt ppe p 9; an cp .
S i C W il
. .
,
r . so n , p .
II 1 X I V
. . . IN T HE MI DD LE A G ES 1 45
th e m m u s t h ave fo u n d th ei r w ay to th e S u d an fo r th o u gh th e nam e , ,
B E N I D HUB I AN an d o th er tr ib es o f K AY S AY LAN
.
X I V B E NI H ILAL an d B E NI S U LA YM An o th e r gr eat s u b tr ib e o f .
-
an d th e i r h o m e at th e b eginning o f th e s ev e n th c e n tu r y w as wi th
I k r im a
M an sur
Su l ym
a Haw az in
Mu aw i a
Sa sa a
I
Am
'
il l H a
( S e e W u s t en
3
f ld F
e , ,
an d C au ssin d P
e v l T bl X )
e r ce a ,
a e A .
S ee p 1 8 7
v l im H ilal i b A mi hi m lf liv d b
. .
4
C au ss in d e P er ce a est at e s th at n
4 r se e a o ut 1 4 A D
bl X
. .
(T a e A )
l vl
.
5
I b n K h a d un , I , 2 5 ; C au s s in e e r ce a , 1 1 , 4 1 0 d P C Q 5 p u at r em
re , 1 1 , 2 1 2 2 1
bi i d d f m h m gh y A bi
. . .
T h e S h e r ar at o f A r a a ar e s a d t o e e sce n e ro b d D t e : se e ou t ra a
D eser ta , I , 1 2 5 D o u h t sp e a s o t e as t e g y k f h B H il al h f bl d i h i A b a e an c e n t ero c
,
ar a
lm i i m i f k w igi w l lly ib d
. .
t o th e m
: se e A r D es l o c ci t an d I , 3 8 7 , an d
. . . . I, 36, 38 , 1 38 II, 2 1 1 , 25 9 .
M . S . I .
1 46 T HE PRO GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT I I 1 X IV
. .
o v e r Egy p t an d S y r i a an d b y 9 1 A D th e y h ad b ro u g h t u n d er th e i r
9 , .
ru l e al l th e c o u nt ry lying b e tw e e n th e eas t er n b o r d e r o f M o r o cc o
an d th e Sy r i an d e s e t an d th e O r o n te s
1
r .
HI LAL to U pp Egy p t
e r an d s ettl e d t h em th e r e T h e c h i e f d i visi o ns
2
.
th e G I S HM an d th e K URRA 3
.
Ab o u t
fty years later in 1 045 w h e n th e p o wer o f the Fatimite s , ,
u n d e r th e i r l ead e r s h ip sw ar m e d lik e l o cu s ts to th e
an d F E z A
3 7
RA , ,
w h o wi th th e ai d o f th e K ET AM A B er b er s h ad al r ead y e s tablis h e d
t h ems e lv e s ab o u t fo r ty six y ear s b e fo r e at B ar k a an d o v erran th e
-
,
exp e d i ti o n an d th e d e s u l to ry w ar far e wi th t h e Z E N A T A th at fo ll o w e d
i t g ave r is e to th e fam o u s c y cl e o f l eg e n d s in h o n o u r o f th e h er o
Ab u Z ay d e l Hil ali w h ic h w as r ife at l eas t u n til l ate ly al l o v er
, ,
1
yk
V an D c , p 1 5 0
m i l ym l v gy m v y
. .
2
S o e o f th e B e n S u a ap p e ar a so to h a e e n te r e d E p t s o e se e n t
y li v b l
e ar s e ar e r ( 1 09 A H ) an d to h a e w b
e e n s ett e d r o u n d B alb ay s , h e r e su s e q u en t ly
yw j i by i ib l m v wi
. .
th e ere o ne d o th er s o f th e r tr e T h e s e all , at a at er d at e , o ed th th e
m i ib b y w
.
a n tr e to th e B e r e r c o u n tr in th e e st ( Q u atr em er e , 1 1 , 2 1 2
l l
.
3
I b n K h a d un , I , 2 8 ( e d d e S an e ) , an d e d ar V o l 6 , p 1 5 , Bk I I
l
. . . . . . .
4
I b n K h a d u n , e d ar V o l 6 , p 1 4
P vi i b m m ii w
. . . . .
e r o u s ex
5
re o u s t o t h s o f co u r s e t h e A r a s h ad ad e n u p ed t o ns e st
w f m gy
ar d s ro E b m m lm b m
p t an d n o d o u t so e p er an e n t s e tt e e n t s h ad een ad e ,
b g l bi iz i
b u t th e r e h ad e e n n o e n e r a ar a c at o n
b lk w ill bi i im l
.
e ( s ee I b n K h a d un , e d
3
T he u o f th e F ez ar a e r e st i n Ara a at th s t
l
.
d e S an e , 1 , 1 1 8 n o te)
v l ib m i b y w i l ly
.
7
S e e r a o f t h e s u b tr e s e n t o n ed
-
I b n K h ald im e r e , as b e p art c u ar
i bl w i il l g
p o n t s o u t , an d as W us t e n fe l d s t a e s h e s , n o t B e n H a p r o p e r , t h o u h t h e
y
w ki
ere of igi
n d red o r ly v y
n i n n e ar e er i l ig
c ase , e g G h atafan ( n c u d n F e z ar a) an d
b y yl l
. .
r an c h es o f Ka s A an ( S e e I b n K h a d un , e d ar V o l 6 , p p 5 , 1 6 ,
o th e r
P l
. . . . .
3
C p L an e o o e , H is t p 1 2 8
.
-
. . .
1 48 T HE P RO GRESS THR O U GH EGYPT I I 1 X IV
. . .
B N I HILAL in th e no th
E r Th e A r a bi ns w ic in bi t Afr ica
a h h h a l
.
,
h e s ays ar e d iu i d e d in to t h r e e p ar ts o n e p ar t w h e r eo f ar e c all e d
, ,
CACHI N th e s ec o n d HI LE LL an d th e th ir d MAC HI LL
2 3
O f th e , .
d o m o f T r em iz en an d O r an 4
.
al l h u m aniti e : t h ey h av e ( as i t is r e p o r ted ) ab o u t 1 00 h o r s e m e n
5 .
X V R A BI A an d B E NI K A NZ O n e o f th e l ar g e s t d ivisi o ns o f th e
.
AB D EL KAY S an d m any o th er s
3
.
1
igh y w f E gy d h N il
M e an n t e co un tr e st o pt an t e e
C hi ll d E q i by M m l
.
2
S h hi (Lac n, or c ac n eo , p ar e c a e sq u e u n ar o
Th y w igi di g b h h
.
( p fI a li i e ere o sm i t c or n ac co r n to ot au t ors
d M m l C
.
P y
.
j l(
3
L d 5
eo , t r an s B h L or 5 ) pp 1 42 an 1 0 ot e o an ar o ar ava a c. 1 20
d iv h i i f m i hi y f h ib f B i Hilal f m Ib
. . .
,
er e t h e r n or at o n as to t e p as t s to r o t e tr e o en ro n
d B w M h il l b bly i d d
e l R kfk ( aL se e ) B eo e ro n, p 21 1 n o te y ac ar e p ro a n t en e
M akl ) m i 6 ) b y Ib b h f
. . .
,
h M
Kh ld
t e kl ( a a d ( p or a a en t o n e see 1 4 n a ti n as a r an c o
B i H il al m g h B li b ib (
.
en d d h an r ep r e sen te 37 at t e p r e sen t a on t e e su -
tr es se e p 1
) M m l ( 7 6 ) ll h m M h q i l B h h ib h m
.
,
no te ar o d L
p ca s t e a e u ot e an eo attr u te t o t e a
Him y i i igi
. . .
ar t c or n .
4
L eo , p 1 44
T h ki gd m f H b x igh b f M li
. .
5
e n h o o uc an ar e n e t ne o u rs u n to t e r eg 1 o n o e an
(i bid l oc
l di g h A z h g ib whi h liv d i T h am d w
. .
3
I nc u n t e n a a, t e r e at tr e c e at r st n e a an no
b w h E h
et e en d h Sy i t e m i (C i d P v l
up r at e s an t e r an o un t a n s au s s n e e r ce a I,
Th w erel i f K y ll d R b
as a s o a s e ct o n o a s ca e a i
a
,
C d P v l l i Th l m f B k w k w D ia B k
.
7
e e r ce a oc c t e s e tt e en t s o u r er e no n as r u r,
h m d D i b ki f ld 7 8 b R bi b N iza ig
. .
.
,
t e o C Wu
er n ar e r
p st en e 1, 3 su a
a en r,
q uot n
d lB k i
. .
, ,
3
Y ak t an e I bid
e r 8 1, 34 ; II , 39 2
3
i g M ki i i h A b ib ld
. . .
Q
3
e 84 85
u at r e m re, II ,
q uo t n a r z s t r e at se o n t e ra tr es s e tt e
i E gy P l Hi
,
n C L pt .
p . an e -
oo e , st .
p . 29 .
1 1 1 xv
. . . I N T HE MI DD LE AGES 1 49
d w e ll er s o n th e c o as t an d c o nv er ts to Isl am .
a m o d i e d Ar ab ar is to c racy r u ling by c o ns e n t o v er a l e ss vi r il e ,
1
S ee M akri z i
K heta t, 1 1 , 5 6 9 an d 5 7 5 T h e R a i a h ad
een e p o e d i n b
b mly
bi i iv x i i , .
N u a o n a p u n t e e p e d t o n ( see p
P ibly m i wi m i i
.
2
o ss th e n a e B s h ar i n i s co nn e c te d th t h e n a e o f t h s s e c t o n
l ly mi l l
.
S e e M as u d i ,
3
B o u r i an t h o p e ess s tr an s at es th e as t
i f m
p art o f M akr i z i s q u o tat o n ro
M as u d i T h e Ar a c 1 3 as o o s :
. bi f ll w
4
S ee M as
ud i( p a . M akr i z i K heta t,
o f th e Ar abs in t h at vicini ty
1
.
kno wn as B EN I K AN Z 2
.
Ab ou t 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 5 th e y w er e in r eb e lli o n agains t S al ad in
3
.
re c o gniz e d o n e i th er si d e o f th e fr o n ti er o f Eg y p t as fo r ming an
fr o m th ei r p o si ti o n an d th ey are r ep r es ente d at th e p r es e nt d ay b y
th e K E N fJZ w h o liv e fro m Aswan to K o r o sk o
3
.
o n th e o n e si d e t o th e o as e s o n th e o th er .
1 37 8 th e h ead s o f e l ev e n o f th ei r c h i e fs w e r e s e n t t o C ai r o b y th e
A m ir o f Aswan T h ei r r ep r essi o n w as h o w ev er c ar r i ed o u t wi th
.
, ,
to o h eavy a h an d an d in c o ns eq u enc e th ey w er e r e d u c e d to d e sp er a
ti o n an d r ev o l ted en m asse in 1 3 8 5 an d c ap tu r e d Asw an i ts e lf T h ey .
th e n r e s u m e d th ei r c ar e e r o f b r ig an d ag e an d t err o r iz ati o n an d fo r ,
1
f ll wi g
S ee o o n c h ap t e r T h e t er m v
G o e r n o r o f A s an h c h i s s o eti es w wi m m
mi l i g z wl ii m l by
.
u se d i s K an I b n K h ald n 3
s e ad n el D o a s p o s t o n is ad e c e ar
i i m b ig b w
.
d e s cr p t o n o f h im i r o f th e A r a s i n th e n e h o u r h o o d o f A s an :
as a
( I b n K h ald n ed V o l 5 , p 2 8 8 , Bk
ar lg
H is p o s t o n w as an a o o u s to th at o f ii
b ll b gil F g y
. . . .
, .
th e A d u a M an
in un da s
y l livi g x w
.
2
I b n K h ald n ( e d ar V o l 6 , p 5 ) s a s : T h e p eo p e n n e t t o A s an
k w wl z i z wl l
. . . .
ar e no n as t h e A ad K an : t h e r an ce st o r w as K an e l D o a U n e ss th e r e
F imi m i wl zwi k w
.
i s an y p r e -
at te en t o n o f A ad K an , h c h , s o far as I n o t h e re i s n o t ,
g
t h o u h M as d i an d Ib n S e i
o th lm b w y m i
r o t e i n th e t e n t h c e n tu r , i t s ee s ce r ta n
ib
t h at t h e t r f
e d i d i n ac t o n ly k
ta e th e n a m
e of A wl z f g ig
ad K an a te r th e r an t n o f t h e
il z
t t e o f K an wl el D o a ( Tr easu r e of th e S ta te) M as di ( q v i n K h eta t, I I , 5 7 2 ff )
l ly v mi m i m wi
. . . .
co u d h ar d ha e o tt e d t o en t o n th e n a e o th e r se
f ll wi g f ll wi g
.
3 4
S e e o o n c h a p t e r S e e o o n c h ap te r
l P l
. .
5
Ib n Kh ald n , e d d e S an e , p p 9 1 1 ; L an e o o e , H is t p p 2 9 an d 3 08 -
k igl zi l iv iv i
. . . . .
3
S e e B e c e tt T h e s n u ar o f K e n z i s K an A t e r n at e d e r at o n s t h at
v b gg m z i gly m
. .
h a e e e n su e s te d fo r th e t e r K an ar e K e n e s ( th e h e r o p hi c n a e o f an
il
s an d o f t h e r s t cat ar ac t) an d T a K e n z l
( an d o f th e gy i
th e o l d E p t an
na m y
e fo r t h e c o u n t r ( B e c e tt , p k
F P v l bl X
.
7
W sten feld , ; C au ssin d e e r ce a , T a e A .
O N T HE PENETRATI O N O F T HE S U D AN [AP P .
al r ead y c i te d an d th at o f t h e HO W A
,
R A will fo ll o w .
a c o l o ny o f HO W A R A w as tran sp l an te d t o G i r ga
p r o vi n ce b y Bar k k the ,
qu rrelling with the Arabs b ut mo re than any o ther tribe o f Berber o rigin
a ,
an d ab o u t th e en d o f th e c e n tu r y as we h av e seen the y r s t in c o mp an y , , ,
with the AW LAD KAN Z attacke d an d pill age d Aswan an d then some years , ,
li l b v h w f S i b gi h h bi i f h A b k w d
A tt e a o e t e to n o u ut e n t e a t at o n s o t e ra s, no n un er
th m fH
e na e o Th y p lik wi l d
avar r a h h id f h N il e o sse s s e se an s on t e ot er s e o t e e
Th y ll h m iv f h k i gd m f M T h y h b ki d f A b
. .
e ca t e n at es o t e n o o ar o c . e ar e t e e st n o ra s
Th y g v d by h h d h y ll g l m p y m h lik h
.
e ar e o er n e a s ec ; an t e ar e a en t e en , re t t uc e t e
Pl do an er s .
B ckh d t
ur l y i th x t
ar ,
y f d th H WA ttl d i vill g
e ar n e ne ce n tu r ,
oun e O RA se e n a es
f m Siut t F hi t th w t b k d t
ro l e o ars K t h t on e es an an o n e ar en a o n e e as .
H g d d th m A b
e re ar e d h yh dp e d ch i th f t th
as ra s , an t e a o se as s u s n ce e o u r een
c y t th l t H el t i f ll h w i th ight th c t y
e n tu r
a e ates . e r a es n u
12
o n e e ee n en u r
h y h d
t e ll d U p p Egyp d th
a c o n tr o th S d
e f th er t an e nor er n u an as ar so u as
M h a d h d
as s an mp ll d th M l k a d hco p t t th m by e e e am s to c e e t es e ar s o e
1
I b K h ld n d d Sl a d
n , V l 6 e5 Q e we gly an e , 1 9
1 1
; e ar o p u atr e m re ro n
M za gh f M z a
. . . . . .
, ,
d
re a s h e na t ro u o ut or e ta
B l Th y bmi d A i 6 4 h y
.
l M
2
I di d
ut e r , p 430 e su tt e to m r n 2 A D n e as s ay t e
i d h i f Kh g ( M k i i K h t t
. . . .
o ccu p e t e o as s o ar a see a r z ,
e a ,
II,
3
Q u atr e md 7 8 er e , I I , 2 01 an 20
20
h b lk f h l i w La
.
4
I B h n a n as a t e u o t e p op u at o n e re u ta .
5 3
Q e l i
u atr e m re , I bid
oc. c t 1 1 , 2 09
Th i i i l b li v d viv v gly i h S h wi A b f
. . .
7
e r str a n s a so e e e to s u r e e r y s tro n n t e a a ra s o
W Af i
es t S Cr ca .6 if ee ar ett e , pp . 1 2 .
3
Q u atre m er e , I I , 2 00 .
3
Tr avel s i n E g y p t a nd N ubi a , I I , 2 4 1
N ubia , Ap p I.
l
. .
11
Ib n K h al d n ( e d d e S an e ) , I , 2 7 3
f il
. .
12
F o r u r th e r d eta s se e art I I I , C h ap P . 8 .
AP R ] BY BERBER TRIBES 1
53
t re at y .pite of sub se qu ent reverses at the h an d s o f the Mamluk s their
In s
k
B u r c h ar d t , Ap p I I I , 5 3 1 5 3 3 ; c p Ha
1
to n , p 2 5 7 mil
P
. . . .
2
F o r th e se s ee C h ap t er 8 i n art I I I
m g
.
3
N o t e , to o , t h e Z e n ar a w h o o c c u r a o n th e B e d ay r i a an d th e H aw az m a
P
( q v art I I I ) , an d t h e o ccu rr en ce o f s u ch n a e s as G e e el Z en ati an d K h o r m bl
b l f
. .
N ak h n uk h a ( a B e r e r n am e ) in c e n t r a K o r d o an , n o r th o f B ar a , in th e K h a r an y
l x
.
4
E d d e S an e , V o l I , 2 7 5 , ap B ar th , V o l I , C h
. .
, p
. 2 28 . . . .
N O TE TO GENE AL O GI CAL TREES I , 2, 3
tr ib e s th e s e c o n d th e I s m ai l itic tr ib es ( n d th e i r c o nn e cti o n w i th t h e
,
a
an d th at o f th e P r o p h et .
il f o m W ii sten fe ld s R
p e d r
g i t r z u d n g ene log ischen e s e O th e e a r
l ette s to I sm ailitic tr ib es )
r
.
th o u g h o u t t h i s b o o k
r .
4 .A v as t n u mb er o f n am e s gi v e n b y W s te n fe ld w h i c h are e i th e r ,
t o p ro p er n mes fo u n d amo n g th e Ar ab t ib e s o f th e S u d an
a w h eth e r r
c o n tr a y i s state d
r r efe to th e y e ar in w h ich t h e m an n ame d w as b o r n
,
r .
d e P er ceval
E ssai V ol
s sur l histoi r e des . I
ar e s h ewn i n ca i tal s
p N ames o f t r ib e s ar e s h e . w n in i talics .
1
S ee en d o f P f
ar t , a te r p . 1 90 .
1
5 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGY P T 11 2 11 . . .
T w o tr ib e s w h ic h w er e c er tainly re p re s e nte d to a l ar g e d eg r e
were th o s e o f LAKHM an d G UD HAM .
th e i r l an d s an d water s an d n o d o u b t it w as p art ly in c o ns e q u e nc e
I I I In th is s am e y ear o r th e n ex t m en w e r e s e n t u n d e r t h e
5
1
S ee Yak t , ap B u t m k ig h f d i f l er , p 3 39 , an d th e r e ar s co n ce r n n t e oun at o n o
F bv
. .
o s tat o n p 1 37 a o e
B l f Am f ll wi g b l g d h ib f
. .
2
( M
u t e r s tate s p o st o
r s
o o n e on e to t e tr e o
l h gh Al K i d i y h hi d w ib f G h ak T h i
.
Akk
a t ou f h n sa s t at o n e -
t r ere o t e tr e o s
h l m h I h l h gh h i i i h w
.
,
d o es n o t e p us uc n t e r st p ac e , t ou t s s n o t ce r ta n , t ere er e ,
m w q i
.
Akk f Ad ( a li d h
i O )
t s ee s, t o w u te s e p ar ate s ne as a so n o n an as an as s u c
w ld b f h lf h w h l I k h h w
.
,
f
ou e an a li i
an c e s t o r o a t e o e sm i t c s to c ; t e ot er as so n o
O d h ( Q U
t nd h h f i ) i K hai I h
.
AG , an d l e n ce t e co n u s o n e a a t n te n t e se co n p ac e ,
g d f Akk h i G h ak w i
. . .
,
G h ak w h B
as f Ad a iran so n o t e so n o n n, e t e en e r e a s e ct o n
f B i Akk T bl A hi m lf
. .
o (S
en W
f ld 55 d Kee A ste n e I, ; 11, a e an ay , p
m r se
ly h gh li l f h m h mm d h i h i v m i h w d
. .
, ,
ap p ar e n t t ou t tt e o t e as e su e up t e r ac e e en ts n t e or s
T h G h ak [ B
e i d Af mi d mi (M k i K h t t
o u r an t r e a s
,
eq ar e s tt en an s te n o t
a ri z e a
f i m i d i v y if d v m ki g , ,
II , Th f e so rt o con us o n en t o n e s er r e an p re en t s ou r a n
f llu f v h
use o ym i f d i
e ib wh i h
en t x T mk
e s c an t en t o n s o e n te tr es c ar e e t an t o a e
hi g w w k w h h A b v y mm ly k d v g f i id
.
t n s o r se e no t at t e ra s er co on to o a an t a e o co n c en ce s
o f m l
no m g hi e n c at u r e l im i d i y wi h ib wi h wh m
a on t e r an ce s to r s t o c a ent t t tr es t o
t h y h de l a i ll (
no rea l H mda i i K
co n n e c t o n at a so e a n q v n ay , p
P l Hi i g lT b i(
. . .
,
3
L an e 5 6 q
-
oo e, st pp uot n e a ar I,
P l
. .
, ,
4
L an e
4
-
oo e, p 1
P l
. .
5 M k
5
L i Kh 58
an e -
oo e, p . 1 ; a ri z , e ta t , I I , 1 .
A K 3
hi W f ld O
u r ay s te ; s e e s te n e
Th A b id h w v h v m i wi h th N b i
.
,
e ra s ar e s a d o e er , to a e co e n to co n t act t e an s an
B g l d y B h ( O hi h ) ( B d g kh d ,
e a a r ea at 84
a d B
n as a xy r nc us
se e u e, II, 1 an urc ar t,
y i fd b f l w h
,
5 8) b h
p . 2 ut t e s to r s o ou t u o rt .
II 2 . . v . AND T HE IN VA SI O N OF DON G O LA 1
57
a lto geth er u nsu cc e ssfu l fo r th e Nb ian s p ai d th e tr ib u te (baht) o f ,
S l av e s imp o s e d u p o n th em fo r s o m e y ear s
1
.
r e m ain s o l d i er s an d n o t e ng ag e in ag r ic u l tu r e as s ettl er s
3
,
as M u h amm ad Al i P as h a at a s u bs e q u en t e p o c h r eg ar d e d th e S u d an
,
s o o n b e cam e d iss atis e d with the r evenu e wh ich was s ent him fr o m
Egyp t an d th inking to au gm ent it r s t d ivi d e d th e p r o vinc e in to tw o
, ,
V In 6 5 1 2 Ab du ll a ibn S a ad as g o v er n o r o f th e wh o l e c o u n tr y
, ,
w e o w to th e d e sc r ip ti o n o f N b i a w r i tte n b etw ee n 9 7 5 an d 9 9 6 A D
e 5
. .
d om an d b o mb ar d e d t h e t o wn wi th c atap u l ts an d d e s tr o y e d th e
7
,
i b n S a ad ib n Ab u S ar h t o th e ch i ef o f th e Nu bi an s an d to ll th e p eo p l e
a
o f hi s d o mi n i o n s a tr e ty bi n d i ng o n gr e at an d small am o n g th em fro m
,
a ,
s e cu r ity an d
p e ace b etween th em an d th e Mu s lims th ei r n eighb o u s in ,
r
,
a .
L an e o o e (H i s t p
1 -
P l B u t er , o o n I b n e l Athi r , t h n s th at th el f ll wi g ik
x ii f il
. .
e p e d t o n w as a a u r e
P l l
.
2
L an e o o e , H is t p 1 8
- 3
Bu t er , p 46 1
P l
. . . . .
4
L an e o o e , Hi s t p 2 0
-
ziz F imi lf w m
. . .
5
9 7 5 9 9 6 ar e t h e d ate s o f Al A t e K h a i a fo r ho
b i l l ahi t h e
at
e l A sw a ni w
r o t e hi s or w k
( s e e Qu atr em er e , I I ,
3
S e e M akri z i 1, ; I I vi
, 5 4 9 , 5 8 0 e t seq C p L an e o o e H i s t pp 2 1
23 -
P l
ki g m l by
. . .
, . .
7
B o u r i an t an d as K o l e y d o z o
T h e n s n a e i s t r an s at e d as Kal i d r t h
by B u r c h ar d t k
l by P l
.
3
A s tr an s at e d L an e o o e ( H is t p 2 1 e t -
. .
1 5 8 T HE PRO GRES S THR O U G H E G Y P T II 2 . . v .
y o u n o r w ge w a o n yo u n o m ke i n cu si on s ag in st y o u so l o n g as ye
,
a r ,
r a r a ,
abi d e b y th e te ms s ettl e d b et w e e n u s n d
r u W h e n y e e n te r o u c o u n tr y a o r
y .
,
it s h ll b e b u t s t r v el l ers n o t s s ettl e an d w h e n w e en t e r y o u r c o u n t y
a a a ,
a rs , r
t h ei lli es w h o co me in to yo u r l an d an d t av e l t h e e u ntil th ey qu it i t
r a r r ,
.
sen d th em b ck to th e c o u n tr y O f I s l am ; an d li ke w i se t h e M u s lim fu gi ti v e
a
th e r ealm o f I s l am ; y e s h ll n o t e sp o u se h i s c u s e n o r p r e ve n t h is cap t u re
a a .
th e mo s qu e wh ich th e M u sl ims h ve b u il t i n th e o u ts ki rt O f y o u r c i ty o r a ,
G o d d eci d e b et w een u s an d He i s t h e b e st o f u mp i es F o r o u r p e fo rm
,
r . r
ib n S hu rahb il in R mad an in t h e ye r a
[May J u ne 6 5 2 A D ] a
, . .
w as p ai d o v er y ear l y t o th e O ffic er in c h ar ge o f th e fr o n ti er p o s t o f
cl K as r ve mil e s s o u th o f Aswan At th e s am e tim e a p r es ent o f
, .
w as in th eo r y n o d o u b t th e e q u i v al e nt o f that o f th e o th er b u t u nl ess ,
1
M as
di (I I I 36 5
l i i m wh i h M k i
.
,
an d n o t e i n th ri z
2
Cp Bu t er , p 43 2 , s co n n e ct o n th e t e r s in c a
ll w li h y l ) T h igi
. .
a u d es t o th e b akt ap r op os o f i ts r en e a n t e e ar 1 2 7 6 (s e e at e r e or n
m x g f ll w W h h i d h i ib
.
of t h e cu s to o f e c h an e w as as o o s: en t e N b i an s p a t e r tr u te
1 60 T HE PR O GRESS THROU G H EGYPT VI I I .
of a w er e fr o m K URAYS H th e s am e nu mb er fr o m
l
to ta o f twe ty tw o n -
1
,
HI MYAR o n e fr o m LAKHM an d o n wh o s t ib is u n ec o r de d
4
,
e e r e r 5
, .
th i r ty th r ee b e l o ng e d is kn o wn
-
O f t h es e th i r ty th ree as m any as .
-
, , , ,
f om MUD HH G tw f m B G
r I o r o A ILA
8
tw o f o m HI M YAR and o ne
r ,
9
, ,
I X I t w o u l d o f c o u r s e b e th o s e o f th e t r ib esm e n w h o s ett l e d in th e
l ar ge towns o r to o k to cu l ti vati o n o f th e r iver b anks w h o ch i ey
interm ar r i ed wi th th e o l d er C o p tic p o p u l ati o n an d r em ain ed in E g yp t :
th e m o r e n o m ad ic tr ib es w o u l d n atu r ally b e mo r e excl u siv e an d ,
a l o ng s er i e s o f C o p tic r ev o l ts F ew o f th es e p eo pl e h ad b ee n co n .
in Egyp t .
th ey fo r m e d a h o t b e d o f r ev o l t -
.
1
ly B i O
M o st l d h ig i g K h l f
en m m ayy a , r e ate to t e re n n a i a
F hm Ab F a d Babil i h h lf f h igh h
.
2
ll h i
a s, ez r a an a se c t o n s : a t e se n t e r st a o t e e t
y
,
c e n tu r
I l di g
.
3
nc u f h Kh n one o t e az r ag
H d mi T h B i K lb i f
.
O 4
A b hi ne K lb i d s a one e an one a ra e en e ar e a se c t o n o
h K da b
.
, ,
t e u h a r an c
i fM d
.
El H
5
ib Y f (7 urr n A se 24
3
s e ct o n o u r
Tw b l g d h Kh a d ivi i d w h M h ll b
.
7
o e on e to t e uz a s o n an t o to t e u a a
T h B i T m im A d T i L kh d B gl w l d
.
3
e en M dhh i a ll z a a m u g an a i a ere a r e ate to
h
o n e an o t b i gd d er , f K hl a ( W e n f ld es cen
, ,
an t s o
,
a
,
n se e s te n e p
P l Hi
.
,
1
3
El R i d E l K lb i u ay n L an 7 8 e an e -
oo e, st pp 2 2
Salih l L P l Salih l
. . .
.
,
11
S Ab ee 67 68 u 7 Ab pp 2
2 : cp a so an e -
oo e, p 2 u p ace s
h i id h K h lif f M wa di h l
. . . .
,
d
t e nc i ent l G n t f h O
e a ate o ar n e a a t e as t o t e m m ayy a
K h lif a (i asb w 744 d
b eh i li bl T h wh l
et een yi an ut e s u n re
,
a e e o e s to r s
b bly l g ly x gg d Ab Salih i b w d f m h bi g h y
. . .
e a e r ate u s acco un t s o r ro e ro t e o r ap
p ro a ar e
i h K h a l i h m il i f S v
.
of h t e p at r ar c f El A h i A n t e co p at o n o e er u s o s m n ay n ; s e e nc .
F d A b
on s 9 6 fra (E v )
e, 1 3 , p . 1 2 . e tt s .
X I . AND T HE IN VAS I O N OF DON G O LA 1 61
h o rs emen an d th e N bian s [i e . .
marche d towar ds Mis t Now when the ru ler o f Egypt h eard wh at was the .
c au se o f th ei r c o mi n g an d w as to l d as fo ll ows wh en th e p atri ar ch o f
,
named] was in dign ant at th e n ews then [the G o vern or o f Egypt] r eleas e d
t he p atr i arch fro m hi s o bligati o n s an d c e ase d to e x to rt mo ney fr o m h i m ,
h is own c ou ntry .
1
Ab u S lih ca ll C i s yr ac u s K in g of N b ia, b u t h e is vg a u e o n thi s po i nt .
L at e r ( p ki g
sp e a n ap p ar e n t ly o f c o n te m h e sa s
p o r ar y ff i
a a rs (c 1 2 08 y
mb f ki g i N l l
. .
b i a i s t h i rt e e n an d all t h e se r u e t h e an d u n d er t h e
T he nu er o n s n
m y
su p r e ac ig
o f C y r i acu s , t h e G r e at K n m i lb
; an d al l o f t h e ar e p r es ts an d ce e r ate
th e li gy wi
tu r y l g
thin t h e san ct uar , as o n y ig wi killi g
as t h e rewi n th o u t n a m an th
i ki g kill
th e r o w n h an d s ; b u t if a n l g lb li gy
s a m an , h e m ay n o o n er ce e r at e th e tu r
if
But i by i i
w e c o n t n u e w e n d in t h e acc o u n t o f A s s n a (p
All th e
ki g by i lb li gy wi i y
.
n s of A s sini a ar e p r e s ts , an d ce e r at e t h e tu r t h n t h e s an ct u ar , as
l g
on y ig wi
as th e re n l yi g
th o u t s a n wi i
an y m an f l yi g
t h t h e r o wn h an d ; b u t a t e r s a n
a m an th e y l g lb li gy
c an n o o n e r ce e r at e t h e i i by w i
tu r y
; an d th e co n d t o n s h ch th e
ar e b f y v kill
o un d a t er th e ha e v l yb
ed a m a n h ka e a re d
ab k e e n s p o e n o f in thi s oo
m v y i v f i mi
.
I t s e e s th at , as E e tt s s a s , th s p r o e s t h e c o n u s o n i n th e n d o f o u r a u th o r
o f Nu bi wi by i i
a th A ss n a li l
ig by i i
Ab u S a h , a so u n d er th e h e ad n o f A
ss n a
wi v i l m i bv y
.
( h ch , as w e h a e s e e n e ar lie r , h e n c u d e s in th e t er In d a see p 49 , a o e ) s a s
ig by i i xk g
.
T h e K n o f E l M uk u r r a, w h o is an A ss n an an d i s an o r t h o d o in , i s th e
g k g m g ki g
r eat in a o n th e y b
n s o f h i s c o u n tr , x iv ki g m
e c au s e h e h as an e ten s e n do
i l ig i
n c ud n gi y m y
d s tan t r e o n s i n th e n o r th o f th e c o u n tr , an d h as an tr o o p s , an d h e i s
,
f k g
t h e o u rt h o f t h e ki g
in s o f th e e art h , an d n o g g n i
o n e ar t h 1 s s tr o n e n o u h to r e s s t
i l y
hi m ; an d at a ce r ta n p ac e In h i s c o u n t r h e p o ss esse s th e A r k o f N o ah ( p 2 8 6 ,
m v i v lv im lf m f i
.
an d c p p H er e , to o , h e se e s to h a e n o e d h s e i n th e s a e co n u s o n ,
i i giv w l ly by i i v i i
. .
fo r th e d e s c r p t o n en o u d ap p to A s s n a b u t n e e r to N b i a o r t h e d s tr c t
o f M u kur r a T h u s th e r e can b e li l b ik by i i
tt e d o u t , I th n , t h at i t w as th e A s s n an s
w y ibl k y b mi i
.
wh o e r e c hi e r e sp o n s e fo r th e att ac o n E g p t a ou t 7 37 A nor p o nt
ig y m k m
.
t h e th eo r i s Ab u S l ih s r e ar ap r op os o f t h e
s u p p o rt n h o r se en
m ll lik l g gy i v
.
N o w N b i an h o r s es ar e s a ,
e th e ar e s t o f t h e E p t an asse s , b u t h a e
a g w
r e at p o i g f ig
er o f e n d u r n at ue (p b N o o n e w h o h as e en in th e S u d an
l g f il g iz i i b i by i i
.
fo r o n c an a t o r e co n e in thi s d e scr p t o n t h e h a as h (i e A ss n an )
y ig i by i i
. .
p o n , an d i t i s n o t in d e n o u s t o an y o th e r p art o f Afr ca b u t A ss n a At th e
m im l f m w i f ll w x
.
sa e t e i t i s c e ar r o t h e se n t e n c e s h ch o o i n t h e t e t th at th e N b ian s
i by i i
a s s s t e d th e A m i
s s n an s , an d th e gg g
e n t o n o f cam e lm e n at o n c e s u e s ts t h e B e a
trib es .
M . S . I .
1 62 T HE PRO GRES S T HR OU G H EGYPT x1 .
Ab u Abb as el S affah
el T h e S h e dder o f Bl o o d His p o licy w as
.
,
in Sp ain s o m e in E g yp t an d s o m e wi th in the b o r d er s o f In d i a
1
, , .
O th er p ar ti e s ar e s ai d t o h a e e d d i re ct to th e S u d an an d i t is v ,
v
o b i o u s in acc u r aci e s an d inc o nsis t e nci e s th e tra d i ti o n r e l ate s th at o n e
o f a l o c al king T h e c o nger i es o f tr ib e s kn o wn at p re s e nt as th e
.
G A AL I Y YIJN s ai d in c o ntr ad is tincti o n to b e o f
'
are
r e as o n t o d o u b t th at it c o ns ti tu te s a h is to r ic al fac t
3
.
X II
7
In Egy p t an d the n eigh b o u ring c o u ntr i es m eanwh il e a p er i o d , ,
th e nu m er o u s r e ligi o u s c o ntr o v er si e s t h at h ad ar is e n .
T h e K h aw ar i g s e c t o f p u r i tans c au s e d s er i o u s tr o u bl e an d bl o o d
s h ed in Egyp t in 75 4 an d in B arka in 75 9 in c o mm o n wi th , , ,
1
E g Ab d
el R ah m an ib n Mu aw i a in 7 5 6 A D . . f o u n d e d th e r e an Om m ayy ad
y y
. .
d n as t
X xxx P
.
S e e B A CC I I I , A 2
2
A 1 1 V I I an d L 1 1 1 , D 2 1 , e tc i n art I V
i b P
. .
,
3
K ta e l T an b i h , i n B i bl i o theca G eog r ap h or u m A r a bi cor um , art V I I I ,
w
p 3 3 0 T h e s o n s o f M ar an e n t er e d t h e S u d an vi a A s an w t h th e r a es , wi i f mili
b m i f m
. .
d ep en d e n t s an d A r a ad h e r en t s an d s o e B e n O m m ayy a r o K h o r asan
i i b y wf i i li
.
S o d en t e d o o t : R ed S ea
4
C ro A r
pp 5 4 2 ff B a d a
es
kk j ig ll l v i
. .
n e ar A i , u s t n o r th o f t h e e h t e en th p ar a e T h e ar an t B asa
in
l ly mi i
.
M akr i z i (K heta t, I I , 5 5 3 ) i s c e ar a s p r n t fo r B a a
d
.
5
K heta i , I I , 5 5 3 C p Q u atr em er e , I I , 1 6
mb v lly b f i b y wf w i
. . .
o u n d o n t h e o ld s t e o f B a a
3
s h a e ac tu a C h
To e en
d ro oo t ch
b
ar e d ate d a o u t th e e n d o f th e t e n th ce n tu r y v
an d p r o e t h at e ers o f th e B e n m mb i
l
O m m ay y a se tt e d t h e r e S e e C r o wf
o o t , S om e p 3
P l
. . .
7
L an e o o e , His t p p 3 1 3 4
-
. . .
1 64 T HE PR O G RESS THR OU GH EGYPT X V .
o f K an n s r u l e u n d er th e K h al ifa s o v er l o r d s h ip w as d e p e n d en t o n
th e p r o t e c ti o n o f th ei r p er s o ns an d p r o p er ty fr ee d o m o f tr ad e an d ,
su bj ects .
X V I N o s o o n er h ad th e affai r s o f th e B E GA b e e n th u s s ettl e d th an
i t b e c am e n e c ess ar y t o tak e m easu re s agains t th e p eo pl e o f N bia ,
1
I g w
e ibi d f m E g yp i
th e Be i a l g h l hy
er e p roh te ro t an te r r to ry a to et e r u n ess t e
w m ly i g gh i d i g wi h h m d A b T h gi
. .
er e h
ere p ass n t ro u t o r tra n t t e no a ra s e re on
b w lK (h limi f N b i iv mil f m A wa
.
et e en e h asr h t e n o rt er n t o a on t e r er , ve es ro s n,
see M k i l i
a ri z5 ) d l K bba ( oc h b k h dy
c t II , h f 49 an e u n on t e e as t an t ree a s so ut o
A wa i D kk kh d 5 8 ) w b d l g h I h i
, . .
,
s n , o p p o s te B a a, see ur c ar t, p 0 as ar r e a to et er . n t s
i l
.
c o nn e c t o n s e e 8 at e r , p 1 2
kh d (
. .
2
B urc Dh h ar t p y er
d by l M k di g
. .
Q 3
i Kh t t 5 84 5 8 5 A Ab S lih (
ri z
u o te e a e a 11, cc o r n to u q v
f f y w d m d d Th f y
. . .
, ,
pp 68 7 ) h
2
2 0 t e ar r e ar s o o u rt ee n e ar s ere e an e e o u r t ee n e ar s
w ld d f m b 8 33 f wh il Ab Salih k f I b ah m h b h
. .
ou at e ro a out A D or e u s p ea s o r i t e rot er
f h Kh l f M a d m di g h S lim d bl
. .
