August 2010 VOL. Cl No.

<< Previous Page

XXIII TNAI BIENNIAL (72nd) CONFERENCE, KOCHI, KERALA
CONFERENCE REGISTRATION FORM
Pre-Conference Meetings: November 22-24 and Conference: November 25-27, 2010.

Full Name (Block Letters) :Miss/Mrs./Sr./Mr./Dr. ___________________________________________ Executive/Council

Member/HOD member/TNAI Member/SNA Delegate//Non-TNAI Member

Designation ____________________________ Office held in TNAI/SNA________________________

Full Address ________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

For Resident Delegates [Please mark (..) ]

Do you require accommodation? { } Yes { } No

If yes, indicate the period of your stay from __________ to ____________

Date and time of arrival at Ernakulam Date: Time:

Indicate the mode of travel { } Rail { } Bus { } Air

Name & No. of Train / Flight ___________________________________________________________

Departure from Ernakulam Date____________ Time _________ Train / Flight

Would you like to join Sight Seeing? { } Yes { } No

Executive Committee/ TNAI Delegates SNA Members Non-TNAI

Charges
Council / HOD Members (Rs.) (Rs. (Rs.) Members (Rs.)
PDFmyURL.com
Registration Fee 300/- 300/- 200/- 500/-
Boarding, Lodging and Transport (Per Day) 500/- 500/- 400/- 600/-
Late fee 500/- 500/- 300/- 700/-
Sight seeing To be announced later

-Refund of the Conference Registration Fee will be made only if cancellation information reaches the Registration Chairperson in
advance: One month before the Conference –75%; 15 days before the Conference– 50% and no refund thereafter. Registration fee
is not refundable. Last date for Registration is October 15, 2010. After which late registration fee will be charged.

The Registration fee and other charges should be sent in advance through a Demand Draft drawn in the name of “TNAI National
Conference” payable at Ernakulam. The Registration form along with the payment and a self addressed stamped envelope (Rs.
10/-) should be sent to Sr. Ivan, Chairperson, Registration Committee, Principal, St. Joseph’s College of Nursing, Dharmagiri,
Kothamangalam-686691, Kerala (Ph. No. 09747232113).

Arrangement for stay will be made in respect of only those delegates who submit the registration form alongwith the required
charges by the closing date of registration. The registration form can be obtained from the TNAI Headquarters, L-17, Florence
Nightingale Lane, Green Park, New Delhi-110016. However, members are free to use typed or photocopies of this form.

No accommodation will be given to those registering late. On the spot registration will be allowed but accommodation
will not be given unless intimated to the Chairperson, Registration Committee in advance, within the deadline
(October 15, 2010).

N.B.: (i) The State SNA Vice Presidents and SNA Secretaries are required to attend the House of Delegates and the Conference
as observers, no other SNA members, apart from these two SNA Office bearers, should attend this Conference. However, there is
no ban for local SNA members for attending the Conference, provided such an arrangement is made with the Conference
Registration Committee. (ii) No accommodation arrangement will be made for families friends/relatives/accompanying participating
members. They have to make arrangements on their own. However, the members concerned in such cases may get information for
accommodation facilities available in the city by writing to the Chairperson, Registration Committee.

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

XXIII TNAI BIENNIAL (72nd) CONFERENCE, KOCHI, KERALA
EXHIBITION REGISTRATION FORM
Name of the Exhibitor ________________________________________TNAI No.____________________________

Address__________________________________________________________________________________________

Division___________________________________________Section__________________________________________

Topic of the Exhibit _______________________________________________________________________________

Certificate of Recommendation

The exhibit is the bonafide work of Miss/Mrs./Mr./Sr.______________________________and has not been exhibited before.

The Nurse is member of the Trained Nurses’ Association of India, her/his TNAI number is given above.

Signature___________________________ Name____________________________________________________

(Nursing Superintendent or any senior member of TNAI)

Rules for Entry : 1. Please note that only posters will be displayed. Models or charts shall not be included. 2. Only individual
entries will be entertained.3. No Entry form will be entertained after October 15, 2010. 4. All Exhibits should be registered, the
registration fee is Rs. 100 per entry. The money should be sent by DD/Cheque/Money Order along with registration form to the
Secretary-General, TNAI, L-17, Florence Nightingale Lane, Green Park, New Delhi-110016. 5. Please note that the name of the
Exhibitor should not appear on the Exhibit, but each Exhibit must be accompanied by a card bearing (i) Name of the Exhibitor, (ii)
Name and Address of the Hospital/Institution, (iii) Division (iv) Section of the Exhibit (v) Title of the Exhibit. Size of Exhibit (Poster):
22" x 26" approx. Oversize exhibits will be rejected on the spot. The Exhibit should be in the form of Posters. The Exhibition
Registration form can be typed or photocopied.

PDFmyURL.com
 Suggestive Topics of Exhibit (Poster Presentation)
Division & Section
I. Teaching Aids (Posters) on:
(a) Anatomy & Physiology
(b) Hygiene First Aid
(c) Community Health
(d) General Nursing Procedure
II. Innovative Approaches in:
(a) Medical Nursing
(b) Surgical Nursing
(c) Paediatric Nursing
(d) Psychiatric Nursing
(e) Primary Health Care
III. Changing Concepts in:
(a) Obstetrics & Obstetrical Nursing
(b) Midwifery
IV. Growth of Nursing in India
V. Perspective of TNAI
:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Topics Special Awards
(a) Structure of Heart Miss A Cherian, Rolling
b) Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation Shield
(c) Ways and means to achieve MDG 3 (promote gender
equality and empower women) Mrs. Pramada Bajaj Shield
(d) Patient Monitoring Technologies - Nurses’ Role
Jayadeb Chatterjee Shield
(a) Nurses role in promotion of patient safety
(b) Care of patient with colostomy
Steedman’s Cup
(c) Neonatal resuscitation
(d) Nurses responsibilities in care of patient with dementia
(e) Urbanisation and Health
Dettol Shield
(a) Emergency Obstetric Midwifery Care Mrs. Harriet Chabook
(b) Skilled Birth Attendance Process Shield
(a) Quality Nursing Practice: A Challenge Mrs. KS Ratra Shield
(b) Strengthening Midwifery practices for Safe Motherhood
in India
(c) Role of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives in National Rural
Health Mission.
(d) Shared Governance in Nursing
(e) Amalgamation of Nursing Education & Practice
(a) NJI 100 Years: Vision for next century Dr. Jeevraj Mehta Shield
(b) TNAI projects: (Central Institute of Nursing & Research
Centre /Elderly Care Home : My responsibility)
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)
PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

