Byte of Python Chinese Edition

1.
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Python 1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
FLOSS 1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
Python
A Byte of Python Swaroop C H Python
Python
2005 1.20
Python 2017 4.0
4.04c 2017 5 1
Python 3
Python 3
Python 2
Walt Michalik
Python
-- Joshua Robin
#Python -- Shan Rajasekaran
Python -- Nickson Kaigi
Python -- Herbert Feutl
Python Python -- Dilip
Python
-- Biologist John
Python
Pythonistas Python -- Mangesh
Python Swaroop
-- Apostolos
@swaroopch #ByteOfPython -- Yuvraj Sharma
Python

-- Franklin
Dayanandasagar CSE
Python Python
Python -- Madhura
18
Python 3
CJava Javascript Python
Python

-- Matt
Pavel Python
:)
-- Pavel Simo
Python

Java
Python
Python
-- Roy Lau
Python
Python
-- Samuel Young
Swaroop
O'Reilly Python Learning Python

Python

-- Joseph Duarte
Python
-- Chris-Andr Sommerseth

Python

Python

-- myd7349
Python
Python pyGame
Python
Python

OOP
-- Matt Gallivan
Python
Ahmed15Python
Visual Basic 6 Python

Python
Java Java
-- Ahmed Mohammed
Swaroop C H Python 110 PDF

Python
Python -- Drew Ames
N800 Python
Python Python --
Jason Delport
@swaroopch Vim Byte of Vim Python

#FeelGoodFactor --
Surendran
Python
Python -- Justin LoveTrue
Python:) Chinmay
Python
-- Patrick Harrington
Python
:) --
Gadadhari Bheem
Python AssemblyCC++C# Java

Python
Swaroop
Python 10 -- Fang Biyi (
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Python
OO
Python

-- Bob
Python

-- "The Walrus"
Python 2 3
Python
Yotube

-- Chris
2011 Python
Python
Python
Python

C C++Augmented
Assignment

C C++

Python

-- Nick
Ankush19 Python

Python -- Ankush
Python
DNA
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Python Python
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Python
Vim A Byte of Vim

-- Jocimar
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Python Python
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-- Lee
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Python
GNU Radio
--
Isen I-Chun Chao
NASA NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Principles of Programming Languages

Basic Concepts of Computing

Python Programming With Python
Introduction to Programming
Introduction to Application Programming
Information Technology Skills for
Meteorology
Geoprocessing
Web Multi Agent Semantic Web Systems
MIT MIT OpenCourseWare Introduction to
Computer Science and Programming
Basic Programming --
Ale iberna
Introduction to programming
-- Kreimir Zauder Python

Swaroop C H Byte of PythonByte of Python

- 4.0 CC BY-SA Intl. 4.0
- 4.0 CC BY-SA Intl.

4.0

http://python.swaroopch.com/ https://bop.molun.net

3-clause BSD License
http://python.swaroopch.com/
https://bop.molun.net
http://www.swaroopch.com/buybook/
https://www.gitbook.com/book/lenkimo/byte-of-python-chinese-edition/
PDF
EPUB iPhoneiPad
Mobi Kindle
GitBook GitBook
Markdown https://github.com/LenKiMo/byte-of-python
https://github.com/swaroopch/byte-of-python
Kalyan Varma PESIT

GNU/Linux
Atul Chitnis
2003
10

Python
Python
Python
Python Python
Python
Python
https://bop.molun.net

C. A. R. Hoare
C. W. Wendte
11

Python
PythonSwaroop C H A Byte of Python
Python
Python
2005 Byte of Python 1.20

Python
Python
11 Byte of Python
Python Python 2 Python 3
print 'hello world' Python 3
Python
Python 2 3
Python
Byte of Python GitHub

4.0c
.py
1.20 CC BY-NC-ND 1.0--

--
12

Nakagawa KanonZxteloivYukko
SwaroopC
Hblog@swaroopch.com
i@molun.net
Python
201712
2017 1 3 1 8 anglum slimray

2001
lefinite Zhanyu Wang
nonozone
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2017 1 9 2 16 Haruki
KirigayaYuki KiriyamaNakagawa Kanon
Cloud yurikaka
aristotll Tian
Zhao 4.02c
13

2017 3 19 Tian Zhao

yangyangwithgnu
FLOSSYang
4.03c
2017 5 1 Nangcr
Haruki KirigayaYuki Kiriyamashuven
4.04c
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Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python

Python Guido van Rossum BBC

Monty Python's Flying Circus
Python
Python Python
Python
Python Python
15
Python
Python FLOSS /
FLOSS Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
GNU/LinuxWindowsFreeBSDMacintosh Solaris OS/2 Amiga

AROS AS/400 BeOS OS/390 z/OS Palm OS QNX VMS Psion Acorn
RISC OS VxWorks PlayStation Sharp Zaurus Windows CE PocketPC
Python
Kivy iPhoneiPad
C C++
Flags 0 1
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
16
Python
Python

C++ Java Python
C C++ Python
C C++ Python
Python
CGIFTPXMLXML-RPC
HTMLWAV GUI
Python Python
Batteries Included
Python Python Package Index
Python
Python
Python 3 VS Python 2
Python 2Python 3
Python 3
Python
Python
Pyhon 2 Python 3
Python 2 Python 3
The future of Python 2
17
Python
Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3

Writing code that runs under both Python2 and 3
Supporting Python 3: An in-depth guide
ESR Python
Eric S. Raymond The Cathedral and the

Bazaar Python
Python
Bruce Eckel Java Thinking in JavaC++
Thinking in C++ Python
Python

Peter Norvig Lisp Google
Director of Search Quality Python
Python Google
Google Jobs Python

18

Python 3 Python 3.5.11
Windows
https://www.python.org/downloads/ Python
Python 3.5.1 Windows
Add Python 3.5 to PATH
Customize installation Next

C:\python35
Add Python to environment variables

Add Python 3.5 to PATH
Python
Path
Windows Python
Docker Python in Docker

Docker on Windows
DOS
Windows Python DOS PATH
Windows 2000XP2003
PATH ;C:\Python35
Python
Windows C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT
PATH=%PATH%;C:\Python35 Windows NT
AUTOEXEC.NT
Windows Vista
19

Vista
Windos 7 8

PATH
;C:\Python35
Python

%SystemRoot%\system32;
%SystemRoot%\system32;C:\Python35
Windows Python
Windows PATH
Windows cmd
python
Mac OS
Mac OS X Homebrew brew install python3
[Command + Space] Spotlight

Terminal [enter] python3
GNU/Linux
GNU/Linux Python 3 Debian
Ubuntu sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install python3
20

Terminal Alt + F2
gnome-terminal GNU/Linux
python3
Python
$ python3 -V
Python 3.5.1
$ Shell
$
Python
Python
Python
1. Python 3.5.1 Python
Python 3.5.1
21

Python Hello World

Python
Python
Terminal
python3 [enter] Python Python Prompt
Python >>> Python

Python Interpreter Prompt
Python
print("Hello World")
[enter] Hello World
Mac OS X Python
>>>
> python3
Python 3.5.1 (default, Jan 14 2016, 06:54:11)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.2 (clang-700.1.81)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World
Python
Python print
Hello World
22

GNU/Linux OS X Shell [ctrl + d]

exit() () [enter]
Windows [ctrl + z] [enter]
Python
Python

Python
PyCharm Windows
Mac OS XGNU/Linux
Windows
Vim Emacs
Python
Entire Book on Vim
Vim Emacs
PyCharm Python
Python
PyCharm
PyCharm Python
23