, ,
o t e a i a Ib m n , as h e an n t e s e ar r e ar s , n e at es t e tr o u e
i h
n t ig f l M i h l
e re n o d d Ma e i 8 F m Ib S l m
u tas rn : t e att e r s u c c e e e m n n 33 ro n e i
s
w ld ib h d b v d f m
.
ac co u n t o n e m h ou c e rt a n o t s u p p o se t e tr u te a ee n o er ue or o re
t h an h y Ab S i lih giv hi
p er ap s a di g
e ar . h hi y fh u a es s acc o u n t ac co r n to t e s to r o t e
d h bi g hy f A ba J i h H k i f m h
c h h
u rc an h h t e p o r ap o n o se p t e at r ar c e ta e s t ro t e
bi g h y f Y ab (i J h ) i h m il i f S v
.
,
f l A h
o r ap o s e. o s ep n t e co p at o n o e er u s o e s m n ay n
(P i M S A J h i d h f m8
.
ar s F d A b 3 .
, 5 nc . on s ra e, 1 9 , pp . 2 0 o sep o cc u p e t e se e ro 31
to 85 (S 0 R d Hi P 77 ee e n au ot , st a tr pp 2
B dg ( P e ki kh d
. . .
M ki i d B
4
i
a r z Fi i e B
o u r an t , rq
; u e II , ra
; urc ar t,
Ab Sali h giv g
.
,
F k
ey r a e y G . u es eo r e .
X VI I I . AND T HE IN VAS I O N O F D O NG O L A 1 65
tr ib u te in fu t ur e to b e p ai d e v er y th r ee y e ar s b u t th e am o u nt o f th e ,
r efu s e d .
th e tr ib u te was d u ly p ai d .
r e tu r n
1
.
, ,
Fro m the time when the Arab s cam e in contact wi th the Tu rks o n the
4
co u rage an d thei r d elity had won the tru st of the great emirs an d
, ,
1
A b u S a h , l o c ci t li
P l P l
. .
2
S e e M akri z i , K h eta t, I I , 5 6 8 , an d L an e o o e , p p 4 1 , 4 2 L an e o o e , w h o
- -
bj mw f g wi
. .
q u o te s I b n M i sk aw ay h o n thi s s u e c t , so e h at c o n u s e s th e B e a th th e
r iv i
e r a n N b i an s k b k
E g h e s p e a s o f Ali B a a as in o f th e S u d an an d o f h is m en
g
bl k wv i l f m i i i
. . .
as ac s I t i s , h o e e r , q u te c e ar r o t h e d e s cr p ti o n o f n c d e n t s t h at t h e
bl wi mi i m l i g m
.
m
.
i n g t o e l M akr i z i ( l oc ci t ) t h e w ar e n d e d 856
i mm
. .
3
T h e M am l k p er o d p r o p er d o es n o t c o e n c e y et I n a se n s e i t m ay b e
i b gi wi l i l i gy i l
.
s a d to t h S a ad n I n 1 1 7 5
e n S a ad n th e cre ato r o f th e E p t an S u t an ate
l ibl
w as a s o r e s p o n s i
e fo r t h e i n tr o d u c t o n o f t h e M a u s ( L an e o o e , Qua r t ml k P l
il lf ml k m i
.
o u n d e r o f th e M a
R ev Ap r b ut th e r e a u E p re w as B ay b ars ,
m
.
w h o c a e t o th e t h r o n e i n 1 2 6 0
P l i i l by P l f m
.
L an e o o e , His t p 5 9 T h e q u o t at o n n c u d e d
-
L an e o o e i s r o -
g
. . .
pr i vil eges an d te ito ri l righ ts were gr d u ally le d in to the Opp osite erro r
rr a ,
a
c o n d e n ce to th o se fo re ign s l av e s w h o th u s ac qu i r e d th e en ti re c o n tro l o f,
acc o r d i n g to th e tal en ts th e y d i sp l ay e d .
ab o u t 8 3 6 th e s u cc essiv e g o v er n o r s h e l d i t in fee fo r T u r ks at
B aghdad .
an d in S e p te mb e r 8 6 8 aft er a s er i e s o f T u r kis h g o v er n o r s h ad r u l ed
, ,
fo r a sp ac e a M am lk s u cc ee d e d in fou n d ing a d y n as ty w h ic h w as
,
e x tr e m e l y d isc o n te nt e d an d b e g an t o e migrate s o u th an d w es t t o t h e
ali e n .
1
k
C p B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 1 3 8 ; e l T n i s i , V oy o u O ua d ay , p 3 1 9 ; an d e l
k m i k zz
.
XV
. . .
M as di , C h
I I , w ho sp ea s o f
th e N o ad c T u r s , w h o ar e t h e G h u
g l x iv ly wi i w ii
. .
S p r e n e r d e a s e h au s t e t h th s o r d i n h i s e d t o n o f e l M as di ( I
y ly
T h e ar e p r o p e r t h e S e u T u r s T h e o r d G h u lj k k w
i s et zz ym l gi lly
o o ca th e s a e a s m
y i gi i g iz
.
S c th an , an d i t o cc u r s a a n i n G e t e s ,
M assag ete s , "
K r h ,
T u n g h iz
g
( S p r e n er , l o c ci t p p 2 3 8 . T he
. . w l
o r d i s a s o u s e d fo r t h e Ayy bi te K u r d s ;
s ee B o u r i an t ( M akr i z i ) , p p 7 5 an d 1 07
P l
. .
2
L e oo e, H i 6 3
M akr i z i , K h eta t , 1 1 , 5 6 9 , 5 7 5
an -
s t p p 42 , 1
i ml w mly ig vi i f m
. . . .
4
I t i s sa d t h at ca e s er e e p o e d t r an sp o r t n h i s p r o s o n s r o
w
A s an .
1 68 T HE PRO GRES S T HRO U G H EGYPT XX III .
y
ch i e RAB f A , M UDR an d var i ou s K ahtanites fro m the Ye me n , an d
into th e el d m en m o u n te d o n c am e ls .
a Himy i t d sc nt j u s t as d id th e r u l er s o f K anem an d B o r nu at
1
ar e e e ,
a l ater d ate T o s o m e e xt e n t th is m ay h av e b ee n a r e s u l t o f in te r
.
th e L UAT A B e r b er 4
.
Q i l 0 5 3
-o
M S o an o ld C o p t i n 8 7 3 to d I b n Tl n ( s e e l
M as d i , 1 1 , 3 7 2
/
C p Q u atr e m er e , I I , 1 6 ( q u o t n I b n S e i , ap M akr i z i) lm ig
bi l
. .
O n d i t q u e S e lh a, p er e d e s N u e n s , e t M ak o r r y , p r e d e s p e u p e s d u M ak o r r ah ,
t o i e n t n at s d u ife en Ym iv
S u an t d au tr e s N o u b ah e t M ak o r ry to i en t H m i ar i te s
XXX P f m k
.
S e e n o te t o M S
d o r i g in e B A , p ar a C I I I in ar t I V , fo r u rth e r r e ar s
i
. . . ,
o n th s
ib iz b y
.
2
M as d i , 1 1 1 , 4 1 , 5 0 T h e t r e s o f Kahtan , M u dr , N ar , R a i a an d Ku r a s h
m i m k i g wi
.
ar e en t o n ed B u r ckh ar d t ( A p p 1 1 1 , p 5 2 9 ) r e ar s o f t h s p as s a e ( h c h i s
by i b ib ig
. . .
q u o te d M akr i z i i n K h eta t, I I , 5 7 2 ) T h e n o t ce o f t h e s e A r a t r e s i s i n t e r e s t n
b e c au s e i t s h e w
s h o w thi s p ar t o f A r ca c a e to b e p eo p e d th e fi m
an d e p a n s l by m xli
il
w h y w e n d o n t h e N es , i n K o r d o an , D ar u r an d B o r h o , p u r e Ar a an
,
f f g
oo d
bi bl
gi y
.
3
M as d i , I I , 3 8 3 ( C h
H e r e a a n th e o l d C o p t s s to r t o I b n T l n i s
big bi f ll w
.
e n q u o t e d T h e A r a c i s as o o s :
.
M 1
3 5
C
j l l 9 4 3 Q ue i .e l 83 h 1 13 5 )
T h ese K u n n a ar e n o d o u t Ib n S e i s K e r sa b lm
or K e r n in a , fo r wh m o s ee
p 171
. . y
D e M e n ar d an d d e C o u r te i l le r o n t r an s w gly l ate qu
o n no mm e
M as di , I I I , 5 1 ; M akr i z i , K heta t, I I , 6 9 7 , 6 9 8
5
M akr i z i , l oc ci t p 5 7 4 ; Ab u Slih, p 2 6 7
. . . . .
II 2 . . XX VI . AND T HE IN VA S I O N O F D O NG O L A 1 69
w h o c ap tu r e d Ib r im e x e cu te d a n u mb er O f N b i an s an d l e d b ack
, ,
o th er s to E yp t as sl av e s
g .
s u cc essi o n to th e K h alifat e w as in h er e n t in th e d e sc e n d an ts o f t h e
in tr iu mp h an d in th e s am e y ear C ai r o w as fo u n ded
2
,
.
S y r i a r e c o gniz e d it 3
.
b u t i t w as u nsu cc e ssfu l 4
.
t h e N bi ans t o th e s o u th o f th e m b u t n o r th o f th e s e c o n d c atarac t , ,
i e F aras
. .
7
Ib r im and el D err , I t was u n d er th e c o n tr o l o f a
p o wer fu l Oi cial kn o wn as th e L o r d o f th e M ou n tain the r ep r e ,
1
T h e S h i a d o ctr n e h ad
e e n i n t r o d u ce d i n to A r c a i n 8 9 3 b
A du l a l i fi by b l
i
S h i , an d h ad e e n at o n c e ad o p t e d b th e r e at B er e r t r e o f K et a a ro by g b ib m F m
m i ly m g b b ib f m
.
th e it s p r e ad r ap d a on t h e o th e r B er er Ar a tr es w h o or e d th e p o p u -
i fi w
l at o n o f n o r t h A r c a e st o f E gy p t ( L an e o o e , Hist C h I V ) -
P l
P l f i l g ly m
. . .
2
L an e o o e , l oc ci t p p 9 0, 9 8
-
Hi s o r c e c o n s st e d ar e o f K e ta a an d
b ib l i k lv
. . . .
o th e r B e r e r t r es I t a s o c o n t a n e d G ree s , S a s , e tc ( M ak r i z i , l o c ci t I ,
P l
. . . .
3
L an e o o e , l oc ci t p 1 04
-
. . . .
4
I bi d p 1 05 . . .
5
Q u atr em er e , I I , 3
v y l g g y mi il d d i i m y
.
3
Hi s e o r ap h is not er c e ar an d I o t d et a e s c u s s o n o f th e an
poi h n ts t i
at ar se
G if h i i l i
.
A h R p N bi
7
rc . e . u a, 1 9 1 0, r t , p . 1 9 . T he s te s a s o t h at o f t h e an c e n t
P kh
a r as
T hi m f i ly i m i w m
.
3
s se e s a a r c e rt a n e e n d at o n fo r th e Ad a o f so e
x
te ts
1 70 T HE P RO GRES S THR O U G H EGYPT 11 2 . . XX VI .
M ar is o r N b ia p r o p er an d M uku r r a (M uhur r a p r op er
, ,
B ey o n d
th is p o in t l ay tw o d is tr ic t s kn o wn r e sp e c ti v e l y as B ak n an d S afad
B akl [ S afdikal P) S an d ikal ( P) S afd ab kal ,
T h e l atter ex ten d e d ,
T h e ter r i to r y o f D o ng o l a ex te n d e d n o fu r th er s o u th th an e l Abw ab
( Kab u sh ia) wh ic h w as th e n o r th er nm o s t d is tr ict o f th e king d o m
,
of A l oa 5 an d w as r u l e d by a vass al m ek kn o wn b y th e t it l e o f
1
T h at 1 3 , ap p ar e n t , th e n ly
o f M uk u r r a , o f ki g i i gl
h ch d str c t D o n o a w as th e wi
i l
c ap ta Yak t m i
e n t o n s ( s ee A b u S lih , p 2 6 1 , n o te) th at t h eki g n ll
o f N b ia c a e d
lf g
. .
Ki n o f M uku r r a an d N b a ( si c)
hi m se
k i w wi
.
2
S o B o u r i an t B u r c h ar d t n o te s ( p I n d t h s o rd r t te n
f i w gl m
.
Y o n so , B e n so , N o so P
e r h ap s M o s h o , t h e ro n t er t o n o f D on o a, is e an t
mil bi b k b
.
y
.
T he 36 es ar e i n t h e A r a c 3 ar i d B u r c h ar d t s a s a ar i d is 1 2
ml
.
i es
g lly k wi by l m m lf
.
3
M uku r r a i s en er a s p o e n o f in a d er s e n se ( e g Ib n S e i hi s e
g l i gm f lim k
. .
t h r ee p a e s at er ) as s t r e t c h n u c h ar th er n o rt h , an d o n p 5 49 I b n S e sp ea s
F i l i l
.
o f N e g r as h ( ar as ) as c ap t a o f M ar i s an d o n p 5 5 4 as c ap ta o f M u ku r r a M ar i s
i i i i f m
. .
an d N b i a p r o p e r ar e d e n t e d as d s t n ct r o M uku rr a ( p p 5 5 1 , 5 P re
m ly m m im li i
.
s u m ab l y M ar i s w as er e a na e so et es ap p e d t o th at n o r th e r n p o r t o n o f
wi
M uku r r a h c h w as n h a te d i bi b y i i
a d s t n c t t yp e o f E gy i iz i i
p t an e d E th o p an T h e
il lm w k bv i w i i
.
t t e o f I bn S e i o r d M ar s i s C o p t c
s or ( q v a o e ) s u p p o rt s t h s T h e
m m ly l k f m
. . .
an d ean s t h e S o u th , i e th e o st n o r th e r n p art o f N b i a , o o e d at r o th e
i gy
. .
pt
w g k w y x f m k
. .
Am li n e au , o n h at r o u n d s I d o n o t n o , s a s M uku r r a e t en d e d r o K o ro s o
4
i
to th e an c e n t N ap at a ( Ab u S l i h , p 2 6 1 , n ote) : s e e n o t e 5 , blw e o . .
S e e B u r ckh ar d t , p p 4 9 6 , 5 2 3
b y m bly j
. .
o f M u ku r r a w as p r e s u
5
If s o th e s o u t h e r n o u n d ar a u s t n o r th o f
K ab u s hi a, i e thi n a few wi mil i
e s o f th e an c en t M e r o e b l ly i
I t i s n o t a so u te c e r ta n
f m x w i f iy
. . .
lm
Se i k
B u r c h ar d t as s u e s t h e att e r
. m l .
1 72 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT XX VI .
e t s en
len d emain matin tou t l encl os est en semen c et la b 1ere a
va . Le
d an s u n en d ro it av e c d e l a bire et l o n se re ti r e ; qu an d o n r e vi ent o n
,
main tout l e ch amp gen s du p ays ttr ibu en t cel a aux gnies ; a
p i e r res l e s g n i es ales
,
n u ages m eme l eu r o bi ren t .
to u t cc q u e l eu r p l ai t : arb re o n animal 1
.
A d e sc r ip t i o n o f th e no m d B E GA
a an d t h e i c u ntry fo ll o ws
r o
2
.
th at th ey w er e by n o w d ivi d e d in to a n u mb er o f i nd e p e n d e n t t r ib e s
an d n o l o ng er ackn o wl e d g e d th e ru l e o f a singl e s u p re m e s h eik h as
th e i r way s migh t we ll h av e b ee n w r i tt e n at th e p r e s e nt d ay o f th ei r
d e sc en d an ts .
o r fail u re .
th e i r d e p e n d e nc e : Ab u R ak wa wi th a fo r ce o f K ETAMA an d B EN I
,
1
T r an s B o u r i an t ( p 5. C p Q u atr e m er e , I I , 2 5
. . .
2
I bi d p p 5 6 1 5 7 1
i vl m ili y m XXX
. . .
3
F o r t h e an c e n t p r e a en ce o f t h e atr n e ar s s te s e e n o te to p ar a III
i
.
o f th s c h ap t er
P l bv
.
4
L an e o o e , p 1 2 8 C p p 1 49 , a o e
-
. . . . .
11 2 X X V1 1 1
. . . AND T HE IN VA SI O N O F D O N G O LA 1 73
w as R a p h a e l 1
b u t w as c ap tu r e d at th e m o n as ter y o f S t S i nu thiu s in
,
1 006 t ak e n to C ai ro an d imp al e d
2
.
, ,
an d in 1 02 1 Ha ki m w as mu r d er ed 3
.
el Z ah i r w as e qu all y s o .
an d K E TA M A B e r b er s to th e we s t O ffer e d n o m o r e th an a n o min al
all e gi anc e : th ey fr e qu e ntly gav e l e ss
4
.
p o ss essi o n 3
.
[ T u r ks an d P er si ans
] p u r c h as e d sl av e s , B e d aw i s of ,
th e Heg a z ,
bl ack and wh i te sl ave atten dants an d ch amb er l ai ns ]
ig l
A cco r d n to Ab u Sai h ( p 2 6 5 ) R ap h ae n t ro d u ce d n to N b i a a n ew s ty e
1
li i l
i ig g l l f y wi v l m b il
.
o f ar c h t e c tu r e T h e K n s h o u s e [ at D o n o a] i s o t ,
th se e r a d o es u t
bik mbl b il i g i vly i
.
o f r ed r c , an d r e s e u d n s i n AI I r ak ; an d t h s n o e t
es th e w as n t r o
d u ce d by l g
R ap h ae w h o w as K i n o f N b i a in t h e e ar 3 9 2 o f th e Ar a s
y b
l Fi
.
2
S e e Ab u S lih , p p 2 6 2 , 2 6 5 : a so Ab u el d a, A nna l es , I I , 6 1 6 , th e r e q u o te d
P l P l
. .
3
L an e o o e , p 1 3 4
-
L an e o o e , H is t p p 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 -
P l
. . . . .
5 3
L an e o o e , p 1 3 8
-
S ee p 1 46
P l P l
. . . .
7
S ee L an e o o e , p p 1 3 9 1 4 2
- 3
L an e o o e , H is t p p 1 4 5 1 49 -
bvi ly m li ly i ib ig i i
. . . . .
3
It is o ou s o st u n k e th at N b i a p a d an y t r u te d u r n th s p e r o d
b i v
.
ai d o f Arab an d A r m e ni an tr o o ps fro m S y r i a th e K h al i fa m an ag e d t o
r e s to r e o r d e r s u b du ed th e r eb e lli o u s B er b er s in the D el ta an d r e
,
year s o f p r o sp er i ty fo llo we d .
th e Egyp ti ans an d d o n o t c o nc er n u s h er e .
e nt i tl e d t o m o r e c o nsi d erati o n th an th ey h ad th e p o w er to e x to r t .
S u ltan [ S l adi n] pro ceede d to Alex and ri a fo r the fo llo wing reaso n
T he a
f m ro th e ki gn of N b ia o n acco u n t o f th e e x i act o n s f m wh i h
ro c he fer ed at
s uf
th e v m
h an d s o f t h e G o e r n en t an d o f t h e L u ata (A b u , p
Salih
i y il v
.
I n th e p at r ar c h at e o f C r ( 1 07 8 1 09 2 ( si c) , s e e E e tts , ap Ab u S l ih , p
l i lm ki g bi l lif
. .
3
w e ar e t o d , d e d S o o o n , a n o f N b i a w h o a d c ate d i n o r d e r t o e ad a e
iim
o f as ce t c s an d w as r o u h t t o C a r o an d r e ceb g i
e d th e r e th h o no u r an d iv wi lly na
b i m
u r e d at t h e o n as te r o f e l K h an d a y
in t h e su u r s o f C a r o (Ab u S lih , p p k b b i . 2 7 0,
Th m 1
e o s t s er o u si l f f w
o ss o h d i di
t hiligs re n o te r r o r as t e e s tr u c t o n o r s p e r sa
f h Kh l f i l lib y f b k ( L P l
o t e a i a s p r ce e ss r ar o oo s se e an e -
oo e, p
S l di w h y l d S l i E gy H w v b h h
.
2
a a n as t e b r st m an t o e st e u t an n pt o e er , ot e
ll l h y l d h m lv ly M lik
.
and hi d s so n s an co d d hi
at e r a s w o s u cce e e m st e t e se es on a
h i i g gh lli g h m lv S l i h i b ild i g i i i
on t e r co n a e, h t ou ca n t e se es u tan n t e r u n n s cr pt on
and b i g mm e n co on ly k w h (L no P l Q R A il
n as s u c an e -
oo e, u ar t ev pr
l d f m F h)
. . .
,
3
K i ta b el S e u l k ( d Bl h ) 6 (
e 5 . oc et , pp . 1 0 ,
1 0 t r an s ate ro r en c .
1 7 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HR OU G H EGYPT .
II 2 . . XXX I .
appro ac h w er e p u r s u e d by S h ag aa e l D in an d K anz e l D o wl a t h e
, ,
T h e s e c o n d exp e d i ti o n to o k pl ac e d u r ing th e s am e ye ar ( 1 1 72
2
an d w as l e d by S al ad in s e l d er b r o th er T r n S h a Ib r im was
3
h 4
.
to A b u S h
ali t h e bis h o p to r tu r e d a n d 70 0 pigs sl a g t
u h er e d
5
, .
T r an S h ah w e nt n o fu r th er th an Ib r im O n his re tu r n j ou r n ey 3 .
r e p o rt e d th e c o u n tr y as
s tan d n o w or d o f w h at I s ai d an d h e o r d e r e d o n e o f h is m en to m ar k o n ,
were n o bu il d ings at D o ngo l a ex cep ting the p alace o f the kin g T he r est .
1
So m e i f w giv i h l h
ac c o un t Th m K z
o f th s i ch e as en n t e as t c ap t er . e na e an
e l D wl w o vi d ly h d i y i l
a as e 8 7 Ib B (V l
en t 3 6) a er e t ar t t e : see p 1 n at ta o IV , p 9
k f Ib K z l D i K z l D wl b mi g M h mm d
. . . .
sp e a s o n an e in , e an e o a, as e co n a u a a an
ig f l N a i h gh h N b i w ill C h i i b bl y
. .
i
n t h e re n o e H s r, t ou t e an s er e st r s t an s . e p ro a
f il d
a e liz h K z l D wl w
to r ea e tN bi hi
at lf an c o a as n o t a p ur e an m se
vi g
.
2
S 5e e n o te on p re ous pa e
E 1 M lik l M zz m S h m l D wl T a S hah d F kh
.
3
I
. e. e e u a a a s e o a r n , su r n am e a r
e l Di n
O f I b im hi i Ab Slih y ( h l d f N bi i
.
4
r at I t s t h m e u sa s p n t e an o a s t e
i y f I b i m h id i l l h i h bi
.
c t o r f h L d f h M t e res f e n ce o t e or o t e o un ta n a t e n a tan ts o
whi h c f h ar e o vi f M i i l d wi h i w ll H h i
,
t e p ro n ce o ar i s ; t s en c o s e t n a
,
a ere t er e s a
l g d b i f l h h ly l d d m d f O L d y h P
.
ar e an eau t u c u rc , ne p ann e an na e a te r ur a t e ur e
V i gi M y A b v i hi gh d m whi h i hi gh
, ,
r n h
ar i o e t t er e s a o e, up on c r ses a cr o s s .
I b m i will b m mb d w h i P imi F h L d f h
.
ri t e re e er e as t e an c e n t r s. or t e or o t e
M i
o u n ta n
,
6
s ee p 1 9
,
Salih ( p 6 7) l m i h l g iy f
. .
5
Ab u f 2 a so en t o n s t e cap t ur e o a ar e q u an t t o co tt o n
I b im i w k ld h A d i g Ib K h ld T a
.
at r : K t d as ta en to s an so t er e . cc o r n to n a n , r n
S h ah i lly h i g x
g o t p r act l v f m h xp d i i h b i g v
ca not n e c ep t s a es ro t e e e t on , t er e e n e en
a s h g f
o rt a e o c o rn .
w as c ap tu r e d an d p u t to d eath 1
.
T h e b e s t kn o wn pl ac e n am e s in N b ia w er e s till as in el Mas di s
- -
d ay M ar is Muku r ra D o ngo l a an d Al o a
.
, , , ,
o f J au sa r w h o w o re th e tu r b an an d th e tw o h o r ns an d th e g o l d e n
,
at o nc e s u gg e s t th e ta i a r tw o h o r n e d ca F king
h
5
o p o f t h e U N G ,
-
an d h is M ang il s ; an d th e g o l d e n b r ac e l e t h as s u r e ly s u r viv e d in
an d c er tainly n u m er o u s m o n as ter i e s an d c h u r c h e s .
1
M akri z i K i t
S el uk , p p 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 ; K heta t, I I , 5 7 4 ; B u r c h ar d t , N ub i a ,
el
k
v f ll w
.
, .
p 5 1 8 ; an d I b n K h al d n ( e d ar V o l 5 , p 2 8 9 , Bk I I ) I h a e o o e d M akri z i s
v i vl z ib wl y
. . . . . . .
I b n K h ald n att r u t e s t h e r e o t to K an el D o
er s o n a s an n o an ce at
i l by l i l w b i g ll m
.
c ert a n an d s n e ar A s an e n a o tt e d S a ad n to o n e o f h i s a i r s H e a so
i i iv x i i l
.
d ffe r s as to th e n am e o f t h e e ad er o f th e p u n t e e p e d t o n
P l
.
2
L an e o o e , p 2 1 2 -
m i vl b
. .
3
M akr i z i (K i t el S eluk , p 46 4) en t o n s a r e o t o f Ar a s in th e S a i d in
.
.
1 2
4 0 1
by E v d B l
.
S A b S lih
4
6 A b S l ih
d
ee u pp 2 0 et seq an n o te s e tts an u t er u a s
w kw m d b x (E v )
. . .
or 8 as c o p o se a o ut 1 20 A D : see p e tt s
P I I I b Abd llab S l P I C h XV f w h
. . . .
5
S ee art b su u ee a so ar t ap 1 II , or at m ay e
Him y i ll l
. .
, , ,
a ar te p ar a e S V l b .
3
o an s e .
M 0 5 0 I .
1 78 T HE PRO GRES S T HRO U GH EGYPT XXX I II .
o f th e bl e ss e d Nil e and i t c o n tains m any c hu r c h e s an d wi d e s tr e ets
2
, .
ki n g s o wn so n su ccee d s
.
th e N bian s 3
.
1
S e e D 7 , I , n o te . Y ak t c a s i t D um ku l a
2
ll
3
y
S e e th e c as e o f th e G u h a n a i n t h e as t c h ap t e r T h e m ili l y m atr n e ar s s te
i bl b b mi k ly
.
w as q u te u n d e r s t an d a e to th e A r a s Ro e rt so n S t h sp e a s o f t h e e ar
iv l v l m i bi b i g ly lly
.
an d u n e r sa p re a en c e o f o t h e r k n s hi p in A r a a as e n on g r ad u a
-
s u p er se d e d by l ki i
p at e r n a n sh p , ik
an d t h n s bg
fml
t h e o l d A ra ro up s o f e a e
ki i w
n sh p igi lly m ib
e re o r na to te tr es
( K i ns h ip a n d M a r r i a e
g , pp 2 7 3 3 an d
i x m ly i ig
.
T h e p r act ce i s e tr e e an c e n t S e e B r e as te d , His t p 8 4 , r e th e O ld K n
g l li i i g l g
. . .
d Om i n E yp t : t h e n atu r a n e o f n h e r tan c e w as th r o u h t h e e d e s t d au h te r
l i
c o s e st t e s o f bl w oo d g
e r e th r o u h th e an d i bid p 1 41 , re
i l ig m m m
. .
t h e M dd e K n d o C o p a r e , t o o , t h e c as e o f T h u t o s e ( T h o thm e s) I o f
ig y y w y iby y y
.
t h e e h t e e n th d n ast an d o f O so r k o n I o f t h e t en t s e co n d ( L -
an ) d n ast in
E gy p t ( B re aste d , H is t p p 2 08 , m y m li m g
T h e s a e s s te g
ap p e d a on th e B e a
k l b by
. .
( M akri z i , K h eta t, I I , 5 6 1 ; B u r c h ar d t , p I t i s a s o r e co r d e d a o u t 1 3 5 3
xi i g m g b i y b
.
Ib n B at ta as e st n a o n th e B er e r p r n c e s o f th e co u n tr r o u n d A s e n ( Ai r ) ;
s e e B ar th , I , 3 3 8 , 3 4 0, 3 4 1 , an d C o o e ly m l
( p 4 0) fo r th e s a e i n G h an a , W a ata an d
li b ib w y m bvi
.
b w y y wi
.
c o u r s e as d i d t h e A ra s h e n t h e e n te r e d N b i a B ar t h s a s , t h r e sp e c t t o
m i y w f m f
.
p a r t s o f N e g ro l a n d blu t a so i i l
n I n d a a t lbe as t i n M a a a r
i t m ay b e s u p p o se d
v b l g igi lly b y mig l v
, , ,
to h a e e o n ed o r na to t h e B e r e r th e h t a s o h a e ad o p te d
f m
i t ro ib
th o s e t r i bj
e s ( n o w th e r s u mg
e c ts th e I y
h ad ) w h o c o n q u e r e d t h e co u n t r
f m bl k
ro th e ac l
C p a so B ar th , I I , p 2 7 3 ( q u o t e d o n p 9 2 , n o te) W e
i m m m g bb v g i
. . . .
s e e an n s t an ce o f t h e s a e c u sto a on t h e K a a i s h s e en e n e r at o n s ag o
f mily l w l ib
.
K e r adim , w h o w as t h e r s t o f t h e N r ab a t o ru e t h e h o e tr e , w as th e
i b i w
s st e r s s o n an d s u c c e s so r o f K u r an o f t h e Ri b ay kat s e c t o n ,
vi l y hi c h h ad p r e o u s
l
h e d th e S h e ik h s h ip ( se e M ac M i c h ae l , p
m ill v g bl b
.
T h e c u s to i s st P
i n o u e at G e e M i d o ( N E D ar f r ) se e ar t I , C h ap 4 ,
ill z
. . .
f f m gm m g
.
1 9 1 0 t h at h i s at h er w as a Z ag ha wi ro Ka ar an d h i s o th e r th e d au h te r o f
a l l
o ca
m ek ,
m
t h at th e o th e r o f T i b ay n , t h e
m ek
of Um D u r rag , w as th e
g vi
d au h te r o f a p r e o u s m ek b u t hi s ath e r o n f ly yl
o n e o f t h e A s ad ab ( n o n r o a ) -
i
s e c t o n at th e s a m ill e h w ll k w
an d t h at th e e no -
i g l bi
n Ab d e l H ad w h o , th o u h a D o a
f i ,
l z
( D oali b ) o n hi s ath e r s s d e , ru e d th e N b a o f e l Har a a, d i d s o
b y vi rtu e o f
f
t h e ac t t h at h i s m o th er was a N ub a yl k
wi a o f th e ro a s to c .
1 80 T HE PR O GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT XXX VII .
an d re p eated ly
i d ed Egyp ti an ter r i tory in th e ne ighb ou r ho o d o f
ra
d eath .
ig h t .
s e lf h o wever evaded c ap tu re
,
5
S h ek en d a w as c r o wn e d king o n
, .
1
S ee M akri z i B u r c h ar d t , p 5 1 4 B o u r i an t r te s 6 9 4
K h eta t
II , k 5 86 , an d wi
by ly v J J
. .
, ,
e r r o r fo r b u t c o r r e ct co n e rts t h e d ate t o un e , 1 2 7 5 u n e , 1 2 7 6
P l giv i i ill g
.
L an e o o e ( Hist p 2 7 1 )
-
e s t h e d ate o f t h s affa r as 1 2 7 2 3
I f D a d p a e d
y m v b lli wi g ib
. . .
Ai dh ab , h e th t h e B e a t r
t h e co u n t r r o un d u st h a e e en i n a an ce es
i b w
w h o n t e r p o s e d e t e e n t h e N e an d t h e R e d S e a co as t il
ll i giv
.
2
B o u r ian t c a s h im
S k an d ah ; t h e M S H s t Kal an
es M e s chk e d e t
k giv i
. .
( Q u atr e m er e , I I , 1 1 1 , B u r c h ar d t es S h ek e n d y an d n o te s I n d th s
na m wi
e r tt e n i n my
M S S S h ek en d e , S ek eb d e , T en ek d e , S ek en d e ( ii -RS 3m
.
Ii ) N bi 5 5 8 I b K h ld
: see ( d V l 5 u Bk )a, pp . 1 4, 2 . n a n e . ar . o .
, p .
4 00, . 11
giv M hk i (M
es
f im
ar t as d M i T hki l ( M
n
U ) o ur t es , an
n as
t e
o n ce b bly b y mi i I b Kh l d
-
p ro a l m k M hki sp r n t . n a n
s ac co u n t a so a es
ar t as n
t h l i d f h w f D a d i i l d il d h h f M k i i d
e unc e n s te a o n ep e o : t s e ss et a e t an t at o a r z an
h m i di i will b m i d
,
t e a n sc r e p an c e s e en t o n e .
B 3
kh d K ll Ad d ( 5 ) J l
urc ar t, f
S 69
a et o
. or ee p . 1 ,
no te .
M ki i
4
m h h N bi w m d m l d l h d
a r z
s s tat e en t t at t es e an s er e o un te on ca e s an c ot e
i l g bl k i ( B kh d bl k d k d k ) gg h h y w l g ly
n on ac t u n cs urc ar t, ac e a e su e s ts t at t e er e ar e
N bi i d A b (B i K z )
an z e mi bi iz d B g lli Of h m I
ra s en an P or se -
ar a c e e a a es t e sa e t
will b m mb d h h B i K z w h h d m lg m d wi h h N b i
.
e re e ere t at t e en an o a a a a at e t t e an s ,
w er e igi lly b h f R b h ib wh i h h d m lg m d wi h h
or na a r an c o a i
a, t
,
e tr e c a a a a ate t t e
B g d h m i f Aidh ab i ig i Bl k w A bb i d l
h
e a ; an t e en t o n o s s n can t ac as t e as co o u r ,
w igi lly ig f m i g f l H A bl k b i w
.
o rn o r na as a s h n o o u rn n or e as an ac ro e s o r n at t e
by h gh U E gy d b y h B ab Ab ab d
.
h
p r ese n t d ay t e m en t ro u o ut p p er pt an t e ar r a, a , e tc
i L w d li f h
.
,
n N bi
o I er ha ts u s e ec nes u rt er so u t
y D a d d l Abwab (i K b hi ) b w
. .
5
I b K h ld (l i )
n a n oc . c t sa s e to e e. a s a ut as
iz d by h M k f h d i i d h w hi
. .
se e t e p i e B b wh
o t at s t r ct an sen t a r s o n e r to ay ar s , o t re m
i nto ad g d l f hi un di h
eo n an e t m to e t er e .
11 2. . XXX V 1 11 . AND T HE IN VASI O N O F D O NG O L A 1 81
ar y p r o p o rt i o n o f th e d ate s c o tto n an d o th er p r o d u c e S u c h o f th e
4
.
,
1
T he b akt i s s p o e n o f as lv k
4 00 s a es an d a gi wi
r affe , o f lv
h ch 3 6 0 s a e s
w lf
e r e fo r t h e K h a i a an d 4 0 fo r t h e li lf l
e u t e n an t o f t h e K h a i a [ i e th e S u tan ] i n
x g b w k g b yl l
. .
e ch an e fo r 1 000 ar d e s o f h e at fo r t h e i n an d 3 00 ar d e s fo r t h e r o a d e e
g at e s
m m
C o p ar e t h e t er s q u o t e d o n p 1 5 8
k ml g
. . .
B u r c h ar d t ( p e s of o o d r ac e
2
ca
k ly b g ly
. .
N b ia
I t i s s p o e n o f as n e ar o n e q u ar t e r o f N b i a , e in
3 ap p ar en t
u s e d i n th e s en se o f M ari s o r N b i a p ro p er
l P l k lv
.
4
S o I in ter p r et t h e c au s e L an e o o e sp ea s o f ( 1 ) t h e -
h akt o f s a e s ,
ib l gi f ggm
.
( 2 ) t h e tr u t e o f e e p h an t s , r a fe s , e t c , an d ( 3 ) o f an e n a e en t t o p ay
lf v
h a th e r e e n u e o f t h e ki g mn do ii
i n ad d t o n imil ly S ar k B u r c h ar d t ( p m
l i ig ly i i i b l l
. .
,
h i s tr an s at o n , r h t d st n g u s h e s e t we e n th e b akt an d th e ann u a p e r so n a
tr ib u te
im l
o f an i
a s , an d co n t n u e s il
an d t h at th e s o b l
o f N o u a sh o u d th en c e
f w
or ar d b e d ivi lf l
d ed i n t o t wo p art s ; o n e h a fo r t h e S u t an , an d t h e o t h e r to b e
i f ilizi g g i g
ap p r o p r ate d to t h e e rt n an d u ar d n y x i g
o f t h e c o u n t r ; e ce p t n i y
th e t e r r t o r
o f t h e c at ar ac t s , w hi ch w as t o b l g i ly
e on en t re l
t o t h e S u tan , o n acco u n t o f i t s
vi i i y
c n t i l b f
t o A sso u an : th s a o n e w as a o u t o n e o u r th o f N o u a b F ar t h er , t h at th e
-
i w ll i m y i l
.
d at e s an d th e co tto n o f th s p ar t , as e as t h e an c e n t c u s to ar d u t e s , sh o u d
l g y l m i i
b e c ar ri e d o ff , an d th at as o n as th e s h o u d r e ain C h r s t an s , th e s h o u d p ay y l
l i
t h e D jez y e , o r ann u a O m D n ar i n cash , fo r e e r v yg w ro n u p p e r so n -
l ff i bly b y l i g bli i
.
B o u ri an t a t er s t h e e e c t c o n s d e r a t r an s at n I l fu t t a q u e l e t er r
i i g
t o r e d e l a N u b i e s e r a t p art a e n d e u x l i l l
p art s , u n e d e st n e au S u t an e t au t r e
v
r s er e p o u r l e n t r e ti e n e t l a g y i i
ar d e d u p a s ; l e d s t r c t d e s c at ar ac te s ,vii o s n im
m i f m i
d at d As s o u an e t o r an t a p e u p r es l e q uar t d e l a N u b i e , s e r a t t o u t e n t e r l a
i
i v i v
p r o p r t d u S ul tan q u i r e c e r a t l e s d at te s , l e co to n e t l e s au t r e s r e d e an ce s q u e
yi i i i m l
p a a t l e d s t r ct d e p u s l e t e p s l e p u s an c e n i bi i
L e s h a t an t s r e s t an t c h r t e n s
f i i i mm l vi y
.
u r e n t s o um s a l a c ap t at o n ; c h aq u e h o e ad u t e d e a t p a e r p ar an n e u n
i g
m
d n ar d ar en t c o p t an t
m iv bl
I t se e s t o m e in c o n ce a e t h at t h e ki g n o f N b ia
l v b x b ib lf v
.
sh ou d h a e e e n e p e c t e d t o p ay ( 1 ) aht an d ( 2 ) t r u t e an d ( 3 ) h a h i s r e e n u es
l
an d a s o ( 4) t o giv y
e up a q u ar t e r o f t h e co u n tr , an d I v gg
e n t u r e to s u e s t th e i n te r
p r e t at i o nff o e r ed I b n K h a ld
. n ( V
V o l p 4 00 e d ar B k I k
I ) s p ea s o f ll an a o tt e d
ib i i gif y bl y ly g l
. . .
, , . .
tr u te an d c e rt a n d e n t e ts p a a e e ar ,
an d t h e s t r o n h o d s
( u j aa h ) n e ar
A was n to h S l
p as s t o t (o w e M B
u t an
Q y H y h i g f h lf .
e sa s not n o a
t h e re v f N bi b i g
en u e o k by E gy
a e n t a en pt
i di i i M k i iv h h S l w
.
5
i
Th er e s no n c at o n n a ri z s n ar r at e t at t e u t an s t r o o p s en t
m h h
ore t an f d y m h h f H lf L P l (Hi
t re e o r our a s
ar c so u t 7 )
o a a an e -
oo e st. p 2 1
y h f gl w k
. .
sa s t ef D w [Do r ts o P] S d D
a er r ,
s an on o a ere t a en .
1 82 T HE PRO GRESS THRO U G H EGYPT XXX X I .
d y n as ty c o nve y e d i t to th e G o d K h nu m an d ab ou t s eventee n h u n
1
,
Hi er asyc o m i n os ; an d in th e P to l emaic an d Ro m an p er i o d s i t w as
kno wn as th e D o d ekasch o in o s ( th e e l d O f twe lve
an d
c nsi d ed
o e r a d p en d e ncy o f Egyp t
e
3
Th ere is n o trac e th er e o f .
t o o t h at i t fo r m e d r o u gh ly sp eaking
, , th e b o u n d ar y o f th e p o p u l ati o n ,
K an z o th e p re s e nt
f 5
.