XXIII TNAI BIENNIAL (72nd) CONFERENCE, KOCHI, KERALA
The list of Chairpersons and Co-Chairpersons of various Committees:

Conference Committee
Dr Kochuthresiamma Thomas, President, TNAI Kerala State Branch, TC 11/801, Krishna Nagar Pattom PO,
Chairperson
Thiruvananthapuram-695004. Mobile: 9447159988
Prof Prasannakumari Y, Vice President TNAI Kerala State Branch, Principal, Govt College of Nursing
Co-Chairperson
Thiruvananthapuram-695011. Mobile: 9495945576
Conference Secretary
Prof Valsa K Panicker, Secretary, TNAI Kerala State Branch, Principal, Govt College of Nursing Kozhikode.
Chairperson
Mobile: 9847219559
Prof Moly K T, Principal, College of Nursing, Amritha Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara PO Kochi-
Co-Chairperson
682026. Mobile: 9447513383
Finance Committee
Chairperson Dr Suvarnalatha Devi K, Associate Professor, Govt College of Nursing, Trivandrum. Mobile: 9446553616
Co-Chairperson Sr Gabriala, Principal, Lourde School of Nsg, Holly Cross Hosp., Kottiyam, Kollam. Mobile: 9497358576
Registration Committee
Chairperson Sr Ivan, Principal, St Joseph’s College of Nsg, Dharmagiri, Kothamangalam-686691. Mobile-9747232113
Sindhu Devi M, Principal, MOSC College of Nursing, Kolencherry, Ernakulam-682311. Mobile-9446386351
Co-Chairpersons
Smt Annamma Cherian, Nsg Suptdt, MOSC Hosp, Kolencherry, Ernakulam – 682311. Ph. 0484-3055660
Invitation & Reception Committee
Chair Person Dr Valsamma Joseph, Professor, Govt College of Nursing, Kottayam-8, Mobile: 9447143920
Smt Grace Mathai, Chief Operating Officer, MIMS ,Kottackal, Malappuram. Mobile: 9847400897
Co-Chairpersons
Sr Joseena, Asso Prof, Caritas College of Nursing, Thellakom, Kottayam. Ph. 0481-2792104
Programme Committee
PDFmyURL.com
 Sr Rose Vypana, Community Health Department Head, LHM Hospital, Bharananganam, Kottayam-686578.
Chairperson
Mobile: 9447284760
Mr Biju SV, Jyothi, Veeralam, Attingal PO, Trivandrum. Mobile: 9447501775
Co-Chairpersons
Sr Suma, Principal, Lourde College of Nursing, Ernakulam. Mobile: 9496002220
Conference Minutes
Chairperson Smt Usha Marath, Principal, Lisie College of Nursing, Ernakulam. Mobile No9497039262
Prof VJ Mariakutty, Principal, College of Nursing, EMS Co-operative Hospital, Perinthalmanna, Malappuram.
Co-Chairperson
Mobile No 9947290371
Entertainment Committee
Dr Reetha Devi S, Principal, College of Nursing, Kerala Co-operative Hospital, Nettoor PO, Thalasserry,
Chair Person
Kannur. Mobile: 9847757001
Co-Chairperson Ms Lijimol Chacko, Lecturer, College of Nsg, Amritha Inst of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara PO, Kochi.
Press and Publication
Mr Roy K George, Principal, Theophilus College of Nursing, MGDM Hospital, Kangazha, Devagiri, Kottayam.
Chairperson
Mobile: 9447208669
Co-Chairperson Mr Biju S, Sr Lecturer, SME, TD Road, Ernakulam. Mobile No 9747123518
Health Committee
Chairperson Mrs Philomina, Associate Professor, Lissie College of Nursing, Ernakulam. Mobile No. 9446211516
Mrs Sathi Mohan, Principal, PVS School of Nursing, PVS Hospital, Ernakulam. Mobile No 9495162228
Co-Chairperson
Mr Aboobacker, Govt School of Nursing Beach, Kozhikode, Mobile: 9846339291
Accommodation Committee
Chairperson Dr Sr Mary Lucita, Principal, SME, INE, Angamaly. Mobile: 9847347445
Co-Chairperson Mr Anfal Mithu, Lecturer, INE, SME, Angamaly. Office No 0484-2455946
Catering Committee
Chairperson Sr Doris, Principal, Holy Cross College of Nursing, Kottiyam, Kollam. Mobile: 9349455019
Mrs Nirmala, Lecturer, INE,SME, TD Road, Ernakulam. Mobile No9446740948
Co-Chairpersons
Sr Vida, Nursing Superintendent, Lissie Hospital, Ernakulam. Mobile No. 9895756168
Transport Committee
Chairperson Sr Rubeena , Principal, Samaritan College of Nursing, Pazhaganadu, Aluva. Office No. 0484-2681450
Co-Chairperson Sr Marylet, Nsg Suptdt, Samaritan College of Nsg, Pazhaganadu, Aluva-683562. Office No. 0484-2681450
Sight Seeing
Chairperson Mr Ragee Raghunath, Principal, Amala College of Nursing, Thrissur. Mobile No. 9446606101
Co-Chairperson Mr Riyas KM, Sr Lecturer, Govt College of Nursing, Thrissur. Mobile No. 9495837181
PDFmyURL.com
Exhibition Committee
Chair Person Prof Leelamma B, Principal, Aswini College of Nursing, Thrissur. Mobile: 9447290530
Co-Chairperson Sr Victrina Kavungal, Ward Incharge, Holy Cross Hospital, Kottiyam, Kollam. Mobile: 9961596167
Souvenir Committee
Chairperson Mrs Alice Daniel, Principal, Malik Dinar College of Nursing, Kasargode. Mobile: 9995892388
Mrs Beena Basan, Principal, Pushapagiri College of Nursing, Thiruvalla. Mobile No. 9895837229
Co-Chairpersons
Mrs Sudhamoniamma C, Deputy Nursing Superindantant, SCTIMST, Thiruvananthapuram.
Election Committee
Chairperson Prof SA Samuel, BN 395, Babuji Nagar, Medical College PO, Trivandrum.
Co-Chairperson Smt Saralabhai TK, Vysakh, 89, Chempaka Nagar, Oottukuzhy, Trivandrum. Mobile: 9446414881
Steering Committee
1. Prof Chandrakanthi C 2. Prof Salomey George 3. Prof SA Samuel 4. Smt Saralbhai TK 5. President - Dr Kochuthresiamma
Thomas 6. Secretary - Prof Valsa K Panicker

