Documentos de Académico
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1
1) The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.
A) 15 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 68 percent
D) 97 percent
E) 35 percent
D) 97 percent
2
2) Male brains are typically ________ compared to female brains.
1. A) larger
2. B) smaller
4. D) very smooth
5. E) more convoluted
A) larger
3
3) During embryonic development, which of the following secondary brain vesicles will
form the cerebrum?
A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) metencephalon
E) myelencephalon
A) telencephalon
4
4) Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?
1. A) cerebrum
2. B) diencephalon
3. C) prosencephalon
4. D) midbrain
5. E) pons
C) prosencephalon
5
5) Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?
A) medulla oblongata
B) pons
C) mesencephalon
D) diencephalon
E) cerebellum
D) diencephalon
6
6) The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the
1. A) hypothalamus.
2. B) thalamus.
3. C) brain stem.
4. D) mesencephalon.
5. E) myelencephalon
A) hypothalamus
7
7) The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the
1. A) medulla oblongata.
2. B) pons.
3. C) mesencephalon.
4. D) diencephalon.
5. E) thalamus.
B) pons
8
8) Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located
in the
1. A) medulla oblongata.
2. B) pons.
3. C) mesencephalon.
4. D) diencephalon.
5. E) cerebellum
A) medulla oblongata
9
9) The cerebellum and pons develop from the
1. A) telencephalon.
2. B) diencephalon.
3. C) mesencephalon.
4. D) metencephalon.
5. E) myelencephalon
D) metencephalon
10
10) Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the
1. A) medulla oblongata.
2. B) pons.
3. C) midbrain.
4. D) thalamus.
5. E) cerebellum
D) thalamus
11
11) A neural cortex is found on the surface of the
1. A) cerebrum.
2. B) pons.
3. C) thalamus.
4. D) midbrain.
A) cerebrum
12
12) As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each
successive level become
1. A) more complex.
2. B) simpler.
3. C) better understood.
5. E) critical to reflexes
A) more complex
13
13) The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine
systems.
1. A) cerebellum
2. B) medulla oblongata
3. C) cerebrum
4. D) pons
5. E) hypothalamus
1. E)
hypotha
lamus
14
14) The thin partition that separates the first and second ventricles is the
1. A) falx cerebri.
2. B) septum pellucidum.
3. C) septum insula.
4. D) interventricular foramina.
5. E) cerebral aqueduct
B) septum pellucidum
15
15) The most obvious feature that one notices about the cerebrum is the
1. A) smoothness of the surface of the cortex.
2. B) tentorium cerebelli.
3. C) cerebral aqueduct.
4. D) interventricular foramina.
5. E) pontine canal.
C) cerebral aqueduct
17
17) The ventricle associated with the pons and upper medulla is the
1. A) first.
2. B) second.
3. C) third.
4. D) fourth.
5. E) lateral.
D) fourth
18
18) Specialized ________ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
1. A) epididymal
2. B) ependymal
3. C) appended
4. D) astrocytes
5. E) blood
B) ependymal
19
19) The dural sinuses are located in the
1. A) paranasal cavity.
2. B) arachnoid.
3. C) pia mater.
4. D) dural folds.
5. E) tentorium cerebelli
D) dural folds
20
20) What structure is covered by many blood vessels and adheres tightly to the surface
of the brain?
1. A) pia mater
2. B) arachnoid
3. C) dura mater
4. D) cranial plexus
5. E) choroid plexus
A) pia mater
21
21) The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the
brain are the
1. A) external carotid arteries.
2. B) facial arteries.
3. C) jugular veins.
5. E) dural sinuses
2. B) falx cerebri.
3. C) tentorium cerebelli.
4. D) falx cerebelli.
5. E) choroid plexus
B) falx cerebri
24
24) Cerebrospinal fluid
1. A) is secreted by ependymal cells.
2. B) There is an epidural space associated with the spinal meninges, but not
with the cranial meninges.
3. C) The meninges around the brain are not the same as those around the
spinal cord.
4. D) There is a subarachnoid space within the spinal meninges but not the
cranial meninges.
5. E) The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the
spinal cord.
E) The choroid plexuses are located only within the brain, not within the spinal cord
26
26) The choroid plexus is composed of
1. A) lymphatic vessels.
2. B) blood vessels.
3. C) nerve fibers.
4. D) ganglia.
5. E) subarachnoid granulations
B) blood vessels
27
27) Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the
1. A) jugular veins.
2. B) dural drain.
3. C) arachnoid granulations.
4. D) tentorium cerebelli.
5. E) frontal sinus
C) arachnoid granulations
28
28) Which of the following help to protect the brain?