1
B r easte d , A R I , 2 4 . . .
2
I bi d I V , 1 4 6 1 5 0
il
. .
3
I bi d l oc ci t , an d M n e , p 2 3 , an d A b u S l ih , p 2 6 0
g
. . . . . .
r o u p ( N o b ad ae P) A r ch S ur v N ubi a B ull 7 , 1 9 1 1
4
O th e r th an th e X -
l w
. . . . .
5
S e e G r ii th , N u bi a n p 58 S e e a s o C ailli au d , I , 3 9 4 , h e r e Ku b b an
wi l m i b y
. .
( h c h i s c o s e to M uh ar r ak a) i s e n t o n e d in 1 8 2 1 as t h e s o u th er n o un d ar of
th e M ahas s .
1 84 T HE PRO GRESS THROU G H EGY P T II 2 X LI
. . .
l
a r ead y .
c ap tu r ed .
t o p ay t r ib u te .
w as o nl y m et wi th w h e n th e ter r i to r i e s o f G u r ays h ad b ee n l e ft
b eh in d b ut wh en D o ngo l a was r each e d it was fo u n d that S h arn am u n
,
j o u r n ey o f K ab u s hia .
T h e Ar abs l o s t n o tim e in p u rs u i t an d S h am am n d e s er te d by , ,
h is ad h er e n ts r e ti re d to th e c api tal o f Ad o r
,
.
F m Ab Slih ( 6 6
1
ro d b v ) w g h h
u h L d f h M p 2 q u o te a o e e at er t at t e or o t e oun
i liv d I b m d h h l h b l g d h vi f M i
.
,
ta n e at ri an t at t e p eo p e t ere e on e to t e p ro n ce o ar s .
S ki g h w v f M k ( 6 ) Ab Salih m i
p ea n o e A i y ll d h
er , o u u rra p 2 2 u en t o n s c t ca e t e
i y f B ka T h i i l g d h d m i y f ll f l d f ll
.
,
c t o au s a s s a ar e an an so e c t u o p eo p e an o a c om
i g m y h h H dw l h L d f h M i
.
,
m o di i d
t e s , an p o sse s s n an c urc es er e e t t e or o t e o un t a n ,
wh y w by G g fZ h i l H i h m y
.
o se e es I
ere p ut out eo r e , son o ac ar as s r ae ere s t e o n as te r
fS i w h i g ld mi
.
o a nt h t e to n t ere s a o ne
P m bly hi i
.
78
2
re s u a s s st e r s s o n ; se e p 1
i d f h w f D a d giv D a d h
. .
f M
Ib
3
K h ld n a n n s te a o n ep e o es t e so n o ar
tas hk b h (l
in
s ro t er
oc .
1 1 2. X L 11
. . AND T HE IN VASI O N O F D O NG O L A 1 85
tr ou bl e
s blish ed h ims elf in h is o ld p o si ti o n He als o p u t to
re e ta -
.
, ,
p r is o n in Egypt .
1 2 7 6 w as th e a m i r s e n t to c ar r y o u t th e inv es ti tu re
.
,
e v e r y m e ans t o ej e c t th e in tr ud er s an d th at if h e s u cc ee d e d al l th e ,
an d a l ar g e s u ppl y o f c o r n 3
I b n K h ald n , D a d ( l o c
1
.
2
S e e H is t Ka laun , ap Q u atr em re
if l i
. . .
3
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , Tri bes of N a nd C K or d ofa n , p p 8 7 if T h e d fi c u t e s
w wi v ig w
. . . .
of at e r t r an s p o rt h ch p r e e n t e d th e t ro o p s p u rs u n h im s h e th at h e e d
il
n an d r o f m iv v
t h e r e r T h e p r e al e n ce o f o ca t r ad t o n s to t h e e ffe ct th at e l Har a a l l ii z
g l g y k fg
.
w as a s t r o n h o d o f th e An a s u p p o r t th e th eo r th at i t w as t h ere An y t o o r e u e
l
.
S ee H i s t Ka l a un , l oc ci t
4
I z z el D i n , o n h is r et u r n , r e p o r t e d r e s u t s t o El
lik f l w f ll m lik f l
. . .
Me e l A sh r a T h e atte r , h o s e u n a e w as E l M e e l As h r a Sa a h el D i n
lil P l
.
K h a , w as Kal au
n s s o n an d s u c c e s s o r ( L an e oo e, p -
mi g v ll f i ly i w l bi g w
.
5
As s u n h e tr a e ed a r h ar d th s ou d r n hi m to K ab s h i a, h i ch
w as n o r a m lly v
as w e h a e ate s ee n , 1 8 d a s
o u rn e l ly
(i e 3 6 y j y
ar c h es) ro m f m
gl
.
, .
D on o a
f
.
3
T h e H is tor y of Ka l a un c arr ies u s n o u rth er
.
1 86 T HE PRO GRESS T HROU GH EGYPT 11 2 X L111
. . .
0 00 h o r s es an d c am els fo r m e d th e sp o il
4 , .
In 1 3 1 1 th e t rib u t w as p i d by K er en b es th e l ast C hr is ti an
e a
5
,
fo r b o th in 1 3 1 5 an d 1 3 1 6 tro o ps h ad to b e s e nt to D o ng o l a T h e .
an d hi s b r o th e r Ab raa m a n d t h e i r r e m o v a l t o C i
a o r
3
.
.
, ,
1 -
P l
L an e o o e , His t p 3 00
l im m l ibb l
. . .
2
If h e c a e d n o t to b e a n o ad h e w as t o d to p r o n o u n ce th e S h o e th
da hi h, th e h o f hi ch th e E p t an w gy i w l
o u d p r o n o un c e as an a i n an d t h e B e d u i n
as a h ar d g .
3
I b n K h al d n ( e d ar V o l 5 , p 4 2 9 , B k 1 1 ) ca s him
. .
Ay ( Lg l ) an d sa s
. . ll y
k w w l
.
h e d o es n o t n o if h e w as S em am n s su c ce s so r o r h e th er an y o th e r r u e r
i n te rp o se d et b w
e e n th e r e n s o f t h e tw o ig
He d ates h is d e ath i n 1 3 1 6 , b u t i s
b bl y
.
p ro a i n e rro r
P
.
4
E l M akri z i , K i t el S el uk , ap Q u atr em er e ( I I , cp L an e o o l e , p 2 9 9 -
l mk
. . . . .
5
M akr i z i , l o c ci t I b n K h ald n cal s hi m ( loc ci t ) K e r b ay s an d a es
b w ll mi
. . . .
fl w g g
i n t h e o l o in p ar a r ap h s
gv b ll li y
.
I b n K h al d n ( l oc ci t ) i e s A d u a N as h H e s a s h e w as o n e o f th e
3
y l f mily ly l gy b v lm
. . .
N b i an r o a a w h o h ad l ate s e tt e d in E p t an d een co n e r t e d to I s a
w f ll w
.
.
e d t o t h e M ek o f
I b n K h ald n s acco u n t o f K e r b ay s
h at o o s i s t h at
el A bw b l
a an d th at th e S u t an r e q u e st e d th e M ek to h an d him o e r an d th at th e v
m li
M ek co p e d K e r en b e s u st h a e e e n s en t to E p t m v b gy b y
w ay o f t h e R e d S e a,
f b ll m g bl
.
vi a Ai d h ab , fo r a t er A d u a s
u r d e r , ac c o r din t o I b n K h ald n , t h e r e e s
e g
bw b ly l gy
. .
s en t to el A a fo r K e r en b es an d o n t h en ear n t t h at h e w as in E p t W h en
l m b m ki g
.
far fro m o ffer ing any r e sis tanc e g ave ever y facili ty to th e tr o o ps ; and ,
o u s te d by o n e o f h i s re l ativ e s an d e d to C ai r o fo r h e lp wh ich th e
T h e p o w er o f th e M am l k g o ve r nm e nt s o far u p th e r iver w as
alm o s t n e gligibl e an d th e st ate o f af fai r s u n d er th ei r r u l e in Egyp t
2
,
w as s u c h as t o o ffer e v e ry in d u c e m e nt t o th e n o m ad tr ib es to d ep ar t
t o d is tr ic t s wh ere th e y w e r e n o t s u bj e c ted t o any ali e n p o w er If an .
te r is tics o f th e p o p u l ati o n in th e n e ig h b o u r ho o d o f th e r st tw o
catar acts an d p er haps as far s o u th as D o ngo l a had b e co me su b
, ,
s tan ti al ly w h at th e y ar e t o d ay -
.
th e S u l tan o f S u akin wh ic h b e l o ng e d to th e B E GA w as a , ,
l angu ag e O th er s o f th e s e AW L AD K AH I L an d s o m e G UHAYN A
3
.
,
th e AW L AD K AH I L h ere m e n ti o n e d r ep re s e nt th e s am e p e o pl e w h o
app ear as K AW A K ah li o r Awl a d K ah il at th e p re s e n t
H LA (si ng .
d ay an d w h o c o n tain a s e c ti on o f th e AB AB D A 4
.
1
Q u at r em ere , I I , 1 24
b wa im gy
.
A 403 A s ce as e d
fo r a t e to b e u n d er E p t ( M akr i z i , K heta t
2
o ut 1 n
( ap Q u at r e m er e , l o c an d c p L an e o o e , His t p P l
I n th at e ar t h e S a i d
-
y
i f mi i
.
y
. . . .
w as p r e t o a d r e a n e an d i t i s s a d t h at d e at h s o ccu r r e d at K s,
at H o u ( M akr i z i , K heta t , I I ,
at e l S i t , an d .
b t; ( 3 35) LG 3l
3
I b n B at ta ( 1 1 , u .
4
P
S e e ar t I I I , C h ap .
5 .
I I 2 LII
. . . AND T HE IN VA S I O N O F D O NG O LA 1 89
th e B ELI t h e G U H AY N A t,
h e K UR AY S H t h e L U AT A H
( w a a P) an d
o r
2
, ,
th e B EN I K EL A S .
G UZAM ( G u d h am ) 3
.
th e O th m an li empi r e
.
d i ffer en tl y to th e s e B o sni an m er c e n ar i e s an d t o th e M am l ks an d th er e ,
1
T h e p ast t e n se i s u se d
giv k
.
2
B o u r i an t es L ao u atah , B u rc h ar d t ( p .
5 29) H o w ata . E i th er m ay be
co r r e ct .
3
b y B kh d 5 T h l
M akr i z i K h eta t 1 1
5 47 , a so l t r an s ate d l ur c ar t, p 29 e att e r
k g ib f B i H b
, , , . .
sp ea s o f t h e M u z ay n a as a s tr o n tr e o en ar
P l Hi Ci i ly did
.
S 4
L 3 7
ee M f h
an e -
oo e, st p 2 o st o t ese r cass an s ap p ar en t not
k wh w k A bi wh i h w m l y h l g g f h mm l
. . .
no o to s p e a ra c, c as e re t e an ua e o t e co on p eo p e
(L P l Q
an e R-
A il oo e,
5 ua r t ev pr 1 91 p
B dg
. . .
,
5
S 7 d N d
ee u 8 6 e , I I , 2 01 20 an or en , I 5
2
J AfS J h 4 T h i h bi
, , , .
C 3
p fD t d o b h n, I, 33 e n a t an t s o e r r ar e s u p p o s e to e t e
mb f B i ld i bli h d i N bi b y S l
. . . .
d d
e s cen an t s o a nu er o o s n an so er s , e st a s e n u a u t an
S l
e ym Th y p v d h i f i m l xi h gh f i m yi g wi h
e r e ser e t e r a r co p e on t ou o te n n t er ar r n t
bl k S h f h S h ak i P
.
ac s. ee t III e acc o u n t o t e i ia n ar t .
1 90 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT II 2 LI I I
. . .
as h e c alls th em h e d ivi d e s in to th e ve tr ib e s o f S AN HA
, GA Z E N A TA , ,
, .
,
an d t h e m a j o r i ty o f t h e m sp o k e t h e B e r b er to ng ue
3
b u t m o s t o f th e ,
i te th s e d s ts w ic b d vp n t e l an d o f th e n e gr o s
t o i nh ab o e er h h o r er o h 4
,
w as b o r d er e d by th e D e s er t o f G o ran i e th e s te pp es o f n o rth er n , . .
K o r d o fn an d as h as b e en m e nti o n ed th at t h e N b i ans w er e m u c h
, , ,
h ar r i e d b o th by th e T I B B U tr ib es wh o in habi te d th is
re gi o n an d by th e d e s er t d w e ll e r s to th e eas t o f th e Nil e
5
bl acks s u bj e ct to th e n o m ad BU GI HA ( B E GA)
.
LI V M ar m o l C aravajal wh o w r o te ab o u t 1 5 2 0 an d pl agi ar iz ed ,
te n th o u s an d h o u s e s o f m u d an d was a r ic h tr ad ing c e n tr e 7
.
1
He i s an ac c u r at e an d no t o v er credu o u s
-
lwi b f ly ir te r u t u n o rt u n ate one s
f wh h h
o t en n o t su r e k f wh et er e sp e a s o at h lly w wh h h
e ac t u a k sa or et er e sp e a s at
d h d
s e co n d h f ll w
an y mi an e o o s no s s te n t r an s li i g A bi w d i I li
te r at n ra c or s n to t a an
H w l d f m h I li i E gli h b y J h P y i
.
,
e as r st t r an s at e ro t e ta an n to n s 6 Wh o n or n 1 00 er e
f l i h m li i P y m k h i g w by
.
l d d m l
e s sn e s s an i L r an o a t e rat o n s e o u se s Ib l R kk
n e l M di d l B k ia i e as
an e e r
f ly d d i g i d ly H d i d i T i f l g j i I ly i 5
.
, ,
ree an un s u se e e n u n s , a te r a on s o o u rn n ta n I 5 2.
d B w
.
,
(S ee e Bk ro d n , n o te to V I I an p
hi L f ll w I b l R kik ( P y
. . .
2
I n t s eo o o s n e a q v p C are tt e p p 4 9 , 4 3 3 ,
a or
wi Z h i Z w
. .
. .
,
r tes H
an i F ag , e n et a ,
ao ar . or Ho w ar a L e o r o t e A o ar a .
3 4
L eo , Bk 1 , p 1 5 1 I bid p 1 5 7
P
. . . . . .
5
S e e ar t I , C h ap 2 , X L I , an d L e o , . V o l I I I , Bk
.
, p 8 36 . V . .
3
I bi d p 9 03
ff m k ig w Pi
. . .
7
Vo l 111 , p p 7 1 M arm o l s r e ar
s co n c e r n n th e ar s o f th e r n ce of
g l wi m v l y
. . .
D on o a th t h e n o ad s o f th e B ay d a an d o f th e E ast e r n D e se r t h a e a r ead
b e en P
q u o t e d ( se e ar t I , C h ap 2 , X L I ) . .
I N T RO D U C T I O N
an d B E N I AM I R o f th e E as ter n D es er ts th e B E GA o f the Mi dd l e
an d h is to ry an d fr o m th e t ex t an d n o te s c o n tain e d in P ar t I V fu r th e r
,
to th e D AN AG LA an d to th e v ar i o u s b ranc h e s o f th e M AHAS S w h o
,
, , ,
h ave a s e cti o n to th e ms e l v e s .
h as b ee n tainte d by th e c u s to ms an d s u p e r s ti ti o ns o f th e var i o u s
1 3 2
1 96 INTRO D U CTI O N
au to ch th o n ou s inh abi tants am o ng wh o m they h ave s ettl e d ; and th ey
sp eak Arabic In fact th e c o ll o qu i al Ar abic o f the S u d an c o ntains
.
s tan ti ally c o r r e c t :
a .
b r i ey to do .
In th e s ec o n d P art m e n ti o n was m ad e o f th e l ar ge s t o r m o s t im
p o r tant o f th o s e w ell kn o wn Ar abi an tr ib e s wh ich s e nt b r anches to
-
th e S u d an an d th e pl an w as ad o p te d o f fo ll o wi ng th e fo r tu ne s o f
,
an o th e r d o wn t o th e p o in t o f th e i r e n try in to th e S u d an
, .
e n t t o r e ve r s e th is p r o c e ss an d taking in tu r n th e b e s t kn o wn S u d an e s e
,
-
Ar ab tr ib e s o f th e p r e s e n t d ay to attemp t to c o nn e c t e ac h o f th e m
,
in 1 02 0 A H ( 1 6 1 1 A D ) an d
. .
1
. .
th e r s t M u h amm ad an r u l e r o f D ar f r wh o s e d e sc e n d an ts h av e ,
always cl aim e d t o b e d e sc e n d e d fr o m th e B E N I AB B AS th r ou g h a
3
ce r tain I d r is G a al
T he Y ame o r Y am e wh o app ear s as
.
GA W AM A A : B ar th in d ee d s ays :
4
th at time w e e s ettl e d i n S h en d y
r emig rate d with hi s co u n try ,
an d h e r e
.
, ,
th at s u ch e xis ts an d an av er ag e D o ng o l a
, wi migh t p ass fo r an
av e rage G a ali o r vi ce ver sa at an im r pl ac e N r w as el S am ar
, y t e o o , .
1
H e lrn o l t ( H i s t
p 5 8 4 ) i e s h i s d ate as 1 6 3 5 1 6 5 5 gv -
ig l
. . .
2
N ac h t a , V oy a u O ua d a i , p 9 3
bv
. . .
3
S e e , e g H e lm o l t , Hi st p 5 8 5 ; an d p 9 2 , a o e
wv iv i y l f mily f m
. . . . . .
4
V o l 1 1 1 p 5 2 8 H e n o te s , h o e e r , T h e d e r at o n o f t hi s r o a a ro
gi y l g
. . .
,
h
t e A b b as i y i n i s a to e th e r im a n ar
i bi gl wv ll gl
.
5
A l l n h a t an t s o f D o n o a d o n o t , h o e er , c are to b e ca e d D an a a T h e
i g i g m lv f li i
.
Rik ab i a , fo r n st an ce , r e ar d n th e se e s as S h u r a a , re s en t th e ap p c at o n o f
m
th e n a e to th em lv gg i g y m ly
se e s as s u es t n t h e ar e ere N b i an s .
T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P
IV . 1 99
d eg r ee s b o th th e D AN AG LA an d th e G A ALI I N gr ou ps an d e sp e ci ally
'
o n th e r iv e r fr o m D o ng o l a to K h ar t o u m is t o s o m e e xte nt h o m o
g en e o u s an d th o u gh n o t d i r e c tl y ad mi tte d to th e ar gu me nt l e n d s to
, ,
i t a s tr e ng th an d c o l ou r th at w o u l d o th e rwis e b e l ar g e ly l acking 1
.
I V In th e r s t c h ap te r s o m e m e nti o n w as m ad e o f th e B ARAB RA an d
an d th e p eo pl e o f D o ng o l a T h e s e ai n i ti es d o n o t ex te n d b ey o n d
3
.
th e G AW A M A A ar e h alf K UN GARA o f D ar f r an d th e G HO D I AT a
1
lm
T h e au to c h th o n o u s e e e n t a o n t h e D an a a i s adm tte d i n D 1 , C L I m g gl i X X .
2
l i i P
S e e a so n tr o d u c t o n t o art IV as to t h e n ux o f A r a e e en t s n to N b i a i b lm i
b
a o u t th s t i im
e
i
.
Q v L ep s u s , N ub Gr am m p lxx vn , an d P allm e , p 1 1 6
3
i m g
. .
X
. . . . .
o d e rn
4
S ee S e li g m an , } ou r n R A n thr I ns t V o l L I I I , 1 9 1 3 A s r e ar d s t h s
lm gl f vi ml i l
. . . . . .
s e tt e e n t o f D an a a i n s o u th er n K o r d o a n th e e d en ce i s a p e : s ee in p ar t cu ar
P allm e , p p 1 1 7 , 1 6 0, 1 7 1 lig l b gm
S e m an a so ase s h i s ar u e n t to so e e ten t u p o nm x
i i m i gl w i m
. .
ad e i n Th e Tr i bes of N or th er n
ce rt a n s p e c c ent o n s o f D an a a h ch I
a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n , an d h e
ht h a e ad e mig v m m
o r e o f t hi s ne li if
h e h ad n o ti c e d
v
t h at ib
ar i o u s t r es s u c h as D oali b , B e d ay ri a an d G aw ab r a , ho w m i
I sp ec e d as
big l
e n l g
se tt e d i n ar e n um b f
e r s i n K o r d o an , ar e all p r o p er ly
D an a a gl .
T HE G A ALI IN AN D D AN AGL A GR O U P
2 00 111 1 I V
. . .
N I FI AB K I T I AB an d o th er s e c ti o ns th e g r o u p allu d ed to in this
,
, ,
h e l d p o p u l ar ly an d vag u e ly to b e l o ng to th e s ame g r o u p as th em
s e lve s and s e co n d ly wi th the G A AL I I N p r o p er
,
'
B EDAYRIA
I . S HUW AYHAT
TERAYP IA
RUB ATAB
AW AD1 A
or
KU RTAN
HAK I MAB
G AwAB RA
G I MA A
G AwAMA A
M AN AS RA
3 .
DUB AB
M EKAB DA 2
P Ap L iA
MAN SIJ RAB
'
SAN D iD AB
G AM i A
S HAi xi A
FADLAB
M I RAFAB
S ERAYHAB
1
M an l k w m d bf l
y o f th e ess no n or o re ou t u secti o ns are o mi tt e d i m T he r na es
m d il i g hm b f di x g l gi l
.
whi h f ll w T h b k li ki g v i ib h li giv d
.
,
c o o s. e r ac e ts n n ar o u s tr es in t e st h er e en e n o te a
m f
e as u r e o
2
i di g h i b
co n n ect o n ac c o r n to t e
n s as.
S ee sub G h o d iat .
T HE GA ALI IN AN D D AN AGL A GR O U P
2 02 I H 1 VI
. . .
fu r th e r w es t into D ar f r 1
.
, ,
an d w as c o mp e ll e d to t ak e r e fu g e wi th th e r e mn ant s o f hi s fo lk at
in th e o l der p o pu l ati o n .
ENA
2
2 Z .RA
3 AYAD GA
.
4 AW LAD MUHAMM AD
.
5 S H U W
. A H AT Y
6 RfAS H.
2
! K A D U M A
AW LAD AL I
O
O
O
!
AW LAD S H I HAD A
AW LAD HI LAL
HUS AYN AT 4
2 AW LAD MATI A
.
5
Y
3 AW L AD ME LKI
.
A A f
4 Y N N A
5 A W L AD M US A
VIIIIn ad di ti o n to th e BE DAY RI A w h o p r e s er ve th ei r n am e as su ch
'
ar e th e AS I RRA w h o fo r m a l ar g e s e c ti o n o f th e HAW A ZM A an d w h o ,
ar e als o r ep r e s e n te d in D ar f r an d W ada i 3
.
I X T h e B E DAY RI A o f D o ng o l a ar e o f c o u r s e e n ti r e ly s e d e ntary
1
b g w
F o r i n stan c e , at e l Hash a a i n t h e Z a h a a co u n tr ( N D arf r ) th e r e i s a y
m ll l y b l vill g
.
s a co o n o f th e Ri as h r an c h , s e tt e d i n a es
igi lly b w i bv
.
2
O r na B er e rs T h e Z e n ar a er e a s e c t o n o f L u ata S ee p 1 5 2 , a o e
m g l
. . . .
O t h er Z en a t a ar e a o n t h e Haw az m a ( q v ate r )
will f m F F
. . .
3
It b e s e e n ro th e t r e e s t h at A b u e l R i sh ath e r o f th e e ath er
i i i lly b
th e r an ce s to r , i s t r ad t o n a a r o th er o f B e d ay r an d S h u a b wy
b y m i g ly i
.
4
B e d ay r i a ar r a e o n , i
e th e r an ce s tr e s s w as a B e d ay r i a
m m i by k big
. . .
T h e n a e is en t o n ed B u r c h ar d t as e n th at o f o n e o f
ib
th e tr f
es o f K o r d o an
b i F
.
3
S ee C ar o n , 1 1 , 9 1 an d N ach tig al , V oy a u O ua d az , p 7 1 T h e s te o f e l ash e r
'
lf i v i ly b l g
. . .
i t se i s sa d to h a e an c en t e o n e d t o th e A s i r r a .
I II 1 X I . . . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A
G RO U P 2 03
BEDAYRI A th o s e to th e s o u th an d e as t th at is l e ad a n o m ad ic e xis te nc e
'
, ,
t h e i r ab o d e wi th th e G AW AM A A g ro u p an d at th e p r e s e n t d ay fo r m
c ataract 4
.
( b) T H E G HO D IAT
N b a c o u n tr y an d th e c o nn e cti o n b etw ee n th e m an d th e r e s t o f th e
,
v
T h e Haw az m a h a e ad o p t e d t h e s a e c u sto
1
m m i
b u t n o t t o q u t e t h e s a e e t en t m x
b ivi i
.
2
F o r th e s u d m a a Te r ay fi a s e e sub G a w am a a
s o n s o f t h e G aw a -
m ll g lly l
.
3
G e ll a ba ar e s a tr ad e r s , e n e r a
p e d ar s
i ll
.
N ch o s , p 1 9
lm iv lly ll
. .
T he M S S a
Ko diat an d Ka
5
S i ng G h ad aw i . o st u n er sa sp e
wi f i b w mm li
. .
d a , b u t t h e c o n u s o n e t e e n 5 an d i s so co o n t h at n o r e an c e c an b e
l
p ac e d o n t h e c o r r e c tn e ss o f t h at s p e n lli g a .
T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P
2 04
s ays 1
al th o u gh b o th th es e an d th e Ho w ar a r ep o r t th at th ev h av e t h e s ame o igi n r
fr om B arb ary .
th e n t o b e d rawn w o u l d s ee m to b e th at c e r tain m e mb e r s o f th e gr o u p
w h ich als o fo r m e d th e s u bs tratu m o f the tr ib e s o f th e
p r es e nt s e ttl e d at s o me ear ly p e r i o d in the Vicini ty o f Ab u D e layk ;
an d th at c e r t ain o f th e m t o o k an a c tiv e p ar t in th e Ar ab F u ng m o ve -
th e ir o ve r l o r d s h ip T h e s to ry as P allm e h e ar d i t in 1 8 38 is as fo ll o ws :
4
.
d er iv ti o n T h r e e t ib es s u b s eq u en tl y immigrated : t h e H d ej t el G i o m m e
a . r a a , ,
1
N u bi a , p 5 3 2 C p t h e e n e a o c a tr e e s o f t h e A
2
g l gi l
g ro u p
i F g
.
X y
. . .
3
D 1 , C C I s a s Ham ag n ste ad o f u n
ii ik
.
4
S o tr ad t o n C p P allm e , p p 1 1 1 2 , r o u t an d e th e r c P P
m igi l m l ib m
. . . .
th e
5
T h e n a es ap p e ar so i n t h e o r n a G er an a so T h e t r es . e an t ar e
G h o di at , th e G aw am a a an d th e B e d ay r i a
.
T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR OU P
2 06 1 11 1 11 1 11
. .
an d D UB AB .
X IV Am o ng th e su b d i v isi o ns of th e G HO D I AT ar e th e fo ll o wing
NAFAR EL MARAD B URUH
O M AR I DAY RAT
SAFE I
K U UK
S A iD
M E xAB D A (p ro p erly BEDAYRiA)
AB U K HADRA S ERAR i R
SALAMAT (an o ffsh o o t B S of th e AKK ARA AL AM AT)
th e G H O D I AT ar e r e g ar d e d l o c all y as BE D AY Ri A af li ate d fo r s e v er al
ge n er ati o ns to th e G HO D I AT .
( )
c T H E B A TAHIN 2
an d t o a l e ss d e g r e e at A lw a
n T he m o r e s o u th er nl m emb er s o f th e . y
tr ib e , b u t fo r a few sc atte r e d in d ivi d u als s e tt l e d n e ar W ad M e d ani
M an ak il
cer tain o f th e AB AD LA s e cti o n in Ru faa dis tr ict
l
an d e ,
are ,
an d th e n u p o n th e r i v er B u t fo r a l o ng tim e th e r e h ad b e e n als o a
.
few o f th e m at Ab u D el ayk an d i t s ee ms th at th e s e we r e p o p u l ar ly ,
1
Qv P
I , C h ap 4 ar t S i ng B at han i 2 '
i y w w ll k
. . . . . .
3
C p D 3 , N o 7 4 I t i s s a d th e o n e d o n e e th e r e B u r c h ar d t ( p 3 4 5 )
m i m g b i i i b
. . . . .
en t o n s B at ahi n a o n th e A r a s o f S h e n d d s tr ct i n 1 8 1 4 , an d n o d o u t h e
f
r e e r s to t h e a es f mili w
h o se h e ad q u ar te r s e r e at Ab u D e l ay k w
i P
.
Q v i n C h ap 5 ( a ) o f th s art
4
. . . .
I II 1
. . X VII . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A
GR O U P 2 07
n o w kn o wn by hi s n am e an d a l ar g e p ar t o f th e W ad i Hawad S o me .
th e r e by th e u ni ty an d p r o sp er i ty o f th e tr ib e w er e c o nsi d e r ably
ad v anc e d
1
.
sa hi a
r o u n d ing
2
wa dis
'
o n e d ay at O m d u r m an
3
.
,
-
, , ,
1
M rs P e th e r ci k (C k
8 4) s p e a s o f s o e ve h u n d r e d r o o d o f
en tr Afr i ca , 11, m b
m l wi i y g by w g b k
.
h er i n M ar c h , 1 8 6 2 ,
ca e s th t h e r oun s een at er i n o n t h e e as t an
i il
o f t h e W h te N e n e ar G e e A u a an d b l li e on n t o th e b l gi g
B at ac h e e n
l ly f vill g l w ll
.
a e o f m u d h o u s e s c o se t o th e
2
T he O m d a h as at e o u n d ed a e s,
an e n t r e i ly n e w d e p ar tu r e fo r th e B at ahi n T h e o s t p er m m
an en t t p e o f h o u s e i n y
m g w i ly m i v ly b
.
u se a on th o s e w h o e r e n o t e n t re no ad c h ad p re i o u s ee n a tu k l o f
s tr a w w
of hi c h th e a w ll l
w as p ast er e d th z i bl
( d un ) an d wi e g
T he lim
tu r e mix
lk w ig lik w w
.
adh e r es t o t h e c o r n s ta s an d t h e
-
o o d en u p r h t s a e , an d i n d o s ar e c u t
g
th r o u h i t T h s ty p e o f u d n i b il i g
is no t ound est o f t h e N e f w il
I n s d e t h e r h u ts i i
v l g yli lj igg i
. .
t h e B atahi n h a e o n e o r tw o ar e s u ay b as , c n d r i ca ar s fo r s t o r n ra n ,
b
a o u t t hr ee an d a h a lf f
e et in h e ig
h t T h e r ar s ba ta
ar e ij
ad e r o a com f m m
p o un d
l g bl k l b i by
.
of s ei a l k ad a b ) an d e ath er an d r a s T h e c o o u r i s o ta n ed
g um ac
m ig b ig f mi g i wi m
.
as h n an d u rn n c o r n an d or n i t n t o a p ast e h ch i s u sed in an u
fac t u r in g t h e T he ac bl k
co n o e r ate i s a o u t an e gl m b ig
h th o f an n c h t hi c i k
v li
an d o e r e s a r o un d g or w k
o f r ag
l i X
.
3
S at n , C h III
x w m l v bl bi
. .
4
I e ce p t , o f co u r s e , t h o s e in ho s a e o o d is o v o u s -
i mm y g i l
.
5
W thi n th e e o r o f th e p r e s en t e n er at o n a B at o u th c o u d n o t h o p e y
to g biain a r d e unt il v
h e h ad p ro e d h is p r o e ss w by st e a n a ca e T h s re nd s li g m l i mi .
2 08 T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGL A
GR O U P 11 1 1 . . X VI I .
to a
w o u l d s ee m fr o m the nisbas that th ey ar e o n e o f the o l dest o ff
t am i n ate d wi th n eg r o bl o o d th an any o th er G A AL I I N an d in al l
'
A .
AS HAMA 2
1 . S AHB AB ( ) a N I NAB
(b) B ELALAB
[(c) O ther s
2 . HI DAYB AB S H ERAHAB
Ar Aw 1A
'
G UD UM AB
S o wAD iB
ARKAS H A B ELALAB
3
B
3 .
UM
IS A
4 . ALAM AS
BURUK
S HULU KHAB 4
5 . D I FAY LAB KOD ELAB
RAS H I D AB
NURAB 5
BA AB i S H (sing BA AB US HAW I )
.
ASAP A13
6
FARA AB G
O ther s
one of B u rt o n s B ed u n o f t h e He g az a o n
i ho th e n a e h a r a m i ( thi e m gw m m
f
w as s t ill bl
h o n o u r a e , an d o f th e s a n o n c e q u o te d o f th e C r o yi g
I n d an s T r u st to w i
i
t h e r h o n o u r an d y o u ar e s a e , t o t h e r h o n e s t an d t h e f i
s te a th e h a r o ff o ur y y will l i y
h ead ( B u rt o n , P i lg ri m ag e , I I , 1 01 ,
1
S e e n o t e to A 1 1 , X I I T h e ath e r o f t h e
om d a f
o f th e B atahi n assu r e d m e
i f m my li l P
.
o f K h a d i b n W a id , th e
t h at th e r an c e s to r s o r e d a p ar t o f th e ar r o p h et s
lie u te n an t , wi iv
h c h n ad e d t h e e as ter n S u d an an d co n e r t e d t h e Am a i
v g
2
y
T h e co n n e c t th e w o r d w i th
/ W
u t o c o e t [s c th e o o d s o f o th ers] ,
co
v . . g
i e. to l oot .
y m k f iv
.
3
T he ro o t th e say , e an s t o sp r o u t t h i c an d as t , i . e. to t h r e.
4
F m
ro i . e . i ii
n c s ons in th e ch e e k .
5
d e s c en d an t s o f e l N r
Le T h e r e i s n o co nn e c t o n i ly b w
ap p ar e n t et e en
i bb i
. .
th e se an d th e N r ab s e ct o n s o f K a a i s h o r S h uk r a
v m lv mm ly k
.
3
T h e se h a e att ach ed t h e se es t o t h e S h uk r i a , an d ar e co on r ec o ned
a p ar t o f th at t r i e b .
T HE G A AL I fN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P
210 111 .
HAMMAD IA ( a ) AB U S I N AB O
(b) U M S o wAR
M ERAS HIS H (a ) U M Az oz A
( b) G EB AR iN
o v e r B e r b e r P r o vi nc e wi th v ar i o u s s u b tr ib e s o f th e G A AL I fN p r o p e r
.
T h e cl o s e n e ss o f th e c o nn e c ti o n b e tw ee n th e RUB AT AB an d the
1
Nu mb ers of b o th ar e a sol s c at t e r e d l wh
e se e re , e g
. . n e ar to th e SE . of
el N ah d
y wi b
.
2
T h e se d en an y c o n n e c ti o n t h t h e Had ar m a o r Had ar b a o r H ad ar e of
i l xi
t h e R e d S e a c o ast , b u t th e c o n n e ct o n m ay n o n e t h e e ss e s t
l im m w m lm
.
to b e t h e s a e as t h e Y a ak b b o f S e n n ar , ho
3
T h ese c a w e sh a l ee t
as a b b w
r an c h o f S h aiki a T h e r o o t o f o th m w
o r d s i s o f c o u r s e th e s a e , b ut h eth e r
m ly i F
.
Ben a d l o r S h ai ki a I c an n o t s ay
t h e Y a ak b ab ar e o r e p ro p er T h e r e ar e
i iF l iv
.
s a d t o b e n o w n o o t h er B e n ad o n th e r er
i m l i b
.
4
T h s n a e a so o cc u r s as t h at o f a s e c t o n o f Hab b an i a an d o f a r an d u se d
by m
th e Ha ar G h ar ay s i a
i ig m will f
.
5
An n t e r e st n ac c o un t o f t h e C u sto s o f t h e R u b at ab b e o un d i n
f m
N o 2 o f S u da n N o tes a nd R ecor d s ( 1 9 1 8 ) ro J wf
th e p e n o f M r s W C ro o o t
i l m k i l i i l ly
. . . .
C u t o f Ho
T h e s e n c u d e r e ar s o n t h e r G e n e r a T r a t s , th e r m en an d
i
th e r
m m i i g P limi i
C u s to s an d C e r e o n e s ( M ar r a e r eig i n ar e s , W e d d n s , D u t e s o f
a m an an d h is P mi g
ar e n t s i n l aw , N a
-
il
-
n v g
o f t h e c h d an d s h a i n o f th e h e ad , e t c ,
ib l k i m i i F l gv li b y
.
T r a M ar s , C r c u c s o n an d u n er a s ) T h e ac co u n t i e n w as s u p p e d
ik i w l ly lm lly m
.
a R u b at ab i s h e h , b u t , as i s p o n t e d o u t , i t o u d ap p a o st e q u a to o st
ib
o f th e t r il b k
es o n N e m b
an s i n K h ar to u gl P v
, B er er o r D on o a r o in ce s , an d c o u s e
q u e n ly m y
t t o an i i wi
o th er d s t r ct s v mig
h t h e r t h e se h a e e r at e d
i k m m
.
p 2 3 8 ) s p e a s o f th e far
3
L e p s us as o re
i bl i b i g lg l
.
co n s d era e t h an th e A b ab d e F o r t h e r s u se c t o n s se e s h ee t 3 o f e n e a o i ca
ill i g
.
tree u s t r at n M S AB C
i lb w ll k w i
. .
T h e r c am e r an d i s a e no n o n e : i t co n s s ts o f a K i la da an d an
'
7
a m ud
ig i
o n th e r k l big bv ig gl
h t s d e o f t h e n ec , t h e att er e n a o e an d at r h t an e s
f m
to th e o r er
.
III 1 . . XX I II . T HE G A ALI IN AN D D ANAGL A
G RO U P 21 1
Ru b t 1
RUB AT AB an d th e M AN AS I R as cl o s e ly to g e th e r as o n e mig h t e xp e c t ,
of D a r N b a .
th e s e in th e is in fact ad d i ti o n al evi d e nce o f th at e ar ly
nisbas
o f th e s e wi th t h e N UB A an d o th e r s w h ic h h as p r o d u c e d th e p r e s e n t
, , ,
te r s h e fo r m e d th e l o w e s t o pini o n :
e v ery m n s th e p u su it o f g i n th ey k n o w n o b o u n d s fo r
a r a ,
1
S g BA
ee , e V N t t th t A 8 i t d
E
( LG li p d ig
I o e, oo , a
s co un e a
a a e r ee
bj G li h gh h f R b at m g hi h w
. .
, ,
.
an d its su e ct a a a t ou t e o cc u rr e n c e o u a on s an ce s to r s s e s
h b l g i ly h R b atab A imil li f g m li d A 5
,
e e on s s tr c t to t e u s ar ne o ar u e n t ap p e to
mm ly
.
h h M kab d d G li
d e n o te s t at t e e a ar e co on co u n t e a a in
T hi mi i mm i D g lawi l m
.
2
si te r n at o n -
a ng s co on n on o p ac e n a -
es
g l gi l A g
.
S 3
d ee6 d pp 92 f h an 1 9 an Cp en ea o ca tr ee s o t e rou p
l M if b d
.
.
, .
N bi 4
u 6
a, 7 pp Th 2 1 0, 2 1 1 21 21 22 1 2 24 , 2 30 e p eo p e yr a an
b ( R b tab ) A li ab ll m i d
.
, , , , .
d M b b ( M k ab i ab )
th R b
e a o ta u an ac a ra u r ar e a en t o n e
b f B kh d im B
, , ,
e o re urc ar t s t e, on r u c e s m ap .
1
4 2
212 T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A
GR O U P XX III .
el d .
S i r C Wils o n r e p o rte d th at th ey w e re
. s o me time s cl asse d as
J a alin b u t the J a alin r e p u d iate
, s eems a qu esti o n wheth er
th ey ar e n o t o f Bij a o rigin
1
( e) T H E HAK I M AH
XX I V T h e HAK I MAB wh o ar e c o mm o nly gr ou p e d in th e nisbas ,
te r m th an th e G AW AB RA
2
.
,
AW LAD K AN Z r o u n d Aswan 4
.