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Action Research : Why and How
N Kokilavani 1, Nanthini Subbiah2, Radha K3

balances problem solving actions or by teams of colleagues. The team

In this every fraction of seconds and implemented in a collaborative context
with data-driven collaborative analysis or
approach is called collaborative inquiry.
Action research in education is research
minutes changing world, we face a large
research to understand underlying (applied) undertaken by practioners
number of problems, which require
causes enabling future predictions about (teachers) to study their problems
immediate solution. This is achieved
personal and organisational change scientifically in order to guide, correct and
through action research. Action research
(Reason & Bradbury, 2001). evaluate their decisions and actions
has the potential to generate genuine
It involves utilising a systematic (Stephen M Corey).
and sustained improvement in schools,
cyclical method of planning, taking Action research is characterised by the
colleges and organisations. It gives
action, observing, evaluating (including systematic study of the implementation of
educators new opportunities to reflect on
self-evaluation) and critical reflecting prior planned change to a system.
and assess their teaching; to explore
to planning the next cycle (O’Brien, Purposes of action research
and test new ideas, methods, and
2001; McNiff, 2002). The purposes of action research are to:
materials; to assess how effective the
Action research is an inquiry or Produce practical knowledge that is
new approaches are; to share feedback
research in the context of focused efforts useful to people in the everyday conduct
with fellow team members; and to make
to improve the quality of an organisation of their lives,
decisions about which new approaches
and its performance. It typically is Work towards practical outcome,
to include in the team’s curriculum and
designed and conducted by practitioners Create new forms of understanding.
assessment plans.
who analyse the data to improve their Since theory
The early work in Action Resarch is
own practice. Action research can be
attributed to Kurt Lewin, a social
done by individuals
psychologist who coined the term,
“action research”.

Action research is client- centred, action-

oriented and problem-centred. It involves
the client system, is a diagnostic, active- Basic Research and Action Research: A Comparison
learning, problem-finding, and problem-
solving process.

Various terminologies used for action

PDFmyURL.com
Various terminologies used for action
research are Co-operative inquiry, Action
inquiry, Participatory action research,
Community-based action research,
Collaborative research and Participative
inquiry.
Definition
Action research is an interactive inquiry
process that
The authors are : (1) Principal,
Adhiparasak thi College of Nursing,
Melmaruvathur; (2) Dy Secy-General,
TNAI; (3) Reader, Adhiparasak thi
College of Nsg, Melmaruvathur (TN).
without action is meaningless, and
Provide important guidance and
inspiration for practice.
Main features of action research
It focuses on solving the immediate
problem which the researcher is facing in
the study.
It involves the client system as a
diagnostic, activelearning, problem-
finding, and problem-solving process.
It requires small sample.
Its findings are very usable and
practicable locally but not usually
generalisable.
It increases morale, skill and efficiency
of the worker.
It is applicable to local problems.
Action research involves a baseline
survey of the pre-action situation; a
feasibility study of the proposed action
programme; planning and launching the
programme; concurrent evaluation of the
programme; making modification and
Basic Research
It finds out broad basic principles and
generalisation
It is pursued for establishing facts and
truths
The research pattern once decided is
final
It requires special training to enable the
research to reach the goal
programme and its method of
implementation in the light of the
research findings, and final evaluation, if
the project is time-bound.
Basic steps of Action Research
according to Nunan (1990)
1. After determining that there is a
potential problem, survey what is
happening (status quo) through
observation - via video, audio, hash
marks, or whatever relevant means are
available.
2. Code the observation based on the
problem and what was seen (i.e., the
code is created solely for that problem/
session).
3. Based on the coded information,
determine one change that could impact
the problem in a positive manner.
4. Implement the change in the
course/classroom.
5. Observe the class/course while
implementing the change.
6. Code the new observations.
7. Finally, compare the coded
Action Research
Concentrates on specific problem
areas
It is conducted to find out usable
solutions of actual problems
The research pattern can be modified
as the situation demands.
It does not require special training
sessions to determine the results of the
change.
Characteristics of Action Research
1. Human flourishing: In any research, the
ultimate outcome is for human growth and
welfare.
2. Participation and democracy:
Participation with subjects is common. No
concealment.
3. Practical form: Action research has
always preferred the practical way of
activities and day-to-day problems.
4. Emergent development form: This type
of research is more suitable in emergency
situation.
5. Knowledge in action: Only in this type
of research whatever the outcome or
results, that will be applicable
immediately.
Types of Action Research
Four basic types of action research have
been identified:
Experimental: It is applicable for any
intervention, new procedure, newer
PDFmyURL.com
programme; making modification and 7. Finally, compare the coded intervention, new procedure, newer
changes in the educational strategies, innovation etc.

