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EPS 421
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Mineral grains
Lithic fragments
Vitric material (volcanic glass or pumice)
2 - 64 mm lapilli lapilli-stone
volcaniclastic granule
2 ~ 64 mm lapilli / lapillistone ~ cobble /
conglomerate
Volcanic breccia
Solid rock was shattered and the pieces
(light gray) cemented together by hot ash
(pinkish material)
Tuffs are explosively erupted volcanic material that is consolidated and lithified
after deposition.
Tuffs may contain lithic fragments, glass shards, and/or broken mineral grains
and have pyroclastic texture.
The photos above (crossed polarizers on left, plane polarized light on right) show lithic
crystal tuffs containing twinned, broken plagioclase clasts, and altered lithic clasts (right
side of photos), in a matrix of very fine-grained material .
Lithic fragments
Volcanic rock fragments
Massive flow-
banded
1. Autoclastic deposits vesicular
centre
Lower breccia
Topographically constrained
Poorly sorted
Often graded
Surge
Surge Deposits
Partially topographically constrained
Cross bedding characteristic
Intermediate sorting
Often graded
EPS 321 Lecture 14
2. Pyroclastic-fall deposits
Individual beds of air-fall material typically show normal grading of
particles, although in some cases, inverse grading of pumice and lithic
clasts has occurred. Where deposition takes place in water quite large
fragments of low-density pumice may occur towards the top of an air-fall
bed, as a result of the pumice floating on the water surface before
deposition. Fall
mudflow.
EPS 321 Lecture 14
If the eruption column collapses a pyroclastic flow will occur, wherein gas and
tephra rush down the flanks of the volcano at high speed. This is the most
dangerous type of volcanic eruption. The deposits that are produced are called
ignimbrites if they contain pumice or pyroclastic flow deposits if they contain
non-vesicular blocks .