( f) T H E G AW AB RA5
X XV m o s t n o r th er nly r iverain tr ib e in th e
T h e G AW AB RA ar e th e
S u d an to wh o m the n am e Ar ab can b e appli e d wi th any r eal le giti macy .
of Ar ko an d M akassir 3
.
th e G AW A
,
1
Q v p 1 9 A s m ll a i
sec t o n s t ill liv wi h es t the g ro u p o f B i s h r i i n w h o i h bi
n a t
b P vi
. . . .
B er er ro nce .
2
E g th e MS A 1 is c o u n te d a G li
a a pe di g r ee an d i ts su bj G a ah
e ct a
kim h w bl g
. . .
t h e o c c u r r en c e o f Ha as hi s an ce s to r s e s th at he e on s to t h e Hakim ab
i h ll 7
.
3
N c o s, p
4
S ee p p 1 49 an d 1 50
G ab i f G abi
. . . .
5
Si ng r i e d esc en dan t o r.
N i h ll
. .
.
,
3
c 6 o s, p . .
7
N ubi a , p p . 1 33 , 1 34 .
T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGL A GR OU P
214 II I 1 X X V 1
. . .
st ill th ey un animo u sly an d with something like sco rn asser t that they are
, ,
n o Ar ab s n d h av e n o d e s cen t fr o m su ch a r ace Bu t w h en ce th ey co me 1
,
a .
,
n o t o r w o u l d n o t t e ll u s mu c h as w e tr i e d t o g e t o u t o f th em th ei r
, , ,
r ace O n e mu st n o t p u t any co n d en ce as o th er t r av e ll e s h v e d o n e i n
.
,
r a ,
t h o u gh w e h av e n o t h ear d i t f om th em fo r mo st f o f Ar b
r ,
o a
p i o u s f th er s l s o fan cy l th o u gh t h ey m ay b e o f a to tall y
a a ,
a
s o u th an d t h ei
,
o w n w a li k e sp i r i t ag ee w it h th i s t rad i ti o n ; as d o es al s o
r r ,
r
b u t al l h av e e v e r li v e d f ee u n d e r th ei r m o lu ks ; th e p r esen t ru l in g f mili es
r a
, ,
k in gs as th ei r o n ly l o r d s b ec am e o n th e o v e r th o w o f th at ki ngd o m in d e
, ,
r ,
t h e G reat T h ei h ai r t o o i s t h i n n e d o r ke p t cu t s h o r t to th e h e ad as
. r , ,
1
m
T h e s a e i s n o t tr u e o f t h e p r e s e n t d ay
f i l m ki g mw
.
2
T h e ac a ar n s o f th e S h a i ki a at o n ce co n n e c t th e i th
i i
an d d sso c ate th e
mf m ro
m
t h e G a al ii n T h e t e r
m km ush el l a kh G a a l i (
ar e d
ll l v i l
.
shu l u hh d e n o te s t h e u s e o f thr e e p ar a e
th t h e o f th e G a al i i n ) e r t ca
l
s as h e s o n b k
o th c h e e s
ll l
M ushe lla kh S h a i h i d e n o tes t h e u s e o f th r e e p ar a e
iz l l b k f b
.
h o r o n t a s as h e s o n o th c h e e s T h e se tw o ac e r an d s ( an d p e r h ap s t h e H -
by l m k lv ly wi
.
u s ed th e S u t an o f D ar f r t o ar h i s s a e s ) ar e t h e o n o nes h c h ar e
un iv lly k w
er sa g g b
n o n t h r o u h o u t t h e S u d an , th o u h li o th th e G a a
an d t h e S h ai ki
b i ly
r an d s ar e n o t e n t r e m mb
co n n e d to e ib e r s o f th o s e t r es
igi i m l ig f b
.
T h e o r n o f th s c u sto o f s as h n t h e ac e i s o sc u r e B u r to n
ibi g l y m f mili m l il
.
t h e p e o p e o f M e cca , s a s :
II , 233 , d es c r n In o st a es a e ch d r e n ,
w f y y k y v i m
h e n o rt d a s o l d , a r e t a e n to t h e K a ab ah , p r a e d o e r , an d car r e d h o e ,
w b b w wi
h e r e t h e ar e r d r a s z ll l g w
th a r a o r t h r e e p ar a e y i as h e s d o n the esh p o rt o n
k f m
o f e ac h c h e e , ro x i gl
t h e e te r o r an y lm e s o f th e e e s a o s t t o th e co r n e r s o f t h e
m o u th y ll m
T h e s e M as ha li , as th e ar e c a e d , m ay b e o f i iz o d e r n d ate : t h e c t e n s
l m k w i m ig
.
d e c ar e t h at t h e c u sto w as u n n o n t o th e r an c e s to r s I am t e p te d t o as s n
ig i y ib g igi m ill
.
t o i t a h h an t q ui t , an d c an n o t b u t at t r u t e a p a an o r n to a c u s to st
v ili g i i i i lm
p r e a n , d e s p te all t h e n te r d c t o n s o f t h e O e a
bv ll
.
I n a n o t e o n t h e a o e B u rt o n ad d s : T h e ac t i s c a e d t as h r i t , o r
i iz l m
T h e c t e n s t o d m e t h at t h e c u s to f m iy
ar o se r o vi g l
t h e n e c e s s t o f p r e s e r n c hi d r e n
f m ki
ro th e i gP i
d n ap p n v m k ly i y
e r s an s , an d t h at i t i s p r e s e r e d as a ar o f t h e Ho C t
wi i i li igi mm x ly f b
.
B u t i ts d e d ffu s o n d e n o te s an e ar e r o r n Moha e d e p r e ss o r ad h i s
f ll w m k ki wi b ym k mm
.
th e s n th s car s T h ese o n t o th e
o o e r s to ar e au t ar s ar e c o
.
I II 1 . . XX VI I . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A
GR O U P
"
21 5
Bu t th e g ap is t o o b r o ad to b e b r i d ge d wi th s u ch facili ty : to all o w
an Egyp ti an o r igin fo r th e S HA I X I A is an attr activ e s u gg e s ti o n wi th
' '
t h e Ab du l labi
M ang il o f K er r i b u t ab o u t 1 6 90 th ey wer e e n
'
n at io n s gi in h W th e r ef h R d S Th B
o n s to t b h fU E gye e st o t e e ea e ar a ar a o p p er pt
i f wi h x ly lik h
.
ad o rn th e r ac e s t C W ll d
s c ar s e 8 ac t e t e p e s te I, 3 9
Th f l f M kk m b di f
.
.
,
h G l ii d h h
h e ac t t at t e a a n an t e p eo p e o e a use t e sa e r an s o
c o u r se i i ly d wi h h
n t m at e l im f h f m b B i Abb d
co n n e cte t t e c a o t e or er to e en
s , an
migh igh m t at i
r st s h g iq i y f h
t s ee m i A bi
to p o n t to t e r e at e r an t u t o t e cu s to n ra a
th i
an h S d n t b e u h anh ; i m f h M kk
u t o n e c an n o t ass um e t at t e an c e n t cu s to o t e e an s
h d a Af i
n o t an igi i h i F
r can o r N ig i i n H n t d e r st n s t an ce or a e r an n s t an ce s e e a r va r
87 R b S mi h h i k ib l m ki g igi ll y
.
Af S di r tu es , I , h o e r t so n t t n s t es e tr a ar n s m ay o r na
h v b mm k
. .
a e een to te if ) ar s pp 21 4
P f S ligm R A I X 6 6 8) hi k i lm
. .
r o e s so r (f e 3 an o ur n . LIII , 1 9 1 pp 4
t n s t a o st
i h h m [ i h S d ] i d iv d f m im ig A b
. . . .
,
c e r ta n t at t e c u sto s c n t e u an s er e ro m r an t ra s,
i wid ly d H mi i m O bvi ly h w v h
. .
an d i s n o t an an c e n t e sp r e a a t c cu s to ous o e er , t e
m H mi i d iv d igi lly f m M kk F ,
.
c u s to b m ay d e n on -
a t c an y et not er e or na ro e a or
i m d f m f h k m ki g C wf C
.
f h R b b
c e r ta n o e rn or s o c ee ar n see ro o ot, us to m s o t e u a ta
d J
,
p . 1 31 ,
an 76 au s s e n , p .
3 .
1
8 111 , 3
S i C W il T h mili y l i h i w f ll w d b y m
.
2
C p ( r so n p e t ar r e at o n s p as o o e a ore
i im h T rk k S h h wiv d h d h B hi
. . .
nt f
at e o n e , or t e ll
u s to o ag i e e s , an t e so n s a en ter e t e as
B z uk d g i iv i l i [ f S h ak ]
a Th an a a n e r era n p o p u at o n s c. o i ia
d ly d i d h gh l i wi h h T k d A lb i B h i
.
sa e t er o r at e t ro u c o se n t e r co u r s e t t e ur an an an as
h E gy i vi i
B az k i s n t e C L pt an s e r ce
3
p ep s u s p
h i i l i B kh d d ( N bi
. . .
M wi w
4
er o as t e r cap t a n urc ar t s
ay v . u a, p .
T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P
21 6 I II 1 X X V 1 1
. . .
an d th e F U N G an d th e m u tiny o f th e tr o o ps t o m ak e a b id for in d e
1
, ,
an d th e d e cisive ac ti o n w as fo u gh t o pp o si te D u lg a Isl an d .
th e i r o w n m ek ; b u t th e i r acc e ss to p o we r m e r e ly inc r e as e d th eir
th at th e d e s e r t r o u te ac r o ss th e B ay d a h ad p er fo r c e t o b e fo ll o w e d 3
.
migr ate to th e we st 5
.
u n n o mb r e ass e z c o nsid er ab le d e s o l d at s d e d i ff r e n ts p ay s t e ls u
q e ,
D o ng o lie n s C h y dji en s K ab ab y ch Ar ab e s Rz ayg t
, , in th e ar my , ,
p eo pl e h aving gr eat w e al th in co r n an d c attl e .
o r c o mp an i o n i s ,
all sp e ak Ar abi c e x cl u s i v e l y n d m any o f ,
a
th em w i te o r r e d it T h ei r l e r n e d m en ar e h el d in g e at r e sp e ct b y th em ;
r a . a r
T h e A ab s S h eygy
r s in ce th ey h av e b e en i n p o ssessi o n o f a s h are o f
a,
th e r e v en u e tak e f o m t h e g o u n d i ig te d by e ch w hee l fo u r M h o u r ys 3 1
,
r r rr a a ,
Qv i n M S S D 3 , 1 5 3 , an d D 7 , LI I X
w m v i il
. . . .
For ho an d ar o u s d e t a s se e D 3 , 2 3 6 an d n o t e t h e r eto
P k
.
3
o n cet , p 1 5 , an d c p D 3 , 2 3 6 no te 4
B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 4 3
w m yy i m bb
. . . . .
[ th e e r c h an ts o f K o e i n D ar f r]
5
B ro n e , p 24 1 For an e ar s t h e r
iv i gl b il
.
b v i bl vi g l gv m
e e n t h e s c e n e o f d e as t at o n an d o o d sh e d , h a n n o s e tt e d o ern en t ,
b i g i lly b y i
b ut e n co nt n u a l ivi i
to r n by i
n t e rn a d s o n s , an d h ar asse d t h e n r o ad s o f t h e
ib b bi gi b w iv
S h ai ki an d o th e r tr e s o f A r a s , w h o i n h a t th e r e o n e t e e n t h e r er an d t h e
R ed S ea .
3
E l T n is i , V oy a u D a rfour , p 6 7 . . .
7
N u bi a , p 7 0 3
I bid p 6 6 3
Le s a hi a
l b b l k
. . . . . . .
13
A m ho ury e q u a s a o u t 8 u sh e s ( Bu r c h ar d t , l oc .
T HE GA ALI IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P
21 8 101 17 1 1 .
d e fe nc e th ey m ade o f th ei r c o u n try .
fo r h arro w s n d p r u nin g k n iv es ; an d w er e t o d r i v e an o x r o u n d a s k i e
a a ,
t h e gr o u n d an d w h o m th ey t e te d as gr e tly th ei r i n fe r i o rs T h ey w e re
,
r a a .
n o w c all e d u p o n t o p er for m t h e se l ab o u rs w h i c h th ey h d b e en b r o u gh t ,
a
u p t o co n si d e s s er v il e an d w ere t o e x p e ct n
r a b etter tre tmen t th an th at
,
o a
s l ve ry
a n o t fr o m lib e rty me e l y b u t f
,
m tyran ny ; n d again b esid es r ,
ro a ,
ap p li e d th e t er m D o g
1
.
d o u n h ear d o i b r u tali ti e s at th e h an d s o f th e T u r ks
2
je c t e t -
.
to live as m e r e an d a n u mb e r o f th e m u n d e r th e c o m
F el lahi n
'
, ,
AB D U LLAB w h o h ad r e v o l te d r o u n d Halfay a ; an d o th e r s
o f th e
S h ab l k a .
n o to r i e t y 4
.
1
W ad d ig n t o n an d H an b y ur p 99
ig b y
. .
,
C ai l li au d , I I , 3 2 et seq , an d W ad d
2
. n to n an d H an u r , l o c ci t
y
. .
3
C ailli au d , I I , 1 8 2 4
Cp Cun , p 1 84
y i li v d S w kd
. . . .
5
I t w as t h e , fo r n st an ce , w h o r e e e en n ar i n 1 8 8 2 h en i t w as att ac e
by Ab u R of .
III 1. . XX X I . T HE G A AL I IN AND D AN AGL A
GR O U P 21 9
tal e o f a qu e sti o n aske d in O m du rm an
1
Wh at ar e the ch eap est
XX V I I I At th e p r e se nt tru e to ty p e m an y o f th em ar e to b e fo u n d
, ,
, , ,
lg Ki iE
I B
C hiey in D o ng o l a
z
an d B e rb er
S E
( d) H RAYS HAB P rovm ces
(e) HASAN AB
(f) S H LLA I
3
E L L
2 .
SALAHAB . C h i ey in D o n go l a an d B erb er P r o vi c
n es
3 ASS OM AB
. . Chiey i n K h art o u m P r o in c e v
4 AD AN A ME
$23w i l?
4
L 3 }
Ch 1 ey I n
l
K h art o u m P ro
(c) AWLAD ALI
V 1 n ee
( )
d MAN O WW ARAB
HAM DAB
T ULB UN AB
G URU MAB
ZUMAMAB
KURUS AB
Chiey in D o ng o l a
MARz UxAB
P r o v i n ce
S HREN KAB
G H ERARAB
IS AYAB
FAR AGAB 5
F ARAGULLAB , or KARAK I RA 5
2
T he o o n st i s c hi e co p e d r o N c h o s , pp 4 6
51
m ig
. .
3
I e
M e n o f th e C atar act
e an n
C at ar act A se c tio n o f
i lly m m g i
. .
th e s a e n am e o c c u r s a o n
p r ac t c a t h e G aw am a a w h o ap p e ar to c o n ta n
v l f mil
se e r a a i e s o f S h ai ki a o r n igi
k m i big m w fl ib
.
4
B u r c h ar d t S h aiki a t r e
e n t o n s t h e A d l n ab as e n th e o st p o er u
i n 1 8 1 3 (N ubi a , p y
T h e ar e s a d t o b e K e n u i or z b y igi ix
n ( s e e Ap p en d to A B C )
l m i wi F g
.
an d a s o t o b e co n n e c t e d o n t h e ( se e D 5
o t h er s s d e th th e un
5
i il
S a d t o b e c h d r e n o f K ad e n a a s a e k by l v w m
o an .
T HE GA AL I IN AN D D AN AGL A GRO U P
2 20 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 11
. . .
B . U M SAL I M YA AX I IB AB
1
'
BAD I AB
KALAS H i M 1 Chi y i c n D on go l a P r o v i n ce
GADAB J
C NA A . F AB G HAs i NAB
hiey in D o ngo l a P r o vince
DAY FULLAB
D . S HELL UFAB M UHAMMADAB
AL I AB
Ch iey in D o ngo l a P r o vi n ce
BAD I AB
E HAwAS HAB MAGANAB
C h icy in D o n go l a P r o v in ce
.
AKRAB AB
F
1
013 13 2
52332?s 7
C hiey in B e b e r P r o v i n ce
r
Bayu d a
J
.
3 . Z ARAGN A
4 . MI S HI N D IL . I n D o n go l a an d B erb er Pr o vinces an d
th e B ay d a
5 .
HAMD ULLAB . I n D on go l a B e r b e r
,
an d K h art o u m
P ro vi n ces
6 . T AMALAY K . I n D o ngo l a B erb er P r o vi n ces
an d
Ai DAB 4
7 In D o n go l a an d K h artoum P r o v inces
.
AN AYN AB
8 .
H MARIS AB . 1 . AL I TAB
'
J
5
. I . D ID
2 .
SALHAB I n D o n go l a an d B erb er Pr o vinces
l3 . ABU NAB i
K .
AMI RAB . I n D o n go l a P ro vi n ce
L . BAY UDAB
1 . AG i B AB
2 .
KOTAT IA In D on go l a Pr ovin ce
l3 . AM AN AB
M MARS AB . 1 .
HAS AN AB I n D o ngo l a P r o vince
2 . RAHMAB
1
f m f m l y ly
A a ous a i o f ho m en iF l
S e e D 3 , 2 5 4 , e t c T h e B en ad an d M an asr a
f l m i F l b y igi
. .
o f K o r d o an c ai th e Y a ak b b to b e B e n ad n ( see n o t e o n p
or
m m i g z i wi
.
th
2
S o e o f th e se ar e n o ad c an d r a e t h e r sh ee p i n th e B ay d a d e s e r t
th e Has an i a b b m k w
I t i s n o d o u t a r an ch o f th e wl t h at ar e no n as A ad On an d
f m i f w m i
.
O th e r On i a ar e n o ad c o n
n ow or a se c t o n o f th e K ab b i s h u rt h e r e st
b lg yf f yb w
.
ank een t h e On i a
t h e e as t F o r t h e e e n d ar e ud in t h e te e n th c e n tu r et
b
.
an d t h e Has an a see D 5 ( c)
l ly m mb m v g f m
.
3
T h ese a so are p art no ad i c , an d a n u er o f t h e h a e o n e to o r a
i g l vi
se ct o n o f th e H aw aw i r i n D o n o a p r o n ce
m b bly i w i
.
4
S o e Ai d b are p r o a n c o r p o r at e d i n th e A ai d a sec t o n o f K ab b i s h
m f m m w m ig
t h e tw o n a e s ar e b u t d iffe r e n t o r s o f t h e sa e o rd , e an n
d esce n d an t s o f
.
l i gl
Ai d T h e Ai d ab a so ap p e ar as a sect o n o f t h e B e d ay r i a o f D o n o a (s ee n o te
on p
A l l f m d f m Ab D d
.
5
p u ra or e ro u .
T HE G A ALI fN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P
2 22 11 1 1 11 11 11 .
d e al e r an d c o nqu e r o r o f th e B ahr e l G h az l an d D r f r .
as we ll as th e Z E N A RKHA w h o ar e o f qu i te d i ffe r e nt s to ck w er e su b
, ,
el Halfya .
Hi n ayk s o u th o f O m du rm an
,
1
.
T h e s u b d ivisi o ns o f the G AM IJ i A p r o p e r ar e as fo ll o ws
NAiLAB 2
HI RAY z AB
NASI RAB
F I T i HAB 3
T AKARi R
AWLAD I DR i S
MUKDAB f NI P i AB
"
AW LAD HAM I D 4
S A AD AB 7
NO ALAB F MATAB fR
S HAf B G HO MARAB 8
SAN D IDAB 5
HAMAYDAN IA
MAN SIJ RA13 5 KARAG I G
M uw B D AN I AB
HAGAB M UHAM MADAB
I sAw i A6 BE GA 9
1
w
B ro n e in 1 7 9 3 en t o n s th em i G im rn o y m
h e r e a o u ts ( p b '
f mily l gi l g
.
2
T he a o f th e p r e se n t
M eh S e e e n e a o ca t r e e i n A BC
v lm k g y
. .
3
T h e F i ti h b h a e a o s t c e ase d t o b e r e c o n e d G am i a t h o u h th e ar e s o
s t r i ct ly ki g
sp e a n T h e r ch e sh e k h sti if c a s hi se ia
M eh
ill ll m lf
l l
. .
4
T h e p eo p e o f A s l an g I s an d
m ly
.
I t m ay b e n o te d t h at t h e se ap p e ar in th e ni sba s
as G a al i i n an d ere
g
c o n at e t o th e G am i a : th e h a e n o w d e n te y v at t ac h e d t h e se i ly
e s to th e atte r m lv l
tr ib e.
3
So m e o f th e s e ha v ji
e o n ed th e K ab b i s h an d b m e co e a r eco g iz dn e i f
se c t o n o
t h at t r ib e
i b igh m m
.
7
T h er e li
ar e s e ct o n s o f
G a a in e ar n t e sa e na e.
3
P ibly
o ss d wi h h B b b
co n n e cte t t e er e r su -
tr ib h G h
e, t e om r a.
d mi d ly mig f m d e ser t
3
Th e s e are a G i b tt e n o t tru e am a ut e r an t s ro th e e as te r n
y v y m ll mm i y livi g h f Omd m
.
T he ar e a er s a co un t n so u t o ur an .
T HE G A AL I IN AN D D AN A
G LA GR O U P 2 23
e n o r m o u s n u mb er o f sl ave s th e y o wn e d p r i or t o th e D e rvis h d ay s
a n d th e misc e g e n ati o n th at r e s u l te d T h at th e G AM U I A o wn e d m an y
'
t h e th i e ving fo r w h ich as a tr ib e th e y ar e s o n o to ri o u s is du e to th e
s l ave famili e s w h o m th e y incl u de b u t all an d s u n d ry are u nifo r mly ,
d ar k an d s e mi n e g r o i d an d i t is p r o b abl e th at th e fac t is d u e as mu ch
-
, ,
t h ey ar e d ar k e r in c o l o u r an d m o r e d eb as e d in m ann er s s u gg e s t s
1
t h at th e o r igin al Ar ab nu cl eu s o f th e tr ib e w as sm all an d th at in c o n ,
s e q u e nc e i t b e c am e m o r e m e r g e d in th e n e gro T h er e is n o tr ib e o f .
h ar d t s tim e w as o f th e famil y o f Dj am a ( A P i e
2
G m a i
C
T . .
,
an d th e pl u r a l o f G am a i is G aw m a a an d the ch i e f s e cti o n o f
,
G AW AM A A is sp e 01 cally kn o wn as AW L AD G AM A I i t is p o ssibl e th at
-
t h e G AW AM A A ar e r e l ate d t o th e M AHASS
3
.
T h e n e g r o e l e m e nt in th e G AW AM A A w ou l d app e ar to b e l ar g e ly
D ar f r i an We h av e s e e n e ar li er in th is c h ap te r th at th er e is e vi d e nce
.
r e sp o nsibl e fo r th e fo u n d ati o n o f th e r o y al h o u s e o f W ad ai i an d th at ,
m u ch th e s am e d ate As t o th e nu mb er s o f th e m in D r f r fr o m th e
.
t r ib e s b e twee n e l F as h e r an d th e K o r d o fan b o r d er an d at th e p r e s e n t ,
, ,
, ,
M AN A .
1
Wr ii gt n as I am of Ar a s b an d not pr im ily ar of th e o ld er S u d an e s e s to c k s I
u se th e b p h r ase
m o re de ase d
as th e e q u iv l a en t o f l e ss Ar a b .
N bi
2
64 u a, p
m i m ll b i Hi l l m wlad m i
. .
Ib3
K h ld r an c h of B en A
ed Ga a
n a n en t o n s a s a a
t na
wh w im f Kabi fi
,
o f e re or a t e am irs o s i n N o rth A r ca, b u t th e r e i s
hi g b y d h m m wi t h th e G aw am a a o f t h e
not n e on t e na e to co n n ect th e S u d an .
( S ee Ib n K h al d n , e d . ar . Vol 6 , p . . 1 6 6 , Bk III )
P
. .
4
. 1 77 .
2 24 T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGLA
GR O U P I II 1
. . XXX 1 .
t he GAW AMA A
.
1 P r ou t 3
.
s h e c h o o s es wh en an d w h er e s h e will . .
h as assis te d h er m o th er s b r o th e r ) is s till o cc asi o n ally u s ed as a
2 El T nisi
.
4
.
e n p r o vi en t e st m ar i ee pl u s t ar d p ar c et o n cl e q u i p ro te al o rs d u d o u ai r e
q ue a
p e y
l p o u x .
G AW AM A A w h o tu r n th e ms e lve s into h y ae n as ar e kn o wn as
reinfo r ced in the e igh teenth and e ar ly ninetee nth ce ntu r i e s when th e
MUSAB A AT an d K UN GARA in tu rn d o minate d no r ther n and c entr al
K o r d o fan 5
.
I e t h e M u s ab a at s e ct o n o f K u n ar a 3
2
ro ut , p 34
ki g ly
. . . . .
4
V oy a u D arfour , p 2 1 3 H e i s s p e a n o f th e F r ap p ar e n t , b u t h e d o e s
l iff i v y f lly b
. . .
f ibl f l
.
D ar fr I t i s th er e o r e p o ss e th at h e re e r s to G aw am a a s e tt e d i n D arf r It
m li ly w v F b m
. .
k e , h o e er , th at th e G aw m a a an d th e r o th u s e d t h e c u sto
is ore an d
b
th at fo r mm i
o th it h ad a co y k o n o r gi n C un s p e a s o f th e c u st o , in r at h er di ffer m
m x ig z l l f
.
e n t t er s , as e i s t n ch e l a p u p ar t d e s p eu p ad e s d u K o r d o an T h e u se o f
i l w gly i
.
t h e p ar t cu ar p h r as e an at K h al ah a ( r o n p r n t e d o n p 1 5 9 , ar i atk al h u m -
lik P
.
fo r an at K h alh um ) h e attac h e s , r o ut , t o t h e G aw a b ut i t
e m aa (
l l x m g mi y
w as a so u s e d t o a e ss e te n t a o n t h e D r Ha d ( C u n , p p 1 5 8 , 1 5 9 , 1 7 3 ,
l y i bi f bl g v l ib
. .
5
C p Ho ro d , p 1 7 6 T h e n h a t an ts o f K o r d o an e o n t o s e er a t r e s
m m ll i
. . . .
T he o st n u e r o u s , c a e d G li nja r ah [i e K un g r a] , c o n s st s o f adh er e n ts o f
.
l F l ll
.
U DUS A ALAYIA
10 . 20 .
1 1 .
HI ADB A 2 3 RA HA
.
HIL
(a) AW LAD AL wAN
2 4 AW LA
. D K
AS I M
(b) S HADW AN IA 25 M I KAYL
(c) U M T I LAY G 26 ARUK
.
(d) HAYD OB I 27
1 2. AWLAD MAGA 28 . S HE RAF iA
1 3 S I HAYL
. 29 S HE RAK
1 4 HI LAYGA T UT U
.
30 .
ARADA
GAM i
15 .
3 1
16 K IDI L .
32 . N I M RAIA
17 U M D ODA .
33 . AWLAD NUR
18 U M WAD i D .
34 . U M ADAM
1
9 A W L AD S I.RAYR 35. AW LAD AB U G I N
C . E L S E RAY HAT
1 D E X A S H MA
. AWLAD U M K OT
2 AW LAD M US A
. ME RAK IB
C
. AB U G I N D IA KAD OB S I
ABU S UNN UD B AS H i M
1
P -
A
U
I
AB U G HULMAN NAS E L AHMAR
G KURA AN G ED AD fN
AW LAD G I M AY A
GAB RfN i N
GAMAA RAMADAN I
9 BA L U LI i
. N AW LAD HAB fLA
1 0 HAB AY S IA U M I sMAfL
.
1
3 . E1 .
HURR U M K I LM AN
14 . EL SHAYKH AW LAD AB U S I N
5 KELAL fM
1 . S URUR
1 6 AW LAD L I AM
. G ALwAN
2
17 HAM DAN IA . AB U HO WA
18 AWLAD AwAL I
.
1
9 S HI B L AW I IN
.
2 0 B US AT .
D . AW LAD M UR 3 G
1 U M KE LAYB
.
2 U M BARAKAT
.
3 U M D HI AB
.
m l l
B a ash i
1
m j kl
i s th e p u r a o f B a as h o , a ac a
m m m g
.
2
T h e s a e n a e o cc u r s a o n th e T er ay fi a
wl g w bj
.
3
T h e A ad M u r ( an d th e G am ri a) e r e o n ce su e ct to th e S e ray h t o r th e
wl m i y liv
A ad G a a T h e
mi
e n o rt h o f B ar a o n th e co n n e s o f D r Ha d I t i s n o te
w y b i f m f im l ly
. .
o r th t h at o f th e ve su se c t o n s o u r ar e n a e d a t er an a s , e tc : Ke a
w lv F i m m ll
.
y
i s a p u p p , D h i b ar e
o es ,
ar s i s a ar e :
N u g r a i s a s a w ar
m
d ru i g b ib f ml b mi ig
T hi s n am n o f s u tr es a ter an i a s , e t c , i s n o d o u t o f to te
. . sti c o r in
T HE G A ALI IN AND D AN AGL A GRO U P
III 1 X X X II
. . . 2 27
E . E L GAMRIA
1 AW LAD MALI K
.
7 ABD E L IBAR
.
G
2 . B IDAY 8 AB U HALIMA
.
3 A W. L AD AB U T I MAM 9 AW L
. AD S UK
4 E B.A
A Y 10 . MUMIN
5 AWLAD HAS AN
. 1 1 . KERAF IT
6 AD LAN
.
F . E L GHAN AYM iA 1
1 AWLAD S AL I H
.
2 .
ISA
3 . UM SHI KIL
G . E L P ADAYL fA
BA fGAB 8 T AW
4
1 . .I B R I
2 AW LAD T UR I E RA x (
i A i P )
5
.
9 B . r B E R GH T H
1 0 MAGAYLI S A
3 F ATAHAW I
4
. . B
4
.AB i D i A 1 1 HAL IMAB
.
5 . MAHMUD I 4
12 I ZAYRI KAB
.
6 T UN UW I
.
4
1 3
.
4
G
A AKI , o r AGAGI K
'
7 B E.D L Aw 1 4
II . E L GI MA fA
E L G A AP I RIA
A .
AW LAD AD I RI DAYS AB
1 .
2 . U M RAHMAN Z URxAB
3 N.AL fA AWLAD RAHUDA
4 B O TRAN IA
. MERRI
I
5 H.AwA M D A HAS HI M
6 AWLAD KADI M
. D ANAK S I
HAYS I N NA
G E RARAB KO TAKI T
'
8 .
B . E L G EMAM LA
1 AWLAD MATLUT
.
(d) AW LAD MUHAMMAD
(a) AW LAD RAHAYMA (e) T I MSAH
(b) MUSA (f ) SUB AY H
(c) ADAM (g ) AWLAD ABD E L HAM iD
an d is co m m
i n th e S u d an : c p
on B a ashi a on t h e S er ay h t o n p 2 2 6
m m g
g b ib m iv ly
. . .
Am o n t h e N b a o f n o rth ern K o r d o f n w e n d su tr e s n a e d r e s p e ct e
f l
a t e r c att e , r at s , s h e e p , w
o o d an d h o r s es : see M ac M i c h ael , p 9 7 Cp ,
i b b
. . .
t o o , th e c as e o f ce rt a n F r s u tr i es ( p
v b bj m
.
1
T h ese h a e een in tu r n s u e ct t o th e F a d ay li a an d th e Te r ayfi a T h e n a e
l mb
.
d e n o t es a s
D a Hami d b ib l
.
2 3
C p r su tr es . S ee ate r , p 23 1
igl l lf m
. . .
4
Th e se ar e s n u ar , n o t p u ra or s.
5
S h im r ( P)p s, or e as .
1 2
5
228 T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A
GR O U P III 1
. . XXX II .
(d) HELAw N 9
(e) AWLAD SHAKH I IO . RI KAB
( f ) AD HUNA 1 I
A ANF
3
A.B I 12 . D US HA YN A B
4 S HA ALIBI
.
AWLAD B i KA
T UAYM AT 3 AN A1< AR
1 . .
,
(c) ATfTU1 LA 6 U M K UD I
. .
( )
d AW L AD M AN N A 7 AWL AD MAS AK H
.
2 . GH Y
UB A S HAB 8 U M S HENAB
.
XXX I I I T h e wo r d GAW AM A A b e ing m er ely a pl u ral fo r me d
ab o v e s e c ti o ns r e p r e s e n t s th e t ru e n u cl eu s o f th e tr ib e I ts s h e ik h is .
th e
T here cu r r e nce o f u nc o mm o n trib al n am e s is a u s e fu l gu i de if
u s e d wi th d iscre ti o n an d fr o m th is s o u r c e w e o b tain s e ver al cl u e s as
,
t o th e tr ib e s fr o m wh ic h th e s u bs e c ti o ns o f th e G AWAM A A we r e
d rawn .
t o th e M ES ALLAM i A Am o ng th e T E RAY F i A wh o as a w h o l e ar e cl o s e l y
.
,
. .
S HELLAL I i N (in th e fo r m a s e c ti o n o f S HA
S HE LLALIL
i xi A) an d
MARAZI X (a var i ant o f MARZ UKAB als o a s e cti o n o f S HAIKIA)
'
.
,
, ,
u ni t in th e G A AL I I N c o ng e r i e s an d cl o s e ly c o nn e cte d wi th th e M IRA
'
.
, .
,
M AGID i A .
am o ng th e G E M AM LA ar e D US HA N AB , o f wh o m o th er s Y ar e wi th th e
G E MA AB
.
T h e T UAYM AT , i t is s ai d , ar e KAwAHLA .
2 30 T HE GA AL I fN AND D ANAGL A
GR O U P 111 1
. . XXXV .
an d o th e rs s e ttl e d in S e nn ar P r ovince l
.
Th ey are s ub d ivi de d as fo ll o ws : 2
2 . G AHAKA
S I AGH
(j ) U M D AN IJ D
A1 AL MUHAMMAD
3 . MESADAB
4 D AR AWAE
.
5 RO WAS HDA
.
6 HULU
. F
7 Ti N A
.
1
l i
S at n , C h ap s X I an d X V I
lli g ly yw
. .
2
T h e sp e n o f th e se n am e s m ay n ot in al l c ase s be en t ir e accu r ate : th e e re
b
o tain e d at seco n d h an d .
3
w
T h e o r d b ol (dg e) p r o p e r
ly m e an s i
ur ne . It is evi d ly
en t u s e d as th e
vl
e q u i a en t o f
see d .
I I I 1 X X X VI I
. . . T HE G A AL I fN AN D D AN A
G LA GR O U P 231
( 1) T HE MAG I D TA AN D K U RT AN
at l e ast o n th e Bl u e Nil e
5
.
( k) T HE G A A L I fN
PRO PE R
XXX V II W e c o m e to p eo pl e th at is p rop er
'
th e th e
n ow G A ALI I N , , ,
Th eir r iverain ar is b etween th e m ou th of the Atb ara and the
S h ab l ka c atar ac t .
t h e e p o n y m o u s anc e s to r s o f th e i r s u bs e c ti o ns live d wi th in th e l as t
twe lve ge ner ati o ns o r l e ss o r wi th in say 400 y e ar s o f th e p r e s e nt
, , ,
d ay
. N o w a p er i o d o f 400 y e ar s b r ings u s b ack app r oxim ate ly to th e
tim e o f e l S am arkan di th e great p r o vi d e r o f g e n eal o g i e s i e to th e
, , . .
ti o n o f th e king d o m o f S e nn ar .
an d G U HAY N A h ad d o n e s o m e c e n tu r i e s b e fo r e in th e n o r th e as t an d -
th at th e s e Ch i e ftains we r e n am e d Ar m an an d Ab u K h ams i n s o ns o f
"
,
1
S e e n o t e to D 3 , 6 0 .
2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , p 1 09 . .
3
I bi d p 1 01 C ailli au d , I I I , 9 4 5
S e e M S D 3 , 1 08 , 2 00 an d 2 04
g l mk liv ig
. . . . . .
6
A I , A 2 , A 6 an d A 1 0 a e S er r ar , t h e en e r a an c e s t o r , e e h t e en o r
n in etee n g i
e n e r at o n s ag o m i v w
B e t e en hi m an d Ar an n t e r e n e ve
en e r at o n s g i
m g ym
.
( s e e tr e e s t o B A an d A I 1 ) i e A r an s so n s an d r an d so n s , w h o ar e th e e p o n
ou s
m ib liv w lv g i l
. .
an c es to r s o f o s t o f t h e G a ali i n t r e s p r o p er ed t e e e n e r at o n s ag o , o r e s s
i l ig fi w i m bv
.
S e e i n p ar t c u ar A 1 0, t h e p e d r e e o f th e G r an d M u t , h c h c o n r s t h e a o e
i g w m i
.
O r p e r h ap s i t w as t h e r s o n s o r r an d s o n s w h o p o r ar e s o f e l
7
e r e co n t e
l v gm i
S am arkan di I t i s u s e e ss t o b e o er d o m i at c , b u t a c o -
p ar so n o f th e A
MS S
gg g i b m w by l
. .
e s ts th at t h e Ar an e r e ad d e d a at e r h an d
su en e r at o n s s u s e q u e n t t o .
2 32 T HE GA AL I fN AND D ANAGL A
GR OU P 1 11 1 xxx 1 1
. . v .
Dab ibn
G h an im El S am arkan di incl u de d th em in his g enea
l
.
o w n c hil d re n an d app ar e nt l y
th e s e w er e nu m er o u s b u t p r o b abl y
all th e ir
d e p e n d an ts in su bs e qu e nt age s cl aim e d a like o r igin .
XXX V III
Ab o u t th e cl o s e o f th e six tee n th c e ntu ry th e G A AL I fN
2
S A ADAB s e c ti o n , w o pp
h a e ar t h n s
s in e i bas as gr an ds o n o r gr eat
gr an d s o n o f Ad l an the s o n o f Ar m an ; and it is fr o m this p eri o d th at
G h an i m
Ad an l
Ab d el M a ab d
Ab d el Sa a lm
l I
K an b al aw i
S a ad I d ri s
Su ly
a m an el Adh a b
an d AB C ( tr ee 2 ) as fo ll o ws :
A d an l
Ab d cl Ma a
b ud
Ab d
el Sa alm el As f
ar S a ad Ab u D ab s
E l K an b al w i
1
b
T hi s D u a i n th e M S S h as a r o th er Dia T h e n a e D i a i b n G h an b b m b im
y yl m il l bl
. .
o cc u r s i n t h e Ab u Z a d c c e o f r o an ce s as th at o f o n e o f t h e B e n i H a n o t a es
( se e B u rto n , L and of M i di an , I I , 2 3 3 , an d Ib n K h a d u n , e d ar V o l 6 , p p 1 4 an d l
vi i m m i i
. . . .
1 6) b ut t h er e i s n o e d e n c e th at t h s i s o r e t h an a e re c o n c d e n c e
I iv i by ig g ly y b
.
e at t h s d at e as r o u h e ar s (i e a o u t
2
ar r acc e p t n c o rr e ct t h e 2 3 5
l y i by v l i
. .
2 2 8 s o ar e ar s) sa d C ail l i au d ( I I I , 1 06 ) to h a e e ap se d i n 1 8 2 1 s n c e t h e
i
acc e ss o n o f S a ad e l D ab s
will
It m i g f ly
b e s e e n t h at th is c o p u t at o n a r e es ai r
l ly wi m l y g m
.
th t h at ad e a re ad o n o th e r ro u n d s fo r t h e d at e o f Ar an
c o se .
3
S e e tr ees to A 1 an A C 2
1 d B .
4
L o c ci t . .
2 34 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGLA
GR O U P 1 11 1
. . XXXV III .
t rib e as th e ABDU LLAB an d o n th e o th er w e kn o w fr o m Bru c e
, ,
m a ng i l ) an d m o th e r o f I d r is w ad e l F ah l w h o in 1 77 2 w as th e
,
th e AB D ULL A B s u z e r ainty ; an d th at th e r ul e o f th e S A AD AB m ay h av e
1 814
T he y i nh bite d b y th e Arab s M ekab er b wh o w e re fo merly tribu
ar e a a ,
r
d o m an d n ow liv e p artly u p o n th e p r o d u ce o f th ei r e l d s an d p rt ly b y
, ,
a
r o bb e ry ; th ey are at w ar w i th al l th ei r ne igh b o u r s an d h av i ng ac qu i r e d a ,
r e p u t ti o n fo r su p e r i o r v al o u r ar e mu ch d read e d b y t h em
4
a ,
th an a s e d e n tar y t rib e
T hey had cu l tivati o n o n th e river b u t th eir
.
t h e B ed o u i n s o f e as tern Ar abi a s
.