Characteristics of Action Research Organisational: This type of action

research is organised by institution/
agency for regulation of policies and
procedures.
Professionalising: It is related to
professional body regulation, issues,
scope and emerging trends.
Empowering: This type of research is
applicable in protection of rights of
consumer and professional care giver.
Validity of Action Research (Waterman
1998)

1. Dialectical method: It refers to
constant analysis and report of
movement between theory and research
and practice in examining the tensions,
contradictions, and complexities of the
situation.
2. Critical validity: Analysing the
process of change the measure of
validity is not the change affected but
rather the analysis of intentions and
action, their ethical implication and
consequences.
3. Reflexive validity: It is the attempt
by the researcher to constantly examine
the biases, supposition, pre-supposition
of the research.
Conclusion
Action research does not focus
exclusively on user and career
involvement, though clearly
their participatory principle makes it an
obvious choice to explore these issues.
It can be used more widely to foster
better practice across inter professional
boundaries and between different
healthcare settings. It is an eclectic
approach to research and draws on a
variety of data collection methods. It is a
dynamic approach for the researcher who
opts to study the problem and assist in
making a change in their lives. Action
research also sets in motion a long-
range, cyclical, self-correcting
mechanism for maintaining and
enhancing the effectiveness of the
client’s system by leaving the system
with practical and useful tools for
selfanalysis and self-renewal.
References
1. Krishnaswami OR, Ranganathan M
(2005). Methodology of re-
search in social sciences, 2nd edn,
Himalaya Publishing House; pp 41-45
2. Bhatia Bhatia (2004). A textbook of
Education Psychology. Doaba House
Publishers; 4th edn, pp 606-11
3. Whitehead D, Taket A, Smith P (2003).
Action research in health promotion.
Health Education Journal; 62: 5-22
4. Burns N, Grove SK (2001). The
Practice of Nursing Research, 4th edn,
Philadelphia: WB Saunders Publications
5. Polit DF, Hungler BP (1998). Nursing
Research: Principles and Methods.
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company
6. Bennett CK (1994). Promoting teacher
reflection through action research: What
do teachers think? Journal of Staff
Development; 15(1): 34-38
7. Treece JW, Treece EW (1982).
Elements of Research in Nursing. St.
Louis: Mosby, 3rd edn
8. Susman GI, Evered RD (1978). An
assessment of the scientific merits of
action research. Administrative Science
Quarterly; 23:582-603
9. From http://www.scu.edu. au/
schools/gcm/ar/arp/ aandr.html
PDFmyURL.com
 :: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Announcement-TNAI Workshop

TNAI Workshop on “Nursing Research Methodology”

18 - 25 August 2010
at TNAI Headquarters, L-17, Florence Nightingale Lane, Green Park, New Delhi-110016.

A National Workshop on “Nursing Research Methodology” will be held from 18-25 August 2010 at TNAI Headquarters, L-17,
Florence Nightingale Lane, Green Park, New Delhi-110016. It is being organised for nurse professionals working at various levels of
health care system such as hospital / community / educational institutions.

The overall purpose of the workshop is to strengthen the knowledge of participants on research process so as to enable them to
interpret and utilise the research findings for providing quality nursing care.

Request for registration will be considered on “first-cum-first served” basis as there are only limited seats (40). All costs for
attending the Workshop will be borne by the sponsoring authorities (Institutions/Governments) or by concerned individuals as the
case may be.

Participation Fee

(1) For outstation participants who require accommodation (fee package for Registration, Rs. 13,000.00
Boarding and lodging for 8 days including Sunday)
(2) For Local participants who do not require accommodation (fee package for Registration, Rs. 6,400.00
lunch and refreshment) for 7 days

Please note that in case of any cancellation, an amount of Rs. 5000/- will not be refunded. No outstation cheque will be
accepted. For Registration forms, write to : The Coordinator (CEP), TNAI Headquarters, L-17, Florence Nightingale Lane, Green
Park, New Delhi - 110016, Phone: 26566665, 26966873, Telefax: (011) 26858304, E-mail: tnai@ndf.vsnl.net.in and
tnai_2003@yahoo.com along with the request for registration form. Kindly enclose a self addressed envelop (9"x4") with a postage
stamp of Rs. 5/- affixed. Last date for receiving filled registration form is 16 August 2010. However, seats can be booked tentatively
by phone/fax/telegram/Email.

Mrs Nanthini Subbiah

PDFmyURL.com
 Dy Secretary-General & Coordinator, CEP, TNAI

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Rhythmic Skin Tapping : An Effective Measure to Reduce
Procedural Pain during IM Injection
Sr Serena

2. To determine the pain level of adult before and after the administration of
P ain management is one of the main patients during IM injection with ‘Heifer
skin tap technique’.
injection.
facets of nursing care, where nurses
need to be competent. Nurses are
3 To compare the pain levels with and Data collection method
obligated to mitigate every kind of pain,
without the use of ‘Heifer skin tap
even the “minor” procedural pain.
technique’
Undoubtedly, procedural pain is an
Data collection was done for 6 weeks from
important source of discomfort for
4 To compare the pain level with selected 16 July 07 to 25 August 07 from 60 adult
hospitalised patients from which, all
variables. patients who were on Inj Tramadol 50 mg
instinctively try to escape. Among
or Inj Piroxicam 40 mg IM and are
others, intramuscular (IM) injection is a
Conceptual framework admitted either in the orthopaedic ward or
common procedure that nurses
in the trauma ward of St John’s Medical
frequently carry out, which causes pain
The conceptual framework used for the College Hospital, Bangalore. Out of 60
and distress to the recipient. Pain
study was developed on the basis of samples, 30 samples received Inj
management during invasive procedure is
Melzack & Wall’s ‘Gate-control theory’ Tramadol and remaining half received Inj
a challenge to the direct care providers.
(1965). This theory proposes that there is Piroxicam.
interaction between pain and sensory
In 1998, Ms Joanne Keiffer Heifer’ BSN.
modalities. Mechanical stimulation over
RN, made an attempt to alleviate pain
the skin can alter the balance between Baseline information was collected from
due to IM injection by developing ‘Heifer
the small diameter fibres that carry pain the client through structured interview
Skin Tap technique’ in which tapping of
to the brain, and the large diameter fibres schedule prior to the study. Each sample
the skin over the injection site before and
that do not carry pain. The large diameter was given 4 injections in which two
during the procedure is demonstrated. It
non-pain fibres block the slower injections were given with usual standard
is an accepted fact that there is reduced
smalldiameter pain carrying fibres technique and remaining with skin tap
pain in giving injection into a relaxed
through the effective skin tapping. technique. Pain assessment was done
muscle. Tapping over the skin is one of
soon after each injection by using 0-10
the various techniques to keep the
numerical pain intensity scale by a clinical
muscles relaxed. This study explored the
Methodology instructor in order to avoid personal bias of
effect of ‘rhythmic tapping’ over the skin
PDFmyURL.com
effect of ‘rhythmic tapping’ over the skin
before and during IM injection in relation
to pain.
Objectives
1. To determine the pain level of adult
patients during IM injection with usual
standard technique.
The author is Jr Lecturer, St John’s
College of Nursing, Bangalore
One group pre-test post-test design was
adopted for this study. A purposive
sampling technique guided by inclusion
criteria was used to select 60 adult
patients from orthopaedic and trauma
ward.
Data collection tool includes:
1. Interview schedule for the collection of
baseline information,
2. 0-10 numerical pain intensity scale to
assess pain
level after each injection,
3. A table to record pulse rate
the investigator. Pulse rate also was
checked with pulse oxymeter before and
after each injection, since it was one of
the baseline variables. The injection
technique to be used for each sample was
decided by lot-replacement. Schematic
representation of the study design is given
in Figure 1.
Findings of the Study
• The overall mean pain intensity by using
skin tap technique (1.5±1.1) was much
lower than the pain
PDFmyURL.com
tain extent (Table 2).
The mean value of pain level is greater
in females than in males with both
techniques.
There was no significant association
between pain level and other baseline
variables like age, diagnosis, previous
hospitalisation and education.
Recommendations
The study can be replicated on a large
sample in order to validate the findings
and make generalisations.
ferent setting, to evaluate the findings of
the present study.
Conclusion
The above observations highlight the
effectiveness of ‘ skin tap technique’ to
reduce procedural pain. The study also
helps to relate theoretical knowledge and
quality care, which can be implemented
by nursing personnel, in the daily
practice.
References
1. Kieffer HJ (2000). Painless injections.
Nurse Educator, Nov/Dec; 25(6): 272-73
2. Barnhill BJ, Holbert MD, Jackson MM
(1996). Using pressure to decrease the
pain of intramuscular injections. J Pain
Symptom Manage Jul; 12(1): 52-53
3. Chung JWY, MY Winnie, Wong TKS
(2002). An experimental study on the use
of manual pressure to reduce pain in
intramuscular injections. Journal of
Clinical Nursing, 11:457-61
4. Wynaden D, Chapman R (2005).
Establishing best practice guidelines for
administration of intramuscular injections
PDFmyURL.com
A study could be done in dif- Heifer Skin Tap technique. in the adults: A Systematic Review of
Literature. Contemporary Nurse Dec; 20
(2): 267-77