PyCharm Create New Project
Pure Python
24

untitled helloworld
Create
helloworld New -> Python File
hello
25

print("hello world")
Run 'hello'
26

helloworld -> New -> Python File
PyCharm Quickstart PyCharm
Vim
1. Vim
Mac OS X HomeBrew macvim
Windows Vim
27

GNU/Linux Vim Debian

Ubuntu vim
2. jedi-vim Vim
3. jedi Python pip install -U jedi
Emacs
1. Emacs 24+
Mac OS X http://emacsformacosx.com Emacs
Windows http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/emacs/windows/ Emacs
GNU/Linux Emacs Debian
Ubuntu emacs24
2. ELPY
Hello World Hello

WorldSimon Cozens 1
hello.py
PyCharm
hello.py
print("hello world")
Python
Mac OS X /tmp/py
GNU/Linux /tmp/py
Windows C:\\py
mkdir
mkdir /tmp/py
.py foo.py
Python
28

1.
2. cd cd /tmp/py
3. python hello.py
$ python hello.py
hello world
Python
Python print Print p

P

Python
print hello world
Python help
help('len')
len
29

Python help()
help
return
help('return') Python
Python
Python Python
1. Beginning Perl
30

hello world
Python
1
print('hello world') # print
# print
print('hello world')
2
Literal Constants 5 1.23
This is a string
31

3

2
IntegersFloats
Floating Point Numbers floats 3.23

52.3E-4 E 10 52.3E-4 52.3 * 10^-4
long int
String Characters Sequence
Python
'' 'Quote me on this'
""
"What's your name?"
""" '''
32

'''
This is the second line.
"What's your name?," I asked.
He said "Bond, James Bond."
'''
C/C++
Python char
Perl/PHP
format()
str_format.py
age = 20
name = 'Swaroop'
print('{0} was {1} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))
print('Why is {0} playing with that python?'.format(name))
$ python str_format.py
Swaroop was 20 years old when he wrote this book
Why is Swaroop playing with that python?
Specification format
{0} name
{1} age
Python 0 0
33

name + 'is' +str(age) + 'years old'
format
format
age = 20
name = 'Swaroop'
print('{} was {} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))

print('Why is {} playing with that python?'.format(name))
Python format
# '0.333' (.)
print('{0:.3f}'.format(1.0/3))
#
# (^) '___hello___' 11
print('{0:_^11}'.format('hello'))
# 'Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python'
print('{name} wrote {book}'.format(name='Swaroop', book='A Byte of Python'))
0.333
___hello___
Swaroop wrote A Byte of Python
print \n
print
end
print('a', end='')
print('b', end='')
34

ab
end
print('a', end=' ')

print('b', end=' ')
print('c')
a b c
'
"What's your name?" 'What's your name?'
Python
Escape Sequence
\ 'What\'s your
name?'
"What's your name?"

\\
\n
'This is the first line\nThis is the second line'
\t
"This is the first sentence. \

This is the second sentence."
35

"This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence."
4
r R Raw
r"Newlines are indicated by \n"
Backwhacking
'\\1' r'\1'
Veriables
Identifiers
ASCII ASCII Unicode

_
ASCII ASCII Unicode
_ 0~9
myname myName
n N
i name_2_3
2things this is spaced out my-name >a1b2_c3
36

Data Type
Classes
Python Object
objectsomething
Python Strongly

Python
Python
PyCharm
1. PyCharm
2.
3.
4.
Command Line Arguments Run -> Edit

Configurations Script parameters: OK
37

1.
2.
3.
4. python program.py
# var.py
i = 5
print(i)
i = i + 1
print(i)
s = '''This is a multi-line string.

This is the second line.'''
print(s)
38

5
6
This is a multi-line string.
This is the second line.
= 5
i Statement
i 5 print
i
1 i
6
Physical Line Logical

Line Python Python
Python Python
( ; )
i = 5
print(i)
i = 5;
print(i);
39

i = 5; print(i);
i = 5; print(i)
Python
Explicit Line Joining5
s = 'This is a string. \
This continues the string.'
print(s)
This is a string. This continues the string.
i = \
5
i = 5
Implicit Line
JoiningList
6 Python
Indentation
40

block
i = 5
#
print('Value is', i)
print('I repeat, the value is', i)
File "whitespace.py", line 3

print('Value is', i)
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
#
Python

Python

Python from
__future__ import braces
1.
41

2. Literal Constants
Python Literal
3. literal
4. Raw String
5.
6. Whitespace
Space
42

Expressions
2+3 OperatorsOperands
Operators +
Operands
2 3
2+3 Python
>>> 2 + 3
5
>>> 3 * 5
15
>>>

3+5 8 'a' + 'b' 'ab'

-5.2 50 - 24 26

2 * 3 6 'la' * 3 'lalala'
**
x y
3 ** 4 81 3 * 3 * 3 * 3
43

x y
13 / 3 4.333333333333333
//
x y
13 // 3 4
-13 // 3 -5

13 % 3 1 -25.5 % 2.25 1.5
<<
0 1
2 << 2 8 2 10
2 1000 8
>>

11 >> 1 5
11 1011 101
&
1
5 & 3 1
2
5 | 3 7
3
5 ^ 3 6
4
~
x -(x+1)
~5 -6
http://stackoverflow.com/a/11810203
<
x y True False

5 < 3 False 3 < 6 True
44

3 < 5 < 7 True

>
x y
5 > 3 True
False
<=
x y
x = 3; y = 6; x<=y True
>=
x y
x = 4; y = 3; x>=3 True
==

x = 2; y = 2; x == y True
x = 'str'; y = 'stR'; x == y False
x = 'str'; y = 'str'; x == y True
!=

x = 2; y = 3; x != y True
5
not
x Ture False x False True

x = Ture; not x False
6
and
x False x and y False y

x False x = False; y = True; x and y False
Python y and False
False Short-circuit
Evaluation
7
or
x True True y
x = Ture; y = False; x or y Ture
45

a = 2
a = a * 3
a = 2
a *= 3
= =
2 + 3 * 4
Python
Python
Python
lambda Lambda
if - else
or
and
not x
in, not in, is, is not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==
Membership TestsIdentity Tests

|
&
<<, >>
+, -
*, /, //, %
+x, -x, ~x
**
46

x[index], x[index:index], x(arguments...), x.attribute

(expressions...), [expressions...], {key: value...}, {expressions...}
+ -
2 + (3 * 4) 2 + 3 * 4
(2 + (3 * 4))
(2 + 3) * 4
2 + 3 + 4 (2 + 3) +4
expression.py
length = 5
breadth = 2
area = length * breadth

print('Area is', area)
print('Perimeter is', 2 * (length + breadth))
$ python expression.py
Area is 10
Perimeter is 14
47

LengthBreadth
AreaPerimeter length *
breadth area print
print 2 * (length + breadth)
Python Area
is area Python
Python
1.
1 1 0 5 101 3
11 011
001 1
2.
1 1 0 101 011
111 7
3.
1 0 101 011
110 6
4.
0 1 1
0

5. Boolean NOT
6. Boolean AND
7. Boolean OR
8. Evaluation Order
9. Associativity
48

49

Python
''
'Good Morning' '' 'Good Evening'
Python
if for while
if
if True if-block if
else-block else else
if.py
number = 23
guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
#
print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')
print('(but you do not win any prizes!)')
#
elif guess < number:
#
print('No, it is a little higher than that')
#
else:
print('No, it is a little lower than that')
# >
print('Done')
#
# if
50