P
,
2
N ote th e atr n e ar s ste st in o r ce 3
272
z y b
. . .
1
H e h a ar d s th at p e r h ap s th e ar e th e M e g ab e r i S tr a o of
k
.
S ee A 1 1 , U N 6
B u r c h ar d t , p 2 7 9
k k
. . .
7
Bu r c h a r d t , p 6
2 5
3
B u r c h ar d t , p 2 9 6
ik b m m F w l y i ll
. . . .
9
S h e h I r ah i M uham ad e r ah o f th e e a th N ifi ab s e ct o n ca s hi m
se lf k
S h e i h o f all th e G a alii n an d i s acc ep t e d i n t h eo r a cer t a n n um er o f y by i b
ib
t h e tr l m ly b
e , b ut hi s c ai vis o n as e d o n e e n t s d at n ro th e D e r i s h d a s an d i gf m v y
i lly gl gibl
i s p r ac t c a ne i e
S u ch o f th e G a al ii n as ar e n o t s ett e d o u ts d e th e r o w n l i i
ik l l ib i
.
dar u n d e r th e s h e h s o f th e o ca t r e s , o r as n d ep en d en t tr ad er s , e t c ar e
i v i l
u n d e r t h e r r es p e cti e s e ct o n a
om d as .
T HE GA AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GRO U P
III 1 X L
. . . 2 35
.
, , , , .
X L T o s u m u p o n e m ay s ay th at th e w o r d G A AL I IN is u s e d in
,
tw o s e ns e s : in th e rs t an d wi d e s t s e ns e it de n o te s all th e l o o s e ly
c o nne cte d gr ou p of trib e s o n the r iver an d inl an d D anagl a an d o ther s , ,
n o t fo r l o ng e r .
gists have wilfu lly slipp e d co nsis ts in igno ring the N ubi an e l e me nt
an d n ding th e c o mm o n r ac e fac to r o f th e G A AL I IN in th e tri b e o f
e xcl u siv e s e ns e .
1
l
S atin , C h X V I 2
S l i at n , Ch X III
g
. . . .
3
A ng lo Eg yp t S ud a n ,
-
. 1, 4 5 ; B ud e, 1 1 , 27 1 .
2 36 T HE G A ALI IN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P
III 1 X L
. . .
te mp te d at rs t t o s ay th at th e trib e s cl aiming d e sc e nt fr o m h im ar e
u nlik e ly t o b e G U HAY N A T h e c o ncl u si o n w o u l d b e fals e h o w e v e r
.
,
o f a l ate r g e n e r ati o n .
o n th e Bl u e Nil e n e ar S ob a an d e ve n m o re in t h e
3
th e nisbas
,
L AHAwrfN
AwAM RA, K HAW ALD A,
et c .
S HUKRIA
D AR HAM I D
Z AYAD I A
B EN I G E RAR
T he FEz ARA
BAZA A
S HE N AB LA
MA ALI A
1
S ee n o te t BA
o V L III , f l
fo r ul d e ta il s.
P m b i ldd i f
,
2
S ee art I , C h ap s 2 an d 3 T he te r no d ou t nc u e a p ro p o rt on o
igh b i g ib m w h w j i d h y by h f
. .
ne our n tr es en o er e o ne to t e G uh a n a tfw e o r tu n e s o ar
and mm i y f im
co un t o a s B A XX
2
C III
M y h G h y ib f l i mi d T h y b
. .
,
4
an ot er u a na tr es o e ss m p o r t an ce ar e o tte e c an e
f d by f ib
.
o un h f BA O
r e er e n c e to t e tr e es o e g n e o r t o trw es , e gh M ha b
t e og r a,
i lddb h y G h y m b
. . .
, , . .
ar e nc u e ec au se t e ap p e ar as u a n a in t e h i b
n s as dan see to e
l d h
r e at e f h g i pi f h f
to t e r e st o t at r o up n s te o t e ac t h h y d
t at t e ll h m lv
o n o t ca t e se es
G uh a y na .
I II 2 1 11
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 39
MESALLAMIA
T h e BAKKARA tr ib es
MAHAMI D MAHRIA etc '
,
.
( a) T H E R U A A G R O U F
T HE G U HAYN A
R O E R T HE P , P P ,
L AHAW I IN T H E A B D U L L AB AN D T H E I N KE RR I AB
,
III T HE R U A A F
. T he RU F A A , d e sce n d ants o f R afa i , th at is ,
are s ai d to h av e s oj o u r n e d am o ng th e B E GA an d in Abyssini a b e fo r e
o f th e s tate m e n t q u o te d by Qu atr e m er e th at in 68 0 A H ( 1 2 8 1 A D )
2
. . . .
a b att l e w as fo u g h t b e tw ee n th e G U HAYN A an d th e RU F AA in th e
d e s er t o f Ai d h ab T h e tw o tr ib e s m e nti o ne d h av e b ee n cl o s e n eig h
.
B u r ckhar d t wr i ting in 1 8 1 4 s ay s :
,
3
,
n e ar Y e mb o ; h e t o l d m e th at h e h ad h e d th at t h er e wer e ar
t h e j o u r n ey fo th e p u r p o s e o f s l u ti n g t h em
r a .
th e fact th at th e ARAK 11 N m any o f wh o m ar e h o ly m en claim to b e
'
, ,
S A
1
xxxv A V D 6 xxxv
ee 2, 1 1 L III ,
,
i g MS
,
b 67
.
,
2
V ol II , p 1 72 , q uot n Ar a 2, p 42 1
l
. . . . .
N ubia , p 3 2 3
at e r sub A r ak ii n
3 4
. . S ee .
2 40 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I I I 2 1 11
. . .
, ,
t h e s o u th e rn m o v e m e n t o f th e R U FAA fr o m t h e E as ter n D e s er t to
th e Bl u e Nil e .
I V In th e F UN G d ays th e RU F AA we re alm o s t e nt i r e ly n o m ad ic an d
, ,
th e n o r th er n h alf o f th e t r ib e h ad b e gu n to r e linquis h th e p u r e ly
p asto ral life .
fo r i t mu s t b e r e m e mb er e d th at th o u gh th e AB DULLAB w h o s e e p o ny
an d th e i r sp h e r e ex te n d e d fr o m n o rt h o f th e j u ncti o n o f th e Nil e s
V T h e s o u th er n b r an c h o f th e RUFAA is m o r e n o m ad ic th an s e de n
EL HU O I ( R u faa o f th e G e zi r a i e W e s te r n RU F AA) o r N A
S AB U RoF ,
. .
, .
T he se al ter native n ame s Ab u Gin s fo lk an d Ab u Rof s fo lk ,
,
1
il
S ir C k f h m (l i ) b h f G h y
W so n s p e a s o t e oc . c t . as a r an c o u a na
i S l ym w h m i d h B i Hilal i
. .
2
Q Th B
u atr e m er e , 1 1 , 2 01 e en u a o acco p an e t e en n
i g mig i l i ll d R fa ( Q
.
,
i d
the r r e at r at o n e a s o c o n ta n e a s ec t o n c a e u a u at r e m re , I I ,
v b y G h y l Ol l h i fok ol i f kl G h y
,
3
Th e p ro er sa s u a na e c as ra z e. ec es s u a n a,
f h m ll Th y i l ly x i bl
, ,
.
t en o t e a d b at one m an e are s up p o s e to e p ar t cu ar e c ta e,
ibl d h y
.
i rr e sp ons e an as t .
T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 1 1 2 v1 . . .
B ARAK I IN
.
'
1 FE RAGI I N .
y
h o l m en , bi o gr ap h i es o f h om w ill b e fo u n d in th e M S D w
T he , . y
v
cu l t i at e i n t h e s o u th o f th e Blu e Nil e P ro i n ce , i n S en n ar an d i n e l M a at u
k v
d i str ict , an d a h al o o f s an ctit still su r r o u n d s th em T h eir h ead u art ers are y . q
at Ab u Har a z .
v '
m an . I n F UN G d a s t h e we r e u n d er th e
nabas
y y
o f S h ei k h Hammad
e l N 1 1 e l Ar aki , an d th e
co nsi d er th emsel es ARAK 1 IN o n b oth si des
y v .
C .
I S AYL AT
1 . WI DI AB
2 . S I N H YRAB
A 3
3 .
HASAN AB
4 . MA AL IA
5 . G AB RAB
T h ere is a gro u p of vill g a es o n the e as t b an k o f th e Blu e Nile call e d
I say 1at By . m an y th e
I S AYLAT ar e h el d to be a s e ct o n o f i th e HAMM ADA .
D . N OLAB
E . co l o ny o f th ese is s i d to h ave lived at K alk l near
Z E N AFLA . A a o
th em s p o ke n o f as G H Uz z i e M aml uk o r B o sn i an sto ck n d n o t , . . a
RUFAA at l l
a .
P . HAGAGAB
G . BE S HAKI RA T h e re is a . vill g a e on e ith er si de o f the ri ver in el K amlin
i i
d str ct ca e d a ter th e ll f m .
H . S H IB AYLAT
J HALAW HN
K . F E RAHAB
L MA AD I D
.
'
. In Ru f a a i i
d str ct an d S enn ar .
M F ARAp N .
N FARAGAB
. . A few liv e i n K w a d s t r i ict o n th e Wh ite Nil e .
1
v l
S e e r a o th e r s o f t h e R u a a s e c t o n s en e o ar e o te n a so f n c u d e d as i giv b l w f l i l
f lf ib
Kaw sm a : in act , h a t h e tr e i s p o p u ar s o co n s d er e d : t h e r e aso n i s th at t h e l ly i y
w e r e fo r o n l g
u n d e r t h e A d u a c hi e ta n s h p b ll b f i i
lf
.
2
C p M S C 9 , b u t fo r t h e r e a acts s e e D 1 , C I
i
. . .
3
C o r r u p t e d n to S i r h ay n ab
P b bly wi b m F iw bi g y
.
1
co n n e c t ed t h t h e I r ah i
ib n A b f1 d i e l ar a d h o se o r ap h
ro a
i s nu mb ered 1 3 5 in D 3 .
VI . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 43
T he y ar e s a id to be a b r an ch o f the HAMMADA .
P . SHABARKA
As regar d s thi s s ecti o n i t i s i nterestin g to n o te th at S HAB ARKA al so o ccu r
i n th e n o rt h ern hi ll s o f K o r d o fan wh er e th ey ar e c all ed S HAB ERKO an d 1
,
re ach e d D a r fur .
vill age it is sai d seven NUBA fr om K or d ofan wer e all otte d l and there b y
th e FUN G n d th ei r d au gh t er s w e r e mar ri e d b y Arab s
a .
Q HI LAL IA
.
S BEN I HAS AN
.
3
1 WAD BALULA .
3 WAD AB U S IRWAL
.
etc .
U . HAM MADA 3
RA HAHLA
G HU z z
RI B AY AT
T h e se ar e th e N as Ab u G in p r o p er I n FUN d a s th ei r ch i e f h ad . G y
th e r an k o f
M a ng il an d th e right o f weari n g th e tw o h o rn ed tak i a
-
.
y
I n 1 8 8 9 the an d th e AIALI IN su ffer e d e u ally4 T h ei r h abitat i s o n th e
q .
V .
U LATI I N 3 S emi n o mad i c T he
'
.
-
. y h v Vill g in th
a e a es e ea st an d the
west o f th e ez ira G .
W . Z AMAL I A
' 3
1 KAMAT IR3
1
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , p 97
2
l X
S ati n , C h III
i l ly m P vi
. . . .
3
T h e s e s e ct o n s ar e c o se co nn e c te d Al o s t all ar e in S e n n ar r o n ce , i n
ig b ig l i
.
th e n e h o u r h o o d o f S n a. S at n , l oc ci t
2 44 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 2 VI . . .
v
r esu l t o f c o n stan t w ar far e ith th e FUN in th e eigh teenth centu r T h ei r w G y .
r igh t o f e ar in g th e w
tak i a 1
Hi s d omains str etch e d fro m K ar k oj to .
Ro sayr es .
RAz f
X . T hese , lik e th e ARAK1 1N , c l aim d es cent fr om AS HRA T h e
.
'
F . y
ar e th e o nl y
s e cti o n o f RU AA (if RU AA th e
b e) wh o li e n o rt h o f th e F F y v
j
u n cti o n o f the Nil es .
t he ter m G U HAY N A : th e s e ar e t h e MA AS H I RA t h e G EN AN A th e
, ,
RUK A B fN
2
th e G A AF IRA an d th e RO W AS HDA
, Th ey are l ar ge ly
.
S ii ki T h e y ar e n o t nu m e ro u s an d th e y ar e n o w s u bj e c t to th e S HU
.
V I I I T HE LA HAW I IN
3
Th e s e are re l ate d to th e RUFAA gr o u p an d .
el L ab ayh T h e o th e r p o r ti o n is m o r e give n t o c am e l b r e e d ing
.
-
an d h as i ts g r azing g r o u n d s far th e r e as t in th e n e ig h b o u rh o o d o f
-
kn o wn as th e G U HAY N A s e c ti o n ; b u t th ey q u ar r e ll e d wi th th e na g ir
o f t h e K AB A B i S H in 1 9 1 0 an d m o v e d e as tw ar d s o ve r th e Nil e T h e y .
ar e n o w u n d er th e S H UK RI A T h ei r w e ll kn o wn c am e l b r an d is a
'
-
.
o n th e l e ft si d e o f th e n o s e wi th a o n th e l e ft
tubd a
si d e o f the n e ck 5
.
1
J k ac so n ,p 91 . no te . Fo r M u ha mm ad K am t r se e MS . D 7, p assi m .
2
Cp R ik ab fa
m wi i iv f m g
. .
3
T h e n a e L aba i s s a d to b e d e r e d r o th e l ahw i a o r r e at b ag i n
wi h c h t h e n o ad s c ar r m
r a n , g u m , e tc yg i
T h e r o o t i s th e s a e as th at o f ha
m li
b k l b liv i i
.
( ar b r e) an d o cc u r s a so i n t h e n am e o f t h e L uh ayw at Ara s w h o
-
e in S n a
m g
a on th e tr es o f T ih ib
T h e s e L uhayw at are s a d to b e a s u d s o n o f th e i b ivi i
b i i m i i
.
M e s a i d r an ch o f t h e B e n A ti a an d an c e n t c o p an o n s o f th e B en Ukb a
m l i
.
( S ee N a u B e y , His t T h e r e i s a so , to t h e n o r th e as t , a s e c t o n
p -
z ll k
. .
O f A n a a c a e d L ah w i n ( B u r c h ar d t , I , 4 an d
4
C ailli au d ( I I I , 9 4) n otes th e o n th em e st an o f t h e W h te N e a o e w b k i il b v
K h ar to u m
in 1 8 2 1 H e c a s th e
ll m
E l l ah o u y e h s
m i by g y
. .
5
L ah awwy is en t o n e d D o u h t ( A r a bi a D es I , 1 2 5 ) an d Z w e m e r
m b ib bi im b
.
( p 2 7 9 ) as t h e n a e o f an A r a tr e i n Ar a a at th e p r esen t t e T h e r an d o f
. .
t h ese i s RY .
2 46 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P III 2 1 x . . .
1 .
!
b ll G
A du a em
a ( )
a (d . 1 554
1 5 6 2)
I
2 .
!
S h ik h A b I
e gi , cl f
K a ut a , o r e l M an g il ak ( b)
( d 1.6 04
1 61 1
)
E l Am i Ar adi b ( d ) 4 . am (f ) ( d . 1 7 47 )
( d 6 8 9 1 71 5) l
1 .
El A a g y 1 (g
6 .
A i
g
b ( h) ( d . 1 77 9 )
O m ar (j )
10 .
i
A b d i l la 1 1 1 0)
7 an d 9 8 B d i ( k) (d 1 79 9)
m mi
. . .
!
M uh a m ad e l A n I (i ) ( ac c 1 7 8 4) .
(d . 1 7 9 0)
l
Na i !
A i
l
gb
I I .
s (m )
r
( ac c . 1 799)
ll"
1 3 . Om ar
1 2. E 1 Am i n I I ( n)
( b) D 7, V an d H e i s C ailli au d s M n g alek c l K b y r
xx mm m m m i
. .
T h e Ha ad e l S a
( c) D 7, i h an d h i s so n O th an en t o n e d in
li m v b i w
.
C ail l i au d s s t an d in D 3 s e e to h a e o ta n e d th e p o e r
a t e r t h s m an f i .
(J ) D 7 , LI I X
w gly ll
.
( e) V
D 7 , L I I I C ai ll iau d ( I I I , 9 6 )
. ron c a s hi m so n o f Ag ay l
.
(f ) D 7 , L III V .
(g ) S e e D 7 , L I I I V .
(k) D 7, L I XXV .
( i) D 7, L I I an d n o t e , an d XXV cm .
( i) C aill i au d , l o c ci t ( k) D 7 , LJQ IX I X an d xc
XXXV
. . .
( l) D 7, C I I I an d cxxvm
XXXV
.
(m ) D 7 , CX L an d C L I .
( n) C ai lli au d , l oc ci t
m ly l
. .
(p ) V D 3 , L I I I He o n ru e d tw o
. o n th s .
o f S e nn a r i ts el f wh ere th e M ek maintai ne d s o me
N b a
to k ee p th e Ar ab in s u bj e cti o n 1
wi th th e aid o f th es e the M ek
th e i r c attl e fr o m th e y
2
.
1
B r uce , Bk V I I , C h 7
m i y m b y ly
. . .
2
I bi d C h 8 B r u ce co p u t e d th at th s s st e u se d t o c o s t t h e Ar a s ear
lf i b
. . .
ha t h e r s u s t an ce .
3
I bid C h 9 . . .
II I 2 x
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 2 47
o ld m en fath e r s o f famili es in e ch cl an
,
a .
T h e re si d e n ce o f th i s Ar ab at G e r r i a t o wn in t h e v e r y ,
limit o f the tro p ical rain s imme diately u p o n th e ferry wh i ch leads acr ss
,
o
t h e Nil e to t h e d e se rt o f B h i o u d a an d t h e r o ad to D o n go l a an d Egy p t
'
a , ,
j o ining the g eat desert of Selima T his w as a v ery w ell ch osen situatio n
r .
,
, ,
e v ery y e ar ab o u t th e mo n th o f M ay o blige d b y th e y to p as s as i t w e r e
, , ,
q u o te d 1
b u t th e n or th er n d is tric ts o f th ei r c o u ntr y fo r th e w h o l e o f th at
p e r i o d h ad b een a p r ey to the m arau d ing S HAIKIA In n ame h o w z
.
,
e v e r th ey s till r u l e d th e c o u n tr y as far s o u th as th e j u nc ti o n o f t he
,
D in d er an d th e Bl u e Nil e 3
.
I N KERRI AB o f B er b er P r o v inc e .
A MS in th e p o ss e ssi o n o f o n e o f th e m (b u t n o t incl u d e d in th e
.
fo ll owing c o ll e cti o n ) gi v es Ab d u ll a G em aa wh o m by th e w ay th e
4
, ,
1
V o l I V , B k IV , p 4 2
C ail li au d , 1 1 , 1 9 5
gb
. . . . .
I bi d p p 1 9 8 an d 2 2 0 th e r e i s o f co u r s e W ad A i
3
L o d ag ui b
bi y ki ly F by lf ivil
. . . .
4
An A r a c c o p w as n d s en t m e Mr C C B a o u r o f t h e S u d an C
v y i f m i f m
. . .
S e r i ce T h e au t h o r o f t h e M S sa s I co p e d i t r o an o th e r w h o c o p e d i t r o
w ik m mm b g yf m
. .
i ts o n e r S h e h O ar i b n M uh a
ad , w h o r o u h t a co p ro
th e no bl
e S a yi d s y
ro a i t i s n e ar
. P b bl y
all a a e ly f k .
2 48 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X .
.
, ,
s o n o f h i s m o th e r a d au g h te r o f S h er if Hamm ad Ab u D e n a
3
na T he, .
th e K AN C A B fr o m S h awar th e DUKALAB an d fr o m D ay m a th e
, ,
,
th e ,
G '
AP P E ND I X ON T HE U S E O F T HE TE RM M AN GI L
X I T he t er m
b e o f HAM AG o r igi n : is sa id u n certai n to its d er i v ati o n is .
T he o f M a ng il c ar r i e d
r an k ith it th e r ight to ear th e takia whi ch
w w ,
y
w as w o r n al so b th e M ek s o f S enn ar (s ee D 7 CC I no te) T h i s tak i a
X .
t h e M ek o f th e G A ALI IN
e r e en titl e d to e ar i t T o t h e se m ay b e add e dw w .
y
the i r ch i e f in o l d en d a s al s o b o r e th e ti tl e an d ar e co rr o b o r ate d b o th e r s y .
v y
I ha e m se lf seen M ek a b ak o f Rash ad , a NUB A hill s ou th o f T ekali Zy
j
mu ch s u b ect in the ei ghteenth centu r to FUN i n u en ces , wear ing a y G
taki a
ackso n (p
. J
9 5 ) th u s d es cr ib es the i n estitu r e o f an Ab d u llab i
. v
M a ng i l : T h e n e l app o inte d S heikh r st recei e d a T agi a, which
wy v
c o n s i s te d o f tw o h o r n s l le d ith c o tto n ; this he p u t u p o n his head b efo re w
tak in g hi s s e at o n th e th r o n e c all e d K u ku r ; h e w as th en ad d r esse d w i th
y
t he ti t l e o f Mek an d s alu te d : m ay o u r re ign b e p r o sp e r o u s ! T h e S u ltan
,
w
th en k iss e d h i s h an d , an d , after i shin g him su ccess , o r d ere d the s tate
Th 1
h ll w h e au t h m h id Ab d ll w R f
or a d o s t at o n t e ot er s s
e
u a as a u a 1 , an p re
te nd hi k h
s g l gi h v b l d y b y h i i hi ki g h w
to t n t at en e a o st s a e ee n e as tr a t s n to t n n e as
R fa i b y
a u r ace
di g m f h w f S h di O h
.
H 2
h
e n ce , h h acco r n to t e au t or, t e na e o t e to n o en n t e
S h di di w d m i g h w mb
.
oth h erd h F an S i
t F e r s ay en or en s a r or e an n t e o
m d i K ga d y b ,
l l m ki d w m ,
,
and h i w
t at t as s o na e n un ra a s e c au s e a an n e n t to o r c a e
f miro t
Vid I d x
.
3
b Ab D e n e su u en na
m I k iab i m lik ly b d iv d f m K i
.
4
Th e na e n e rr s o re e to e er e ro e rr
m ll f mili d v Th i
.
5
All h t h S d
e s e ar e s a a e s s c at te re o er t e u an . e r st ve s e c t o n s
m i d d ddf mD
e nt o n e w b y R fa m h h x by
as e sce n e ro ay m a e re a u
ia ot er, t e ne t a
F w i
ung h x b y A w d (i G l i )
a, t e ne t an
a ia . e . a a
a .
2 50 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X III .
G eb e l M oya .
.
,
( d ) T HE S HU K R IA A N D T HE D U BAS I IN
T HE S HU K RIA F r o m th e ge n er ali ty o f nisbas it w ou l d
X IV .
s ee m th at th e S HUKRIA b el o ng p r o p er ly to th e GU HA N A gr o u p , Y
al th o u g h th e y
h av e p r ete nsi o ns to b e K URA S H 4
Y .
o f d e anc e to th e F UN G an d HAM AG o f th e G e zi r a
3
.
1
C l o se i to t h e r u n s o f
B as a i s t h e to o f th e mb
feki B fad n i , a e no n w ll k w
-
s an c tu ary ( S C wf ee ro o o t i n A r ch S ur v N ubi a , X IX , p 1 3 , an d c p D
T h Al ab i l d i ll
. . . . .
n c u e s e c t o n s c a e d Y e z i d , I d i r g a an d K im ay l ab
2
e i
i lly l y
.
3
S ee A 2 , A 1 1 , an d e s p e c a D 6 B A c as se s t h e F ad n fa as G u h a n a
l XXV
. .
I I I , an d n o te s t h e re t o ,
4
S e e C 5 ( a ) an d ( b) S e e a so D 7 , X 1 an d A B C ,
f mw will i b k
.
ro hi c h i t ap p e ar th at t h e r e m ay b e a c o n n ec t o n e tw e e n t h e S h u r i a an d
bi ib
t h e A r a an t r b
e o f Y as hk u r , a y ylr an c h o f Ka s A
an
ii y li f lk k g
.
5
I n t h e se t r ad t o n s t h e Ka ar e s p o e n o f as A n a
o
f ll wi g l by y w
.
a M e s all am i :
3
T h e o o n an e c d o t e w as t o d m e In th e d a s h en t h e
k w l i g i f m
S h u ri a e r e u n d e r t h e H am ag , t h e atte r i n th e r h au h t n e s s b ad e th e o r e r n o t ~
f l
to o u th e B u tan a b y l vi g i
ea m l f bi
n ill
t h e r s h e c a e s a t er -
k
rth s s a ) i n it b u t to t a e
th em wy a a w mi
an d t h ro th e iv k
n to t h e r er f by
T h e S h u r i a h ad p e r o r ce to o e , b u t
y i by ki g y
.
on e o u th d ar e d to d s o e an d t h e H am ag n T o r un g a p ut hi m t o d e ath A e ar
l iv y mm b m
.
at e r , o n t h e an n e r s ar , Ha ad , t h e r o th e r o f t h e u r d e r e d m an , ap p e ar e d
bf m
e o r e T o r u n g a i n ar m
o u r an d d e v g w li
an d e d h i s r e e n e T o r u n g a i n
er o r t h e ar r a e ce r e o n h e r e an d n o w to c e e r ate
r ath r e p e d ,
P f m m ig m y l b m y m i g wi i
.
ar r a e th t h s
f ll w wif
e o
s k mm
e h e r e c o n e d Ha g ad , t h at i s , as wif k
o o d as d e ad an d hi s e ta en
l m y
as o o t T h e ce r e on f m l y b
w as th e n p er o r e d ( i n th e ad s a s e n ce o f co u rs e ) , an d
m y l y mm mm l w wi bl w
.
T o ru n g a ad e r e ad to s a Ha ad ; b u t Ha ad s e T o rung a th o n e o
mm m i lw w l my
,
an d Ha
h o e H am ag ar
ad s s ix co p an o n s s e th e .
X IV . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 25 1
, ,
t o mb wi th th at o f hi s w ife B ay a i bint e l M ek
k is s till to b e s ee n at
1
, ,
o f th e m as ar e kn o wn is as fo ll o ws ,
K e ri m
tg
n
4,
0 8 53 2:
EL m
T
m u o . 0
E
,
c
C
EJ , o
W W W 7
H am m ad
4
M uha mm ad
A li el H ad d
i
A b c u ll a 5 ( f o u r o t h er
I )
( th r e e so n s ) ( th r e e so n s ) ( f
o u r so n s ) ( si x son s )
so ns
1
Hi s so n s , as s h e w bvn a o e , ar e in no e x ac t o r d e r
X
.
2
S ee D 7 C CIII
m i gi b w
.
3
T h e n a e d e n o t e s a h ar d r d e r H ar d e ll u u se d to u d e t h e t r i e h en
gi g i i i gfb l i w b
.
c h an n t h e r p as tu r e , r d n a u o u s d s tan c e s t o n d o u t h er e w as t h e e s t
g zi g w
ra n an d h er e t h e r a n at e r l ay i w
o st p e n t u m l if lly
-
k l
.
4
H e ad o f th e S h u r i a o f K as sa a
k l il P vi
.
5
H e ad o f th e S h u r i a i n t h e B u e N e r o n ce .
9 w a
ag ains t th e FUN G
2
.
1
ig m
Acco r d n t o so e ac co u n t s th e M ek w as a M ek of S e n n ar , i e i t w as a
F g i wh m S h w b g b l yli ig
. .
r o u h t t o G e e Ka A cco r d n
un pr n c ess o D in a el
e d d e d an d
d m h m li ly g g
.
to h an o t er an uc o re ke acc o u n t s h e w a s a d au h t e r o f t h e ( p a an
M k f K yli S h i
e o id a e s sa to h a e v liv
e d o n t h e t o p o f th e hi an d h er p e o p e at th e ll l
f f i Th g v m i i i ig
.
oot o t e ra es e n t o n e d co n s s t o f an n n e r an d an o u t e r r n o f s to n e s ,
h f m big b h iz b i g m m ly
.
t e or er e n a o ut t e s e o f t h e co r p s e an d th e o u te r e n ad e ere to
p v re h d w hi g
en t t e oo s as n a a th e n n er wy i
xxv
.
S D 7
2
ee ,
L .
252 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P xrv .
His Awad
K e r i m Ab u Sin s u cc ee de d h i m an d m u s t h ave
son el
HI N an d
wi th the G A AL I IN and AHAM DA eas t an d s ou th o f S h e n di an d like
"
, ,
Bu t wh e n th e Tu r ks c o nqu er e d th e S u d an th ey fo u n d i t n e c e ss ar y
t o o b tain th e s u pp o r t o f th e in u e nti al s h eikh s an d Ahm ad Bey ,
e ve r y wa di in th e anci e n t Isl an d o f M e r oe
'
n o l o ng e r cl aim an y p o si ti o n o f p r e emin e nc e -
.
P ar t o f th e m ar e n o w in K ass al a p r o vince an d th e m aj o r i ty ar e
3
,
r u l e s th e S HU KRI A o f K ass al a
'
S in famil y .
,
r
'
.
Ab u D e l ay k .
1
S ee D 7 , xc 2
S e e D 7 , CLI
X k
. .
3
S e e n o te to D 7 , C C C , an d B a e r , p p 7 5 an d 1 1 1
k
. .
4
B u r c h ar d t , p 34 6 , an d C ailli au d , I I I , 1 08
. .
5
I bid p p 3 1 6 an d 4 00
k f mily l il
. . .
3
C p B a e r , p 7 5 T h e h e ad o f t h e a h e d th e t t e S h ei k h el M a sha i kh
l wv m il l by f
. . . .
M an s e d P ar k y n s ( 1 1 , 4 05 ) ad d s , h o e e r , th at t h e sa e t t e w as h e d th e c hi e s
o f t h e A b u G i n an d th e Ab u Rof a es f mili
il
.
7
C p S i r C W so n , l o c ci t
l i X
. . . .
3
S at n , C h III
ki k w
.
y
.
3
I n T u r s h d a s Ke d ar ef u s e d to b e n o n as S ak A bu S i n
.
2 54 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P xv .
o v e r al l th e re s t o f th e n ati o ns : h e s ee s in th e m th e d e sc e n d an t s
Ag ain h e c alls
e l e p h an to p h ag i
2
D o b en ah
o f P to le m aeu s s a .
ge ner al n am e fo r th e tr ib e s w h o s h ar e d wi th th e B as a o f th e
1 7 3 6 in to th e te rr i to r i e s o f th e F UN G B r u c e s ays : T h e K ing in
,
Du b ai n a o r Du b an ia o f th e p r e s e nt d ay an d mu s t s u r e ly r e p re s ent ,
1 0
B e ni Ame r no r Hadd en d a
-
.
th e S HU KRi A o n th e At b ar a r o u n d T om at T h ey w e r e th e n s till a .
t h e G A AL I i N r e fu g e e s o f M eh Ni m r s family w h o w e r e s e ttl e d o n th e
,
Abyssini an b o r d er
In his m ap B ak er s h ews th em as o ccu p ying all
.
1
V o l I V , Bk IV , p 3 0 ; an d V o l 1 1 1 , p 4 ; an d
. . . . . m ap D u b en o
2
V o l 1 1 1 , C h IV , p 47 2
wv k b
. . . .
3
I n V o l V I , p 2 44 , h o e e r , B r u ce s p e a s o f T h e Raas a, or Do ena S h an
g ll
. .
a a.
5
4
V o l 1 1 1 , Ch N , p 47 2
. . I bid p 4 7 9
. . . . .
3
V o l IV , Bk W , p 1 1 9 7
I bid as q u o te d , an d B k V I , C h I , p 44
i by i i
. . . .
y y
. . . . .
3
B r u ce s e d to r ( V o l I I I , I n tr o d p 4 ) s a s : T o th e n o r t h o f A ss n a th e
g ll mix wi b j l
. . .
[th e S h an a a] ar e ed t h A r a s , t h e B e a , an d t h e B e l o w [ i e t h e B e a] ; i n
wi y ll
. .
h c h q u ar ter th e ar e c a e d D u b e n a
l l
.
3
M an s e d P ark yn s (m ap to V o l I , an d cp V o l I I , p 404) p ace s th e D ave in a
b b w b imm i ly f
. . . .
Ar a s et e e n th e R ah ad an d t h e At ar a , e d ate s o u th o f t h e tee n th
ll
p ar al e .
1
W e rn e , p 1 8 7
k k
. .
11
B a er , p p 1 3 6 , 2 7 9 , 447 C p M P ar k y n s ( 1 1 , w h o sp e a s o f Ab u J in ,
g if ik mm
. . . .
r e at c h e o f t h e D ave i n as As Ab u G in w as h e ad sh e h o f th e Ha ad a w e -
m w v l i ib
.
u st s u p p o s e t h e Dub ai n a e r e u n d e r th e o er o r d s h p o f th at tr e .
X VI .
2
T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P 255
Nil e .
T HE F E Z ARA G RO U P
X VI Th e te r m is
l o nger h ear d in th e S u d an b u t to
F EZARA n ow n o ,
o w n n am e .
b eto ke ns the cl o s e intimacy o f the two t rib e s and thei r inte rr el ati o n
by m arri age .
1
k
E l T ani s i s m ap , e g , s p e a s o f c a e o n n n o ad s c a e d F ez ar a c o m ml wig m
-
ll
ii g m i m
. .
th e M aha i d , t h e M e g an i n , th e B e n i G e r ar t h e B e n
pr s n O r an an d t h e
M e s si r i a Z a r r uk B ru ce s m ap p ace s B en i F ai s ar a,
.
l
C u b b ab e e sh , an d B en i
G e r r i n th e B ay d a .
2
P
S e e art I I , C h ap s I an d 2
P bv
. .
3
S e e W ii s ten fel d , I an d H an d T r e e 1 in ar t I I , a o e . .
2 56 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 1 1 2 xv11
. . .
(f ) D AR HAM I D
e n ti r e ly n o m adi c
l
.
m ar ch es to th e n o r th wi th th e high r ou gh c ou nt ry o f th e KAB AB iS H , ,
ar o u n d th e T h e n o m ad ic c h arac ter o f th e tr ib e m ad e i t
e asy in th e l as t c e ntu r y fo r v ari o u s D AN AGLA an d o th er s to acqu i r e
p o ss essi o n o f m any o f th e b asins o f th e K hay r an wh ich ar e cu l ti
I t is h ar d to s ay at wh at p er i o d th e D AR HAM I D t o o k u p t h eir
ab o d e in c e ntral K o r d o f n I t m ay h av e b ee n i n th e rs t h alf o f th e
.
T h eir ance s to r Hm id cl K hu ayn live d accor d ing to the i r
,
to D ar f r an d th e i r d e sc e n d ant s to o k u p th e i r ab o d e p ar tly in D r f r
,
an d p ar tl y in K o r d o fn .
B i N , th e , th e
ME GAN IN an d the G I LAY DAT ; an d th e p ar e ntage attr ib u te d to s o me
o f th e s e by trad i ti o n th r o ws s o m e ligh t o n th e e ar l co nne cti o ns o f y
th e tr ib e T h e m o th e r o f th e r s t tw o is s ai d to h ave b e e n fro m
. eb e l G
1
T h e co mm o n es t c a mlb
e -
r an ds D ar Ham i d K aw hl a
o f th e ar e th e s a m e as
th o se o f c ert ain o f th e M eg an i n b r an c h o f D ar Ha d mi .
25 8 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X IX .
e nsl av e d th e K U RA A N an d pl ac e d h ims e lf u n d er th e p r o te c ti o n o f
th e tr ib e s ee ms t o h av e p ai d th e m tr ib u te .
th e tr ib e an d w h o s e s h e ik h U m B e d a w ad S i m wi w as th ei r l ead ing
,
war ri o r .
F r o m U m B e d a th e naha s d esce n d ed to his s o ns T u m sh an d
th e wh o l e o f D AR HAM I D 3
.
o f th e s e s e c ti o ns b e c au s e th e r ic h e s t in h e r d s is th e ME GA NiN th e 4
, , ,
b u lk o f wh o m ar e o n th e w e s ter n co nn e s o f D AR HAM I D an d r o am
alm o s t as far n o r th w e s t in th e r ains as d o th e K AB A B i S H an d K AW A
-
H LA .
I t is o nl y l ate ly th at th e y h av e b e gu n t o cl e ar p ar ts o f th e i r c o u n try
fo r c u l tivati o n an d to fo r m vill ag e s an d t o tap th ei r fo r e s ts fo r g u m .
K o r d o fn an d is c o mpl ete ly cu t o ff fr o m th e r e s t o f th e tr ib e T h ey .
1
Qv C un y p 1 54
ig
. . . .
,
2
S l at i n s G r e er
y (p p
.
3
E g M P ar k y n s an d C u n 1 54,
xm l fh h fl d i
. . . .
4
S i ng M ag n u n i ( i e
A cu r o u s e a p e o t e c eer u an
wh l l b y ib f d i y i k m ( A d w L g Th
. . .
o e s a e ac c e p t an c e a tr e o a e p r e c ato r n c na e s ee n re an ,
e
S f h T
e cr et o Ch ) t e o tem VI
Th y m i d by l T i i l g ib i h i h d d yi g
. .
,
5
e ar e en t o n e c ii n s as a ar e tr e r c n er s an pa n
tr ib Da f
ute to (V D f H i l d
r h m
ur d h M ham d oy ag e o u a r o ur p e nc u es t e an t e a i
h B i Om a iG m fh M m
.
, ,
h B d Z k d h
t e en r n, t e en tr an
er a so e o t e e s si r i a u rr u un er t e te r
( P a b y mi i N h ig l
F ez ra l i er 7 )
ra sp r n t ; see oc c t p ac t a p 1
ll d h m i W d ai d l f mill d y ( 78) k
. . . .
a u es to t M h id
e C n a as e a a e es a am
s
un p sp ea s
f h m ib d y h y h M ali h K b ab h h B i
. .
o t e as a s ep ar at e tr e an sa s t e t e a a, t e a is t e en
m K d fa H w v
, ,
G er d h Z d
r, an U l B h it h e ay ia, e e t at m c a r n n o rt e r n or o n o e er ,
w h i 6 h i h ik h b gh v h i w ib
.
h M
h f
en n 1 90 t e r s e ou t a na as or t e eg n in , e en s o n tr e
re g d d hi i
ar e d w ld ll w i b b
s act o n a s p r e sum p tu o u s an ou not a o t to e e at e n .
3
S e e j o ur n R G S . . . . Vol . XX ,
1 85 1 .
111 2
. . XX II . T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 2 59
AYAD I A AWLAD G I M i A
A . 1
G I MA A
2
3 . AMA I G
HAMAYD I A G
B . 1 T A ULA
.
2 RA WAT. Y
etc .
NAs T I B O
AWLAD MADI
AWLAD RUM IA
HAYADI RA
G HAD I ANAT
AW LAD SAI D
X X I T h e F E RA HN A ar e th e s u b tr ib e o f D AR HAM I D r ic h e s t in s h ee p
an d in l an d b u t th ey ar e n ear ly all s e d e ntar y an d ar e r e g ar d e d as
,
o f th e b e s t K hay r a n fall wi th in th e i r b o u n d ar i e s t o cu l tivate th e m
T h ei r su b d ivisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws
E L S HE RAM A
E L TURS HA 4
E L AKARIB
EL HU B S HA G
N
AW LAD HI MA Z
E L KE RI M I A
XX I I T e HAB B I N
A MERAMRA ar e fter th e M E GAN I N
h 5
an d th e , a , th e
1
So m e o f th e s m ll a e r su b d ivi i s o n s o f th e s e ar e o mi d b h y b f d i
tte ut t e can e o un n
my p 1 29
,
y ll b y igi T h m i m ly
. .
2
T he M e s a i d s ay th e ar e n o t M e g ni n at a or n e na e s er e
l l mm ib l ll i T h b k w
.
o f M as l i d an d n o t u n c o
'
a p u ra o n as a t r a ap p e at o n e es t no n
l A bi d G ia
.