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010
STUDENTS’ FORUM
St Joseph’s College of Nursing, Anchal, Kollam (Kerala) :
The lamp lighting ceremony of the 17th batch of GNM
students was held on 30 January 2010. The chief guest was Rt
Rev Dr Selister Ponnumuthen (Bishop of Punalur diocese) who
inaugurated the function and blessed the new comers. Rev Sr
Lily Thomas, DM, Director St Joseph’s Institutions welcomed
the gathering. Mrs P Mercy (Principal, Dr Nair’s School of
Nursing, Kollam) delivered the keynote address. Ms Sija P
Thomas, Nsg Tutor explained the significance of lamp lighting
and Dr Mrs S Revathy (Principal SJCON) and Sr Vimal Jose,
DM, handed out the lighted lamp to the students. Sr Sobhitha,
DM (Asso Prof SJCON) and GNM programme coordinator
recited the Nurses’ Pledge for the new comers. Shri VY
Varghese, Vice President, Anchal Grama Panchayath
felicitated the students and Ms Nithya Nelson, Nsg Tutor,
proposed the vote of thanks.
VOL. Cl No. 8
<< Previous Page
Vinayaka Mission’s Annapoorana College of Nursing
(VMACON), Salem (TN) : The College Annual Day function
was held on 16 Dec 2009 at the college auditorium with Dr Mrs
G Josephine R Little Flower, Registrar, Tamil Nadu Nurses and
Midwives Council as the Chief guest of the programme. Dr
VRR Rajendran, Vice Chancellor, VMU, Salem presided over
the function. The Kuthuvilakku was lighted by the dignitaries on
the dias. The annual report of the college was presented by Dr
Laxmi Rana, Principal, VMACON. The magazine was released
by the chief guest. Students were awarded for excellent
performance in sports, cultural and academics. This was
followed by the entertainment programme. Vote of thanks was
delivered by Mrs K Maheswari, Vice Principal, VMACON,
Salem.
PDFmyURL.com
School of Nursing, KMHM Trust, Manjeri : The Silver Jubilee
celebrations of the school along with the lamp lighting
ceremony of 26th batch and farewell of 22nd batch GNM
students was held on 21 Feb 2010. Janab PK Abdurrab, MLA,
inaugurated the function and the Managing Trustee Dr
Mohammed Ali Korambayil delivered the presidential address.
Mrs Meena Kumari, Principal, delivered the welcome speech
and Mrs Ameena Ali lighted the lamps to the students. Lt Col
Mrs T Syamala administered the Nurses’ Pledge. The Silver
Jubilee Souvenir, Pegasus was released by Mrs Zainaba
Ahammed Haji. Dr MPK Menon and Dist Nsg Officer Mrs T
Vinodini felicitated the students. Ms Jibi Treesa, Tutor,
proposed the vote of thanks.
Attention Members !
Although we take utmost care to check the veracity of the
facts mentioned in the advertisements, the readers are
requested to make appropriate enquiries and satisfy
themselves before acting upon any advertisement.
- Chief Editor Pardeep Khanna, Sr Prof & Head, Community Medicine Dept,
College of Nursing, Pt BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak: A
workshop on ‘Care in Emergency’ was organised and
conducted from 18 to 27 Feb 2010. The overall purpose was to
update the knowledge and skills of staff nurses to provide the
nursing care during emergency situations in the various
departments of the hospital of govt sector and community
health settings of Haryana. A total of 35 staff nurses from
different districts of Haryana participated in the workshop. Dr
CS Dhull, Director was the chief guest of the inaugural
function. Course Coordinator, Dr RB Jain welcomed the chief
guest and senior faculty of the college and participants. He
pointed out that health is a team approach with nurses as
integral part of the team. Nurse on duty is the unique health
functionary to take care of the emergencies. He lightened the
staff nurses as ABC. The staff nurse is A - available round the
clock, B - her behaviour during the care of emergencies and C
- for her competent and capacity to tolerate. The doctors,
paramedical staff and other employees are second health
functionaries in emergency situations. Dr Dhull, pointed out
that Nurses should be polite and kind to the patients and team
members. He said updating one’s knowledge is mandatory to
deliver the quality care to the patients. Dr VK Jain, Dean, Dr
Mrs Ishwanti Malik, Nsg Suptdt were also addressed the
inaugural session. Mrs Vidya Devi, Prof and Principal, Mrs
Krishna Malhotra & Mrs Soma Kumari, Jr Lecturer contributed
to the conduct of the programme.