$ python if.py
Enter an integer : 50
No, it is a little lower than that
Done
$ python if.py
No, it is a little higher than that
Done
$ python if.py
Congratulations, you guessed it.
(but you do not win any prizes!)
Done
number 23 input()
input
enter input()
int guess
int Class
Python
Python
if Python
elif if else-if
else if-elif-else
elif else
if if if
if
51

elif else if
if True:
print('Yes, it is true')
Python if elif else

if
print('Done') Python
C/C++
C/C++
Python switch if..elif..else

while
while while
Looping while else
while.py
52

number = 23
running = True
while running:
guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')
# while
running = False
elif guess < number:
print('No, it is a little higher than that.')
else:
print('No, it is a little lower than that.')
else:
print('The while loop is over.')
#
print('Done')
$ python while.py
No, it is a little lower than that.
No, it is a little higher than that.
Congratulations, you guessed it.
The while loop is over.
Done
while
input if while while

running True running True
while
running True while
else
else while False
while else
break
53

True False Bollean 1 0
C/C++
while else
for
for...in Iterates
Sequences
for.py
for i in range(1, 5):

print(i)
else:
print('The for loop is over')
$ python for.py
1
2
3
4
The for loop is over
range
range
range(1,5) [1, 2, 3, 4]
range 1 range
range(1,5,2) [1, 3]
range()
range() list() list(range(5)) [0, 1, 2,
3, 4]
54

for for i in range(1,5) for i in [1,

2, 3, 4] i
else for
break
for...in
range
C/C++/Java/C#
Python for C/C++ for C#

Python for C# foreach Java
Java 1.5 for (int i : IntArray)
C/C++ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) Python

for i in range(0,5) Python for

break
break Break
False
for while
else
break.py
while True:
s = input('Enter something : ')
if s == 'quit':
break
print('Length of the string is', len(s))
print('Done')
55

$ python break.py
Enter something : Programming is fun
Length of the string is 18
Enter something : When the work is done
Enter something : if you wanna make your work also fun:
Enter something : use Python!
Enter something : quit
Done
quit
len
break for
Swaroop Python
Programming is fun
When the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
use Python!
continue
continue Python
continue.py
56

while True:
s = input('Enter something : ')
if s == 'quit':
break
if len(s) < 3:
print('Too small')
continue
print('Input is of sufficient length')
#
$ python continue.py
Enter something : a
Too small
Enter something : 12
Too small
Enter something : abc
Input is of sufficient length
Enter something : quit
3
len
3 continue
continue for
if while for break

continue Python
57

Functions
Calling len range
def
functon1.py
def say_hello():
#
#
say_hello() #
say_hello() #
$ python function1.py
hello world
hello world
say_hello
58

Parameters
Arguments
function_param.py
def print_max(a, b):

if a > b:
print(a, 'is maximum')
elif a == b:
print(a, 'is equal to', b)
else:
print(b, 'is maximum')
#
print_max(3, 4)
x = 5
y = 7
#
print_max(x, y)
$ python function_param.py
4 is maximum
7 is maximum
print_max a b
if...else
print_max
print_max(x, y) x
a y b print_max
59

Local
Scope
function_local.py
x = 50
def func(x):
print('x is', x)
x = 2
print('Changed local x to', x)
func(x)
print('x is still', x)
$ python function_local.py
x is 50
Changed local x to 2
x is still 50
x Python
2 x x
x x
print x
global
Python Global
global global
60

global
function_global.py
x = 50
def func():
global x
print('x is', x)
x = 2
print('Changed global x to', x)
func()
print('Value of x is', x)
$ python function_global.py
x is 50
Changed global x to 2
Value of x is 2
global x x
global global x, y, z
function_default.py
61

def say(message, times=1):

print(message * times)
say('Hello')
say('World', 5)
$ python function_default.py
Hello
WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld
say
times 1
say
say 5 Say
def func(a, b=5)

def func(a=5, b)
Keyword Arguments
`function_keyword.py
62

def func(a, b=5, c=10):

print('a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c)
func(3, 7)
func(25, c=24)
func(c=50, a=100)
$ python function_keyword.py
a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10
func
func(3, 7) a 3 b 7 c
10
func(25, c=24) a 25
c 24 b
5
func(c=50, a=100)
a c a c
function_varargs.py
def total(a=5, *numbers, **phonebook):

print('a', a)
#
for single_item in numbers:
print('single_item', single_item)
#
for first_part, second_part in phonebook.items():
print(first_part,second_part)
print(total(10,1,2,3,Jack=1123,John=2231,Inge=1560))
63

$ python function_varargs.py
a 10
single_item 1
single_item 2
single_item 3
Inge 1560
John 2231
Jack 1123
None
*param
Positional ArgumentsparamTuple
**param
param Dictionary
return
return
function_return.py
def maximum(x, y):

if x > y:
return x
elif x == y:
return 'The numbers are equal'
else:
return y
print(maximum(2, 3))
$ python function_return.py
3
64

maximum
if...else
return None None Python

None
return None return

print(some_function()) some_function return
def some_function():
pass
Python pass
max

DocStrings
Python Documentation Strings
docstringsDocStrings
function_docstring.py
def print_max(x, y):

'''Prints the maximum of two numbers.
The two values must be integers.'''

#
x = int(x)
y = int(y)
if x > y:
print(x, 'is maximum')
else:
print(y, 'is maximum')
print_max(3, 5)
print(print_max.__doc__)
65

$ python function_docstring.py
5 is maximum
Prints the maximum of two numbers.
The two values must be integers.
DocString
ModulesClass
__doc__
print_max Python
Class
Python help()
__doc__
help(print_max) q
help
Python pydoc help()
Python
Python
1. Function ParametersParameter Argument

Parameter
2. Local Varibles
3. Keyword Arguments
66

4. VarArgs ParametersVarArgs
Variable Arguments
5.
67

Modules
.py
Python C
Python Python Python
Python
( module_using_sys.py ):
import sys
print('The command line arguments are:')

for i in sys.argv:
print(i)
print('\n\nThe PYTHONPATH is', sys.path, '\n')
$ python module_using_sys.py we are arguments

The command line arguments are:
module_using_sys.py
we
are
arguments
The PYTHONPATH is ['/tmp/py',

# many entries here, not shown here
'/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages',
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages']
68

import sys Python

sys Python
system
Python import sys sys

Python
Python Python
sys.path
sys argv sys.argv
sys
argv
sys.argv List
sys.argv Command Line Arguments
IDE
python module_using_sys.py we are arguments python

module_using_sys.py Python
sys.argv
sys.argv
'module_using_sys.py' sys.argv[0] 'we'
sys.argv[1] 'are' sys.argv[2] 'arguments' sys.argv[3]
Python 0 1
sys.path sys.path
sys.path PYTHONPATH
sys.path
import os;
print(os.getcwd())
.pyc 1
69

Python
Byte-Compiled .pyc
Python Python
.pyc
.pyc .py Python

.pyc
from..import
argv sys.
from sys import argv
from...import import

from math import sqrt

print("Square root of 16 is", sqrt(16))
__name__
__name__
module_using_name.py
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('This program is being run by itself')
else:
print('I am being imported from another module')
70

$ python module_using_name.py
This program is being run by itself
$ python
>>> import module_using_name
I am being imported from another module
>>>
Python __name__ __main__
Python
.py
mymodule.py
def say_hi():
print('Hi, this is mymodule speaking.')
__version__ = '0.1'
Python
Python
sys.path
mymodule_demo.py
import mymodule
mymodule.say_hi()
print('Version', mymodule.__version__)
$ python mymodule_demo.py
Hi, this is mymodule speaking.
Version 0.1
71