M e sai d
ar e t h o se s e tt e d o n th e ra an c o as t n e ar M w l u d h
ay a an n an t ere
a b o u t s : t h e se a r e a b r an ch o f th e Hu w ay t t ( se e B u r to n , L a n d of M i dia n ,
I, 87
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , C a m el
3
p 27
m li gy i i k
. .
T h e n a e Tu r s h an o cc u r s i n Kl ip p e l s s t o f E p t an B e d o u n s : h e s p e a s
4
o f th e T u r s h an as d o r i g in e er er e
S i r C W so n ( p 4 )
b b
ent o n s T ar s h an
il m i
m g mi m i b l m g
. . .
a on th e s e no ad c A r a s n o rt h o f A sw a
~
in T u r s h an o cc u r s a so a on
wl
.
th e A ad Ako i
f wi b
.
5
P allm e an d W e rn e c o n u s e th e H ab b i n t h th e H ab b an i a ( B akkara) e t we e n
w m g
h o , t h o u h th e s n u ar o f o th n a e s i s igl
b
H ab b n i , th e r e i s n o tr ad t o n a m ii l
c o nn e cti o n at al l .
1 7
-
2
2 60 T HE G U HAYNA ,
GR O U P 111 2 . . XX II .
ar e as fo ll o ws :
NAs EL S HE I KH 1
( AW LAD HAMID
AW LAD AN I s SELMAN
AW AN A
EL FAs
SAKI RAN
NAs HAM IR
Z GHAW
A A FELLATA
AW LAD M ILAYT
U M SA ADUN NU GHURA
AB U AM AR KARKO
1 -
5 MA A A
2
F
0
9
N UsAR 2
P SELLAM-
u AWi
LA D H ATI M
G NAs B I HAYL
! GEZAY I
l
o
O AB U T I N AYT I M
( 9 D o wAS HN A
.
B MEsAB iH
. I T URKU
C D AR EL BA AG
.
1 . GH UB S HAN
NAs AB U AL I
2 .
3 . K uRU M US i A 3
3 AW.L AD S A
AD
4 KAN AP ID
.
5 AW.L AD K E R AY M
1
T he d i i iv b d f h i h li g i i
st n ct e ran G b o Kh h m lt s t e ru n s e ct o n s a a a
a as e
Ke lb
( do g m h h b k i
s out h l fon tf h il ( M M i h l
e u tt o c . e . to t e e t o t e ta ac c ae ,
2
Bo t hna m g i i lm id i l f m
e s o c cu r a g h N hi
a n n a o st en t ca or am o n t e aw a
h ig l giv m i d i vi i g h
.
3
N ac t a h K es t e f h F
u ru u s a as a s ep ar ate s on o t e ez ra, to et er
wi h
t th e Z d
ay d v i ia D Hami d
an ib ( H l l ar o us O h r tr es s ee e m o t, p t er
wi h h Z d
.
K u r um i
u s a ar e th d t e ay ia at t e p r ese n t ay .
2 62 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P XX VI .
bl e nd o f s o m e o f th e ear li e st Ar ab immigrants to K o r d o fn wi th th e
au t o c h th o n o u s n e g r o i d s Rii p p ell P allm e P ark yn s an d o th er s cl ass
.
, ,
th e m wi th th e G H O D I AT an d G AW AM A A
.
o n th e s o u th w e s t limi ts o f D a -
r Ha mi d M any G I LAY DAT were in .
settl e d in K or d o fan .
T h eir su b divisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws
RUDAN A
NAsi RAT
AKAS H IA
AW LAD E RB IJ D
(g ) T HE Z AYAD IA
XXV I I T h e ZAY ADIA als o app ear fr o m th e nisbas to b e r el ated
'
cl o s e ly to th e FE ZARA gr o u p .
all y i n c o nn e c ti o n wi th fo r ay s o n c ar av ans o r gh t s wi th th e
K AB AB i S H B EN I G ERAR an d HAM AR o n th e W ad i e l M e lik an d e ve n
, ,
E 2
.
5 00 a n d t h o s e o f K o r d o fan at 55
E o nly 3
; b u t t h e t r ib e w as .
acc ou nt o f th e p er s e c u ti o n to wh ic h i t w as su bj e c te d by th e S u l tan
r e fu g e t o K o r d o f n
T h ey ar e n ow s ettl e d at U m G Oz ayn o n th e
.
1
k
B ur c h ar d t a so l m i m
e n t o n s th e i n D ai rfi i r i n 1 8 1 4 (N ubi a , p
XV
.
2
S e e n o te t o B A , L I I
w m ly m i il l
.
3
T h e se ere o st no ad c u n t th e as t d e cad e
k
.
4
E g B u r c h ar d t , p 4 8 1
y
.
w
. . .
5
S e e C un , p 9 4 3
S e e S te art
mig w m by f m Da f
. . .
7
T he e r an ts o f 1 9 1 3 e r e ac co p an ie d a fe w G il ay d t ro r ur .
1 11 2
. . XX V II . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 263
th e S HE N AB L A .
T h e su b d i v isi ns
o of th e ZAY AD I A
'
ar e as fo ll o ws
NAS HASAN
1
AWLAD GERB U A
ADRAO
S HOK
S HERR I
AB U HAMM AM
AI AL S ULA M Y
I sAW IA 2
NAs EL T OM
NAFA iA
N As K I RTUB
U M D ERAW A
AW LAD FARI s
I MAYR1A
M I SAM i R
G E TARN A
3
K URUM U S I A
C . AW LAD GA B IR AI AL
SAB T EL
NUR
RI KAY A
AB U M I S H I M '
AW LAD T AT UN
AB U MA ALI
HAM M UD
G URARAT
ZY A D
BERB US H , or BERAE i S H
NAs U M G EMA A
1
G e r b ti a je r b o a T h e n a e
z
m
G e r ab i a ( B A , C I I ) ap p e ars t o b e
XV a p l l
ura
f m f m P
.
or ed ro G e r b u a : c p n o te in art I I I , C h ap 5 , p ar a
V
wi bb wi
. . . .
2
O th e r s ar e th t h e K a a i sh an d th th e G am ti i a
3
C p sub M e r m r a ( a o e )
. bv
m i b
.
4
S ee M acM i c h ael , C a m el B r ands , p 3 5 fo r s o e o f t h e r r an d s
.
, .
2 64 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 111 2
. . XX VI I I .
( h) T H E B E N I G ERAR
XXV I I I At o ne time fr o m th e mi d d l e o f th e e igh tee nth to the
,
t o e l Har z a an d o v e r th e B ay d a d e s e r t an d d o wn th e b anks o f th e
Whi te Nil e 1
.
T h e n am e F e z ra s ee ms t o h av e b e e n m or e o fte n appli e d to
th e m th an t o any o f th e o th er n o m ad s an d i t is n o t u nlik e ly th at th ey
h av e s o m e r eal c o nn e cti o n wi th th e F EZARA w h o w er e in U pp e r
E g yp t in th e fteenth c e ntu ry 2
.
b y th e K AB AB i S H in p ar ticu l ar fr o m K ag m r an d th e n o r th er n stepp e s
,
o f K o r d o f n th ey t e n d e d t o m o v e far th e r s o u th an d t o tak e t o c u l ti
v ati o n near th e Wh ite Nil e r o u n d el Bu szita and farth er inl and near
, /
r o u n d e l Ti us an d t o th e e as t o f K h o r si .
T h e m ain d ivisi o ns o f th e tr ib e ar e as fo ll o ws :
A . MAHAB IB D . AWLAD HA LA Y
B AWL AD RAB I L NA S MUS A
{
. A
EL AHA ME R Y 2 B ILAYLAT
.
EL S HA I B A
E . AB U HAGUL
KH ALA A F F . AWLAD BARAKAT
C . G UB ARAT 3
NAS AB U A
1 .
2 . G UAYD
3 S I N UT
.
4 U M S I MAYRA
.
5 N AS SALI M
.
6 AW LAD. I UT G
T H E B AZ A A
( 7)
XX I X T h e BAZA A ar e r e p u te d to b e very cl o s e l y r e l ate d to the B E N I
ad ve nti ti o u s .
1
S e e B r u ce , V o l V I , C h X ; B ro w ne (p C un y (p 43) an d M an s ld
e
XX
. . . .
Park y n s (R G S
P
. . .
,
2
S e e ar t I I , Ch ap 1
m f ly m g
. .
3
T h e s am e n a e o cc u r s r eq u e n t , e g
. . a on th e B akkAr a an d th e Z ay ai d i a .
266 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 111 2
. . XXX ;
K AB AB i S H c o ng e r i e s i n th e n o r th .
ar e t o b e fo u n d fr o m e l O day a t o F Og a an d U rn B e l an d in th e r ains ,
far th e r no r th .
T h e s u b tr ib e s o f th e S HEN AB LA ar e as fo l l o ws
A . U M BRAYS H G . AW LAD HAW AL 4
AM I RA NAs ME RRA I
{
l
L 1 .
NAs MA AK
2 . G A ABA z .
U M AB DULLA H H
5
B . . AM D I A
1 OAR A . G J . SUB AYHAT
N As G UMA A AW LAD AM I RA
2 . 1 .
l
3 N As U M G AD E L K E Ri M
. 2 K HAM i SAB
.
C . AW LAD NAsi R 3 N AE A.
AB
1 NAs MUKAB IL .
4 KUW I AE.
2 NAs N UKM US HA
.
5 N AS U
. M LAO T A
D AW LAD D AN I K ABU I MAYR
. .
NAs S ALLAs T AI B AT
{
L
T h e b r an d u s e d b y alm o st e v er y s e cti o n o f S HE N AB LA o n th ei r
c amels is th e I t var i e s in fo r m b u t is always pl ac e d o n
1
I n The T r i bes of N o r ther n a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n ( p 2 06 ) I S p o e o f s o e o f
m k
jiig ll m m ll m
.
th ese as o n n t h e M e s a a i a T h e r e ar e so e S h en b l a in th e M e s a a ia
i i z k i m m f m wl
.
d s tr c t i n th e G e i r a , b u t t h e s e t o o t h e r n a e , i t s e e s , r o S h an b l a ad
i
M e d an ( q v i n D 7 , 7 9 , 8 0 an d T h e s e S h en b l a ( t h e o r d i s th e p u r a o f w l l
igl ll g l lly
. .
S h an b l , an d h as a S n u ar S h an b al i , o r S h am b al i ) ar e a e ed o c a to
v m i wi
h a e s o e co n n ec t o n th t h e Hadar e o f th e Re d S e a c o as t , b u t e b
d en ce o f t h s vi i
wi l k g
i s o t h e r s e ac i n
f
.
2
C p sub Ru a a 3
C p sub B e d ay r i a
bb
. . . .
4
C p su b K a a i s h
i
. .
5
O n ce a sect o n o f A b u I m ay r
.
111 2
. . XXX I . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 67
( I) T H E M A AL I A A N D T HE M A AKLA
T h e tr ib e is d ivi d e d b etw ee n D rf r an d K o r d o fn At th e cl o s e .
o f th e T u r ki s h e p o c h th e M A A L I A o f D r f r c am e l o wn er s in t he
-
E 1 45 0 as c o mp ar e d wi th E 1 49 ch ar g e d against th e b ranch in
. .
g
th e D er vish r ev o l t a lik e m o tiv e l e d t o a s teady inl tr ati o n o f M A ALI A
fr o m D rfii r into K o r d o fan .
m o v em e nt fr o m K o r d o fn to D r f r an d th o u gh th e M A ALI A ar e
th e i r ch i e f c o l o ny is r o u n d G e b e l Gl e i t ( Klay t) s o u th o f th e M E GAN I N
'
an d w e s t o f th e o th er D A R HA M I D b u t th e r e ar e m an y o th er s s e tt l e d
in e l N ahfi d el O d aya U m Ru ab a D illing an d el O b ei d d istr icts
,
3
, ,
.
th e y s e n d th ei r h er d s n or th w e s twar d s : in th e s u mm er m o s t s tay in
t h e i r vill ag e s b u t th e r ich er fo lk s u th w ar d s in th e w ak e o f th e
, g o o
B AKKARA fo r th e s ak e o f th e gr azing .
1
A i il b d i
s m i d by h
ar B h i r an , v z . s u se t e es r sect on of
An az
. a of
Ar a bi (D gh A bi D
a ou 5 d 3 Zw ty , ra a es I, 1 2 an 31 em e r , p
S w
. .
2
te ar t
I w ld b h f wh m B kh d h d livi g b w b id
.
ee n e l O
3
t ou e t ese o o ur c ar t ear as n et e an d
th e S h ill k y (N bi
u co u n t r u a, p .
2 68 T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P 11 1 2
. . XXX I .
Th e d ivisi o ns o f t h e tr i b e in K o r d o fn ar e as fo ll ows :
A . U M HAM MAD 1
B . U M E L HATAS HA
I . M UKRAYM ( U M KE RAYM) 1 K HAwAB
. i R
2
H H
( )
d ARB I A ( )
d ID A Y B A
(j ) U M HAM DA e tc .
(It ) S URURIA
S AMA i N
D O WRA
AB AD IA
'
T ARUM
AMAM IR NAS S E LLAM
SHBALA AWL AD D AH IR
U M SE LMAN S H ILAYM AT
B I LAL B IS HARiA
NAS LAZ I M
A1 AL S HANB UL
AWL AD HAS AB UL LA B I SHARA
D AR WALI D 3
G
KA AB I L
S HE RAK 3
AW LAD G I MA A
RI B AYDAT 3
AB U HAMM AD
NA AS NA U M ZAYAD A
3
KE LARA AB D E L HAB IB
'
3
KE NAK I L
ALO WN A
4
( AW LA D H RAYz
A 4
LG HARAYR
B I S H ARI A an d th er e is an
o m da o f th e S AMA I N g r o u p
'
o f e ac h gr o u p
o f t h e B I S HA
an d an
'
om da RIA B u t th e orn d a .
1
T he Ma a a ou d li w l i l
n c ud e a on m g
th e se t h e M a ak a , w h o ar e l not r ea lly
M a l ia at al l
yw
.
2
T h e r e ar e n o n e o f th e se i n K o r d o fn At t h e e n d o f th e T ur k i a th e e re
m w f l ib l i
.
o n e o f th e e s i n D r fi i r ( s e e S at n , p assi m )
'
o st p o e r u tr
l ly
.
3
C o se co n n e c te d
4
I n D r fi i r
'
. .
2 70 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 1 11 2 . . XXX IV .
( n) T HE M E S ALL AM IA
XXX I V Th is tr ib e cl aims to b e u nc o nne cte d wi th the GA ALI I N o r '
.
, ,
th e ms e lv e s Buk ria .
F r o m th e nisbas h o we v er it wo u l d s eem th at th ey ar e o f
, ,
o f th e l o w er r e ac h e s o f th e Bl u e Nil e .
s e d e ntary .
e as t b ank ,
S I B AY KAB WAN AY S AB M E GHAY RAB HAB AK I RA e tc
, , , , .
an d c u l ti v ate in th e H asib an d o th er b u t t h ey
D u b b n 1
,
wa dis ,
ar e c hi e y n o m ad ic in th ei r h abi t s an d u n til ab o u t th e mi dd l e o f th e
,
h ashasha (h o e ) on th e n eck , th u s:
as
fo ll o ws
1
Um Du bb b il
an i s u t c h e i y
of m ud I t w as o u n d e d s e en t f
e ar s ag o v yy by
i f ik mm
.
t h e h e ad o f t h e I b r h i m b s ec t o n , ath e r o f S h e h e l E b ay d M u ha ad B ad r
l w ll w vi l i lf i
.
T h e atte r w as a e k n o n D e r s h e ad e r an d Kad o f t h e K h a i a : h e d e d i n
-
1 9 1 5 U m D u b b n p o ss es se s t w o im i g
p os n ku bba s
co n t a n n th e r e a ns of iig mi
m mb f ily
.
e e r s o f th e am .
C HAP T E R 3
wo r l d 5
.
l w i g ib f K d fa
, ,
c att e o -
h h K
n n h H tr h B d
e s su c as t e en n a, t e as an i a , t e e ay r i a o or o n,
th M li
e b a h
b l gi g i d iff g
a , e tc ut t ly i ll ye se , e on n to q u t e er en t r o u p s , ar e o n o ccas o n a
k f B kk d h wi h i l f h i l Th m
.
sp o en o as a r a , an t at t s p ec a r e e r en ce to t e r cat t e e te r
wh g l lw y k m h
.
B kk
a i h S d ra d in t e i u an , en u s e n a en era s en s e , s a a s t a e n to e an t e
trib d l wi h i hi h
es ea t h B kk p t ll n t s c ap t e r t e a ra ar exce en ce
A m ll mb f h b d d m h i w gi g d h k
.
2
s a co h or t e e ar an o u s tac e s o rn an n ro un t e n ec
B w ki g f h M i y h y mb h i h i
.
3
( 66 A ro ) ne p 4 pp 11 S p ea n o t e e ss r i a sa s t e co t e r a r
b k wi i d f h f m i il b h i d g d
. .
,
i i
ac t st f t , an ast en t n t e or o a sco rp on s ta e n : a oo
i i
,
d e s cr pt on
A f hi mm l mb L f mm K mb im
.
4
ash K o n co o n a so t o t e an e u es e es an e ou a en t
b l mb mm iv l m d mb
.
e au co u p a l
r e co e p ar u r e et , s u an t e u r s r e ss o u r ce s es o r c eaux a re
d o nt m l
se llico l m i g (C b
p o se n t eur s co er s so n t p us ou o ns ro s ar on, I, 39 ,
C m D h m Cl i i f h Sh w A b f
o p ar e d O d en d a ap p e r to n an u n ey s esc r pt on o t e a ia ra s o
mi g m k h i b ll ( N
,
B o r n u co n i to ar et o n t e r u s ar r a t ve , p
g d m d f lif P ll ix h h p
.
f h B kk
5
F or a oo ac c o u n t o t e a ra o e o e see a rn e s S t c a ter .
2 72 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3 1 . . .
is o f B or nu Wadi D rf r an d K o r do fn
, , , .
t r ib e s as th e y app ear at p r e s e nt an d sp e ci e d th e v ar i o u s s e c ti o ns
su bj ect to e ac h b u t it will b e at o nce o bvi ou s fr o m a c o mp ar is o n o f
,
th e lis ts o f th e s e s e c t i o ns an d fr o m a s tu d y o f th e p as t h is to r y o f th e
B AKKARA th at no r eal r aci al d ivi ding lin e can b e d rawn b etween any
o n e tr ib e o f th e m an d any o th er .
1
C ar b o u , 11 , 51
v li by C
.
th e y c am e n o d ou b t wi th th e i r c am e ls an d s h ee p : c att l e th ey p r e su m
ably h ad n o n e o r b u t few As th ey w o u l d h ave b ee n a nu is anc e t o
, .
s o me to th e m o r e b ar r e n sp ac e s o f th e no r th an d s o me to th e fo r e sts ,
an d b o gs o f th e s o u th T h e c am e l o f c o u r s e c ann o t e xis t in th e s o u th
.
th e t r ib e s m ay h av e b ee n d i v i d e d b u t th er e is no r eas o n t o su pp o s e ,
s o u th o r s o u th e as t to th e Ch ad r egi o n an d B o r nu an d W adi fr o m
-
th ei r g e n eal o gy o r h is to r y o th er s s ay o f s o m e p ar tic u l ar fo r eb e ar :
5
I t w as h e wh o b r o u g ht th e t r ib e fr o m B o r ku [i e Wadi : s e to
. . . .
1
T he y see m to ha v e e st a bli hs e d th e m lv b y se es p e ace fl
u p e n e t r at i on r at h e r
t h an by f f m
o r ce o ar s
ld h i igi lly b gh b ll
.
2
Th H e aw z m a, e g to m e t e r an c e s t o r s o r na ou t a u an d a
w f m F ll i ilg im
. .
,
co ro a e t p r
g l gi l d f hi
.
3
S ee h
en e a o h ca t r e e s at t e en o t s c ap t er .
4
E M Mi h l
g see 6 ac c ae pp 1 4 1 5 1
I h v v m i B kka ig v wi w
.
. .
, , .
5
a e ne er se e n a an u s cr pt a ra p ed ree, b ut h a e r t te n do n
se v lf m li f m i d
era ro o rav l n or at o n an s een se er a o th e r s s o m il d N
co p e o tw o e e r v
g i v y h d g i id m k bl
.
a ree n e b er f r e s p e ct , ut t e e ree o co n c en ce is re ar a e .
V . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 75
ti cu l ar ly t o th e S ALAM AT :
many resp ects it still p reser ves th e p u ity an d e lo qu en ce o f the l angu age o f r
ar a a ,
a
al to g e th e r m y fo r m in B or n u a p o p u l ati o n o f fr o m
a to so u l s .
h is to r ic al p r o o fs o f th e p r e s e nc e o f th e s e Ar abs in B o r n u b e fo r e th e
tim e o f E d r is Alaw m a ( 57
1 1 an d h e m e n ti o ns th e sys te ms
o f bl o o d m o n ey ( dhz a
-
which b y th e w ay m aintains am o ng all
di vi d e s th e S HO A into two g r ou ps o n e fr o m th e n o r th an d th e o th er , ,
th e Gu h ayna gr o u p fr o m th e e ast als o r e marks th at th e u se o f5
, ,
Ham ag 7
p o ints as cl ear ly to a c o nne cti o n wi th th e T r ib e s o f
1
Q i
v n ar t I I PT h e A r a s o f B o r n u B a h r a n d C h b
ad d s t r c t
c hi e y s e i mi i i mi
y ll w w
. . .
,
se d e n t ar B akk r a ar e c a e d S h o a , o r S h a i a ( B ar t h , S h i I w a an d S hi a )
by i ig
th e n d en o u s tr es ib
bv
.
2
S e e p 1 39 , a o e
XXX
. .
4
3
V ol 1 1 , Ch
. I I , p p 3 5 5 3 5 6
. V o l 1 1 1 , C h L I I , p 46 5
. . . . . .
3 3
V o l I I , p p 4 , 8 , 9 , 2 0, 2 8 , 4 8 C ar b o u , 1 1 , 4 7
ly w xi ib ll
. . . .
7
I bid 1 , 3 6 C ar b o u i s ap p ar en t u n a are o f t h e e st e n c e o f a t r e ca ed
f f il xli m
. .
Ham ag i n th e e as te r n S u d an an d t h e re o r e a s to e p a n th e t er S o , to o
ig l y i
.
,
L e s H am m e dj s s o n t l e s d e r n e r s au t o
N ac h t a ( V oy a u O ua da i , p 7 4) s a s
'
m f mill l m ig
. .
c h t o n e s d u K an e I l s so n t d e l a a
e d e s B o u l al a s a so , i t s e e s , in n o r an c e
vi mvm f m
.
o f t h e H am ag o f S e n n r T h er e i s n o e d e n ce o f a H am ag o e en t ro e as t
w im m b bl y m
.
to e s t o r vi ce ver s a at an y t e an d th e t e r H am ag w as p r o a no ore t h an
an A r a b im i
p o rt at o n , u s e d t o d en o te an y u n c ed p eo p e An e ac t S iviliz
ar l x ly imil
w
.
u se o f t h e o r d o cc u r s i n M S C 3 II . .
1 8 2
2 76 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 3 . . v .
1
o f th e F u n g th o u g h m o s t o f th e m w er e in th e w est
.
,
el Bi r k a an d inter m arr i e d wi th th e N UB A an d i t m ay b e th at th e ,
.
, ,
t h ei r k i n in s ou th er n K o r d o f n .
we s t .
( a) B E N I S E L IM
of th e
n o th ing o f any inte r e st Th ei r c ou ntry at p r es e nt exte n d s ne ar ly as
.
th e r i v e r 4
.
s elve s r e ly u p o n t e m a
h n d t h e S H ILL U K fo r th e i r g rain s u pply
5
.
1
S ee p 39
. 1 .
2
S e e M ac M ic h ae l , C h ap . II .
4 5
3
A ng l o E g S ud a n ,
-
. 1, 1 30 . I bid 1 , 6 4. . I bi d . 1, 1 96 .
2 78 T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3 V I I
. . .
t o g eth e r .
d emeu r a au K o d o fan u ne au O u ad i u n e se x u B h r cl G h az al
2
r ,
a ,
a a a - -
n o y u du g n d tat q u i r u n i t u n j o u l es t er ri to i es d es K o u ka s d u
a ra r r ,
.
,
o th e r B AKKA RA .
T h e T u r kish p er i o d p r o vi d e s n o m o r e th an tr ad i ti o ns of g razing
d isp u te s an d d e s u l to r y g h ting b et we e n th e AW LAD HAMAY D th e
HAB B AN fA an d th e HALAFA s e c ti o n o f th e HAW AZMA T h e eve ntu al .
th e M ah d i at r s t b u t w er e e asily c ru s h e d an d wh at w as l e ft o f th e ,
t r ib e j o ine d th e D e rvi s h e s .
t o r e fo r m .
( c) HA B BAN IA
o r ve g e ne r ati o ns ag o .
1
Ou ld
a H am e d o u Ou ld a Ho m eid , d an s c e r t ain es re gi on s ( V oy . ou
O ua d a i , p
gl E gyp i
.
2
N o t th e B ahr e l G h az l o f th e An o -
t an S u d an o f c o u r se .
S ee M S
3
A7 . .
I II 3 V I I I
. . . T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 2 79
th ey ar e always c o nn e c te d cl o s e ly wi th th e T A Ai S HA
nisbas
1
T he .
te n d e d to e q u alis e th e nu mb e r s o f th e tw o b r anc h e s .
T A AI S HA to th e w e s t th e MAS ALAT t o th e n o r th an d th e D I N KA t o
'
o f t h e m an d r e l y l ar g e l y o n wil d r ic e an d
dhifr a anni cu m
(P
I sa chne) El e p h ant h u nting is mu c h in v o gu e am o ng th e m
. .
o f th e l atte r s ee m t o b e kn o wn c o ll e c t i v e l y as EL Z i ADAT T h er e is n o .
t o b o th .
A . T ARA
S HEBB A f(a ) AW LAD Ai D
5
1 .
( B IN
2 .
,
AW LAD D EL OTA ( )
k E L K I GA M A
AW LAD MA AP A (( ) H
L m E L A D AY LI
1
C p C ar b on , II , 5 I 54, wh H ab b n i a an d T a
ere th e ai s h a ar e s im l l f
i ar y r e er r e d
b i gb
b ib f m
.
t o as e n o t h su tr es o He at (i e Hay m d )
S w
. . .
2
P rOU t 3
te ar t
ly ymb l h ot wh i B h m f ml
.
T h td i e ra s p r o p er a c a ,
t e s a p . ot o cc u r as n a es o ca e
b d Th f m i h d
r an s . d l d h k f ml h l i
e or er s s ap e an p ace on t e n ec o a ca e ,
t e att e r s
a l g
on di l li b d d h
p e r p en f m h b kb d w w d c u ar ne r an e on t e q u ar t e r s , ro t e ac on e o n ar s,
li k h gi g wh i ( S M M i h l C l
e a an n Th p ee ac c ae am e gs 1 1 3, 1 1 4, e
m bly d b k h im wh h H b b w ml w
.
.
,
t en t tn i a
a er e c a e o n er s
te r s p r e s um a at e ac to t e e e a -
.
C m i h
o h f h T
p ar e t e case o t e a a s a
w lv m ll i ll i g i K d fa ll b l g i h
.
Th 5
e se t e h e s a s e ct o n s , a o ccu r r n n or o n , a e on e t e r to t e
S h bb e h Sh b b h
a or t S p 83e ay un r an c es.
3
ee n o t e o n .
2 80 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 111 3 V III
. . .
RIAFA
(a) AWL AD AB U A AD
Y
b
( ) E L FE RAY GAT
(c) AW LAD AB U NI AD G
SA ADAN
(e) NAS K E LB I
(f ) M A
E L E S I D
SHAB UL 1
(d) E L B E DARI N
'
(d ) HAWAZ M A
an d Z N A RA fr o m th e n o r th G AW AM A A an d N IJ B A w h o in th e d ay s
3
'
E , ,
o f th e F UN G d e si r e d t o p as tu r e t h e i r c att l e u n d e r th e p r o te c ti o n an d
i m
A s e c t o n o f t h e s am e n a e o cc u r s a o n t h e M an si r , an d th e e st n o n
1
m g b k w
b m bb l ll
.
r an d o f t h e Ha ar G h ar ay s i a an d o f t h e To w l K a a i s h i s a so c a e d th e
s ha bi d
m ll i b f bl g i
.
2
T h e s e tw o s a s e c t o n s , o th in K o r d o an , e o n e th e r to t h e R i afa o r th e
S h ab l
i l X XV
.
3
C p i n p art c u ar D 1 C X I
i y l lli wi
. .
H e n ce t h e r n am e T h e s e a e d th e a an ce
4
th an o ath ( i e
.
hal afi i . .
F or i ly hp r ecm m i A bi R b
se t e sa S mi h e c u s to n ra a see o e r t so n t p 45
M y vill g
. .
,
5
f F ll i
an d T k i a d i
es o h B e at a an a r r ar e sc atte r e n t e e d ay r i a -
Haw z m a
y h f l O b id
c o u n tr sout o e e
ib igi lly d wi h h N h Af i b
.
3
B h ot tr es ar e or na co nn e c te t t e o rt r c an B er er s . T he
Z enw b h f h L a F h H w
ra er e a r an c P II o t e u ta or t e o r a s ee ar t Ch A 1 pp
wh h H i l m
. .
.
, ,
7
d 8 d
I I , 1 2 0 ; an cp II, 2 an I , 23 1 er e t e o w az m ar e a so en t i o n e d
bl i f H b M d D gh y l
.
, ,
as a tu r u e n t s e ct o n o ar n e ar e in a ou t II , 1 35) a so
m i H i i f d f
.
ent o n s
z m ,
Han an c e n t en y o as e te ym .
282 T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P IX .
eas ter n an d s o u th er n K o r d o f n .
A .
AB D EL
ALI
1 . D AR G AW AD D AR BAKH OT I
D AR S HALAN G O
2 . AW LAD GH AB US H D AR AT HAB '
AW LAD BA AS H 6 M 1
D AR D EBL
E L MA AN AT
AW L AD G AM AA
3 . D AR BAYT I AW LAD AB U AD AM
E L K U RA AN
( 4 D AR NA AY L I
.
B . HALAFA
D AR AL I
1 .
2 D AR AI D
. F
3 E L AS.I RRA U M W AD AA GZ
AW LAD OM E R G
E L ZURRUK
AW LAD ME S HE RI
SE RRAR
(f ) MA ADA
AW LAD G HO N AYM (a ) D AR I GA
I(b) AW LAD T ADU
(0) ( D AR T AN AL G
5 E L T OGiA .
C . Ro w o wo A
1 D AR AM AI . G
(a) E L TO W AL 2
E L KU sAR 2
AW LAD NUB A 3
(a) AW LAD RAHMA
[(b)
2 .
D AR I LAL B
h e) E L F UKARA
3 . D ELAM I A
(a) AW LAD T A N A Y
S ULAYMAN I A
U M MA G I N D A
D AR A UL
G
L EL MUM I N I N
1
Ba
ash m z z j kl
a ac a
2
T owl
= lo n g ; K
'
u setr = sh o r t
b id h v b m
. .
3
Nu a is sa to a e e e n so n o f S an i n so n o f K as h a a.
T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 283
T h e AB D
EL , , ,
At1 a o n th e o ne h an d an d th r o u gh Haym d o n th e o th er th e
'
1
,
eg . .E L KU RA A
N lik e e very o th e r su b tr ib e o f BAKKARA
,
.
O f th e HALAF A w e h ave al r e ad y sp o k e n .
d is tant p e r i o d fr o m th e e as t an d j o in e d th e AB D EL AL 1 T h ey
.
t o a G o v e r nm e nt Insp e c to r 2
El L i eu
Ha mid Ab u K i tr
D zui d
M m M o hann a
T aww ar i in
So mi D aud
anc e s to r s o f th e m ain s e c ti o ns ar e q u o te d as th o s e o f s o ns g r an d s o ns ,
1
M
C ar b o u ( I I , 5 1 7 4) S p e a s o f t h e Hay m d H e at k
as t h e o st p o rt an t m im m
ivi i f m giv i b ib f ll wi g
.
d s o n o f B akk r a d e s c e n d e d r o G u n ay d H e e s th e r s u t r e s as o o n
m m
.
Aux H e at s e r att ac h en t e n c o r e m
lm i
l e s Dja d n , l e s S a a at , q u i co n st tu e n t u n e d e s t r u s ar a e s l e s p u s n o r e u se s ib b l mb
d e l Afr i q u e C e n t r a e et l es K h o u a
l
zm
w
.
2
C ap t A L H ad o . . . .
2 84 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P x .
th e ms e lv e s HAW AZM A .
( e) M E S S IR IA HU M R T A E LB A HOT IA S A AD A A N D T E R G AM
, , , ,
X I T he an d at o n e t a tr an d
ZU RRUK dar k
) an d th e ME S
si Ri A HUM R
n d s th e m as a r ul e s o r e fer r e d to in th e wo rks o f tr ave ll e r s
O ne
w h o m e t th e m in th e nine te e nth c e ntu r y in D r fi i r an d we st o f i t 3
e ac h tr ib e h as i ts o w n d r an d i ts o wn sh eik h s
.
T h e AGAI RA
A . A I AL KH A
Y R
1
Ta k f mC
en ro A L H ad o w s n o t e s
ap t .
i b d ivi i b i m
. . .
s o n o f A r a s n t o Hu r an d Z u r r u k i s n o t co n n e d t o t h e M es
2
Th
s su
s i r i a ( s e e B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , A p p I t m ay h a e co n c d e d o r v i i
na igi lly wi
t h th e d s on ivi i
i ml w l w l
. .
n t o n o r th e r n an d so u t h e r n , c a e o n e r s an d c at t e o n e r s , b u t t h er e i s n o r e a
- -
e vi d e n c e t h at t h at i s so
ig l
.
3
S e e , e g , N ac h t a , V oy a u O ua d a i , p 7 0 ; B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p 7 , p 5 4 5 ;
ii
. . . . . . .
an d E l T i m s p 1 29
li will i i il f m giv
. .
4
T h e s e sts b e se e n t o d ffer i n ce r ta n d et a s r o th o s e e n i n C h ap X I
my m i
.
i b illi m y f
.
n d e t e d to M r C A W s , w h o fo r s o e e ar s w as I n s p e c to r o f W e s t e r n K o r d o an ,
w li v m wi m il b y l ly
. .
an d h o s e s t s I h a e c o p ar e d th th o s e c o p ed t h e at e C ap t W L o d ,
g my lf
. .
Mr J W S a ar an d
. . se .
2 86 T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 111 3 X I I
. . .
T h e F ELAI TA
ARA A F
ARi F
E L Z I IJ D 2
B . AWLAD S URUR AWLAD U M KH AM I s
GAMA A
U M AL AN
Y
U M B OKATA
G
'
3
AF I R
E GE RAFIN
L
3
C . E L G URARAT 4
EL S HI B A
AWLAD
G ULADA AW LAD
D . EL SAL AMAT 5
AWLAD ALI
S A iD I
AB U I DRIs
E L G E E AE I RA
AWLAD FAD L
AB U KADAYM
as l o ng as te n g e n erati o ns ag o .
T h e HU M R c o u ntr y li e s o n th e e xtr e m e w es t o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn ,
fr o m th e neighb ou rh o o d o f el O day a to th e B ah r e l Ar ab o r B ah r
1
m g
C p E l Z i a d t a o n th e H ab b n i a
ib f w l
. .
2
F o r t h e s e as a se p ar at e t r e ar th e r e s t s e e at er
i
.
3
M o st o f th e se ar e i n B o rku , it i s s a d
l mi iii i l i
.
a n d v s o n o f th e T a a sh a
4
E l G u b r t ar e a so a C p a so t h e B e n G e r a r
i il b gi i g i y l gb ib
. .
s e ct o n s U n t t h e e n n n o f t h e n n et een t h ce n t u r t h e r e h ad o n ee n a tr e
ll i i y mv z
.
o e d to G a a ( s e e N a m
ro u n d el Ar i s h T h e t h e n
c a e d G u b r t i n S n a .
B ey , H i s t S i n a i , p
b f w l
. .
5
F o r th ese as a s ep ar at e tr i e ar th e r e s t s e e at er .
111 3
. . X III . T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 87
into c o ntact wi th th e D I N KA .
.
,
o f c o u n try th ey n o w o cc u py r o u n d e l S i n t e l M af ra an d th e W d i ,
D A r R u ng a) A s s o o n as th e F r e nc h w e r e e s tablis h e d in th e n o r th
( .
p o r ti o n o f th e Arab e s r fu gi e s au Fi tr i T h e s e i t m ay b e n o ted
2
.
, ,
ar e l ar g e ly b r ee de r s o f c am e ls T h e y b e ar a b ad r e p u tati o n as r ai d e r s . .
ARAK I I N fr o m th e G e zi ra
'
, ,
Missi r a v ar i at i o n n o d o u b t o f th e
M eskhir s o n o f T h a alib a
1
ii
S ee 5 el dT un s , 4 7 B h p 2 1 an pp 1 29 1 3 29 ar t
ll m h hi d ib m g h W i d A b i
.
, .
, , .
(l oc ci t ) c a s th e t e t r tr e a on st t e e y ra s n r e sp e c t to
mb mb li w h i h d
. .
nu er s Do o as t e r ea q u ar t e r s
bg i d h l g d m mvm f h
. .
T hi 2
s p r o c e ss e an n 1 9 03 an t e ar e s t an o st r e ce n t o e en t o t e
M i f m S E W d ai Fi i d i i
e ssi r a , ro k l i 7 S C b 8 a to tr st r ct , to o p ac e n 1 90 ee ar o n, 11 , 4
N h ig l ( C b g d d h m f i ll y h m
. .
,
4 9 . ac 7 5 76) t a se e ar on , 11 , ,
re ar e t e as o p r ac t ca t e sa e
k
s to c h S la as t e a m t
m m m g h N h Af i A b
.
i Th
3
L oc T lb
c t e sa e na e o cc u r s a a a on t e o rt r c an ra s
Th y w id i i
.
y d
. .
e i h d fN
ere T kd i h
n t h e e s e rt o um a n e ar a em t n t e s x t ee n t c en tu r an
M m l wh ll h m b h f M h il i M kl d h m
,
ar o o ca s t e a r an c o a eq u e a a, a s se s se t e at
m d i Al g i T h ill m i h m l li y ( C
. .
, ,
ar e m en n er a . er e ar e S t so e n t e sa e o ca t s ee ar e tte ,
4 3 3 44 5 )
Pp
288 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3
. . X III .
D r fti r wi th th e Z aghawa r o u n d Hashab a T hey . ar e u u a s lly co n
si d er e d a b ranc h o f M ES S IRI A
'
T h ei r su b divi si o ns ar e as fol l o ws
A AWLAD KAMUN A
. 1 NAS AYRAB
.
2 AWLAD M U HAMMAD
.
3 AW LAD RA AB
. G
B . AWLAD ZA I DA 1 AW LAD N UR
.
2 FAKARNA
.
C . AW LAD S HUWAYH
AW LAD E B AYD
D . 1 . BAYB IS H
2 . AW LAD BuRAs
E B . A F EN I
TI
1
F MAHADI
.
2
G . RAwAiN A
H NA i MAT
.
K o r d o fzt n
'
of
'
4 MusB AH
5 E B DO
B . E L G HAz AYA AW LAD U M RA D AN Y
KHA R Y
B I LAL
G
A M AN
AWADA
M I SMAR
E L K U UK
3
AW LAD U M KERAE i G
C . E L B I RAWI AW LAD K UDU M
( )
a AW L AD F ADLA
D ELOT
( b )
l()c H ALI G
AW LAD S ERI R
AB U KH O RAY S
AWL AD B O KHAT
D . E L E N ENAT AWLAD HE GL i GA
K I B AYBA
HILAL
E L KURIJ N
E L S HUKRiA
6 AWLAD NusAR
.
U M FARI s
C p Aw ti fa an d Atay f t
2
1
S ee n o te o n
ig w
. .
3
T he s n k ar bag = a hi p
. .
2 90 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P X IV .
Th ei r chi ef su b divisi o ns ar e fo ll o ws
A . D E RAI S A B ZU.
I DA
2 . SAYF EL D IN
YO A G
3 . BAS H iRiA S I RB AL
4 H A
.S AB ON E L K OW AL
5 A W
. LA D AB U FATI MA
6 HAM MAD I A
7 ArAwiA
.