1. A) the blood-brain barrier
4. D) the CSF
29
29) What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which
cerebrospinal fluid flows?
1. A) subdural space
2. B) dural sinus
3. C) falx cerebri
4. D) subarachnoid space
5. E) pia mater
D) subarachnoid space
30
30) Ependymal cells work to
1. A) surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus.
4. D) the pressure increase within the space can distort and potentially
damage brain tissue.
2. B) CSF is made during fetal development and does not change through the
lifetime of the person.
3. C) There is about a liter of CSF within the brain and spinal cord.
5. E) CSF moves back into the blood supply by the process of osmosis
2. B) astrocytes.
3. C) monocytes.
4. D) leukocytes.
5. E) lymphocytes.
B) astrocytes.
35
35) The layer of the meninges that closely follows every gyrus and sulcus is the
1. A) pia mater.
2. B) dura mater.
3. C) arachnoid membrane.
4. D) neural cortex.
5. E) subarachnoid mater
A) pia mater
36
36) Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from
1. A) deficient production of cerebrospinal fluid.
2. B) cerebellum.
3. C) diencephalon.
4. D) medulla oblongata.
5. E) heart.
D) medulla oblongata
38
47) The medulla oblongata regulates
1. A) somatic motor contractions.
2. B) food intake.
3. C) auditory reflexes.
2. B) cerebrum.
3. C) medulla oblongata.
4. D) cerebellum.
5. E) midbrain.
C) medulla oblongata
40
49) Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because
1. A) electrical activity originates within the medulla.
2. B) the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located
there.
3. C) the blood might not be able to circulated properly around the brain.
B) the vital centers for blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.
41
50) Jane, a 79-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with a tumor in the brain. She has
lost some sensory and motor functions associated with the face, like control of facial
muscles for emotion and various sensory functions like taste. In addition, she has some
hearing loss and balance problems. The location of the tumor is likely to be the
1. A) cerebellum.
2. B) cerebrum.
3. C) medulla.
4. D) thalamus.
5. E) pons.
E) pons
42
51) If the pons was damaged, which of the following functions would be affected?
1. A) breathing
2. B) control of blood pressure
3. C) coordination
4. D) sleep patterns
5. E) judgment
A) breathing
43
52) Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to
maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
1. A) cerebrum.
2. B) mesencephalon.
3. C) cerebellum.
4. D) pons.
5. E) medulla oblongata.
C) cerebellum
44
53) The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the
1. A) flocculonodular lobe.
2. B) arbor vitae.
3. C) folia.
4. D) vermis.
5. E) pyramid.
D) vermis
45
54) The white matter of the cerebellum forms the
1. A) flocculonodular lobe.
2. B) arbor vitae.
3. C) folia.
4. D) vermis.
5. E) pyramid.
B) arbor vitae
46
55) The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain
tissue indicates that it came from the
1. A) pons.
2. B) medulla.
3. C) cerebral cortex.
4. D) cerebellar cortex.
5. E) arbor vitae.
D) cerebellar cortex.
47
56) The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by
drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as
1. A) ataxia.
2. B) aphasia.
3. C) dysphagia.
4. D) Parkinson's.
5. E) epilepsy.
A) ataxia
48
57) Stimulation of the reticular activating system results in
1. A) increased consciousness.
2. B) sleep.
3. C) coma.
5. E) coughing.
A) increased consciousness
49
58) The medulla oblongata relays auditory information to the
1. A) substantia nigra.
2. B) red nuclei.
3. C) cerebral peduncles.
4. D) superior colliculi.
5. E) inferior colliculi
E) inferior colliculi
50
59) The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the
thalamus is the
1. A) midbrain.
2. B) cerebral aqueduct.
3. C) 4th ventricle.
4. D) basal ganglion.
5. E) cerebellum
A) midbrain
51
60) Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the
1. A) tegmenta.
2. B) corpora quadrigemina.
3. C) cerebral peduncles.
4. D) superior colliculi.
5. E) inferior colliculi
C) cerebral peduncles
52
61) The tectum of the mesencephalon contains the
1. A) substantia nigra.
2. B) red nuclei.
4. D) cerebral peduncles.
5. E) basal ganglia.
2. B) red nuclei
3. C) tectum
4. D) superior colliculi
5. E) inferior colliculi
E) inferior colliculi
55
64) Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with
1. A) control of autonomic function.
5. E) control of breathing.
2. B) nucleus cuneatus.
3. C) motor cortex.
4. D) substantia nigra.
5. E) red nucleus.
D) substantia nigra
57
66) The pineal gland is part of the
1. A) hypothalamus.
2. B) diencephalon.
3. C) midbrain.
4. D) mesencephalon.
5. E) 3rd ventricle
B) diencephalon
58
67) Which of the following is a property of the mamillary bodies?
