sr tr

2 3 \
A = 4 13

ts R r s rs rs s trs
rs
tr p q rt A
r Ar r
t n E N

r t rst s

p() = Det(A - I ) = 2 - 15 + 14 = ( - 1)( - 14)

s rs rs s = 1 = 14 s s s
ss
rs ss s trs

VI = {x = (x, y) E R2 : Ax = 1 x} = {x E R2 : (A - I )x = 0}

rts VI s

VI {x + 3y = 0}

s r r tr s

VI

x = -3 y =

r q s ss r VI s BVI
= {(-3, 1)}
tr (-3, 1) s ttr s tr = 1 st
s q

Pr tr
A -3 \ =
1
-3 \
1

VI4 = {x = (x, y) E R2 : Ax = 14 x} = {x E R2 : (A - 14 I )x = 0}

rts VI4 s
VI4 {4x - y = 0}

sr rtrs

VI4

x =
y = 4

r q s V14 s BV14 = {(1, 4)} tr

(1, 4) s
ttr s tr = 14 st s q
1 \
A 4

= 14
1 \
4

s R2 r r t tr s s B = {(-3, 1), (1, 4)}

tr s rs tr r A = M (f, Be)
Be s s R2 r s t s
B s tr
D trs

D = M (f, B) =

tr s P = M (B, Be) s
1 0 \
0 14
P = -3 1 \
1 4

t P -1 AP = D
s Ar t A = P DP -1 s

Ar = P DP -1 P DP -1 P DP -1P DP -1 = P Dr P -1 =

-3 1 \ 1 0

\ -4/13 1/13 \ =
12+14n
13
-3+314n
13
= 1 4
0 14r
1/13 3/13

-4+414
13
1+1214 n
13

trr s rs a, b, e, d r s s s
s
ts trs rs s

a b \
A = e d

be > 0 B =
a b \
-b a

sts rr tr A rtrst s

p() = (a - )(d - ) - be = 2 + (-a - d) + (ad - be)

s trs s
(a + d) p(a + d)2 - 4(ad - be)
2

t (a + d)2 - 4(ad - be) = (a - d)2 + 4be > 0 q A

s sr sst be > 0 q s t
rs s
rs stts

s r tr B r trst s

p(,) = (a - ,)) + b)

s sr p(,) = 0 s b = 0 , =
a
s s r tr B s

r s rs a b c r s s tr r A s

1 0 0 \
A = 1 a 1 0
1 b c

s r s ts s trs s rs s s ts
r tr r ts s
rtrst s p(,) = (1 - ,))(c - ,) q s
trs s , = 1 , = c strs s ss
s c = 1 ts , = 1 s tr
t
r m(1) = 2 , = c s tr t
r
m(c) = 1 1 < dim(V ) < m(,) rst q dim(Vc) = 1
q r tr r , = c s
ts r
tr Pr tr

0 0 0 \

1 s a = 0
dim(VI ) = 3 - r(A - I ) = 3 - r 1 a 0 0 =
1 b c - 1
2 s a = 0

rs dim(VI) = m(1) = 2 r q sst

c = 1 tr A s s s s a = 0
s c = 1 t ts q , = 1 s t
r
m(1) = 3 s s s ss r
s

0 0 0 \
dim(VI) = 3 - r(A - I ) = 3 - r 1 a 0 0 < 3
1 b 0

Pr st s tr s

f rs R3 tr s

5 -6 -6 \
F = 1 -1 4 2
3 -6 -4

trr s rst F s rrst r

rtrst s

p(,) = -,3 + 5,2 - 8, + 4 = (, - 2)2(1 - ,),

q s trs s , = 1 m(1) = 1 , = 2
m(2) = 2 s s ttrs VI

VI = {X : F X = X} = {X : (F - I )X = 0}

ss tr s sst (F - I )X = 0
4 -6 -6 \
-1 3 2 \
-1 3 2 \
I -1 3 2
3 -6 -5
I
2 -3 -3 I
3 -6 -5
0 3 1
0 3 1