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Nomination Sheet: TNAI Andhra Pradesh State Branch

Office Present office Holder Name and address of the

Nominee with TNAI No.
President Prof Mrs A Gnanalaxmi, Principal, Yashoda
College of Nursing Hyderabad - 500482
Vice-President Sr Florence, Principal, St Ann’s College of
Nursing Vijayawada-520001
Secretary Mrs C R Shamshad Begum, Professor, Govt
College of Nursing Raj Bhavan Road,
Hyderabad - 500482
Joint Secretary Mrs P Samadhanamma, Principal, Gandhi
College of Nursing Secunderabad - 500003
Treasurer Mrs Hemalatha Sarojini, Principal, EBM
College of Nursing Geetha Nursing Home,
West Marredpally, Secunderabad-500003
SNA Advisor Mrs D Sarojini, Principal, School of Nursing,
Image Hospital Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500482
Programme Coordinator Mrs K Susila, Lecturer, College of Nursing,
King George Hospital Campus,
Vishakhapatnam
Membership Coordinator Mrs A Arunodaya, Nursing Tutor Gr-II, School
of Nursing Osmania General Hospital,
Hyderabad – 500482
Coordinator, Economic Affairs Mrs ME Shobha Dayavathy, Principal, King
George Hospital Campus, Vishakhapatnam
Research Coordinator Mrs B Valli, Asst Professor, Govt College of
Nursing, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad - 500482
PDFmyURL.com
 Nursing, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad - 500482
CHN Coordinator Mrs O Madhurakshi, Principal, Mother Krishna
Bai College of Nursing, Musheerabad,
Hyderabad
Education Coordinator Mrs KT Sheeba, Lecturer, Govt College of
Nursing, Raj Bhavan Road, Hyderabad –
500482

Nominator’s Signature........….………………
Nominator’s TNAI No………………………......
Nominator’s Name and Address……........
…………………………………………..………….......
………………………..…………………………….......
“As per TNAI Byelaws page no 50, Clause 11 (I) Election procedure (g) “contestants are requested to give consent in
writing to the Returning Officer and the choice of the office in case they nominated for more than one office”

1 Election will be held in the General Body meeting on October 23, 2010 between 9:OO AM to 4:OO PM at Govt College of
Nursing, Osmania General Hospital Campus, AfzalGunj, Hyderabad

2 Only life members of TANI are eligible to vote.

3 All the voters are requested to bring their voter’s card / receipts of TNAI member ship issued by the TNAI Headquarters along
with photo identity (Election card/ PAN card / Driving License) before entering the hall for voting.

4 No one shall be allowed to vote before or after the scheduled time of voting.

5 The provisional Ballot paper is published only for the information of the members. A separate Ballot paper will be provided for
voting.

6 As per clause 11(1) Election procedure (g): “Contestants are requested to give their contest in writing to the Returning officer
and the choice of the office in case they are nominated for more than one office”.

7 Name of contestants who have not given their contest in writing to the Returning officer will be deleted form the final Ballot
paper.

8 It is expected that the voters / members are well versed with the TNAI Rules and Regulations and Byelaws. A copy of the
same shall be available with the Returning Officer for ready reference.

9 As per TNAI Bye laws, clause 11 1 (i): “Names of all contestants standing for the president and Vice -President are included,
for other offices, the name of three contestants who received the highest nominations or minimum five nominations are included
in the final Ballot paper”.

10 The person so selected for a particular office at branch level shall hold the office for the full term (4 years) and shall nor
contest and cross to another office prior to completion of the term of her /his existing enlaced office.

11 The Returning officer should be approached for any query or doubt about the election.
PDFmyURL.com
12 Any contestant wishing to withdraw from any office of contest should inform the Returning officer 20 days prior to the election
date in writing at the following address: Mrs Suseela Returning Officer, TNAI - AP Branch Election - 2010, Lecturer, Govt College
of Nursing, Osmania General Hospital Campus, AfzalGunj, Hyderabad – 500482.

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Nutritional Status and Feeding Practices of Infants
Juby Rose Kuriakose

U nder-nutrition is impli cated in more tional status of infants using WHO and
NCHS standards, (ii) determine the
and for the feasibility of the study. The
data regarding sample characteristics and
than half of all child deaths worldwide.
feeding practices of infants, (iii) find feeding practices were collected duing the
India has the highest percentage of
association between nutritional status period 9 January to 4 February 2008.
under-nourished children in the world. In
and selected variables such as: gender,
any community under five children are
birth order, number of siblings, age of Data collection instrument used by the
one of the most vulnerable groups for
mother, religion, education of mother and researcher for the study were:
nutritional deficiencies, owing to many
socio-economic status, (iv) find
factors ranging from low birth weight to
association between pretest feeding Tool 1: Part-A: Demographic Proforma
maternal ill health to socio-economic and
practices and selected variables such as
environmental factors.
gender, birth order, number of siblings, Part-B: Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-
age of mother, religion, education of economic Status Scale
Infant feeding practices in the community
mother and socio-economic status, (v)
are strongly influenced by what people
develop and validate PTP on feeding Tool 2: Nutritional Status Assessment
know, think and believe about these
practices, and (vi) evaluate the (Anthropometric Measurements)
issues and by social circumstances,
effectiveness of PTP in terms of gain in
economic factors and other forces
posttest scores on feeding practices. Tool 3: Section-A of feeding practices
beyond an individual’s control.
consisted of total 15 questions. Section-B
of feeding practices consisted of total 28
According to National Family Health
questions. It was categorised as: Good,
Survey - 3 (NFHS-3, 2005-2006), in India
Research Methodology Average and Poor feeding practices
percentage of children (under 3 years)
respectively.
who are stunted is 38 percent, wasted is
19 percent, and underweight is 46
The research approach used in the first Results and Discussions
percent and in Karnataka it is 38
phase of the study was survey approach Frequency and percentage distribution of
percent, 18percent and 41 percent
with cross-sectional design and an nutritional status of infants: Data shows
respectively.
evaluative approach was selected in the that out of 112 infants, 53(47.32) were
second phase to determine the having normal nutritional status while 35
Objectives
effectiveness of planned teaching (31.25%) were under stunting category, 17