Python
Pythonic
from...import mymodule_demo2.py
from mymodule import say_hi, __version__
say_hi()
print('Version', __version__)
mymodule_demo2.py mymodule_demo.py
mymodule __version__
import
from mymodule import *
say_hi __version__
import `from mymodule import `
Python
Python 2 Python import this

dir
dir()
72

$ python
>>> import sys
# sys
>>> dir(sys)
['__displayhook__', '__doc__',
'argv', 'builtin_module_names',
'version', 'version_info']
# only few entries shown here
#
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__',
'__name__', '__package__']
# 'a'
>>> a = 5
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__', 'a']
#
>>> del a
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', '__package__']
dir sys
dir
dir a
dir del
dir
del
del a a
dir() dir(str) str String
vars()
73

Packages
__init__.py Python
Python
world asiaafrica
indiamadagascar
- <some folder present in the sys.path>/

- world/
- __init__.py
- asia/
- __init__.py
- india/
- __init__.py
- foo.py
- africa/
- __init__.py
- madagascar/
- __init__.py
- bar.py
Python
1. Byte-compiled .pyc Files .pyc
2
. Explicit is better than Implicit

74

75

Data Structures
Python ListTupleDictionary
Set
Python
Python
Mutable
ObjectClass
i 5
int i
help(int)
Method
Python list
append mylist.append('an item')
mylist
Field
mylist.field
ds_using_list.py
76

# This is my shopping list

shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
print('I have', len(shoplist), 'items to purchase.')
print('These items are:', end=' ')

for item in shoplist:
print(item, end=' ')
print('\nI also have to buy rice.')

shoplist.append('rice')
print('My shopping list is now', shoplist)
print('I will sort my list now')

shoplist.sort()
print('Sorted shopping list is', shoplist)
print('The first item I will buy is', shoplist[0])

olditem = shoplist[0]
del shoplist[0]
print('I bought the', olditem)
print('My shopping list is now', shoplist)
$ python ds_using_list.py
I have 4 items to purchase.
These items are: apple mango carrot banana
I also have to buy rice.
My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana', 'rice']
I will sort my list now
Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']
The first item I will buy is apple
I bought the apple
My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']
shoplist shoplist
for...in
print end
77

append
print
sort
MutableImmutable
del del
del shoplise[0] Python 0
help(list)
Tuple
ds_using_tuple.py
#
#
#
#
zoo = ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')
print('Number of animals in the zoo is', len(zoo))
new_zoo = 'monkey', 'camel', zoo

print('Number of cages in the new zoo is', len(new_zoo))
print('All animals in new zoo are', new_zoo)
print('Animals brought from old zoo are', new_zoo[2])
print('Last animal brought from old zoo is', new_zoo[2][2])
print('Number of animals in the new zoo is',
len(new_zoo)-1+len(new_zoo[2]))
78

$ python ds_using_tuple.py
Number of animals in the zoo is 3
Number of cages in the new zoo is 3
All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'camel', ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin'))
Animals brought from old zoo are ('python', 'elephant', 'penguin')
Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin
Number of animals in the new zoo is 5
zoo len
Zoo new_zoo
Indexing
new_zoo[2] new_zoo new_zoo[2][2]
new_zoo
1
0 1
myempty = ()

Python
2
singleton = (2, )
Perl
Perl Flattened
Python

KeysValues
79

d = {key : value1 , key2 : value2}
dict
ds_using_dict.py
# abAddressBook
ab = {
'Swaroop': 'swaroop@swaroopch.com',
'Larry': 'larry@wall.org',
'Matsumoto': 'matz@ruby-lang.org',
'Spammer': 'spammer@hotmail.com'
}
print("Swaroop's address is", ab['Swaroop'])
#
del ab['Spammer']
print('\nThere are {} contacts in the address-book\n'.format(len(ab)))
for name, address in ab.items():

print('Contact {} at {}'.format(name, address))
#
ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org'
if 'Guido' in ab:
print("\nGuido's address is", ab['Guido'])
80

$ python ds_using_dict.py
Swaroop's address is swaroop@swaroopch.com
There are 3 contacts in the address-book
Contact Swaroop at swaroop@swaroopch.com

Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org
Contact Larry at larry@wall.org
Guido's address is guido@python.org
ab
del
del
item
for...in name
address for
Guido
in
dict help(dict)

Symbol Table
Sequence
81

Membership Test in not in

Indexing Operations
Slicing
ds_seq.py

name = 'swaroop'
# Indexing or 'Subscription' operation #

# Subcription #
print('Item 0 is', shoplist[0])
print('Item -1 is', shoplist[-1])
print('Item -2 is', shoplist[-2])
print('Character 0 is', name[0])
# Slicing on a list #
print('Item 1 to 3 is', shoplist[1:3])
print('Item 2 to end is', shoplist[2:])
print('Item 1 to -1 is', shoplist[1:-1])
print('Item start to end is', shoplist[:])
# #
print('characters 1 to 3 is', name[1:3])
print('characters 2 to end is', name[2:])
print('characters 1 to -1 is', name[1:-1])
print('characters start to end is', name[:])
82

$ python ds_seq.py
Item 0 is apple
Item 1 is mango
Item 2 is carrot
Item 3 is banana
Item -1 is banana
Item -2 is carrot
Character 0 is s
Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot']
Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana']
Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot']
Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
characters 1 to 3 is wa
characters 2 to end is aroop
characters 1 to -1 is waroo
characters start to end is swaroop
Subscription OperationPython
Python 0 shoplist[0]
shoplist shoplist[3]
shoplist[-1] shoplist[-2]
Python
Python
start end
shoplist[1:3] 1 2 3
shoplist[:]
shoplist[:-1]
Step
1
83

>>> shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']

>>> shoplist[::1]
['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
>>> shoplist[::2]
['apple', 'carrot']
>>> shoplist[::3]
['apple', 'banana']
>>> shoplist[::-1]
['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'apple']
2 024 3
03
Python
SetCollection
>>> bri = set(['brazil', 'russia', 'india'])

>>> 'india' in bri
True
>>> 'usa' in bri
False
>>> bric = bri.copy()
>>> bric.add('china')
>>> bric.issuperset(bri)
True
>>> bri.remove('russia')
>>> bri & bric # OR bri.intersection(bric)
{'brazil', 'india'}
84

Refer
Binding
ds_reference.py
print('Simple Assignment')
# mylist
mylist = shoplist
#
del shoplist[0]
print('shoplist is', shoplist)

print('mylist is', mylist)
# shoplist mylist
# apple
#
print('Copy by making a full slice')

#
mylist = shoplist[:]
#
del mylist[0]
print('shoplist is', shoplist)

print('mylist is', mylist)
#
$ python ds_reference.py
Simple Assignment
shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
mylist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
Copy by making a full slice
shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
mylist is ['carrot', 'banana']
85

Object
Perl
str
help(str)
ds_str_methods.py
#
name = 'Swaroop'
if name.startswith('Swa'):
print('Yes, the string starts with "Swa"')
if 'a' in name:
print('Yes, it contains the string "a"')
if name.find('war') != -1:
print('Yes, it contains the string "war"')
delimiter = '_*_'
mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']
print(delimiter.join(mylist))
$ python ds_str_methods.py
Yes, the string starts with "Swa"
Yes, it contains the string "a"
Yes, it contains the string "war"
Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China
86

startwith
in
find find
-1 str Join
Python
Python
Python
Python
1.
2. Reference
87

