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A Method to Construct Generalized Fibonacci Sequences
Copyright 2016 A. Garca-Maynez and A. P. Acosta. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
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The main purpose of this paper is to study the convergence properties of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences and the series of partial
sums associated with them. When the proper values of an real matrix are real and different, we give a necessary and sufficient
condition for the convergence of the matrix sequence , 2 , 3 , . . . to a matrix .
The main purpose of this paper is to study the convergence where is the diagonal matrix:
properties of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences and the series
of partial sums associated with them. When the proper values 1 0 0
of an real matrix are real and different, we give a
0 2 0
necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the
=( . . .. ) . (12)
matrix sequence , , 2 , 3 , . . . to a matrix : we say .. .. d .
if for every ordered pair (, ), where , {1, 2, . . . , }, the
sequence of the (, )-entries of converges to the (, )- 0 0
entry of . As a particular case, we study when do we have
the convergence of the powers , 2 , 3 , . . . of a Moebius Proof. Let V1 , V2 , . . . , V R be the proper vectors of the
transformation to a constant function. matrix . We have then V = V for each = 1, 2, . . . , .
Then we would like to list the four published monographs If = V1 + V2 + + V and N, we have =
about generalized Fibonacci sequences [14] and several 1 V1 + 2 V2 + + V , = 0, 1, . . . , 1. Since || = 0,
more specialized articles [58]. we deduce that the vectors , , 2 , . . . , 1 are linearly
independent and hence they constitute a basis for R . Calling
2. Main Results B = {V1 , V2 , . . . V }, B = {, , . . . , 1 }, we have
= (, B , B). On the other hand, consider the linear
Consider a Generalized Fibonacci Sequence (GFS) with transformation : R R defined by the formula (V) =
initial terms 0 , 1 , . . . , 1 and recursive formula (7). Define V. Clearly,
the matrices :
= (, B , B ) . (13)
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 Therefore,
(. . . . .. )
=(
( .. .. .. ..
)
. ), = (, B , B )
0 0 0 1
= (, B , B) (, B, B) (, B, B ) (14)
(0 1 2 1 ) (8)
= 1 .
+1 +1
+1 +2 +
= ( .. .. .. .. ) , N {0} . In the next theorem, we relate and with .
. . . .
+1 + +22 Theorem 2. One has the following formulas:
Proof. The first row of the matrix is the following: If we further assume that 0 = 0 and 1 = 1, we obtain
(1 , 2 , . . . , ). The first column of the matrix 1 0 is
1
= ( 2 ) . (22)
1 2 1
1 1
=1
( ) In the original Fibonacci sequence, we have
( )
(
1 (=1 2 1 )
) 0 1
( ), (17) =( )
|| (
( .
.. )
)
(23)
1 1
( )
1 and hence () = 2 1. The roots of this polynomial
( =1 ) are 1 = (1 + 5)/2 and 2 = (1 5)/2. We justify then the
mythical formula = (1/5)[((1 + 5)/2) ((1 5)/2) ].
where is the cofactor of the entry of in the (, ) In the case 0 = 1 = 1/2, we obtain
position. is the entry in the (1, 1) position of the matrix
. Therefore, 0 1
= (1 1) ,
1 [
= 1 1 1 + 2 2 1 + 2 2
|| (24)
[ =1 =1
1
(18) 1 1
2
() = 1 = .
1
+ 1 ] . 2 2
2 2
=1
]
The roots of () are 1 = 1 and 2 = 1/2. Hence, =
The expression inside the square brackets coincides with
(2/3)[1 (1/2) ]. It is now clear that this last GFS converges
0 to 2/3.
1 2
We give next a sufficient condition for the convergence of
1 1 1 0
the series of a GFS.
1 1 .
(1) 1 2
(19) Theorem 4 (main theorem). Suppose the roots of the charac-
.. .. .. .. .. teristic polynomial () of a GFS { } are pairwise different
. . . . .
and all of them lie in the open interval (1, 1). Then the series
1 1
1 1
1 2 of { } converges to
To see this, develop this determinant by the first row and the 1 1 1
0
last column. The coefficient of 1 is then 1 1
1
1 1 2
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 (1)1
1
2 1 . (25)
1 1 +1 ||
.. .. .. .. ..
.
.. .. .. .. .. .
. . . .
. . . . 1
1 1
1
1
2 1 1
(1)1 (1)+ 1
1 1
1 +1
+1 +1 +1 (20)
1 1 +1 +1
Proof. This is a consequence of the identity
..
. .. .. .. (1)1
. d . . 0 + 1 + + =
||
1 1
1 1 1
1 +1 1 + + 2 + + 1
1 1 1 1 + + 2 + + 1
0
1 1 1 0 (26)
= (1) .
1 1
This completes the proof.
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
In the particular case = 2, we obtain
1
1 1
1
0
2
1
1
= 1 1 . and the convergence
=0 to 1/(1 ).
0 (21)
2 1
1 2 1 We give now two examples.
4 Journal of Applied Mathematics
References
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6 Journal of Applied Mathematics
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