( f) R IZ A Y KAT
X V R I ZAYKAT are all in D 3r f11 r and ar e th e r iches t an d m o s t
T he
th e m an d th e D I N KA h ave b e e n o f y ear l y o cc u rr e nc e .
, ,
t h e R I ZAY KAT
T h e r s t S u l tan o f D r f r kn o wn to h ave s er i o u sly atte mp ted to
d eal wi th th e R I ZAY KAT w as T i r zi b in th e s e c o n d h alf o f th e e ig h te e nth
tr i e d t o e x act m o r e th an a n o min al t r ib u te an d in c o ns eq u e nc e l ar g e
3
,
.
,
T h e s e h o d t h e n a has
1
l
2
S e e c l T i i n i s i , V oy a u D a rfour , p p 1 2 9 , 1 3 0
l mm F li g wi h m
. . .
F o r th e S u t an M uh a ad l s d e a n s
3 ad t th e see C ar b o u , I I , 77 an d
. b
7 8 I n O cto e r , 1 9 1 3 , th e R a kat c o p e t e iz y
dem l ly f eate d t h e Su l tan A li D i n r
.
I II 3 X VI
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 29 1
HASAN
ZUAYD
()
e RADI AN iA
(f ) I S HAYS HAT
2 . U M AHMAD
( )
a ( ) AWLAD ADUM 1 K
(2 ) NAS G I MAI
b
( ) NAS EL T OM an d AWLAD MU WA N
(c) AW LAD KA I D
( )
e B ARAKA
B . NAwAIB A
AW LAD SULAYMAN
D AR HAS AN
KUB GA
AWLAD U M A ZRAK
D AR F ADAYLA
D AR BALLUL
RAHAS A
(a) D AR U M FEz ARA
AW LAD S U UD
U M SA EL D I NYF
b
( ) G I F A YL I
(c) E L HAN AT I S H
( )
d E L H ARA M i s
( e) A W L AD U M LAY K
( f ) E L S HI GAYRAT
(g ) A s u m
AW LAD A T ZY
a ) AW LA D B I RRI
D I KAY L
l
b)
c) KERM US H
d) u an J J
name o f e ach o f th e th r ee m ain d ivisi o ns is well kn own as
T he
b e l o ngi ng to a l arge c ame l o wning tr ib e in n o r th er n D rf r an d
-
,
'
1
I k w vi d
no no e e n ce o f c o nn e c t o n i b w et een th e s e an d th e w ll k w
e -
no n Him
y ar i t c i ib f h
tr e o so u t ern Ar a b ia ( fo r wh m o s ee D 1 V III ; Z w em er , p 85, bu t
i i i bl h l
, .
s u c h c o n n e ct o n s q u t e p o ss i e none t e e ss .
1 9 2
2 92 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I H 3 X VI
. . .
o ffs h o o t s o f th e s o u th er n B akk ar a tr ib e .
(g ) T A AIS HA
XV I I s een ar e cl o s el y c o nn ecte d wi th th e
T h e T A AI S HA , w e h ave
'
, , .
ey
th e exc ep ti o ns t o b e sp e ci e d h e c o n n e d t o D 3r f11 r
2
t ar
th e i r d o min ati o n
4
.
, ,
an d a fe w e ls e wh e r e O th er s e nlis te d in th e C am e l C o r ps an d
.
M o u nte d Infantry .
BA N I A o n th e e as t D r S u l a o n th e w e s t th e B EN I HE LB A c o u n tr y t o
, ,
th e n o r th an d th e n eg r o F ERT IT t o th e s o u th I t is v ery sp ar s e ly .
p o p u l ate d at th e p r e se nt time .
T h e m ain d ivisi o ns o f th e T A AI S HA ar e
'
A . K I LAD A 5
AWL AD AM 1R E L D AKAILA
I .
9 .
2 . T AB I T ( )
a E L B E D RiA
l
.
7 E L D I. R I A 12 .
8 AW LAD EL BI HAYLI
. 1 3 . AWL AD AB U MI LKA , o r AB M I L KA
4 E L HADHAL I N
'
1 .
1
T h er e i s a f i ly l g l y f M hami d Aw ld Y
a r ar h f ll b w
e co o n h o a as i n w o a et een t e
mj g
two a or ro u p s o f h R iz yka d
so u th m l m d T h Aw l d
ern a t an n o rt e rn c a e -
no a s es e
Y liv d h w h ik h f h i
.
as i n e a ay so u t f l Fa h d Ab Z
e st ok d e t s er r o u n u e r ay a un er a s e o t e r
o w n an d ar e B akk r a
b
.
2
C p C ar o n , I I , 5 4
l i y w w wi h i wiv f mili
. .
3
S at n s a s u p ar d s o f ar r i o r s t th e r e s an d a es .
4
I bi d C h III X
b m mlb l ik ; d
. . .
err i k o th n a of ca an d
5
r an d s ,
K i l ada an d
ar e es e -
e ra
in t h e c as e o f th e H ab b n i a (q v sup r a)
so t . . .
2 94 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 1 1 1 3 X V 111
. . .
GUB ARA ,
an d th e ch i ef su b divisi o ns of s
th e e tw o b ranch es ar e as
fo ll o ws :
AWL AD GA B IR
1
AL O W N I
1 EL .
ZAN ATI T
2 EL .
3 E L .
HAZAZIRI
4 E L . HADHAL i L
M I SA IA
5 E L .
B . AW LAD UB ARA G
1 AW LAD . E MA AN G
2 . AWLAD AL I
AW LAD NI AMA
MAN UNA
AHMAD
B I LALA
E L S HE I KH
D AR K IB AYD I
SAHARNA
AW LAD M UN I F
AB I D
EL SHE I KH
AW LAD G HAYAD AW LAD D o w
FARA G
MARAGULLA
EL RuAY s
E L S ELI M I A
5 .
AW LAD D I KAY N
AW LAD U M SERAO
AW LAD M US A I D Y
6 . AW LAD GHA NIM (a) HUM R
Z URRU K
1
Cp th e Al o w n a
am g on th e bb
K a a i sh an d o t h er s m g
a on th e K en an a
m m i i (T b m
. .
sa e na e o cc u r s i n S na o r ) as t h at o f a r an c h o f M u z ay n a ( s ee N a u B e y ,
H is t .
p .
1 11 3 X I X
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 295
(j ) B E N I K H U Z AM
X IX T he B EN I Z
m o st p ar t in Wadai an d D r
K HU AM ar e fo r th e
S u l a A few o f th e m ar e in D r f r an d th e s e ar e at th e p r es ent
.
Ar a bes r fu gi s au Fi tr i
th e ranks o f th e O th er s ag ain ar e in
.
, ,
B aki r m i wi th th e S ALAMAT an d in B o r nu
3 4
,
A BAHARI YE 1 O ULAD AL I
.
.
2 O ULAD A AN
. F
)
b AM Z I HEP E
P O ULAD AB O U FAH I L
-
U O ULAD ZAI T
''
G KAN AB KE ( o n E L ME HAM I D
! O ULAD MAKRAM
I
Mo stly in Bakirm i
O ULAD HERE
I
O
O
e tc .
B . ALALI N G ( ou
He als o
m enti o ns as su b divisi o ns of th e B EN I KHUZAM th e OULAD
AB OU AS S AF O M E I RAT et QEB ES AT Th es e l atter an d s o m e o f th e
''
, .
K anbk a ar e in B or nu .
1
C ar b o u , II , B ar t h ( V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p 7 , p 5 45 )
7 1 7 4 . a e s th e th e o u r th mk m f
l g ib b i i
. . .
ar e st t r e o f A r a s i n W ad a F o r t h e B e n M ak hz m se e W iI ste n fe l d , R
w l w m ig l P yi m
.
y
.
2
It o u d b e th e se o f ho N ac h t a ( O u a d a i , p 7 1 ) s a s : h s q u e ent
mbl mi lli v
.
i l s r e sse s a e c l e s Z o g h ao u a s ( Am m K im
e n t aux D jaad i n a s ,
a s so n t a
T e h
Djaad in a
h e d e scr e s as o f a c o o u r ib
l
l g er e m en t g r i st r e e t
r o u g e t r e : i l s so n t a p e u p r s p u r san ar a e s
( lo c g b
b
.
3
C p m ap i n E l T n i s i s
an d C ar o n , I I 8
i v ly l b
.
. .
4
I bid T h o se i n B o r n u ar e s a d t o h a e o n s ett e d t h e r e a o u t 1 8 3 0
v b lli g
. .
5
I bi d I p r e s e r e M C ar o n s s p e n
m l i mi
. . .
3
S o e o f th e s e a s o ar e in B ah r I bi d . .
296 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 1 11 3. . XX
( k ) BE N I H U S AYN
XX T he B EN I HUS AYN are d i v i de d b etween W adai an d D rf r .
T h e s e c ti o ns in D Ar fi I r ar e :
'
HAYTAN MA I N Z
AW LAD S E LLAMA E L E N D AI YI N
BAKH I T
E L ALAMAT
( l) B A S H IR
X X I T h is sm all tr ib e o f s e mi n o m adic B AKKARA li v ing imm e di ate ly
-
ar e :
E L AS AD S HAL OLI j
HAMMAD IA J
T here is a s ecti o n of in n o r th er n K o r do fn wh o ar e
K AB AB i S H
als o c all e d B AS HI R an d ar e p ro b ably by o r igin a b ranc h o f th e D ztr f r
t r ib e .
( m ) S A L AM AT ,
B E N I RAS H I D AN D Z I UD
S A LAMAT T h e S AL AM AT ar e o n e o f th e l ar g e s t tr ib e s in A fr ic a
,
2
an d in h abi t B o r nu th e C h ad d is tr ic t B aki r m i an d s o u th e r n W ad i
, , .
s h ee p .
1
C p the su d b ivi i
s o n s o f t h e Hum r F e l ai t a
b
. .
.
2
S e e C ar o n , I I , p p 5 6 7 1 ; B ar th , 1 1 1 ( C h
. . an d I I I (Ch .
45 4
an d 4 6 5 , e t c
f m y i mi l
.
3
T h e o r e r ar e c hi e i n B o r n u an d B ah r th e at ter in W ad a i an d th e
i i w ll
C h ad d s tr c t as e .
,
298 T HE GU HAYNA GR OU P 1 11 3 . . XX II .
RO W AS HDA .
in K o r d o fn .
In d ealing
wi th th e HAW AZ M A atte nti o n was drawn to th e co n
n e cti o n th at exis t e d b etw ee n th at tr ib e an d th e B E N I HARB o f Ar abi a .
th e w e s t) ar e p r o p e r l y a s ec ti o n o f th e B EN I OF b r anc h o f th e B EN 1
HARB 2
.
AN D AT AYF AT
o f n o rt h er n D r fi i r an d W ad i w h o ar e o f th e s am e s t o ck as th e
'
an d th e fth th e ATAYF A
T .
o wning g r e at h e r d s o f c am e ls h o r s e s an d o th er w eal th in n o r th e r n ,
Egy p ti e n s
3
In hi s wo r k o n D r fi i r h e als o m enti o ns th e m am o ng
.
'
F ar arah ] g r o u p in th e n o r th
th e F EZARA 7
.
, ,
th e AT AYFAT in th e te r m M AHAM I D He s ay s o f th e m
3 '
s o n t r o u ge zi t es e t o n t b o n ca act e ; o n l e s d i t p i e u x
r bi en fai sants et r r ,
1
b i i bv
S ee l st o f s u se c t o n s o n p 2 8 6 , a o e
ll m b y m
. .
H e c a s th e n e ar M ecc a , a n u
2
B u r t o n , P ilg r i m ag e II , 1 20 Zu a d er
l g g i v
. . . . .
o u s c an o f h t in t h e e s
b k iy l i
.
3
M C ar o n S p e a s ( I I , 7 7 ) o n t h e au th o r t o f S at n ( B k 1 , C h 2 ) o f t h e
g i m big li y
. . .
e n e s s o f t h e N aw i b a , M ah r i a an d M aha i d as e n d u e to t h e p o c o f t h e
l
S u tan M uh a mm F l
ad vi g b
ad w h o , h a iz y
n su d u e d t h e R a ka t , t r an s p an t e d an of l m y
th e m w
to n o r t h er n D r ffi r y v lly v l i
h er e th e e e n tu a d e e o p e d n to
t h e t h r e e tr es ib
m ie n t o n e d T hi s i s mi l i g
s e ad nmm F l M uh a v ad a d m ay h a e t r an sp an t e d R a ka t l iz y
yw ly j i g i ki f lk w b b
. .
t o th e n o r t h , b u t t h e er e o n r e o n in th e r ns o t h e r e an d e r e a so r e d
in to t h e
5
m f
a r e sh .
4
V oy ag e a u O ua day , p 5 1 2 . .
I bi d p p 2 5 0, 2 5 1 C p B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , A p p 7 , p 5 4 5
i
. . . . . . . .
3
V oy ag e a u O ua day , p 4 00 C o n tr ast C ar b o u , I I , 8 0, n u ty p e n o r aux tr aits
g li
. .
r u er s .
7
V oy ag e D arfo ur , p 3
V oy ag e O ua d a i , p 7 2
'
au . 1 29 . au . .
111 3 . . XX IV . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 299
v
r e co nn ai tr e l e s su i an tes : l es O u l ad Djell o u , l es O u l ad
2
h ei k 3 , les O u l ad C
Yassi n , les O u l ad Z ed , l es Ne dja s , l es S eif e d din (ou S eifan ) , le s
3 3 3
'
sm attering o f KURA AN 3
.
th r e e o r fo u r g e n erati o ns p r e vi o u sly b e fo r e th e y w e nt t o W ad ai In , .
191
4 s o m e o f th e s e m i g rat e d s till far th er eas t an d w e n t to K or d o f n .
A AW LAD SHAI K
1 U M SAYF EL D i N .
2 . U M GALLUL ( ) aA W L AD I LA L G
( 1 ) AW LAD ID
( )
b AW L AD M A B L U L
( c) B ILAYL I
( )
d EL R I FAY I K
( )
e T A K O
(f ) RAS HI D 7
. y b ein g cattl e -
o w n er s an d
v
li i ng in an i n te rme d i ate p osi ti o n b et w een th e s o u th e r n BAKKARA '
an d th e c ame l o n er s -
w .
C . S HOTIA
'
D . AWLAD ZY
A T . P ar tly
camel n d p rtly cattl e o w ni ng a a -
. T he y liv e
1
I e . in Wurda d i i C ar b o u , I I , 7 9
s tr c t : s e e
m bly h
m i l
.
P
.
2
r e su a t e U m G al l ul en t o n ed at e r
b i
m m g giv bv
.
o f M aha i d a e , an d
3
C p . su sec t o n s on th e R i z ay kzi t as en a o C ar b o u
II, 83
At f f w h m l
.
4
I h e t e ay t, or o see at e r
i g Li i
. . .
5 3
C b ar8 L
ou, II, 0, q u o t n eu t u c en C ar b o u , 1 1 , 8 3
Aw l d R i h id f m W d i w h h v m lv
. .
7
es ro a o a e att ach e d th e se e s to th e U m G all l .
3 00 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 111 3 X X V . . .
th e m 2
T h o s e in D atr f r li v e wi th th e MAHAM fD b etwee n Ku ttu m
.
an d G e b e l M ar r a at th e p r e s e nt d ay an d ar e n o t nu m e r o u s T h ei r .
s ecti o ns ar e
HAMD AN IA
U M AHMAD
AW LAD HE N AN I
AL I
B I S HARA
XXV I I Ak in to th e m an d ge nerall y cl aime d to b e MAHRI A ar e th e
.
,
, , ,
D r f r wi th th e R I ZAYKAT .
c amel o wner s r o u n d el F sh er an d in th e n o r th we st S o me ar e
- -
.
d er iv e d fr o m e l I r a1k i e M e s o p o tami a an d th at th ey w er e c o n
. .
, ,
n e ct e d wi th th e B EN I LAK HM an d G U D HA M w as
p r o b ably p u r e inventi o n T h e E RAYKAT o f D rf r ar e d ivi d e d into .
ig l m i h m
1
N ach t ml w i Wd
a en t o n s t e as ca e -
o n er s n a ai : see V oy a u O ua d a i ,
.
'
d
4 0, 0,l T i i O dd
2 , 1 09 d C ar b o u , l o c ci t
'
pp 5 7 ; an cp m ap to c ii n s s ua y an
N h ig l O d l
. . . .
2
E
65 7 93 T i i S e e a so
.
g . se e 7 ac t a , ua ai , pp .
,
0, 2, un s s m ap , e t c .
C b ar 78 7ou , 11 ,
9
Th i m i d b f m d f m d imi iv f
.
3
e r na e s no ou t or e ro a n ut e o u tfa (see n o te to
MS D 3 I l h f i fA z t a so o c cu r s as t at o a se c t o n o
na a in n o r t h er n Ar a bi a,
kh d
.
,
(B u rc ar t, I,
C N h ig l O d
4
C b 5
p 7 . ac t a , ua ai , p . 2 . ar ou , II , pp .
74 , 7 5
3
O ua d ay , p . 2 5 0 an d m ap .
0
3 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P
304 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P
306 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P
C HAP T E R 4
( )
a T H E K A BAB i S H l
At th e p r e s e nt th ey ar e o u twar d ly a h o m o g e n e o u s wh o l e u n d er th e
c o ntr o l o f a su p r e me sh eikh nag ir ) to wh o s e au th o r i ty th e s h eikh s
T h e te r m tr ib e is th er e fo r e qu i te applic abl e to th e m ; b u t n o n e th e
I I T h e g r o wt h o f th e tr ib e t o i ts p r e s e n t s tate is t h e r e s u l t o f a
s er i es o f accr eti o ns wh ich h ave b een taking pl ac e fo r s everal c e ntu r i e s ,
an d t h e p ar ticu l ar c au s e r e sp o nsibl e fo r th is p r o c e ss h as b e e n t h e
ing th e s o u th er n b ou n d ar y
, .
O n th e n o r th th e K AB AB i S H ar e o nly limi te d by th e d e s e r ts o f th e
S ahar a W estwar d s th e y wan der b ey o n d th e Wadi el M elik to th e
.
ti o n in th e Nil e vall e y .
d e p e n d ants l e ft b eh in d fo r th e p u r p o s e w h il e t h e tr ib e as a wh o l e is
gr azing fu r th er a el d o r o ccasi o n all y p o o r m e n w h o h ave o nly a
, , ,
few s h ee p an d g o ats .
1
S ee l
a so xv d i V l
M ac M ic h ae l ff ,
T C h ap .
,
an n o . X L, 1 9 1 0, o oa m .
A h p I
nt r o i ns t t
Th i h g i y i i d i d b y h d iv i y f h i m l b d T h
. .
2
e r e te r o en e t s n c ate t e ers t o t e r ca e -
r an s er e
i gl b d p li ib h E h m i d ivi i
.
i s no s n e h r an f ecu ar to t e tr e n o r an y t r ace o su c ac a n s on ,
h w v b d mm m mb T h i d i m y
.
o h e er , as ll i a r an co on to a ts e er s ese ar e sp ec e n
b h i f hm m i di
.
C l B d d i K d f d
t h f hi
e c ou rse o h t s c ap t e r .
2 0 2
3 08 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P III 4 II. . .
T he n atu r al
fe atu r e s o f th e c o u ntry th ey inh abi t ar e e mine nt ly
su itabl e fo r th e b r ee ding o f camels an d sh eep , an d in i ts s ou ther n
p orti o n fo r c attl e r ear ing T o o n e famili ar wi th th e s e l eve l o r ge ntly
.
u n d u l ating s to n y
tr act s inte r s e c te d by nu m e r o u s m or e fe r til e s h all o w
,
y y
vall e s an d d o tte d wi th r o ck o u tcr o ps a d e scr ip ti o n o f the h igh l an d s ,
j
o f N e d in Ar abi a t ak e n ap ar t fr o m i ts c o n tex t r e ad s as th o u g h i t
, ,
an d t h e tr ib e s o f G Y
U HA N A an d th e i r alli e s p o u r e d in t o th e S u d an ,
y
m an o f th e s e n ding th e easter n d es er t su fci entl o ccu pi e d by
,
y
o th e r Ar ab an d B E A tr ib e s G
b eto o k th e ms e lve s to th e h ar d ly l e ss
,
y
c o nge ni al tracts l ing w es t o f th e r i er I t h as al r ead b ee n expl aine d 1
v . y
t h at th e s e p ar t s w e r e n o t p r e i o u sl v
u n o ccu pi e d T h e Arabs fo u n d y .
, ,
v
NUB A , an d i t m ay h a e tak e n the m s e e r al c e ntu r i e s to e stablish v
a c o mpl e te as c e n d ancy o e r th e pl ains v
T h e fr ing e o f h ills fr o m .
e l Har a y v
z a to K aga th e n e er atte mp te d to c o nqu e r an d it w as n o t ,
At wh at p e r i o d th e n ame w as a d o p te d th e r e is n o e vi d e nc e T h e 4
.
n o r th e r n p o r ti o n o f th e Heg az .
L et u s tak e ex ampl e s :
I V T h e s e c ti o n wh ic h li v e s r o u n d U m In d e rab a an d U m Si d r an d
is e ss e nti all y a sh e ep b r ee ding c o mmu ni ty is the AW LAD
-
1
S ee P ar t I , Ch 2
g lly z gi f m
. .
2
He e n er a ap p e ar s as so n of Af ar w h o a a n i s d e s c en d e d r o
b ll
A du a el i
G u h an , t h e n t e n t e n t o i big c o nn e c t t h e K a a i s h s u t a bb th th e i bly wi
F e z ar a an d G u h a n a r o u p s y g
f m i f m g ) z
.
C p t h e o r at o n o f M a az a r o
3
an d o f An a a
m a az ( h e o ats -
f m g f m
.
,
( s h e o ats ) , an d p e r h ap s o f S hoa sha ( s h e e p ) C p C ar b o u ,
ro anz -
ro . .
I I , 2 0, a n d B u r t o n , L a n d of M idi a n , 1 , 3 3 6
bb w ll i g g ib
.
T h e K a a i s h u se t h e t o e th e r
4
ord ta k a bbas ha to d e s c r e th e co e c t n
v i
o f th e m
ar o u s c o p o n e n t p ar ts n t o a s n e t r a ho e i i gl ib l w l
i ji m i v b
.
5
T he r st o f th e p r e s en t s e c t o n s to o n th e ar e s a d t o h a e e en th e
li
R o w ahl a (si ng R ah ) an d t h e A ad On T h es e , acco r d n to e r wl
i g v yv g ii
a u e tr ad t o n ,
w f ll w by wl wl b
. .
ed th e S e r ag ab , A ad H a a an d N ur a
'
er e o o .
31 0 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 4 1v
. . .
wi th th e B ELI wh o live d s ou th o f th em .
M o st o f th e B EN I U KB A wh o we nt to Egyp t j o in e d th e B EN I
L e o Afr ic anu s ( c 1 49 5 1 5 5 2 ) r e fer s to th e m as Hu cb an .T he
by wh at r o u te th ey c ame to n o r th er n K o r d o fan th e r e is n o d i r e ct
,
e v i d e nc e .
V An o th e r l ar g e b r anch o f th e K AB AB i S H a r ic h c am e l o wning fo lk ,
-
. .
p eo pl e th r o u gh th e A r I AT (o r ATAW AN I ) B e du in o f th e T heb ai d 2
an d th at th e B E N I AT I A o f Ar abi a u se A m er e l y s tr e ngth e ns th e
'
c o nvicti o n 3
.
r eg ar d e d th er e as B e r b er s
5
.
1
L eo , m l( 5 I, 1Bk V l
44 8 ) b w hi M ar o c 1 20 A D 1, o I, p 0 o rro s t s acc o u n t
wi h k wl d g f m L d dd h h y h d i f y w ll
. . . . . . .
,
t o u t ac no e m en t ro e o an a s t at t e a n an tr as e
K li l 5 d8 H k f h m d i i b be d g
.
2
ppe pp an e sp ea s o t e as or g ne er re an ro u p s
h m wi h h B i W a il
. .
,
t e t t e en s
ill m y B i At i A bi P lg v i 8 6 m d h i
.
3
Th e r e ar e s t an en ia n ra a a ra e n 1 2 co p ute t e r
mb b 6 l hmi h H a b w
.
nu H
e r s at a h
o ut l J f
000 e p ac es t e n t e n o rt ern eg z et e en c ow
y h y d h H b i f h ilg im d M d (V l
.
and M w l d u a y a an sa s t e an t e ar n es t t e p r ro a to e in a o II,
gh y
.
pp 86 d 8 d an i V l ) D 20 6
an 7 78 ) m ap n o I ou t pp 1 4, 1 5 2
m i hm bj Hayil d livi g wi h h G h y T ym
. . . .
, ,
en t o n s t e as su e ct to an n t t e u a na n e ar a a
W lli ( h m wi h h M az i
.
l Hi fM d
a n ) q v p a
310 m l et t e t t e a a n e sm e as t o u w ay a an at
T b k h i b gh y T l
. . .
e F u d D or t e r r an s ee ou t r a ve s , I 1 25
Ib K h l d d d Sl
. .
, ,
4
S ee n 8 ff a un , e e an e , pp 2
m i d i m y wi h h m
. . .
5
C 5 Th F a
ar e tt e , p .
44 . e ez r a ar e en t o n e n co p an t t e .
11 1 4 v1
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 3 1 1
T h e ATAW I A
g e ner all y c o nsi d ere d to b e KA
'
of K o r d o fan ar e
W AH LA b y o r igin b u t th is m ay m e an n o m o r e th an th at wh e n th e b u lk
,
HLA j o in e d th e K AB AB IS H th e ATA W I A c am e wi th th em .
'
o f th e KAW A
1
KA RA anc e s tor s .
B I S H cl aim to b e p r o p e r ly RI KA B IA fr o m e l A fa t in D o ng o l a
'
T he
2
, .
T h e AW LAD ON a s h ee p o wni ng s e c ti o n r ou n d G ab r a w er e
-
, ,
S HAI X I A
the .
T h e AW AI DA
6
i r ep o nymo u s ancesto r A1 d w as a fam ou s
'
s ay th e
o f B E GA K AN I J Z an d S HA IKIA wh ich ar e to b e fo u n d am o ng th e m 7
'
B of D on
,
BEDAYRI A .
o f th e nin e tee n th c en tu r y
9
1
Qv sub f ll w)
K aw ah l a ( C h ap 5 to o o
X
. . . .
2
S ee D 1 C C III
3
p K en an a ( C h ap
s ub
y b bly j i d h K b abi h ly y l
. . .
4
T he p ro a o ne t e a s co m p ar at ive l v r e ce n t T he a one of
i b d h i m l h l f id
.
al l th e s e c t o n s r an t e r ca e s on t e e t s e
l f ll m
.
5
S e e n o t e t o T un i s i s V oy a u 6 6 0 ; a so fo r a u acc o u n t o f t h e
, p . O ua day .
s e e C ar b o u , I , 8 5 1 03 , an d 3 1 3 5 , an d B ar t h , V o l I I I , C h ap X L , p p 6 1 ff T h o s e
l gi i li b y
. . . .
n o w sett e d i n t h e C h ad r e o n ar e o f th e T r p o t an A r a t pe
i
.
6
S i ng A1 d i
7
V i z t h e A d lan ab s e c t o n
ly i v v b m
. . . .
b an d M s m b at I d
8
T he on s ect o n s I h a e m e t h a e e en s o e K an z a
el A
w ml i i
ai d a i n e l K a i n d s tr c t
i ivi i i yy i k lig f
.
9
T he r d s on n t o Z u r r uk an d B a d (i e d ar an d h t) h as r e e r e n c e t o
l i ml m lv k ml l m g
. .
th e c o o u r o f th e r c a e s an d n o t t o t h e se es D ar c a e s ar e t h e r u e a o n
mi l ib b bi g y
.
dd e tr es , H ar , M e t ay r , an d Atey b an in Ar a a ( D o u h t ,
th e so u t h an d
II,
31 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P I II 4 V I I
. . .
VII T he su b divisi o ns of th e K AB AB i S H ar e as fo ll o ws 1
NIJRAB
2
C . AW L AD ON 5
RI B AYxAT LAB AB I S
1 . 1 .
2 .
( b) D E RAY W AB
3 K. U R U N A B
3 D A R. U M B A K H I T
2
.IS HAB
4 AW LAD EL K I R 3 AL0W N A
8
. .
5 N E K. AD A 4 G. E R A M D A
6 D AR S A I D G H I LAYAN 7
7 K IBB AY S HAB
.
To wAL 9
W
10
N A AwA1 DA
( )
a S A D Y IJ S EF
1 .
( )
c N A S W A D S H ET H AN
'
( )
a N A S WALAD RAHM A
8 AW LAD AW AD EL S ID
. EL HI LAL I
AW A N A f RAB I H
9 L D
. tI
1 0 HO W ARA. B
3
EL BESH I R
AW LAD D AB o E L N 1 AM A
AL I 2 . E L AWA 1 DA EL
BAYY I D
RAHIJ DA ( )
B A A
'
a I S H R B
B . AWL AD HAW AL 4
(b) ADLAN AB
1 D AR HAM I D
.
(c) S UN UN AB
2 D AR MAH M UD
.
1
T h e st en i l li giv by
l m
P ar k y n s n c u d e s a s o Aha d a y L ah am d y G uh a na,
zy wi v b k
K aw ah l a , B atahi n S h e n ab la , Ke r r i t an d G h a a a all o f h c h h a e n o w r o e n
wy ly i ib w i livi g
, ,
a a I n e ac h c ase it w as o n a s e c t o n o f th e s e t r es h c h w as n u n d e r th e
gi bb im
.
ae s o f t h e K a a i s h at th e t e
i i i iv m l b b lly l g
.
T h e r d s t n c t e ca e r ip i n t h e
2
r an d i s t h e ba ag e -
a on
iz l li
h o r o n ta ig i
n e o n th e r m ly
h t s d e o f t h e s t o ac h N e ar al l add o n e o r tw o s h o r t
f lg il bb mlb
.
F o r d e t a s r e th e s e an d o t h e r K a a i s h ca e
d hi r a a s o n th e o r e e r an d s -
my
.
see C a m el p p 1 6 e t s eq
i l lm gl
. .
3
T h e s e n c u d e an e e e n t o f D o lfb ( R ik ab i a o r D an a a)
i i i iv b m k ji f lg
.
4
T h e r d s t n c t e r an d is a K u ( a ar o n t h e u p p e r o n t o f t h e o r e e )
ji
.
Ku = a o nt
P b bly igi m g
.
5
ro a o f S h ai ki a o r n S ee p 2 2 0, an d p 9 9 fo r t h e L ab ab i s a o n t h e
wl i gy li l
. . .
F ur T h e r e ar e A ad On a B e d u n i n E
p t ( s ee K p p e , p
il
. .
6
I e C r o c o d es
i b ig i ml
. . .
7
B o th s ec t o n s u s e an a m ud r an d o n t h e r h t s d e o f th e ca e s
as
n eck
li f b i f B i H lb d f K a
.
8
C p st o su s ect o ns o en e a an o en n a.
d wi h h R fa wi h h
.
9
C d h h o n n e cte on d h t h e one an t t e u a an on t e ot er t t e
S h ba k ( b R fa ) T h i b
d i h h b l h ib
a r a q v. . su u ( a . e r r an s t e s a u ,
or s a a q v . . on
pp d 2 1 0 an
Th i b v y l g hdbi igh h ld
.
1
d i e r h
ran s a er on s t on t e r t s ou er .
314 T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P I I I 4 V I II
. . .
B ME RAYSAB
.
1
G B . I LAYLAT
F . AHAY ME RAB
s o fe w t r av e ll e r s h ad visi te d th e S u d an b e fo r e h i m an d th e r e c o r d s ,
o f th e King o f S e n n r fr o m th e n o m ad s o f th e Bay d a d e s e r t B r u c e
, ,
b e c au s e o f th e B e ni F ai sar a B eni G er ar an d ,
c aravans fr o m Egyp t .
B A AT o f K o r d o f n in hi s w ar s ag ains t T ir b S u l tan o f D r f r
, , ,
1
ha dd as r an d
U se a b
m k
.
2
hi l a l
a U se cr e sc e n t o on o n th e n e c
i vi i m g l wh b y i
.
N o t e th s e d e n ce o f t h e an c e n t cu s to
3
of Don o a er e t h e s s te r s
i
s o n nh e r ts i
g l gi l i
.
4
S ee M ac M i c h ae l , p 1 9 4 , an d e n e a o c a tr e e o p p o s t e
x
. .
5
V o l V I , C h ap
P b bly m
. . .
5 7
ro a su c h h
as t e K e r r i at ar e e an t L o c ci t
P b bly vly m
. . .
9
ro a th e ca a r o f th e F 11 1 , t h e n p ar a o unt in n o rt h e r n K o r d o f n .
9
B r u ce , l oc ci t . .
1
P p 1 8 8 an d 2 47
. .
11
V oy a u D arfour , p
. . 67 .
12
N u bia , p 6 7 . .
111 4 X I
. . . T HE G U HAYNA G R OU P 31 5
C ailli au d ( m e n ti o ns t
1h e m as exp o r ting s al t fr o m n or th e r n
82 1 )
K o r d o fan an d wh e n th e T u r k s c o nqu er e d th e S u d an p r ete n di ng
, ,
to s u bmi t b u t p ay ing n o n e o f th e tr ib u te d e m an d e d o f th e m .
th e N URAB an d s o m e o th er s r e ti r e d in to th e d e s e r ts an d d e e d th e m
u n d e r S l ih B ey F adlu ll a .
Z AY AD I A th e i r q u o n d am fo e s w h o h ad all b ee n D er vish e s an d s o
'
, , ,
e n o r m o u sl y inc r e as e d th e i r w eal th in s to c k .
T h e p r e s e nt c h i ef o f th e tr ib e wh ic h is n o w r ic h er th an at any ,
p r evi o u s p er i o d is Al i th e so n o f th e cl T om b eh ead e d in 1 8 8 3
,
.
ab o u t th e m at all h av e b e e n a wi d e l y d is tr ib u t e d b u t c o h e r e n t c am e l
,
T h e c h i e f d i ffer e nc e b etwee n th e tr ib e o f th e p r e s e nt d ay an d th at o f
th e ni n et e e nth an d p r e vi o u s c e ntu r i e s is th at i t is l e ss v ex e d b y th e
c o mp eti ti o n o f o th er tr ib e s in i ts sp aci o u s gr azing gr o u n d s .
T h e B EN I G E RAR h av e b ee n fo r c e d s ou th w ar d s an d h av e b ec o m e
s emi s e d entary T h e D AR HAM I D to o h av e b u il t v ill ag es in th e i r o w n
-
.
c o u ntry to th e s o u th an d o nl y s e n d a sm all p r o p o r ti o n o f th ei r p o p u
l ati o n to th e gr azing gr o u n d s O f th e K AB AB I S H T h e ZAY AD I A n o m ad s '
.
'
1
l y f w
S e e P al lm e an d P ar k y n s T h e atte r s a s t h e K ab b i s h o f K o r d o an er e
x m l w i im g i ig
.
t a e d 2 000 ca e s , h ch p o s t i s n o w c h an e d n t o th e c ar r a e o f 4 000
l o ad s O f g u m ro f m bi gl
l ll
A l O e d t o D o n o a , an d a s o 1 00 h o rs e s , an d 2 000 d o ar s o f
1 5p t ll m iig ml by
( co e ct e d n o t i n c as h b u t i n s o o t h p ac e d r d n c a e s as s e s s e d th e -
k b i lvl i mb
.
T u r s at a o u t a q u ar t e r o f t h e r r e a a u e ) , an d a c er t a n n u er o f s h e e p an d
i
t h e p r ce o f t s a es Sa f y l v lim ib m
F adl u l l a , t h e h e ad o f t h e t r e , h ad m e t M u ha m ad
P m b i i i yw
.
A l i as h a i n K h ar t o u
i n 1 8 3 8 9 an d O t a n e d c ert a n co n ce s s o n s , b u t t h e er e
li l
o f tt e r e a a ue lv l ig P ik ib
I n 1 8 5 8 , ac c o r d n t o e th e r c ( Upp er E g y p t , p t h e tr
e s
l ib gy ml
. .
an n u a t r u t e to E p t w as 5 000 ca e s .
3 6 1 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P III 4 X I
. . .
K AB AB i S H as th ei r h er d s h av e inc r e as e d u n d er th e P ax Br itan m ca
,
.
,
( b) T HE M O G HAR B A OR M O G H RA B IN
X II wo r d M o g h r ab i th e singu l ar o f M o g hr b a o r
Fr o m th e ,
M o o r an d fr o m M og h rab e l Ak sa
,
t h e e x tr e m e w e s t th e ,
,
name M o r o cco
I t mu s t n ot h ow ev er b e assu m e d th at all th e
.
, ,
2
h ar d t :
T e t mp l e f
h e o E b sa a
3
v
m b l s e r e s as a pl ace o f r e fu ge to the i n habi tan ts
o f B ally an e , an d th e n e igh b o u r i n g Arab s agai n s t a M o g g re b y n tr ib e o f ,
y
T h e b el o ng to th e trib es hi c h ar e s ettl e d b et een th e w re at O as i s an d w G
y y
S i o u t Wh e n t h e se t o u t , th e r e p ai r r st to Ar go , h er e th e co mmen ce
. w y
th ei r p r e d ato r y
c o u r se , p l u n d e r i n g all t h e ill age s o n the ester n b an k o f v w
v y x v
th e r i er ; th e n e t i si t M ah ass S u kk o t B atn e l Had ar Wadi Halfa th e , ,
j , ,
v illages o pp o site D err , an d l astl D akke ; n ear the latter p l ace , the ascen d y y
th e mo u n tai n , an d r e tu r n t h r o u gh th e d e s e r t t o ar d s S i o u t T h e p ar t w . y
u su al l y
c o n si s ts o f ab o u t o n e h u n d r e d an d ft h o r semen , an d as man y y
c ame l r i d e r s : n o o n e d ar es o p p o s e t h em i n Nu bi a ; o n th e co n tr ar
-
th e y
v v
go er n ors p ay th em a i si t hen the arri e O pp o site to D err , an d make ,
w y v
t h em so me p r ese n ts T h e i n cu rsi o ns o f th i s t r ib e are o n e o f the p r i n ci p al
.
1
i
F o r a d sc u ss o n o f t h s p o n t i a co i i by
p ar s o n o f p r e se n t c o n d t o n s th m i ii wi
th o s e d e s c r ed ib by
P ar k y n s i n 1 8 5 0, s e e pp 1 89 my ff
. .
2
N ubi a , p 9 2 3
L e A b u S irn b e l
k l w b i bi b
. . . .
4
B u r c h ar d t n o t e s e s e h e r e ( p lxx vu ) T h e A r a s w h o n h a t T h e e s an d
j y igi lly l l y
.
th e ad ace n t co u n t r ar e o r na M o g g r eb y n s
, S e e a so V o n e , .
1 , 76 , 77
5
S e e C ailli au d , I I , 5 0, 5 1 He d e n es th e th u s :
L e s A r a e s M o h g r e b in s m b
x bi b i l
.
q u i h a t e n t l a c Ote d e B ar ar e l a p u s r ap p r o c h e d e l Eg y p te
s o n t ce u .
3 8
1 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P X V .
Nur o f th e D E S I S AB s e c ti o n , tr ac e s h i s d e sc e nt
'
th e om da F ag el
y
th r o u g h a s e r i e s o f S a y i d s , incl u d ing Ah m ad Z arr u , t o th e Imam k
Ali in th i r ty tw o g e n er ati o n s , b u t th er e i s n o r e as o n to assu m e th at
t o imply t o a G o v e r nm e nt O ffici al th at th ey ar e th e e ar li e st o wn e r s ,
an d h av e b e e n t h e r e sinc e t h e d ay s o f th e C h r i s ti a n k i n g d o m o f Al o a
th e s o u th an d i t is e v e n p o ssibl e t h at s o m e O f th e i r a nc e s to r s w e r e
,
c entu r y A D 3
. .