1. A) controls reflex eating movements
4. D) secretes oxytocin
3. C) secrete melatonin.
3. C) mamillary body.
4. D) interthalamic adhesion.
2. B) lateral geniculates.
3. C) medial geniculates.
4. D) supraoptic nuclei.
5. E) paraventricular nuclei
B) lateral geniculates
66
75) Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
1. A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid
2. B) secrete melatonin
4. D) store memories
3. C) controls reflexes.
D) determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex
area.
68
77) The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
1. A) regulate lactation.
2. B) secrete oxytocin.
2. B) thalamus
3. C) pons
4. D) medulla oblongata
5. E) cerebellum
B) thalamus
70
79) Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?
1. A) an intense thirst
4. D) an insatiable appetite
2. B) postcentral gyrus
3. C) basal nuclei
4. D) hypothalamus
5. E) reticular formation
D) hypothalamus
72
81) Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system?
1. A) amygdaloid body
2. B) cingulate gyrus
3. C) globus pallidus
4. D) hippocampus
5. E) fornix
C) globus pallidus
73
82) Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?
1. A) contains cerebral and diencephalic components
2. B) cingulate gyrus
3. C) mamillary bodies
4. D) hippocampus
5. E) fornix
D) hippocampus
75
84) A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the
1. A) amygdaloid body.
2. B) cingulate gyrus.
3. C) mamillary bodies.
4. D) hippocampus.
5. E) fornix.
E) fornix.
76
85) Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the
result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?
1. A) the prefrontal lobe
4. D) the thalamus
5. E) the putamen
2. B) rabies.
3. C) Alzheimer's disease.
4. D) myasthenia gravis.
5. E) tetanus.
A) Parkinson's disease.
78
87) The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
1. A) longitudinal fissure.
2. B) central sulcus.
3. C) transverse fissure.
4. D) parieto-occipital sulcus.
5. E) postcentral sulcus
A) longitudinal fissure
79
88) Divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones
are
1. A) fissures.
2. B) sinuses.
3. C) lobes.
4. D) sulci.
5. E) gyri.
C) lobes
80
89) The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the
1. A) parietal lobe.
2. B) temporal lobe.
3. C) frontal lobe.
4. D) occipital lobe.
5. E) insula.
A) parietal lobe
81
90) The region(s) of the cerebral cortex superior to the lateral sulcus is/are the
1. A) parietal lobe.
2. B) temporal lobe.
3. C) frontal lobe.
4. D) occipital lobe.
2. B) temporal lobe.
3. C) frontal lobe.
4. D) occipital lobe.
5. E) insula.
E) insula
83
92) The primary motor cortex is the surface of the
1. A) insula.
2. B) precentral gyrus.
3. C) postcentral gyrus.
4. D) arcuate gyrus.
5. E) corpus callosum.
B) precentral gyrus
84
93) The sense of taste projects to the gustatory cortex located in the ________ and
________.
1. A) insula; parietal lobe
2. B) longitudinal fasciculi.
3. C) association fibers.
4. D) commissural fibers.
5. E) projection fibers.
D) commissural fibers
86
95) The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.
1. A) primary sensory
2. B) primary motor
3. C) visual
4. D) olfactory
5. E) auditory
A) primary sensory
87
96) Commissural fibers
1. A) carry pain information to the correct brain structure.
2. B) parietal lobe.
3. C) temporal lobe.
4. D) occipital lobe.
5. E) insula.
D) occipital lobe
89
98) The auditory cortex is located in the
1. A) frontal lobe.
2. B) parietal lobe.
3. C) temporal lobe.
4. D) occipital lobe.
5. E) insula.
C) temporal lobe
90
99) Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses
are called ________ areas.