Python
Python
Analysis
?
Design

zip
zip
GNU/Linux Unix zip

Windows
Windows GnuWin32 zip C:\Program

Files\GnuWin32\bin PATH
Python
Implementation
88

backup_ver1.py
import os
import time
# 1.
#
# Windows
# source = ['"C:\\My Documents"', 'C:\\Code']
# Mac OS X Linux
source = ['/Users/swa/notes']
#
#
#2.
#
# Windows
# target_dir = 'E:\\Backup'
# Mac OS X Linux
target_dir = '/Users/swa/backup'
#
# 3. zip
# 4. zip
target = target_dir + os.sep + \
time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.zip'
#
if not os.path.exists(target_dir):
os.mkdir(target_dir) #
# 5. zip zip
zip_command = 'zip -r {0} {1}'.format(target,
' '.join(source))
#
print('Zip command is:')
print(zip_command)
print('Running:')
if os.system(zip_command) == 0:
print('Successful backup to', target)
else:
print('Backup FAILED')
89

$ python backup_ver1.py
Zip command is:
zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140328084844.zip /Users/swa/notes
Running:
adding: Users/swa/notes/ (stored 0%)
adding: Users/swa/notes/blah1.txt (stored 0%)
Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140328084844.zip
Testing
Debug
Bug
Zip command is
shell GNU/Linux Mac OS X cmd Windows
zip
Python
os time source
target_dir
zip
time.strftime() .zip target_dir
os.sep
GNU/Linux Unix '/' Windows '\\' Mac OS
':' os.sep
time.strftime() Specification
%Y %m 01 12
Python
Concatenates + zip
zip_command
ShellGNU/Linux DOS
90

zip -r zip
Recursively
-qr zip
join source
os.system
shell 0
Windows
'C:\\Documents'
r'C:\Documents' 'C:\Documents'
\D
OperationDeployment
Debug
Maintenance
backup_ver2.py
91

import os
import time
# 1.
#
# Windows
# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 2.
#
# Windows
# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 3. zip
# 4.
today = target_dir + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')
# zip
now = time.strftime('%H%M%S')
# zip
target = today + os.sep + now + '.zip'
#
if not os.path.exists(today):
os.mkdir(today)
print('Successfully created directory', today)
# 5. zip zip
' '.join(source))
#
print(zip_command)
print('Running:')
else:
92

Successfully created directory /Users/swa/backup/20140329
Zip command is:
zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140329/073201.zip /Users/swa/notes
Running:
Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140329/073201.zip
os.path.exists
os.mkdir
zip
backup_ver3.py
import os
import time
# 1.
#
# Windows
# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 2.
#
# Windows
93

# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 3. zip
# 4.
#
# zip
#
# zip
comment = input('Enter a comment --> ')
#
if len(comment) == 0:
else:
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' +
comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'
#
os.mkdir(today)
# 5. zip zip
zip_command = "zip -r {0} {1}".format(target,
' '.join(source))
#
print(zip_command)
print('Running:')
else:
File "backup_ver3.py", line 39
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' +
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
94

Python Python
Python
Debug
Python +
Bug Fixing
backup_ver4.py
import os
import time
# 1.
#
# Windows
# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 2.
#
# Windows
# Mac OS X Linux
#
#
# 3. zip
# 4.
#
# zip
#
# zip
95

comment = input('Enter a comment --> ')

#
if len(comment) == 0:
else:
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' + \
comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'
#
os.mkdir(today)
# 5. zip zip
' '.join(source))
#
print(zip_command)
print('Running:')
else:
Enter a comment --> added new examples
Zip command is:
zip -r /Users/swa/backup/20140329/074122_added_new_examples.zip /Users/swa/notes
Running:
Successful backup to /Users/swa/backup/20140329/074122_added_new_examples.zip
input len
enter
96

zip
.zip
-v 1
-q Quiet
sys.argv list extend
source .
os.system zipfile tarfile

zip
os.system
zipfile os.system
Phases
1. What/
2. How/
3. Do It/
4. Test/
5. Use/
6. Maintain/
97

Software is grown, not built. Bill de

hra
Python
Python
1. Verbosity
98

Procedure-oriented
Class
TypeObjectInstance
int int
int C++ Java1.5

1
help(int)
C# Java 1.5 Boxing and Unboxing2

Field
Method
Attribute
Instance VariablesClass Variables
class
self
Python
self
self
IDEIntegrated Development Environments

self
99

C++/Java/C#
Python self C++ Java C# this
Python self
MyClass myobject
myobject.method(arg1, arg2) Python
MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2) self
self
Class oop_simplestclass.py
class Person:
pass #
p = Person()
print(p)
$ python oop_simplestclass.py
<__main__.Person instance at 0x10171f518>
class
pass
Person __main__
Python
100

Method
self
oop_method.py
class Person:
def say_hi(self):
print('Hello, how are you?')
p = Person()
p.say_hi()
#
# Person().say_hi()
$ python oop_method.py
Hello, how are you?
self say_hi
self
__init__
Python __init__
__init__ Instantiated
Initialization init
oop_init.py
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def say_hi(self):
print('Hello, my name is', self.name)
p = Person('Swaroop')
p.say_hi()
#
# Person('Swaroop').say_hi()
101

$ python oop_init.py
Hello, my name is Swaroop
__init__ name self

name name
self.name
nameself name
Person p
p = Person('Swaroop')
__init__
self.name say_hi
BoundNamespace
Filed
Class VariableShared
Object variable
oop_objvar.py
# coding=UTF-8
class Robot:
""""""
102

#
population = 0
def __init__(self, name):

""""""
self.name = name
print("(Initializing {})".format(self.name))
#
#
Robot.population += 1
def die(self):
""""""
print("{} is being destroyed!".format(self.name))
Robot.population -= 1
if Robot.population == 0:
print("{} was the last one.".format(self.name))
else:
print("There are still {:d} robots working.".format(
Robot.population))
def say_hi(self):
"""
"""
print("Greetings, my masters call me {}.".format(self.name))
@classmethod
def how_many(cls):
""""""
print("We have {:d} robots.".format(cls.population))
droid1 = Robot("R2-D2")
droid1.say_hi()
Robot.how_many()
droid2 = Robot("C-3PO")
droid2.say_hi()
Robot.how_many()
print("\nRobots can do some work here.\n")
print("Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.")

droid1.die()
droid2.die()
Robot.how_many()
103

$ python oop_objvar.py
(Initializing R2-D2)
Greetings, my masters call me R2-D2.
We have 1 robots.
(Initializing C-3PO)
Greetings, my masters call me C-3PO.
We have 2 robots.
Robots can do some work here.
Robots have finished their work. So let's destroy them.