PDFmyURL.com

This study was conducted to determine
nutritional status of infants and
effectiveness of Planned Teaching
Programme (PTP) on Feeding Practices
for Mothers of Infants in selected areas
of Udupi District, Karnataka.
The objectives of the study were to: (i)
identify the nutri-
Therubali PO, Rayagada Dist (Orissa)
among under five children in selected
rural slums. In this study research
approach used was descriptive
corelational one, sampling method used
was non-probability sampling (purposive
sampling) and sample size was 150
under-five children and 117 mothers of
under fives. The study showed the
prevalence of malnutrition (87.33%) i.e.
wasting (7.33%), stunting (36%) and
wasting and stunting (44%) among
under-five children between the age group
of 6 months to 5 years. This supports
the findings of our study.
Data shows that out of 112 infants, 39
(73.58%) under normal category, 25
(71.43%) under stunting category and 7
(100%) under wasting and stunting
category represented age group of >6 to
12 months and 10 (58.82%) who were
under wasting category represented age
group of 0 to = 6 months respectively.
Distribution of Feeding Practices
(Section-A) of Infants by Frequency and
Percentage
Majority of the infants (n=86, 76.78%)
were given breast milk as the first feed.
Most of infants (17, 15.17%) were
breast fed within 10 minutes after delivery
(after shifting the mother to the ward).
programme on feeding practices with one
group pre-test post-test pre-experimental
design. The samples selected for the first
phase was 112 infants and their mothers
and for the second phase, 38 mothers of
infants in villages of Katpady Panchayat.
Nonprobability purposive sampling
technique was used for this study due to
time constraint
Majority of the infants (n=77, 68.8%)
were not given bottle feed when they
were on breast feed.
Most of infants (n=27, 30.68%) were
started on complementary feed at the
age of 4 months.
Most of the infants (n=24, 27.27%)
were given Cerelac as the first
complementary feed.
Most of the infants (n=25, 28.4%) were
introduced new foods at 1 month interval.
Majority of the infants (n=57, 64.77%)
were fed complementary foods using
spoon/hand.
Most of the mothers (n=49, 55.68%)
did not give preference to the child’s likes
and dislikes of food items.
Majority of the mothers (n=82, 93.2%)
showed to allopathy doctors when their
child developed allergy or discomfort
while eating some foods.
Most of the infants (n=41, 46.6%) were
given complementary feed 4 times a day.
Majority of the mothers (n=56, 63.64%)
made arrangements of leaving their
infants with relatives in their absence so
that child receives and eats food properly
at time.
(15.18%) were under wasting category
and 7 (6.25%) under stunting and wasting
category.
The findings of the present study have
been discussed with reference to other
study in same district to determine the
prevalence of malnutri tion and its
associated factors
B) Interview Schedule
Data shows that 29 (25.9%) mothers of
infants out of 112 samples follow good
feeding practices while 83 (74.1%)
mothers follow average feeding practices.
Association between Nutritional Status of
Infants and Selected Variables : Fisher’s
Exact Test (FET) was computed between
nutritional status of infants and birth order
of the child (FET =14.758, p<0.05),
number of siblings of the child
(FET=20.081, p<0.05) and educational
status of the mother (FET=13.668,
p<0.05), which showed significant
association whereas no significant
association was found between nutritional
status of infants and age of the child’s
mother (FET= 2.809, p>0.05), gender of
the child (FET=1.342, p>0.05), religion
(FET=0.750, p>0.05) and socio-economic
status (FET= 5.577 p>0.05).
Effectiveness of PTP in terms of Gain in
Feeding Practices Scores
a) Gain in feeding practices scores of
mothers of infants:
In the pre-test out of 38 mothers of
infants, 24 (63.16%) had average feeding
practices, 14 (36.84%) had good feeding
practices and none had poor feeding
practices.
PDFmyURL.com
 Majority of infants (96, 85.7%) were fed
colostrum (though 86 mothers gave
breast milk first but rest of 10 out of 112
mothers gave breast milk after giving
some other feed as the first feed).
Most of the infants (n=43, 38.39%)
were breastfed at 30 minutes interval.
range (24, 61.25) which was greater than
pre-test feeding practices score (35.50)
and inter-quartiles range (18, 43.5).
c) Association between Feeding
Practices of Infants and selected
variables : There was no significant
association.
Conclusions
The study indicated that majority of
infants were malnourished and majority
of the mothers of infants followed
average feeding practices.
Planned teaching programme was found
to be effective as change in feeding
practices was found in the posttest. Even
though mothers know about Feeding
Practices it becomes necessary to
emphasise on positive and good Feeding
Practices which helps children to grow in
a healthier way so that nutri
Majority of mothers of infants (n=95,
84.8%) maintained cleanliness of kitchen
and took hygienic measures for
preparation and storage of food
Majority of the mothers (n=88, 100%)
preferred to check hotness or coldness
of food before feeding the child.
tional disorders can be prevented.
Recommendations
Education programmes conducted at
hospital and community settings must
help in imparting knowledge to mothers
help to control occurrence of
malnutrition.
Existing health programmes and
services must be strengthened to
combat malnutrition.
A similar study can be replicated on a
larger sample or can be undertaken with
a control group.
A comparative study can be undertaken
to find out the knowledge level and
practices of urban, rural and slum
dwelling mothers regarding feeding
practices.
The study can be replicated for under-
fives.
b) Significance of difference between
median of the pretest and post-test:
Feeding practices scores of mothers of
infants. Data was analysed using,
Wilcoxon test (z), Wilcoxon value -5.376,
p<0.05 (p<0.001), median of post-test
feeding practices score (51) and inter-
quartiles
Similar study can be conducted by
investigating all aspects of baby care
other than feeding practices.
References
1. Progress for c hildren. (Cited 2006 May). A Report
Card on Nu trition. Available from: http:// www.
c hildinfo.org/areas/ malnutrion
2. Seetharaman N, Chac ko TV, Shankar SLR,
Mathew AC (2007). Measuring malnutrition – The
role of Z sc ores and the c omposite index of
anthropometric failure. Indian Journal of
Community Medic ine, 32(1): 35- 39
3. Srivastava N, Sandhu A. (2006). Infant and c hild
feeding index. Indian Journal of Paediatric s, 73:
767-70
4. Dobe M (2002).Optimal infant feeding in rural
areas – The missing agenda of c ommunic ation
needs. Indian Journal of Public Health,46(4): 145-
50
5. Trends in Children’s Nutritional Status (2007).
National Fac t Sheet India (NFHS-3). Available from:
http://www. nfhsindia.org / fac tsheet.html.
PDFmyURL.com
St Joseph’s College of Nursing, Anchal, Kollam (Kerala) : The
Graduation Ceremony of 13th batch of GNM students was held on
30 Jan 2010. Rt Rev Dr Selvister Ponnumuthan, Bishop of Punalur,
inaugurated the function and delivered the presidential address. Rev
Sr Lily Thomas, DM, Director St Joseph’s Institutions welcomed the
gathering. Mrs P Mercy, Principal, Dr Nair’s SON, Kollam delivered
the special message of the day. Rt Rev Fr Thomas Kumbukatt
distributed the certificates to the graduates and presented the
endowment to Ms Reena P for the bedside nurse. Rev Sr Alex DM,
Asst Provincial, St Mary’s province presented the Mar Ivanios Gold
Medal to Ms Liji Abraham for the best outgoing student. Rev Sr
Sobhitha, DM, Asso Prof SJCON and GNM programme coordinator
administered the Nurses’ Pledge. Mrs Subhalekshmi V (Principal,
SJSON) presented the report for the year 2009. Vote of thanks was
rendered by Ms Nithya Nelson.
Vinayaka Mission’s Annapoorana College of Nursing,
Salem (TN) : The Annual Alumni Meet was conducted on
30 Sept 2009 with participation of 180 members. The
President, Dr (Mrs) Laxmi Rana inaugurated the
programme followed by Alumni report and financial report
presentation by Secretary Mrs M Sumathi and Treasurer
Mrs A Meena respectively. Cultural competitions were held
for the alumni members. A seminar on ‘Nursing Process’
was also conducted for 2 hours. Executive committee
meeting and general body meeting were held in the
afternoon. Various aspects related to the welfare of passed
out and present students as well as college welfare topics
were discussed. Suggestions were noted and prizes were
distributed to the winners of cultural competitions. The
programme ended with a vote of thanks.