1. A) commissural
2. B) sensory
3. C) association
4. D) somesthetic
5. E) processing
C) association
91
100) The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or
actions is the
1. A) prefrontal cerebral cortex.
2. B) occipital association cortex.
3. C) reticular formation.
4. D) temporal lobe.
5. E) cerebral ganglia
2. B) left frontal
3. C) right temporal
4. D) left temporal
5. E) occipital
B) left frontal
94
103) After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow
probably caused damage to the
1. A) prefrontal cortex.
2. B) postcentral gyrus.
3. C) cerebral nuclei.
4. D) limbic system.
5. E) occipital lobe.
E) occipital lobe
95
104) The general interpretive area
1. A) is the speech center of the brain.
3. C) Broca's area.
4. D) Wernicke's area.
2. B) basal nuclei.
4. D) visual cortex.
5. E) auditory cortex.
B) basal nuclei
98
107) Integrative centers of the brain
1. A) receive information from many sensory association areas.
2. B) can impact higher intellectual functions.
2. B) Brodmann area
3. C) prefrontal cortex
4. D) Wernicke's area
C) prefrontal cortex
100
109) The highest levels of information processing occur in the
1. A) cerebrum.
2. B) diencephalon.
3. C) cerebellum.
4. D) medulla oblongata.
5. E) corpus callosum.
A) cerebrum
101
110) If the corpus callosum is surgically cut,
1. A) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.
3. C) objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally
identified.
4. D) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left
side.
5. E) All of the answers are correct
3. C) unable to recognize letters but able to identify whole words and their
meanings.
2. B) Integrative
3. C) Communication
4. D) Terminal
5. E) Vocal
B) Integrative
105
114) Integrative centers concerned with the performance of complex processes are
restricted to either the left or the right hemisphere. These complex processes include
1. A) speech.
2. B) writing.
3. C) mathematical computation.
2. B) visual problems
3. C) facial tics
5. E) anger problems
3. C) speech center.
4. D) prefrontal lobe.
5. E) temporal lobe.
2. B) loss of consciousness.
4. D) sexual arousal.
2. B) Apraxia
3. C) Aphasia
4. D) Parkinson's disease
5. E) A seizure
E) A seizure
111
120) A(n) ________ is a printed record of the brain's electrical activity over a period of
time.
1. A) electrocardiogram
2. B) electroencephalogram
3. C) x-ray
4. D) MRI
5. E) CT scan
B) electroencephalogram
112
121) ________ is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read.
1. A) Aphasia
2. B) Ataxia
3. C) Apraxia
4. D) Bell's palsy
5. E) Dysphagia
A) Aphasia
113
122) The basal nuclei
1. A) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity.
2. B) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.
B) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking.
114
123) Higher-order functions
1. A) can be adjusted over time based on experience.
2. B) gustation.
3. C) hearing.
4. D) vision.
5. E) dizziness.
A) olfaction
116
125) Gustatory information reaches the brain by way of
1. A) cranial nerve I.
3. C) cranial nerve X.
5. E) cranial nerve IX
E) cranial nerve IX
117
126) ________ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.
1. A) Cerebral palsy
2. B) Bell's palsy
3. C) Addison's disease
4. D) Gout
5. E) Hydrocephalus
B) Bell's palsy
118
127) There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves.
1. A) 2
2. B) 6
3. C) 12
4. D) 22
5. E) 31
C) 12
119
128) Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve.
1. A) optic
2. B) oculomotor
3. C) trochlear
4. D) olfactory
5. E) abducens
B) oculomotor
120
129) The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
1. A) I, II, and III.
4. D) II and VI.
5. E) III and V.
2. B) facial.
3. C) vagus.
4. D) trigeminal.
5. E) glossopharyngeal
D) trigeminal
122
131) Sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve.
1. A) ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal
5. E) hypoglossal
2. B) facial
3. C) glossopharyngeal
4. D) hypoglossal
2. B) tympanic
3. C) auditory
4. D) vestibulo-ocular
5. E) consensual
A) corneal
125
134) Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is,
innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?
1. A) VIII
2. B) IX
3. C) X
4. D) XI
5. E) XII
C) X
126
135) Which sensation(s) does the vestibulocochlear nerve carry?
1. A) hearing
2. B) equilibrium
3. C) atmospheric pressure
1. D)
hearing
and
equilibri
um
127
136) Jean needs to have a tooth in her mandible filled. Her dentist injects a local
anesthetic to block pain afferents in one of her cranial nerves. What cranial nerve does
the dentist numb?