K I B AY D LAB KE RAD I S
H O
A S B A B
4
th e e ast G I DAYAB
AKRAB AB of K h ar to u m FASALAB
AW AD ULLAB M I K AYBALAB /
AW LAD F E RAHAB
BAYYADA NURAB
T URAB I I N I RWAYH AB
HASABULLAB
K O KAL AB
, ,
1
i ly g
C u r o u s e n o u h F ag e l N tl r h se im lf
h as t h e s a o c o p e o n an d s t r
'
ll w m l xi
n iki gly
J wi
e s h cas t o f c o u n t e n an c e o f a o d ern M o o r T h s m ay m e i w ll
b e d u e to c ar e u fl
v i bl li g f mil y f m mi i wi ly
.
p r e s er at o n o f t h e o o d o f th e r u n a ro al l c o n t a n at o n th p u r e
mix
S u d an e s e ad tu r e .
2
S e e D 3 3 6 an d 1 4 1 .
3
S ee p 1 7 1
b m i bv
. .
4
I e d e s ce n d an ts o f th e W ad B aso a en t o n ed a o e
m bb b i l
. . .
5
C o p ar e t h e c ase s o f t h e H aw w i r ( C h ap 8 ) an d K a a i s h w h o o t h n c u d e
i ll
.
a s e ct o n c a e d T am asi h
I II 4 . . X VIII . T HE G U HAYNA G R O U P 31 9
( )
c T HE H A M AR 1
n th at th e y ar e a mix t ur e o f B EN I O MM AY Y A B E N I AB B A
a o th er
3
S , ,
AN AG AS HRAF an d F UR ; tw o o th er s say th ey b e l o ng to th e G UH AY N A
4
gr o u p .
T h e tr ad i ti o n am o ng th e G HARAY S I A s e c t i o n o f th e tr ib e is th at
'
c e ntu r y T h ey cr o ss e d th e Re d S ea it is s ai d an d s ettl e d r st r o u n d
.
, ,
awh il e t o D a i r f r
,
f
wh er e th ey t o o k u p a m o r e p er mane nt ab o de
, .
T h e s t o r y o f th e i r s oj o u r n r o u n d T ak a l e n d s a c er tain su pp o r t t o
th e tr ad iti o n o th er wi se u ns u pp o r te d
m
o f th e i r c o nn e c ti o n wi th th e
,
,
t h ei r all eg e d m o v e m e nt fr o m th e d i r e c ti o n o f th e Re d S ea 7
.
,
,
fN h d C l K d f B d
'
T ibr es o or t er n a n en tr a or o an ut e ta s a e a so een a e ro a
f h Hm m il d f m h i l d i i b y Ab d l W h h ab
.
sh o r t acco u n t O t e a ar co p e ro t e r o ra tr a t ons e a
Ahm d A w d l l h d m f l N h d li
a a uh a, ea as t e r O e a u sc oo n 1 913
XV
.
S D2
XXV ee 1 S D III
3
ee 1 C L III
Th H m l f d l d wi h h
.
B A XX V
.
S 4
ee d AB C L III an LI . e a ar ar e a so o un c as s e t t e
B kka
a ra
Daf im m i d wh i w K d fa i
.
5
h r ur at t at th e co pr se at s at p r es e n t e s t er n or o n, e t e
y w f l N h d T h H m w f l g i h igh b h d f U
. .
c o u n tr e st o e a u e a ar er e or on n t e ne o ur oo o m
b h id f h b d y B A XX V
.
5
Sh k an a on ot s S es o t e p r esent oun ar ee L III
i F dl w h l ly l d h M a i i
. .
7
S h B o to o , t e en a o ar e c o s e r e ate to t e an si r , co n t a n a s e c t o n
ll d H d a (i H da b) , ,
ca e a rm a e a re
( H d gi M i h i K d f
. . .
R 8
ll 8Up p e
5 hi In 1 (R i
24
m et m a n m in or o an e sen . .
p .
9
T he tub el di : A d a nsoni a d ig i ta ta .
320 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P III 4
. . X VI I I .
u sing it as a re serv o i r thu s r en der ing h abi tabl e vast tracts h i th e rto
,
is th en attr ib u te d to th e AN AG O n th is if o n n o o th er gr o u n d o ne
.
, ,
in d ep e n d ent u n d er D rf r 5
.
th ei r p e o pl e r e m ai n e d n o m ad b etwee n e l O day a an d F Og a an d e as t ,
r ai d e d as far e as t as th e B ay d a d e s er t
3
.
1
m yg
Fo r an i e n e r at o n s t h e r e h a e v b w ll
e en y
e s at U m S h an ka, b u t t h e c o u n tr
e as t o f i t w as a d e s e rt u n t il b
a o u t the mi l i yw
d d e o f th e n n e t e e n th c e n tu r h en th e
b bb w xli
ao a s e r e e p o te d T h e re er e n o w w l
e l s at e l N ah ud u n til vith e D e r s h e p o ch
w f lly ll bly
. .
T he tubel di in e s t e r n K o r d o an i s u s u a c a ed a ho m r a i a
p r e s um a
b b k
e c au s e th e ar ik
h as a p n r e d s h e e n o e r it an d th e
-
v b ll b i k
r e h as a d u r c
l
co o ur ib
T h at t h e t r e e s p e c a i lly
c o n c er n e d wi l ll
th th e s e t r e e s s h o u d b e c a e d
m b bly m i i
.
H a ar (i e red .
) is p ro a
. no o r e th an a co n c d e n c e .
2
C p P al lm e , p 1 4 2
i g bl l Fig w v yf
. . .
3
M e an n o o d h as c o tt e d h t s fo r tubel dis , e t c , e r e e r r e q u en t
m y
.
y
.
4
t h er e T h e n a e of a
5
C p Cun , p 1 9 0
P ik y
. . . . .
5
Cp e th e r c , Upp er p 3 4, 1 an d C u n , pp 1 8
9 1 90
i lly i ll y
.
y
. . .
9
7
L te r a L o n s V a e C un , p 6 5
wi mi i i m i by
. . .
th D ar Ha
9
I n th e w ar d , i t i s s a d , e ac h s d e w as acc o p an e d a
p o e t w h o g
e n co u r a e d h i s o w n p eo p e l by i l v
th e r e c ta o f er ses m T h e Ha ar s ay
m li i ly mi w ly y iwm
.
a c ous t h at t h e m e n o f D ar Ha d e r e s o u t te r d e str o e d t h at th e r o e n
w b
en t r o u n d in a an d t o n e ig b g ib i g m lv m i g
h o u r i n tr e s O ffe r n t h e s e e s i n ar r a e at a
wy
r e d u ce d d o ly
r , an d o n so k
e p t th e tr e in eib xi s t en c e .
2
3 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I II 4 X X I
. .
C . E L KHAM SAT
1 MA AM IN
. Y
j( a ) A W LAD S UB UH
( ) DRA
'
( b B U N IA
2 MENAD fR
.
3 G I KHAYS AT
1
.
( a ) U M H AY SIN
5 . KHAYRAYSAT
T ARADAT
D AMA I
1 .
SUB AYHAT
( 1 ) NAS SODERI
G E LADA
G AN AY A
H M I 2
NAs AB U EB EL G
ALI
BELAL
3
G AM IJ A
NO AYxAT
AWLAD KHADRA
AB AD 1A
( )
2 G E RAYN I
E L D EKAKIM
A . WAf A4
1
1 . NAS HAZI L
EL HURR
HAM fR
HARUS H
RAHA
AB U Aw
8 : AB U GE MAN IN
Or igin all yS h en b l a A a r a
wm Or n al
2
igi ly
G aw m a a
C p G am fa9
i l f w
. . . .
S a d t o b e r e ate d to t h e K aw h l a , b u t n o t t o b e co n u s e d i th th e W ailfa
l i w
D 3 , 2 n ote) T h ere are a so B en W i l e s t o f D r fur ( see C ar b o u , 1 1 ,
.
I II 4 X X I
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2
3 3
B . NAS AB U A D ZY
1 NAS SARI
.
j ( a ) NAS G ABR
( ( ) AW LAD
b SUBAYH
2 . NAS AB D
EL SALAM
3 . FARAGULLA
4 . AB U T EN U
E L S HA I B AT
S I HAIA
1 NAS EL S OD
.
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 9
7,
H EL G EMA AN fA
.
J . EL GH G
ARA A
III . E L GHARAYS I A
'
A . E L HADAHDA
1 AWLAD HAMMAD
.
12 AWLAD U M BU NAYN
.
T
3 D UB UBA
.
l 4 AWLAD SHERI
. F
5 AW LAD NI MR
.
6 BERA fM
.
B . AWLAD S HI GHAN
NAS I sMAfL
1 .
2 U M K IS AYB A
.
3 NAs NU sR
.
4 AB.U M ERAKI H
5 33
6 HOMRAN .
C AWLAD GUAYD
.
1 NAS AB U HI GAYWA .
2 NAS TUR A . F
3 AWLAD AD I
.
4 HAB AB I S H
5 NAS MURM I .
6 SA AD IA
.
7 AW LAD AB IR . G
8 NAS S AHARI F
D E L S UBAHA1
.
1
T h e s e ar e n o t Ha m by
ar r ac e , th o u gh bjsu ect t o th e m .
K o r Ob t ( s ee C h ap .
21 2
C HAP T E R 5
( ) a T H E KA W AH L A1
c o nver ts to Isl am , sl ain at th e B attl e o f th e C am el in 6 5 6 A D 2 . .
Th er e is n o d ou b t th at th e
nu cl eu s o f th e tr ib e e nter e d th e S u d an
by w ay o f th e Re d S ea b u t th e p er i o d o f th ei r immigr ati o n is no t ,
I t is c o m m o n fo r s u c h o f th e B I S HARIN an d AB AB DA as cl aim an
Arab d e sc en t to sp eak o f th ei r tr ib e s as d e sc e n d e d fr o m K ah l
an d ,
an d s o m etim e s e v e n th e B EN I AM I R o r U M AR AR
u n d er th e ter m K AW A
4
HLA
T h er e can b e li ttl e d ou b t th at th er e is a s tr o ng Arab el eme nt
c o mm o n to all thr ee tr ib e s .
I I At th e p r e s e nt d ay th e KAW AHLA ar e wi d e ly d is tr ib u te d b u t ,
th e s e ar e th e v er y r ic h n o m ad c am el o w ni ng tr ib e o f K o r d o fan -
.
e ar li er sinc e h ad th ey d o n e s o th ey mu s t in th e c o u r s e o f y ear s h av e
, , ,
1
S i ng K hli
m mm bi fl m i
. .
2
T he na e K hil w as n o t u n co in A r a a W u s t e n e d
on e n t o n s ve
m F m m w
.
gf Fi
.
, ,
K hi l i a ( q v Ab u c l d a, p p 1 96 b u t th er e i s n o thi n u rt h er t o c o nn ec t th e s e
wi w l M
. . .
t h th e K aw ahl a n o w i n t h e S u d an T h e . ord K ah a a ( ) in th e S u d an
m e an s l [ to c i m v h m dd y d i h b m
e ar o u t a . e. to r e o e t e u ep o s t at t e o tto .
S 3
p 88
ee 1
W ilki iv l y m i Gwl h
. .
4
(p 8 6 ) d T n so n( 6 ) 3 an r em aux I, 1 9 r e s p e ct e ent o n o a e
m g h h i f d ivi i f h Abab d I li f h d ivi i
.
an d K w li a oa a on t e c e s o ns o t e a. n a st o t e se s ons
by M J i g B l I d h m
r e nn n G w li
s r am y n t e na e as a a a
Arawi f K b ab h i d b K w hl b y igi b
.
i
5
Th e a s e ct o n o a is ar e sa to e a a or n, ut
M ahdz a
.
326 T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P IV .
T h e D AR HAM ID ,
p r es e nt d ay an d
wh o h o l d th e S h eikh shi p at th e
ar e th e w eal th i e s t o f all th e s e c ti o ns b e l o ng t o th e G U HAY N A g r o u p
2
,
th ey h av e n o n e 3
W h e n th e rains fall th e wh o l e tr ib e m o v es n o rth
.
t h e s u b di visi o ns ar e th e fo ll o wing 6
B ERAKNA Chiey in K o r d o fn
. .
KAMALAB
K I MAYLAB A sm all n om ad gr o u p o f th ese al so li es in B er b er d i str i ct
. v .
D E AYKAB
L 8
As AW I DA
BAS AN IA 9
G I MAYLIA
G HAZALAB
U RWAB O n th e Whi te Nil e , chi e
. th e west b an k , s ou th o f the y
GAMIJ IA
'
.
SONAY TAB
1
G d u l l a B al i l u i n th e i
D e rv s h d a y s , an d hi s son
A dub ll h f a a t er th e r e o ccu
p at i o n t ill 1 910
bv
.
2
S ee a o e , p 2 5 6
ly l iv i w i il b l gi g
. .
e s t o f t h e W h t e N e i s th at
3
T he on R aw ah l a c u t at o n e on n to
so m y bb
e s e d e n t ar
A a d a an d o th e r s in th e W h t e N e r o n c e i il P vi
l y ll b m i b l K di
.
4
T h e co o n o f so ca e d K aw h l a i n t h e N u a
-
o u n t a n s n e ar G e e e r
lv f m
ar e e s c ap e d s a e s o r reed e n an d n o t tr u e K aw h l a at al l
v i i
.
5
S e e C 1 fo r th e ar at o n s
b k giv m i i i wi i m l ly
.
5
T h e r ac et s e so e n d cat o n as to h c h s e c t o n s ar e o st c o se co n
n e c te d wi th o n e an o t h e r
XXV
.
7
S ee D 2 , I I an d D 3 , 7 4 M ar km b
9
S ee sub B atahi n .
9
D e a t i th s ep ar ate : s ee ate r l w ly l .
11 1 5 V I
. . . T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P 32 7
LAB AB I S
HAMAYDAN IA
AM RIA
KERAM IA
G EB AL fA
BEDAR I I N Chi cy in K o r d o fn an d o n the White Nil e
'
. .
AB AB 1
D A
B I S HARI IN 2
. .
. v y .
v
N I FAYD IA C hi cy i n B erb er P r o i n c e S o me are s e d entar in th e
. . y
G e zi ra .
F UAIDA 3
S HAD AIDA
G HAz AYA
S U UD I A
KAW AM LA
WAL 1A4
GELAL IA
BAKIA
KHAL AF IA
MU TAR A F
SALATNA 3
MUHAMMAD AB
KURAY S HAB
N O WARAB 5
RI MA Y TAB
BEN 1 SA ID
AHAMDA
1
S ee a o e bv C p t h e c ase o f th e A a d a2
bb
m l g w w
. . .
i th t h e G e r b a a ( fo r hi c h
3
T h e n a e s F u i d a an d S a atn a o c c u r , to e th e r
cp XV m b ib i l
B A C I I ) , as n a e s o f s u t r es in th e p e n n su a o f S in a : th at o f th e r st i
m l m g mi m i ib b w m i
.
na e d a so a on th e se no ad c tr es o f A r a s n o rt h o f As
-
an en t o n e d
by S i r C W so n
4
. il .
S e e D 3 , 2 n o te
b
.
5
O r N ur a
will f l m v l m ll
.
5
I n th e t r e e s attac h e d to C I b e o u n d a so th e n a es o f se er a s a er
K aw h l a s ect o n s i .
32 8 T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P 1 1 1 5 VI
. . .
(b) T H E AHAM D A
a KA h l i an d th at fo r s o m e r eas o n h e d e ni e d hi s tr ib e an d w as th er e fo r e
ni ckn am e d th e li tt l e
el Nu ayki r
an d to th e e as t o f th e Bl u e Nil e w h il e o th e r s ar e m o r e s e d e ntary an d ,
s ou th o f K o sti 3
.
1 2
S e e B A an d A 1 1 S ee C 1 ( a ) an d ( b)
w m m i i i w m k
. .
3
I n 1 8 1 4 th e r e er e s o e Ha d a i n S h e n d d st r c t h o B u r c h ar d t
( q v p 3 4 5 ) u n d e r sto o d to b e ack n o e d e d as r e at o n s wl g
t h e A r a s o f th e s a e l i by b m
m i bi ig b x k gy
. . .
na e w ho nh a t th e n e h o u r h o o d o f L u o r an d K ar n a in U p p e r E pt;
x iv
Lu o r h as h en c e r ece e d th e n a e o f e l H arn d y e
4
m .
C p n o te o n p 3 1 2
. . .
C HAP T E R 6
th e g r e at K EN A N A tr ib e o f Arabi a an d th er e is n o r eas o n t o d o u b t th at ,
w ay o f th e Re d S ea is n o t c e r tain : th e l atter s u pp o si ti o n is th e m o r e
,
o u t o f th e y infe s te d area to th e Bu tz ma o n th e o n e si d e an d th e
'
A i HAN A
'
S E R G , AB U KO TI L
I A R an d l
.
T h e o th er d ivisi o n o f K EN AN A g r az e s in K o r d of n wi th c attl e an d
sh e ep o ver p ar ts o f th e s ame c ou ntry as th e far m or e nu mer o u s
HAW AZMA A b ranc h o f th e m h ave als o fo u n d th ei r w ay s o u th into
.
T h e m ain s ec ti o ns o f th e K EN AN A ar e giv e n as fo ll o ws by th e ir
t r ib esm e n in K o r d o fan .
A . S OWARAB
1 AW LAD YA s
. Chicy in th e ez i r a . G .
2 Z OAYDA.
3 I S AYB A A C h i cy in the
.
ez i ra . G .
B . S ERAGIA
1 AW LAD D ALI 2 C hi cy in th e
. ez i r a . G .
2 U M BE LA
. L
3 AWLAD RO AYA
.
4 A DAN
. ZY
5 N AM I
.A
Ch i ey in th e ez i r a G
6 HAB A LIA
. Y ' .
1
b i f h Bi ha
A su f h
s e ct o n o t e s ri n o t E ast e r n D e s er t i s a s o ca e d
e l ll
K a ( l
o t l f K l) T h S i l l y
p ur a o at e er g a c ear c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e S e r g ab s e c t o n o f i
K b ab i h w h l im b f K a d
.
a s o c a to e o en na esce n t
S m liv T k li wi h h f
.
,
2
f h o e o h t e se e n e ar e a ; ot e rs t t e r e s t o f th e K e n an a i n K o r d o an .
Th f m e h v wi h h m
or f w f h S w a ab
er a e t t e a e o t e o r i
se c t o n a s o l .
11 . T HE K ENANA AN D D E G HAYM 33 1
7 AB U R IHAN
.
8 K OAT IL .
1 0 BAY LA B .
C . AsALA A
1
1 AW LAD G UBERAN
.
HUZI L
2 .
K o r d o fn
.
A I
.
4 M AR A.
D D A UD IA
.
1 MAN As .
E . FAHRfA
F .
AL OWN A2
Mu ttalib After his d eath o n e o f his sons M an sur qu ar r elle d with the
.
, ,
s u l k s an d i so l ate s h im sel f
) F r o m Egy p t M an s ur
p assed u p th e Nil e to
.
th e S u d an T h e . th e M AHAS S o f D o n go l a e ach p r o v i d e d
h im wi th a wife an d h e b ego t six so n s Y asin Al i Ab u el Fahr a Ham mad
, , ,
el Mu ttalib .
T hu s it w ou l d s eem th at 4
1
B u rc h ar d t k m i A l A l
c
lL en t o n s s a a
sz a , o
jl in W ad ai an d w es t o f it
( N ubi a pp 79
4
m m m g h K bab i h lb
,
2
T he sa e na e o c cu r s a on t e a s an d th e B en i He a.
3
4
T he f ll wi g q i i f m m y
o o n u o t at o n s ro p . 1 68 .
I bid .
, p . 1 86 .
33 2 T HE K ENANA AND D E G HAYM
in D 2 .
te lls u s n o thi ng o f th e m
1
.
T layh ( Ab u K l ea ) in 1 88 5 , an d th ey h ave n ever re c o ver e d
.
1
k
S e e B ur c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 5 3 3.
(M a g .
2
T h e a o us fm am i r
Ali w ad He l u w as one of mb
th e i r n u er . S ee S l atin ,
Ch . Iv
.
334 T HE RI KABIA III 7 I I
. . .
I I I O th er RI KA B I A h av e wan d er e d t o o th er p art s o f th e S u d an : th e
'
p eo pl e o f Wad I sh ayb th e IS HAY B AB o n th e Bl u e Nil e n ear e l
, ,
th e r e ab o ut th e b eginn ng o
i f t h e s v n n c entu ry ; bu t th e m ain
e e t ee th 1
an d th e nu m er o u s h o l y m en i t h as p r o du c e d is r egar de d wi th c o n
2
,
1
b g y
gv
A io r ap h o f Al i w ad I sh ay b i s i en i n D 3 N o 6 0 T h er e i s a s m ll a
m i g i b P v y
. .
I sh ay b b i n D inne r d s tr i ct ( B er e r
no ad c ro u p o f r o in c e ) , b u t t h e ar e
i b
s a d to b e a
ran c h o f t h e U M AR AR
f
.
2
S ee D 3 T r ee N o 1 an d r e e r en ces th ere in
. .
C HAP T E R 8
ex tr e m e ly p o w er fu l o wing c h i ey t o th e e xc e ll e nc e o f th e ir c aval ry
, ,
an d ackn o wl e d g e d n o au th o r i ty b u t th at o f t h eir o wn c h i e fs T he .
m ain d ivisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws : 5
1
P I I , Ap p e n d i to Ch ap 1
ar t x
k
. .
2
B u r c h ar d t , N ubi a , Ap p I I I , p p 5 3 1 5 3 3
mil il
. . .
3
I bi d p 1 3 5 C p Ha to n , p 2 5 7 F o r o th er d e ta s s ee M S D 4 1 x
x ii m i l
. . .
y
. . . . .
D e n o n , w h o acco p an e d N ap o eo n s e p e d t o n , o n t h e co n tr ar , h ear d o f
4
mm mi m
Ha a as a c h a p o n o f th e o p p r e s s ed an d o f his ti e as a so rt o f o d en ag e gl
b y k m gy
fo r th e Ar a s o f U p p e r E p t T h e s p o e d u t e p s d u c h e kh p r n ce Am m arn , i i
bi i m i l
.
011 o n n e t r aito i t p as d im p o si ti o n s ar tr a r e s , a s d e c c q u i p o u vo i t t r e l e p u s
il
u t e a to u s
ib
1, M S D 4 d e s cr e s Ha a as ar n o u t m m f mi g
bi v y y i l f i
. .
N u a i n e r c n ca as h o n
mlb v l ivi i
.
5
T he ca e r an d s o f s e e r a o f th ese d s o ns
ar e w l k w m ly
el no n , na e t h e L a m A l if ( a ) o f t h e
b
R uh a an d th e eri k ( b) o f t h e Ab b sb B u t th e
m i iv i b
.
o st d i s t n c t e o f al l t h e r r an d s i s th e Ki l a i d
w
m a hg a n ( c)
ig i
hi c h i s u se d o n t h e r h t s d e o f t h e
n ec k by m o st o f th e Haw a wfr .
3 36 T HE HAWAWIR , GELL AB A HO WARA , I II 8 I I
. . .
HAM As T AM As fH1
KAW AM NA
ADAW IA
D I KAY RAB
AW LAD KAYsAN
th ey c am e o r igin ally as p e d l ar s ; an d in D r f r th e m aj o r i ty o f t h e m
ar e e ng ag e d in t rad e at th e p r e s e nt d ay or liv e cl o s e t o th e c api tal ,
th e G ELL A B A HO W A RA as t o b e al l b u t i d e ntic al wi th th e m T h ey ar e .
K I M R b o r d er .
gi ve as :
AB U U M B UKR
AWLAD EL FE KI
AB U AMNA
FI N E I
MAS KIN
1
T he w
o rd ean s m c r o co d e s il
C o p are th e tr i m b lb
a r an d o f th e M o g h r b a
l il l b x i
.
on th e B u e N e , a so o f B e r e r e tr act o n ( p .
2
S a h und S ud an , 1 1 1 , 4 5 5 , ap C ar b o u , 1 1 , 9 4
. . .
3
I bi d 1 1 1 , 7 1
. .
4
m , 5 45
C HAP T E R 9
I T h e AB AB DA
ib e of U pp er Egyp t b u t as th ey have s ev eral
ar e a tr ,
t h ei r c o mp o si ti o n th an h av e any o f th e B E GA r ac e s an d in fac t p r o b
2
ably r e p r e s e n t th e A r abs w h o w er e s e tt l e d i n th e T h e b ai d b e fo r e th e
d is tr ic t t o l d B u r ck h ar d t th at th ey an d th e AB AB DA o f Egyp t w ere al l
3
d e sc e n d e d fr o m S elm an an Ar ab o f th e BEN 1 HI LAL Th er e is n o , .
r e as o n c o mp e lling o n e t o d e ny th e i r c o nn e c ti o n wi th th at t r ib e ; an d
AW LAD KAN z 4
.
an d Asw a n an d th e n o r th er n Atb ai 5
.
,
I I T h e AB AB DA ar e d i v i d e d in to th r ee m ain g r o u ps th e AS HAB AB
, ,
th e F UKARA an d th e AB UD I I N o r S HI N AT I R T h e AS HAB AB is th e
G
.
l ar g e s t an d m o s t p ow er fu l o f th es e divi si o ns an d b oth it an d th e ,
-
7
.
o f w h o m ar e wi th in th e S u d an b o u n d ary th o u g h th er e ar e o th e r s o f ,
th e m o v er th e b o r d e r an d r o u n d D i r w 3
.
1
T he w
A a da l lf m f m b i
is a p ura
ord or ed b
ro bb lA ad A ad i a so
m i i g i i
.
e an s a N e s to r an Chr s t an ( s e e e l M as ud , e d S p r e n er , p p
2 47 ,
wf bb k
. .
2
Cp C ro o o t , S om e p 5 S u c h A a d a as s p e a T O B e d o w i -
v l f m i i g m b bly
. . .
h a e e ar n t i t r o t h e B s h ar n Q u atr em er e ( I I , 1 5 8 ) th o u h t th e p ro a
i g
.
d e sc e n d an t s o f th e an c e n t B e a .
3
N ubi a , p 3 4 5
k y m m i f m
. .
4
B u r c h ar d t s a s ( l o c ci t p 1 4 5 ) O f t h e K e n z , i e t h e o d er n od ed or
wl z yf ly i m y wi b lz
. . . . .
of A ad K an , T he r e q u ent n te r ar r th t h e A r a s Ab ab d e Be o ni
y bb v i m y wi i
.
p p 3 04 3 1 3 ) s a s t h e A a d a th an y o f th e r
n e er n te r ar r
l
.
ow n p eo p e
B lz ni ( 8 5 ) k
.
5
I bid 48 d pp d A E S d 1 e t s eq an m ap an u an, p 93 e o 1 1 sp e a s
f h m (l x d i g f m S z h B i h ii
. . . . . . .
,
o t i )
e oc c t h
as e f h te n n ro n e ar ue to t e s ar n , on t e co as t o t e
blwh l i d f
. .
R d S
e e a, e o t e at tu e o
S m ll h S h i i f h Ab d i d h ll h Ab d i
5
tfr a s e c t o n o
o e ca t e n t e i1 in an ot er s ca t e 11 in
i f h S hi
a s e ct o n o S hi a ti H im y i i m
e ig n ti r n tfr
n ar t c e an s e ar r n s
kh d ( ) m i i d ivi d l f h A h b b A h b a )
. .
7
B urc ar t p 1 49 en t o n s n ua s o t e s a s a t
h vi g l d h N il i N bi d i m i d wi h h i h bi
.
a n s e tt e on t e e n u a an n t er ar r e t t e n a t an ts
D i aw i mi l h d f Ab d l A z m B l Kh l f h b
.
3
h
r s t e no na ea q u ar t e r s o e i ey c a i a, t e e st
k w f h Abab d h ikh b h f
no n o t e
ly id B b C B k h d a s e s, ut e r e q u en t r es e s at er er .
p . u rc ar t,
pp . 21 1 an d 34 5 .
T HE AB AB D A AN D T HE K E RRARIS H
339
It is
is b r anch which fr o m time imme m ori al h as c o ntro ll e d th e
th
c am e l tr ansp o r t o v er th e B u tm el Hagar b e twee n K o r o sk o an d Ab u
H mmad an d h as th ereby b e c o m e weal th y A few AS HAB AB an d
1
a .
AB UD I IN live wi th th e m
.
T HE KE R RAR IS H
III C o nn ecte d wi th th e AB AB DA th o u gh r e m ote ly are th e KE R
, ,
1 81
p as tu re the i r c ttl e o n th e u n i n h abi ted b an ks o f th e r i v er an d o n
3 ,
a ,
th ey are s ai d to b e mo r e n umero u s th an i n Nu bi a T h ey ar e .
n o tw i th stan d i n g th ei r p o v e r ty th ey r efu s e t o gi v e th ei r d au gh te s i n ,
r
K er r a i sh ar e fo r th e mo st p ar t in the ser vi ce o f th e go v er n o r s o f Nu bi a
r , , ,
to w h o m th ey a e attach e d as a c o r p s o f gu ar d s an d gu i d e s an d ac comp n y
r , ,
a
th em in th ei r j o u r n ey s th r ou gh t h ei r ar e a v e r y h o n e s t
an d h o sp i tabl e p e o p l e
.
O th er s h e ad d s w o r k e d as gu i d e s t o m er c h ants o r m ad e a living
, ,
1
Is a i m lP as h a h ad 7 00 o f t h e as r r e u ar s ith him in t h e e p e d t o n o f m i gl w x ii
1 82 1 C ail l i au d ( q v I I , p 5 1 ) c h ar ac t e r e s th e as th e o r s t so d e r s i n t h e ar y, iz m w li m
m gi g
. . .
ac c u st o e d r ath er t o tr ad e an d u d e t h an t o ht
y i b
.
2
T h e c o n ta n Has an a , M ag d h i b , S u l aym an i a, K an z b , Har i r ab , Bi s h r b ,
M u k b i r zIb , et c
3
I bi d p 6 7
l i iP i l b iv i
. . .
4
T h e r e ar e a s o Ke r r sha n e ar T or in th e S n a e n n su a , su d i d e d n t o
wl
N asi r t an d A ad T i i ( s e e N a u B ey , H is t b pp 1 1 2 m . .
5
N ubia , p p 3 0, 3 1 . .
C HAP T E R 1 0
The K er r za t
WI R .
T h e n am e d o e s n o t h o wever app ear in th e nisbas
K er r i at , ,
grafte d u p o n s o m e m o re anci e nt s to ck .
, ,
th e m ar e s e de ntar y o r o w n any l an d u p o n th e r iv er .
, .
1
m i m h K i I h v
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t d y
e su c er r t as a e q u es t one on t e o nt en an y
i b w h m K i d K i
co n n e c t o n et e en t e na es er r
an e rr t
2
d
e a t r an r e er r e to s t e a ma an , on t e r t
k ( M Mi h l C l l h
.
,
id
s f h
e o t e n ec Th K
see i ac c ae am e p e er r t p ac e t e
m l b ly h m l i h f m III
.
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kil id i
a h n t e sa e p ac e , ut o n on s e ca-
e s, n t e or
A I g v s f h K aia b d i h w k
e n o acc o u n t o f d bv I t e err t r an s n t e or r e er r e to a o e, m ay
add h m h t e er e
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.
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( ) O l d
1 e h in a n m a es : a s o rt a o e t e t na , a s ur a a , an a
igh O h l f k tf d
. .
hh ll
ur us , a h on t (
e r l ) ( b) O f t l n t e e t a u a an a z a l ay t or z a at n em a es :
ib d h b d o ll h igh
. .
h hi l i d d
t e a as e sc r e a s ur a a , an a s t, a on t e r t
h l f igh
.
,
T h M ih
2 i d ab ( ) O e l kh ay m d h a n m a es : a ur u s o n t e e t ; an on t e r t a
k f (i i f
. .
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d hh h d f h
d i
u a on t e n ecff) a er a a t p o e e ar c u t o an a am o r an y o t ese
m k i d (b) O f l h hi l id d ib d m dd d i
.
. .
, .
,
ar s s u se n em a es : t e a as es c r e : so e a a am
igh (b) O
. .
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3 e o n ay a n ma es : a am an a s on t e r t n
ib d d f igh
. . .
l h ki l id d ot l l h
f d i d
em a es : t e a as e s cr e an a er a a , a am an a s a on t e r t
h iz l h lf d w h d g f h
.
, ,
N B A kh i ur us s a or o n ta cu t a -
w ay o n t e e e o t e e ar .
b dmd d h b k f h j bv h
. .
A l l i
z a a vt o r z a a t, s a r an a e ro un t e ac o t e e ar ust a o e t e
b as e
Th m i g f h h h i l m d wi ll b f d i C l B d
.
e e an n o t e ot er tec n ca t er s u se e o un n am e r an s
Th f b d wh i h i mm h wh l ib d wh i h
.
h h e ac t t at t e one r an c s co on to t e o e tr e , an c
m ay th f b ll d h ib l b d p p i l d
er e o r e e ca ml b fml e t e tr a r an ro er , s p ace no t on a es ut o n e a es
m ayw ll b li f m il i e id
e a re c o a atr n ear p er o .
342 T HE S OU T HERN MAHASS I II 1 1 1 1
. . .
o f ar tici al i r r igati o n an d c o n te mp t fo r m an u al l ab o u r e xc e p t in so ,
2 SUB AHAB
.
( ) D AKH AL A B A t H e l Nub a
a . . .
3 . N B t .
,
a
t h at t o w n w as b u il t b y K h ur s h i d P as h a .
4 M . I K I N AB O n T uti I s l an d .
K G ALAB A e l K u bb an d o n T uti I sl an d
2
5 .H O t . a .
6 WAW I SS I
. I n K y li d i s t i ct n o r th o f K h ar to um
3
. a r , .
7 G .E N N A EL HA G I n th e G ezi a . r .
8 . . .
9 . . .
A PP EN D I X ON C
B URIAL C US TO MS O N T HE B LUE N I LE
E RTAI N
p ar t s T h e.y ar e n o t u s e d b y t h e FU N G B e cke tt ( C ai o S i en t
j ou n . r c . r .
co vere d w ith them P o ts o f w ater are p u t near the h eads o f the graves
.
stu ck p alm b r an ch e s .
1
Id r i s w ad Ar b b s s e c t o n
i
g li ma
.
I e d e s ce n d an t s o f K h o a 3 , NO
2
Ab d el Rah n (D
l g ib
. . .
3
A ar e su b tr e -
.
III 1 1 III
. . . T HE S OU T HERN MAHAS S 343
place d by the graves an d kep t fu ll fo r a few weeks after the bu r ial After .
he at o f the to mb .
r o u n d e d y e ll o w p ebbl es e x c ep ti n g th e gr av es o f n e w l y b u r i e d e rso n s
, p .
e ig h t m o n th s w o u l d b e u se l e ss an d w r o n g T h e s to ne s mu st n o t b e s p r e ad
,
.
o n t he gr av e b y m e n o r b o y s o r gi r l s (v i r gi n s) b u t o n l y b y th e m arr i e d
a .
, .
villagers wou l d all contribu te c o rn fr om their own stores for this feast If .
a m an w er e so p o or th at h e c o u l d n o t affo r d to h o l d th i s fe as t h e w o u l d n o t
3. A t A y l
af1 1 n
( B etwe en
K .h arto u m an d H Nub a Po p u latio n . .
D T h e p eo p le h er e s ai d th e ir cu sto m w as to s p r i nk le p ebb l es o n th e
graves after se ven mo nths o r fai ling th at after nin e o r f ilin g th at after
, ,
a
The Ha m r a n
hu n te r s wi th th e sw o r d o n th e S e tit Riv er I n 1 8 6 1 an d d e sc r ib e s
d e sc r ip ti o n o f th e m an d th e applic ati o n to th e m o f th e n am e ag ag z r
' '
el e p h an t h u n t er s
-
b y which th ey ar e s till kn own e stablis h e s th ei r
, ,
fo e s o f th e S HAN GALLA tr ib e s .
b etwee n th e m .
o th e r tr ib e s b y an extra l e ng th o f h ai r w o r n pl ai te d d o wn th e c e n tre ,
an d arrang e d in l o ng c u r ls T h ey c arr i e d r o u n d sh i el d s o f r h in o ce r o s
.
hi de .
d ay th ey p r o b abl y n u mb e r o nl y a few h u n d re d s ou ls : th e m aj o r i ty
w er e kill ed b y th e D ervish es T h e su rvi v o r s still b e ar the r ep u tati o n .
as th e r e h as b ee n fr e q u e n t c au s e t o re m ar k is m u c h mix e d wi th th at ,
of th e HARB .
1
V o l v1 , Bk I I I , p 2 28 V
k l i w i ll
. . . .
2
B a e r , N ile p 1 74 , a so n o tes th e r s ar th n e ss P ar k y n s ca s
m b z
. .
th e d e ep r o n e .
3 5
Life i n A by ssi ni a , I I , 4 04 .
4
L oc . ci t .
pp . 1 67
1 68 . S e e p ar a . L xxvm .
346 RAS HAID A , ZE BAY D IA, HADAREB AN D HU DUR
o n th e w e s t s h o re o f th e Re d S e a in th e r s t c e ntu ry A D
1
. .
I I I T h e b r an d o f th e Z EB AY D I A c am e ls is a c u r i o u s o n e n am ely
'
pl ace d u p o n th e qu art e r . It is kn o wn b o th in th e ea st an d th e
s ill u s e d b y c er tain o e B
t f th E N 1 S AK H R o f Arabi a
2
.
, ,
p o rt w o rk .
scar ce an d th e ab o ve m er el y su ms u p wh at is kn o wn o f th ei r o r igin
,
T h e fo ll o wing is B u r ck h ar d t s acc o u nt o f th e m :
4
o f I s l am ; i t i s f o m th em th at t h e c o ll e cti v e
r o u l ti o n o f th e to w n h as a
p p
o b t ai n e d t h e n am e o f Had h e r e b e w i th fo r eign e rs ; b u t th e i n h bi tant a s
th ey term S o u kin y a .
p art o f th e p eo p l e o f Dj i dd a n d th e l o w e r c l ss o f th e i n h abi t n ts o f
,
a a a
1
P li yn Bk C p C ro
VI , o o t , S om e
p ar a 3 3 wf
p 3 T h e r o o t o f th e
w m bi b
. . . . .
, .
o r d i s th e sa e as th at o f z ibd a , t h e A r a c fo r u tt e r
k
.
2
S e e B u r c h ar d t , 1 , 1 9 9 an d Z w em e r , p 279
i l XXXV
. .
3
S ee i n p art c u ar A 2 , I I I an d D 6 , L I 4
N ubi a , p p 4 3 3 5 an d 449 . . .
RAS HAID A , ZE BAYD IA , HADAREB AN D HU DUR 347
an d w as o n b ad t e r ms wi th al l th e B E G A tr ib e s o f th e int er i o r .
E ar li e r in th e s am e wo k B c
r u r k h ar d t sp e king o f S he n di s ays
a 1
, ,
T h e m st su b s t nti al O f ll t h e tr ad ers wh o at p r es en t fr e qu en t th e
o a a
V T h e HADARE B ar e g r eat tr av e ll e r s an d m or e o f th e m h av e ,
t h n a c en
a tu r y ag o ; i n terma i age b etween th e J av an ese n d t h e Arab s i s
rr a
V I HumI R T h e n am e B I HU D app e r s in e l M as ud i as th at
3
. E N U R a
th e r e ar e s o m e w h o ar e s ai d t o b e HO W ARA b y d e sc e nt an d th er e ar e ,
o th e r s at E l ti an d e ls ewh er e o n th e Bl u e Nil e T h e t o wn o f Ar b ag i .
,
, , ,
T o th e s am e g r o u p th er e fo r e m ay b el o ng th e D AF I RI A D EK I N AB
, , , ,
fr o m th at O f Heg z i ibn M a in
.
t er m h as c o m e t o b e u s e d c o ll o q u i ally in a wi d er an d v agu er s e ns e .
1
N bi p 3 9
u a, 1 p 77 Ch X V 2
V l p p 3 04 if
3
L II , o 111 ,
ik gv i
. . . . . . . .
4
S e e B 1 a n d T r e e T h e S h e h w h o a e m e t h e M S o f B 1 s a d t h e G e lfl ab
bl g b y m b i by
. .
e o n e d to t h e Du b an fa r an c h o f G u h a n a , a s t at e en t o r n e o u t n e th e r
ii
t r ad t o n n o r h i s o w n p e d r ee ig .
m g) O F V O L UM E 1
G LAN D
P RI N TE D I N E N BY J . B . P E ACE , M . A .
AT T HE C AM BRI D GE V
U N I ERS I TY P RES S
Ma cmi c ha e l , ( S i r ) Ha r o l d
Al f r e d
A h i s t o ry of t h e Ar a b s
i n t h e Sud an
PLEAS E DO NO T REMO VE