R2-D2 is being destroyed!
There are still 1 robots working.
C-3PO is being destroyed!
C-3PO was the last one.
We have 0 robots.
population
Robot name self
Robot.population self.population population

name self.name
Robot.popluation self.__class__.population
self.__class__
how_many
classmethod staticmethod
classmethod

Decorator how_many
Wrapper
@classmethod
how_many = classmethod(how_many)
104

__init__ Robot
population 1 self.name
self Attribute
Reference
DocStrings
Robot.__doc__
Robot.say_hi.__doc__
die Robot.population 1
__privatervar Python Name-

mangling
Python
C++/Java/C#
Python
Vireual
Reuse
InheritanceType and Subtype
SchoolMember
Inherit
105

SchoolMember
SchoolMember
ID
SchoolMember
Polymorphism
SchoolMember Base Class4

Superclass Teacher Student Derived Classes5
Subclass
oop_subclass.py
106

# coding=UTF-8
class SchoolMember:
''''''
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
print('(Initialized SchoolMember: {})'.format(self.name))
def tell(self):
''''''
print('Name:"{}" Age:"{}"'.format(self.name, self.age), end=" ")
class Teacher(SchoolMember):
''''''
def __init__(self, name, age, salary):
SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)
self.salary = salary
print('(Initialized Teacher: {})'.format(self.name))
def tell(self):
SchoolMember.tell(self)
print('Salary: "{:d}"'.format(self.salary))
class Student(SchoolMember):
''''''
def __init__(self, name, age, marks):
SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)
self.marks = marks
print('(Initialized Student: {})'.format(self.name))
def tell(self):
SchoolMember.tell(self)
print('Marks: "{:d}"'.format(self.marks))
t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)

s = Student('Swaroop', 25, 75)
#
print()
members = [t, s]
for member in members:
#
member.tell()
107

$ python oop_subclass.py
(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)
(Initialized Student: Swaroop)
Name:"Mrs. Shrividya" Age:"40" Salary: "30000"

Name:"Swaroop" Age:"25" Marks: "75"
6
__init__ self
Teacher Student
__init__ Python SchoolMember
__init__ Python
self
SchoolMember tell Teacher

Studtne SchoolMember
tell SchoolMember tell

Python
Inheritance Tuple
Multiple Inheritance
end tell() print
print \n
Python
108

Python
1. Primitive native typesPrimitive
type
2.
3. Class And Object Variables
4.
5.
6.
109

input() print
str String
rjust help(str)
io_input.py
def reverse(text):
return text[::-1]
def is_palindrome(text):
return text == reverse(text)
something = input("Enter text: ")

if is_palindrome(something):
print("Yes, it is a palindrome")
else:
print("No, it is not a palindrome")
$ python3 io_input.py
Enter text: sir
No, it is not a palindrome
Enter text: madam
Yes, it is a palindrome
Enter text: racecar
Yes, it is a palindrome
110

seq[a:b] a
b
Step 1 -1
input()
input()
Rise to vote, sir.
file read readline write
close Python
io_using_file.py
111

poem = '''\
Programming is fun
use Python!
'''
# 'w'riting
f = open('poem.txt', 'w')
#
f.write(poem)
#
f.close()
#
# 'r'ead
f = open('poem.txt')
while True:
line = f.readline()
# EOF
if len(line) == 0:
break
# `line`
#
#
print(line, end='')
#
f.close()
$ python3 io_using_file.py
Programming is fun
use Python!
open
'r' 'w' 'a'
't' 'b'
help(open)
open() textread
write
close
112

readline
break
close
poem.txt
2
Pickle
Python Pickle Python
Persistently
io_pickle.py
import pickle
# The name of the file where we will store the object

shoplistfile = 'shoplist.data'
# The list of things to buy
shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']
# Write to the file

f = open(shoplistfile, 'wb')
# Dump the object to a file
pickle.dump(shoplist, f)
f.close()
# Destroy the shoplist variable

del shoplist
# Read back from the storage

f = open(shoplistfile, 'rb')
# Load the object from the file
storedlist = pickle.load(f)
print(storedlist)
$ python io_pickle.py
['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']
113

open write
binary pickle dump
Pickling
pickle load
Unpickling
3
Unicode
Python 2
unicode u u"hello world"
>>> "hello world"

'hello world'
>>> type("hello world")
<class 'str'>
>>> u"hello world"
'hello world'
>>> type(u"hello world")
<class 'str'>
Unicode UTF-8
open
# encoding=utf-8
import io
f = io.open("abc.txt", "wt", encoding="utf-8")

f.write(u"Imagine non-English language here")
f.close()
text = io.open("abc.txt", encoding="utf-8").read()

print(text)
import
Unicode Python
UTF-8 # encoding=urf-8
4
114

io.open EncodingDecoding Python

Unicode
"The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know
About Unicode and Character Sets"
Python Unicode Howto
Pragmatic Unicode talk by Nat Batchelder
pickle
Unicode
1.
forbidden = ( ! ,
? , . , ...)
2.

3. Unicode

4
. UTF-8

Python
115

Exception
Python
Raises1Error
print print Print

Python Raise
>>> Print("Hello World")

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Print' is not defined
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World
NameError Python
2
Error Handler
Try [ctrl-d]
>>> s = input('Enter something --> ')

Enter something --> Traceback (most recent call last):
EOFError
Python EOFError End of

File ctrl-d
116

try..except try
except
exceptions_handle.py
try:
text = input('Enter something --> ')
except EOFError:
print('Why did you do an EOF on me?')
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print('You cancelled the operation.')
else:
print('You entered {}'.format(text))
# Press ctrl + d
$ python exceptions_handle.py
Enter something --> Why did you do an EOF on me?
# Press ctrl + c
Enter something --> ^CYou cancelled the operation.
Enter something --> No exceptions
You entered No exceptions
try
Handler except except
except try try
Python
else try..except else
3
117

raise
Thrown
Exception
exceptions_raise.py
# encoding=UTF-8
class ShortInputException(Exception):
''''''
def __init__(self, length, atleast):
Exception.__init__(self)
self.length = length
self.atleast = atleast
try:
text = input('Enter something --> ')
if len(text) < 3:
raise ShortInputException(len(text), 3)
#
except EOFError:
print('Why did you do an EOF on me?')
except ShortInputException as ex:
print(('ShortInputException: The input was ' +
'{0} long, expected at least {1}')
.format(ex.length, ex.atleast))
else:
print('No exception was raised.')
$ python exceptions_raise.py
Enter something --> a
ShortInputException: The input was 1 long, expected at least 3
$ python exceptions_raise.py
Enter something --> abc
No exception was raised.
ShortInputException
length atleast
118

except as
except length
atlease
Try ... Finally
finally
exceptions_finally.py
import sys
import time
f = None
try:
f = open("poem.txt")
#
while True:
line = f.readline()
if len(line) == 0:
break
print(line, end='')
sys.stdout.flush()
print("Press ctrl+c now")
#
time.sleep(2)
except IOError:
print("Could not find file poem.txt")
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("!! You cancelled the reading from the file.")
finally:
if f:
f.close()
print("(Cleaning up: Closed the file)")
$ python exceptions_finally.py
Programming is fun
Press ctrl+c now
^C!! You cancelled the reading from the file.
(Cleaning up: Closed the file)
119

time.sleep
Python
ctrl + c
KeyboardInterrupt finally
print sys.stout.flush()
with
try finally
with
exceptions_using_with.py
with open("poem.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print(line, end='')
open
with with open
with Protocol open

thefile
thefile.__enter__
thefile.__exit__
finally __exit__
try..finally
PEP 343
try..except try..finally
120

Python
1. Raise

2. Python Handler

3. Raising Exceptions
121

Python Python Standrad Library

Python Python
Python
Library Reference

Python
sys
sys sys.argv
Python sys
>>> import sys

>>> sys.version_info
sys.version_info(major=3, minor=5, micro=1, releaselevel='final', serial=0)
>>> sys.version_info.major == 3
True
sys version_info
Debugging
logging
stdlib_logging.py
122

import os
import platform
import logging
if platform.platform().startswith('Windows'):
logging_file = os.path.join(os.getenv('HOMEDRIVE'),
os.getenv('HOMEPATH'),
'test.log')
else:
logging_file = os.path.join(os.getenv('HOME'),
'test.log')
print("Logging to", logging_file)
logging.basicConfig(
level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s : %(levelname)s : %(message)s',
filename=logging_file,
filemode='w',
)
logging.debug("Start of the program")

logging.info("Doing something")
logging.warning("Dying now")
$ python stdlib_logging.py
Logging to /Users/swa/test.log
$ cat /Users/swa/test.log
2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : DEBUG : Start of the program
2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : INFO : Doing something
2014-03-29 09:27:36,660 : WARNING : Dying now
cat test.log
os platform
logging Log
platform.platform()
import platform; help(platform) Windows
Home DriveHome Folder
123

os.path.join()
logging
Debugging
Regular Expressions
Doug Hellmann Python Module of the