1. A) trochlear
2. B) trigeminal
3. C) facial
4. D) glossopharyngeal
5. E) hypoglossal
B) trigeminal
128
137) Tic douloureux is
1. A) a disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of nerve V.
2. B) thalamus.
3. C) cerebral cortex.
4. D) olfactory bulb.
5. E) olfactory tract.
D) olfactory bulb
131
140) At the optic chiasm,
1. A) axons from the medial halves of each retina cross.
3. C) axons from the retinae synapse on those from the other half.
2. B) hypoglossal
3. C) vagus
4. D) spinal accessory
5. E) trigeminal
B) hypoglossal
133
142) Which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal
accessory nerve?
1. A) loss of the sense of taste
2. B) tooth pain
2. B) pineal gland.
3. C) abducens nerve.
4. D) trigeminal nerve.
5. E) amygdala.
1. A)
vagus
nerve.
135
1) The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the
1. A) basal ganglia.
2. B) brain stem.
3. C) mesencephalon.
4. D) ventricles.
B) brain stem
136
2) The folds of the cerebrum are called
1. A) sulci.
2. B) arachnoid granulations.
3. C) cortical folds.
4. D) gyri.
5. E) dural sinuses.
D) gyri.
137
3) The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the
1. A) cerebral aqueduct.
2. B) fornix.
3. C) falx cerebri.
4. D) corpus callosum.
5. E) septum pellucidum
E) septum pellucidum
138
4) The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the
1. A) foramen of Magendi.
2. B) interventricular foramen.
3. C) cerebral aqueduct.
4. D) lateral foramen.
5. E) central canal.
B) interventricular foramen
139
5) To return CSF to circulation, arachnoid granulations extend into the
1. A) subarachnoid space.
3. C) carotid canal.
5. E) jugular foramen.
2. B) jugular vein
3. C) carotid artery
4. D) vertebral artery
5. E) pia mater
A) choroid plexus
141
7) Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called
1. A) plexuses.
2. B) ganglia.
3. C) sinuses.
4. D) aqueducts.
5. E) ventricles.
E) ventricles
142
8) Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the
1. A) cerebral aqueduct.
2. B) basal ganglia.
3. C) falx cerebri.
4. D) arachnoid mater.
5. E) septum pellucidum.
C) falx cerebri
143
9) Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of
cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.
1. A) pons
2. B) medulla oblongata
3. C) prefrontal cortex
4. D) mesencephalon
5. E) basal ganglia
B) medulla oblongata
144
10) The term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous
system opposite to where the axons originated is
1. A) decussation.
2. B) contralateral.
3. C) ascending crossovers.
4. D) pyramidal tracts.
5. E) consensual tracts.
A) decussation
145
11) The folds of the surface of the cerebrum
1. A) increase the surface area of the cerebrum.
2. B) corpus callosum.
3. C) commissural fibers.
4. D) cortical folds.
5. E) arbor vitae.
E) arbor vitae
147
13) The ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.
1. A) quadriceps
2. B) tetrahygena
3. C) mesencephalon
4. D) choroid plexuses
5. E) corpora quadrigemina
E) corpora quadrigemina
148
14) The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized
component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.
1. A) falx cerebri
2. B) Wernicke's area
5. E) basal ganglia
2. B) mesencephalon
3. C) arbor vitae
4. D) ganglion
5. E) commissural fibers
E) commissural fibers
150
16) Emotions and behavioral drives are associated with the
1. A) geniculate nucleus.
2. B) thalamus.
3. C) fornix.
5. E) hypothalamus.
E) hypothalamus
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17) Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of
hunger.
1. A) satiety center
2. B) feeding center
3. C) thirst center
4. D) limbic system
5. E) hormone center
B) feeding center
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18) The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
1. A) hippocampus
2. B) infundibulum
3. C) supraoptic nucleus
4. D) basal ganglia
5. E) amygdala
B) infundibulum
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19) In most cases, the general interpretive center and the speech center are located in
1. A) the left cerebral hemisphere.
5. E) controls emotions.
2. B) dyslexia.
3. C) a stroke.
4. D) Alzheimer's disease.
5. E) epilepsy
2. B) motor
3. C) cranial
4. D) sensory
5. E) intercalated
A) association
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23) The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the
1. A) geniculate nucleus.
2. B) basal ganglia.
3. C) amygdala.
4. D) arbor vitae.
5. E) corpus callosum
E) corpus callosum
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24) The optic nerve crosses at the
1. A) decussation.
2. B) commissural fibers.
3. C) pons.
4. D) optic chiasm.
5. E) cerebral aqueduct
D) optic chiasm