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com
 August 2010 VOL. Cl No. 8

<< Previous Page

Say ‘YES’ to Breastfeeding
In the context of Breastfeeding, two considerations are important for the mother as well as for the child. One is the nutritional aspect of the new
born, other is the psychological aspect. There is some debate on the nutritional aspect, with one school suggesting that there are substitutes, the
psychological bonding which develops between the child and the mother brooks no alternative.

Unfortunately, many women in our country delay in breastfeeding, wasting the first milk (which is rich in cholostrum). They are unaware that the first
milk contains valuable nutrients which are not only essential for the proper growth of the new-born, but also provide immunity to the child against
numerous diseases to which a new-born is susceptible. Some women avoid giving first milk to the child due to its yellow colour, this practice has
serious impact on the health of the child. An infant should be given breast milk at the right time to ensure prevention of malnutrition. Experts are
unanimous in upholding that the infants six months old or less should be fed solely on breast milk instead of water even in case of excessive thirst,
because the mother’s milk has enough water even in dry and hot atmosphere that fulfills the water requirements of the child.

It must be strictly ensured that each mother places her nipple into the child’s mouth after half an hour of delivery. The thick milk that is produced
after delivery is yellow colored thick milk containing colostrum vitamins and other nutritions.

A general perception prevails that breastfeeding spoils the mother’s figure of the lady. It is just a fallacy. The chances of breast cancer reduces if
women breastfeed their children. The chances of second pregnancy is very less till the mother is breastfeeding its first child. Thus, breastfeeding is
an effective practice for population control as well.

Breast milk contains several ingredients that are vital for growth of the child. These include:

1. Immunoglobulins: Human milk consists of all variants of immunoglobulins. The highest concentration is found in colostrum, the pre-milk that is
only available from the breast the first three to five days of the baby’s life.

2. Secretory iga: It is a sort of immunoglobulin that protects the ears, nose, throat, and the G1 tract. It is abundantly present in breast milk
throughout the first year. Breast milk levels of iga against specific viruses and bacteria increase in response to a maternal exposure to these
organisms.

3. Lactoferrin: It is an iron-binding protein not available in formula baby foods. It limits the availability of iron to bacteria in the intestines. Found in
breast milk throughout the first year, it has a direct antibiotic effect on bacteria such as staphylococci and e. coli.

4. Lysozyme: It is a potent digestive ingredient at a level many times higher than in any formula baby foods.

PDFmyURL.com
5. Growth factors: Human breast milk specifically encourages the growth of lactobacillaceae, which are helpful bacteria with potential to inhibit many
disease-causing gram-negative bacteria and parasites. Breast-fed infants have a level of lactobacillus that is typically 10 times greater than that of
formula-fed infants.

6. Allergic factors: The cows’ milk protein used in most formulas is a foreign protein. When babies are exposed to non-human milk, they are likely to
develop antibodies to the foreign protein.

7. Carnitine: Although carnitine is present in both breast milk and formula foods, the carnitine in breast milk has higher bioavailability. Breast-fed
babies have higher carnitine levels than their counterparts. Carnitine is necessary to utilise fatty acids for deriving energy.

It is therefore essential to encourage the new mother to breastfeed her child as the best and most suitable gift for her new born child.

:: POLICY & POSITION STATEMENT :: RESOURCES & PUBLICATION :: THE NURSING JOURNAL OF INDIA
MEMBERSHIP DETAILS :: ADVERTISE WITH US :: EVENT DIARY :: WHAT'S NEW :: SIGN OUR GUEST BOOK :: CONTACT US :: NURSE PLEDGE
Trained Nurses' Association of India (TNAI)

PDFmyURL.com