Week Python
Python
Python
Python Python
124

Python
Python
>>> def get_error_details():

... return (2, 'details')
...
>>> errnum, errstr = get_error_details()
>>> errnum
2
>>> errstr
'details'
a, b = <some expression>
Python
>>> a = 5; b = 8
>>> a, b
(5, 8)
>>> a, b = b, a
>>> a, b
(8, 5)
__init__ __del__
x[key]
__getitem__() Python
list
125

__init__(self, ...)

__del__(self)

__str__(self)
print str()
__lt__(self, other)
<+>

__getitem__(self, key)
x[key]
__len__(self)
len()
>>> flag = True

>>> if flag: print('Yes')
...
Yes
Lambda
lambda lambda
more_lambda.py
126

points = [{'x': 2, 'y': 3},

{'x': 4, 'y': 1}]
points.sort(key=lambda i: i['y'])
print(points)
$ python more_lambda.py
[{'y': 1, 'x': 4}, {'y': 3, 'x': 2}]
list sort key
def
Lambda
List Comprehension
2
2
more_list_comprehension.py
listone = [2, 3, 4]
listtwo = [2*i for i in listone if i > 2]
print(listtwo)
$ python more_list_comprehension.py
[6, 8]
if i > 2 2*i
Boilerplate
127

* **
>>> def powersum(power, *args):

... '''Return the sum of each argument raised to the specified power.'''
... total = 0
... for i in args:
... total += pow(i, power)
... return total
...
>>> powersum(2, 3, 4)
25
>>> powersum(2, 10)
100
args *
args **
assert
assert Assert
assert
AssertionError
>>> mylist = ['item']

>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
>>> mylist.pop()
'item'
>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
AssertionError
assert
128

Decorators
retry
5
from time import sleep

from functools import wraps
import logging
logging.basicConfig()
log = logging.getLogger("retry")
def retry(f):
@wraps(f)
def wrapped_f(*args, **kwargs):
MAX_ATTEMPTS = 5
for attempt in range(1, MAX_ATTEMPTS + 1):
try:
return f(*args, **kwargs)
except:
log.exception("Attempt %s/%s failed : %s",
attempt,
MAX_ATTEMPTS,
(args, kwargs))
sleep(10 * attempt)
log.critical("All %s attempts failed : %s",
MAX_ATTEMPTS,
(args, kwargs))
return wrapped_f
counter = 0
@retry
def save_to_database(arg):
print("Write to a database or make a network call or etc.")
print("This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.")
global counter
counter += 1
#
#
if counter < 2:
raise ValueError(arg)
if __name__ == '__main__':
save_to_database("Some bad value")
129

$ python more_decorator.py
Write to a database or make a network call or etc.
This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.
ERROR:retry:Attempt 1/5 failed : (('Some bad value',), {})
File "more_decorator.py", line 14, in wrapped_f
return f(*args, **kwargs)
File "more_decorator.py", line 39, in save_to_database
raise ValueError(arg)
ValueError: Some bad value
Write to a database or make a network call or etc.
This will be automatically retried if exception is thrown.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpdecor.html
http://toumorokoshi.github.io/dry-principles-through-python-decorators.html
Python 2 Python 3
"Six" library
Porting to Python 3 Redux by Armin
Python 3 experience by PyDanny
Official Django Guide to Porting to Python 3
Discussion on What are the advantages to python 3.x?
Python Python
Python
130

Python Python
Python
Python
;-)
https://github.com/thekarangoel/Projects#numbers ( Martyr2
)
Exercises for Programmers: 57 Challenges to Develop Your Coding Skills

Intermediate Python Projects
131

Python Cookbook Python

Python Module of the Week
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python!

The Elements of Python Style
Python Big Picture
"Writing Idiomatic Python" ebook
Full Stack Web Development with Flask

PyVideo
Official Python Dos and Don'ts

Official Python FAQ
Norvig's list of Infrequently Asked Questions
Python Interview Q & A
StackOverflow questions tagged with python
Hidden features of Python

What's the one code snippet/python trick/etc did you wish you knew when you learned
python?
Awaretek's comprehensive list of Python tutorials
Python python-tutor list
132

Python Official Python Planet
Python
pip
Flask
Flask Official Quickstart

The Flask Mega-Tutorial
Example Flask Projects
Python GUIGraphical
User Interface Python Python
C C++
Python GUI
Kivy
http://kivy.org
PyGTK
GTK+ Python GNOME GTK+

GUI Glade
GTK+ GNU/Linux
Windows GTK+
PyGTK
PyQt
133

Qt Python KDE Qt Designer

Qt Qt
GPL PyQt
Qt 4.5 GPL
PySide
wxPython
wxWidgets Python wxPython

GNU/LinuxWindwosMac
IDE wxPython GUI SPE
(Stani's Python Editor) wxGlade GUI wxPython
wxPython
GUI
GuiProgramming wiki page at the official python website
Python GUI
GUI
Windwos Mac GNU/Linux
GNU/Linux KDE GNOME
'The Python Papers, Volume 3, Issue 1' (PDF) 26
CPython CPython C
Classical Python
Python
Jython
Java Python Python Java

IronPython
.NET Python Python .NET

134

PyPy
Python Pyhon
C
JavaC#
CLPython Common Lisp Python Brython

JavaScript Python JavaScript Web
Ajax
Functional Programming Howto by A.M. Kuchling

Functional programming chapter in 'Dive Into Python' book
Functional Programming with Python presentation
Funcy library
PyToolz library
Python Python
1.
2.
pickle

135
FLOSS
FLOSS
2003 :-)
/ FLOSS
FLOSS
FLOSS Python
Python
FLOSS
Linux FLOSS GNU/Linux Linux

Linus Torvalds Android Linux
Linux
Ubuntu Canonical Linux

GNU/Linux FLOSS
CD GNU/Linux
Ubuntu
LibreOffice
MS Word MS PowerPoint
Mozilla Firefox
Mono .NET GNU/LinuxWindows

FreeBSDMacOS .NET
Apache Web Web

Web Apache
Microsoft IIS
VLC DivX MP3 Ogg VCD DVD

;-)
FLOSS
Perl PHP Drupal PostgreSQL
TORCS KDevelop IDEXine VIM Quanta+
136
FLOSS
Banshee GIMP
FLOSS
OMG! Ubuntu!
Web Upd8
DistroWatch
Planet Debian
FLOSS
GitHub Explore
Code Triage
SourceForge
FreshMeat
FLOSS
137

FLOSS
Red Hat 9.0 Linux

Fedora Core 3 Linux
KWord
DocBook XML Kate

OpenOffice PDF
HTML
XEmacs DocBook XML
Quanta+ Fedora Core 3 Linux

XSL CSS HTML
Python
MediaWiki
Wiki
VimPandoc Mac OS X
AsciiDoc Emacs 24.3 tomorrow Fira Mono

adoc-mode
2016 AsciiDoctor C/C++ ++

Asciidoc
138

Markdown GitBook Spacemacs

editor
http://www.swaroopch.com/about/
139

Python Diamond
Qt Python Perl
Eric S. Raymond
Python
Perl-Qt PyQt Python
Python O'Reilly
Python
Python
Python Red Hat 9.0 Linux