st

VI

-X + 3y + 2z = 0
3y + z = 0

Ps rtrs q

VI

X = 3, y = -,
z = 3,

q s VI s BVI = {(3, -1, 3)} st qr

r
3 \
3 \
q F I -1 = I -1 r F qr
tr
3 3
VI ts s tr
s r s tr ss r V2

V2 = {X : F X = 2X} = {X : (F - 2I )X = 0
}

tr ts sst s

3 -6 -6 \
I -1 2 2
3 -6 -6

s sr sr rts V2 s {-X + 2y +
2z = 0 sr rtrs q

VI

X = 2, + 2
y = ,
z =

s V2 s BV2 = {(2, 1, 0), (2, 0, 1)} s s R

r r ttrs

B = {BVI , BV2 } = {(3, -1, 3), (2, 1, 0), (2, 0, 1)}

st s s tr s
 f
t r r tr F r s t s B s
tr

1 0 0 \
M (f, B) = I 0 2 0
0 0 2

strr q rs f s t s s s r
r f s

f s t K er(f ) = 0 f (X) = 0 q X = 0

f (X) = 0X q X = 0 0 s t r f

E4 s tr r B = {~eI , ~e2, ~e3, ~e4 } s

E4
f E End(E4) tr rst B s

A = I
1 0 0 0 \
0 1 0 0
0 0 a 0
a 0 0 2

trr s rs a r s q f s

a = 1
r A
V2 s ss r s tr A = 2
r s s rtrs V2 w V2 + w s
w ss E4 s ts
w =
{(X, y, z, t)/X + z = X = y - 3t = 0}
s f srt s f t

ss rt rtrst s p(A) = (A -
1)2(A - a)(A - 2) st ss ss a = 1 a = 2 a = {1, 2}
s a = 1 ts A = 1 s tr m(1) = 3

A = 2 s tr tr m(2) = 1 s r q dim(V2 ) = 1 =
m(2) trs q

dim(VI) = 4 - r(A - I ) = 4 - 1 = 3,

q f s
s a = 2 ts A = 1 s tr m(1) = 2 A =
2
s tr m(2) = 2 s s ss s s
ss
rs ss

dim(VI) = 4-r(A-I ) = 4-2 = 2 dim(V2) = 4-r(A-2I ) = 4-2 = 2,

q s s trs s rs s
ts
r tr r s s rs
s
s r tt
s a = {1, 2} ts s trs s A = 1 m(1) =
2 A = 2 m(2) = 1 = dim(V2) A = a m(a) = 1 = dim(Va )
s dim(VI) = 4 - r(A - I ) = 4 - 2 = 2 = m(1) r q
f s t r s
ss rt rtrst s p(A) = (A -
1)3(A - 2) s sss rs t s
rtss

X = 0
VI {X + t = 0} V2

Ps rtrs q
X = -A3
y = AI
y = 0
z = 0

X = 0
y = 0
VI

z = A2
V2

z = 0
t = A3
t = A

s ss rsts r s sss rs s
BVI = {(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 0, 0, 1)}, rs
rst B
q BVI = {~e2, ~e3 , -~eI + ~e4}
BV2 = {(0, 0, 0, 1)}, rs rst B q
BV2 =
{~e4
s ttrs E4 s BE4 = {~e2 , ~e3, -~eI + ~e4 , ~e4}
tr trs D tr s P s
1 0 0 0 \
D = 0 1 0 0
0 0 -1 0 \
P = 1 0 0 0

I 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 2
I 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1

ss rt s s w s
 X + z = 0
w X = 0
y - 3t = 0

X + z = 0
-z = 0
y - 3t = 0

1 0 1 0 \
dim(W ) = 4 - r I 0 1 0 -3 = 4 - 3 = 1
0 0 -1 0
s s rtss V2 n W s

V2 n W
X = 0
y - 3t = 0
z = 0
y = 0
X = 0
y = 0
z = 0
t = 0

Pr r s ss dim(V2 +W ) = dim(V2)+dim(W )-
dim(V2 nW ) = 1+1-0 = 2 V2 +W = L(BV2 , BW ) sts
r s W rs sr rtrs s
t s
BW = {(0, 3, 0, 1)} rs rst B q
s r V2 + W s BV2 +W = {(0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 3, 0, 1)}
rs
rst B st s