KWord Python
30
Python
Python
:)
4.0
2016 1 19
Python 3
Markdown GitBook Spacemacs
3.0
140

2014 3 31
Python 2 AsciiDoc adoc-mode
2.0
2012 10 20
Pandoc MediaWiki

nonlocal
1.90
2008 9 4
3.5
Python 3.0
MediaWiki
1.20
2005 1 13
Fedora Core 3 Quanta+
DocBook
1.15
2004 3 28

1.12
2004 3 16

1.10
2004 3 9

1.00
2004 3 8

0.99
2004 2 22

0.98
2004 2 16
Python CSS XHTML
VIM
141

0.97
20014 2 13
DocBook XML

0.93
2004 1 25
IDLE Windows
0.92
2004 1 5

0.91
2003 12 30

0.90
2003 12 18
OpenOffice
0.60
2003 11 21

0.20
2003 11 20

0.15
2003 11 20
DocBook XML XEmacs
0.10
2003 11 14
KWord
142

Ashraf Ali Khalaf

http://www.khaledhosny.org/byte-of-python/index.html
sourceforge.net
http://itwadi.com/byteofpython_arabi
Jahangir Shabiyev (c.shabiev@gmail.com)

https://www.gitbook.com/book/jahangir-sh/piton-sancmasi
Samuel Dias Neto (samuel.arataca@gmail.com)

Python 2.3.5
Rodrigo Amaral (rodrigoamaral@gmail.com)
Moises Gomez (moisesgomezgiron@gmail.com)
143

Moiss Gmez -

Python Swaroop

BoP
2005 1.20 BoP

Juan Shen orion_val@163.com
BoP
Python
2017 i@molun.net 4.0 GitHub

Gitbook
2017 https://bop.molun.net
Fred Lin (gasolin@gmail.com)
http://code.google.com/p/zhpy/wiki/ByteOfZhpy
Python
Python
144

Fred Lin - Delta Network

TurboGears
Python (:-p) Python

Python Python
Python
Python
zhpyPython in Chinese 8 7
zhpyZ.H.? zippy Python Python

Gregory (coulix@ozforces.com.au)
Grard Labadie (gerard.labadie@gmail.com)
Lutz Horn (lutz.horn@gmx.de) Bernd Hengelein (bernd.hengelein@gmail.com)

Christoph Zwerschke (cito@online.de)
http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub//sourceforge/a/ab/abop-german.berlios/
Lutz Horn
145

32

Java Python
Python GUI
Web Struts
Java Python
Ruby
Python Ruby
Java
How to Think Like a
Computer Scientist: Learning with PythonDive into Python
Python

DocBook

Bernd Hengelein
Lutz

34 1980 20 Commodore
64
C++

Python
Python
Python

Lutz Lutz

Ubuntu Python
@savvasradevic
Daniel (daniel.mirror@gmail.com) http://python.or.id/moin.cgi/ByteofPython
146

Wisnu Priyambodo (cibermen@gmail.com)
Bagus Aji Santoso (baguzzzaji@gmail.com)
Enrico Morelli (mr.mlucci@gmail.com) Massimo Lucci (morelli@cerm.unifi.it)
http://www.gentoo.it/Programmazione/byteofpython
Massimo Lucci and Enrico Morelli -

MassimoEnrico CED
/ Python
Linux Gentoo/Linux
www.gentoo.it
www.nmr.it
Python

Calvina Bice http://besthcgdropswebsite.com/translate/a-

byte-of-python/
Shunro Dozono (dozono@gmail.com)
Jeongbin Park (pjb7687@gmail.com)

https://github.com/pjb7687/byte_of_python
147

Jeongbin Park
Python
Python
Python
Python
Ariunsanaa Tunjin (luftballons2010@gmail.com)
2009 11 9 Ariunsanaa
Eirik Vgeskar Sandvika videregende skole
Eirik Vgeskar:

Python
Python

Dominik Kozaczko (dominik@kozaczko.info)

Uk Pythona
2009 10 2 Dominik
Dominik Kozaczko -
148

Fidel Viegas (fidel.viegas@gmail.com)
Paul-Sebastian Manole (brokenthorn@gmail.com)
Paul-Sebastian Manole - Spiru Haret

Python
Python
Python
Swaroop

Vladimir Smolyar (v_2e@ukr.net) http://wombat.org.ua/AByteOfPython/
Averkiev Andrey (averkiyev@ukr.net)
"BugSpice" (amortizerka@gmail.com)
http://forum.ubuntu-rs.org/Thread-zagrljaj-pitona
Albertio Ward (albertioward@gmail.com)

http://www.fatcow.com/edu/python-swaroopch-sl/
149

Translation for education

Slavonic

Alfonso de la Guarda Reyes (alfonsodg@ictechperu.net) Gustavo Echeverria

(gustavo.echeverria@gmail.com) David Crespo Arroyo (davidcrespoarroyo@hotmail.com)
Cristian Bermudez Serna (crisbermud@hotmail.com)
Gustavo Echeverria
C# .Net
Python Ruby Python
Python
Maximiliano
Soler A Byte of Python
Cristian Bermudez Serna
Python

Mikael Jacobsson (leochingkwake@gmail.com)
Trker SEZER (tsezer@btturk.net) Bugra Cakir (bugracakir@gmail.com)
"Where is Turkish version? Bitse de okusak."
150

1. https://github.com/swaroopch/byte-of-python
2. Fork
3. Git
4. GitBook Markdown
5. .md
6. GitBook.com
PDFEPUB
151

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#Python -- Shan Rajasekaran

Python -- Nickson Kaigi

Python -- Herbert Feutl

Python Python -- Dilip

@swaroopch #ByteOfPython -- Yuvraj Sharma

Swaroop C H Python 110 PDF

@swaroopch Vim Byte of Vim Python

Python AssemblyCC++C# Java

NASA NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Principles of Programming Languages

Swaroop C H Byte of PythonByte of Python

- 4.0 CC BY-SA Intl.

Kalyan Varma PESIT

2005 Byte of Python 1.20

Byte of Python GitHub

1.20 CC BY-NC-ND 1.0--

2017 1 3 1 8 anglum slimray

2017 3 19 Tian Zhao

Python Guido van Rossum BBC

GNU/LinuxWindowsFreeBSDMacintosh Solaris OS/2 Amiga

Python Python Package Index

The future of Python 2

Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3

Eric S. Raymond The Cathedral and the

Python 3 Python 3.5.11

Add Python 3.5 to PATH

Customize installation Next

Add Python to environment variables

Docker Python in Docker

[Command + Space] Spotlight

1. Python 3.5.1 Python

Python Hello World

Python >>> Python

[enter] Hello World

GNU/Linux OS X Shell [ctrl + d]

Windows [ctrl + z] [enter]

PyCharm Create New Project

helloworld New -> Python File

helloworld -> New -> Python File

PyCharm Quickstart PyCharm

GNU/Linux Vim Debian

Hello World Hello

Python print Print p

print('hello world') # print

Floating Point Numbers floats 3.23

String Characters Sequence

'' 'Quote me on this'

name + 'is' +str(age) + 'years old'

print('{} was {} years old when he wrote this book'.format(name, age))

print('a', end=' ')

"What's your name?"

'This is the first line\nThis is the second line'

"This is the first sentence. \

"This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence."

r"Newlines are indicated by \n"

ASCII ASCII Unicode

Command Line Arguments Run -> Edit

s = '''This is a multi-line string.

Physical Line Logical

Explicit Line Joining5

This is a string. This continues the string.

File "whitespace.py", line 3

3 < 5 < 7 True

Python name main

from mymodule import say_hi, version