BW +V2 = {'e4, 3'e2 + 'e4}

s s rtrs s

V2 + W
X = 0
y = 3A2
z = 0
t = A1 + A2

ss rt rs f t tr s
A a = 1 q dim(I m(f )) = r(A) = 4 = dim(E4 ) Pr
st I m(f ) = E4 f s srt Pr tr
dim(K er(f )) = dim(E4) - dim(I m(f )) = 4 - 4 = 0 q
s f rs rs t
K er(f ) = {0}
 tr

1 1 1 1 \
A = 1 1 -1 -1

I 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1

trr s rs rs A str s

trr tr P q rt

r A2 A-1
r An

s rtrst

I 1 - A 1 1 1
I I 0 2 - A 2 - A -A(-2 + A) I
I I
I 1 1 - A -1 -1 I
I I
I 0 2 - A 0 -2 + A I
p(A) = I
I = I I =
I 1 -1 1 - A -1 I I
I
I 0 0 2 - A -2 + A I I
I
I 1 -1 -1 1 - A I
I 1 -1 -1 1 - A I

I 2 - A 2 - A -A(-2 + A) I
I 1 1 -A I
I I
I I
= - I 2 - A 0 -2 + A
I = -(2-A)2(-2+A) I 1 0 1 I =
I I
I 0 2 - A -2 + A I
I I
I 0 1 1 I

= (2 - A)3 (-A - 2)

s trs s A = 2 m(2) = 3 A = -2 m(-2) = 1

Pr tr dim(V-2) = m(-2) = 1 trs q dim(V2) = 4 -
r(A - 21 ) = 4 - 1 = 3 q A s

sts t rt Pr trr tr
s sts s ttrs R4 q
ts
rtr s sss rs V2 V-2

V2 = {X E R4 : (A - 21 )X = 0}, V2 {-X + y + z + t = 0}
 r s s r r tr s s t s

Pr tr
BV2 = {(1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)}.
V-2 = {X E R
: (A + 21 )X = 0}

sr tr s sst (A + 21 )X =
q

1 -1 -1 3 \
1 -1 -1 3 \
A + 21 3 1 1 1
0 1 1 -2

I 1 3 -1 -1
1 -1 3 -1

s
I 0 0 -1 1
0 0 0 0

V-2
X - y - z + 3t = 0
y + z - 2t = 0
-z + t = 0

rs sr rtrs s t s
2
= {(-1, 1, 1, 1)}
s ts s R4 r r ttrs

B = {(1, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1), (-1, 1, 1, 1)}

tr s P tr trs D
sr

1 1 1 -1 \
2 0 0 0 \

P = 1 0 0 1 I 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1

D = M (f, B) = 0 2 0 0 I 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 -2

rt srs q

A2 = P DP -1P DP -1 = P D2P -1
 q D2 = P -1A2P st qr r q tr

trs s A2 s
4 0 0 0 \
D2 = 0 4 0 0

I 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 4

tr s s P srs s q A2 = P D2 P -1
= 22 1 Pr tr A-1 = (P DP -1)-1 = P D-1P -1 r tt D-
1 =
P -1A-1P q tr trs
s A-1
s
1/2 0 0 0 \
D-1 = I

tr s s P
0 1/2 0 0
0 0 1/2 0
0 0 0 -1/2

ss rt n s r n = 2m ts

An = (A2 )m = (221 )m = 2n 1 .

n s r n = 2m + 1 ts

An = A2m A = 22m 1 A = 2n-1A.

str s s sts s
f :
R3 R3

f (X, y, z) = (-X - 3z, 3X + 2y + 3z, -3X - z)

f (X, y, z) = (X + y + z, 2y + z, 2y + 3z)
f (X, y, z) = (X + y, y + z, -2y - z)

sts s tr s rs f s
-1 0 -3 \
A = I
3 2 3
-3 0 -1

rtrst s p(,) = -,3 +12,-16 = (-4-,)(,-2)2:

q s trs s , = -4: m(-4) = 1 , = 2: m(2) = 2
s ss s sss rs rrsts s

dim(V-4 ) = m(-4) = 1 dim(V2 ) = 3 - r(A - 2I ) = 2 = m(2)

 r q f s

s s tr s s

1 1 1 \
A = I 0 2 1
0 2 3

rtrst p(,) = (, -1)2 (4 -,) s trs s

, = 1: m(1) = 2 , = 4: m(4) = 1 s ss s sss
rs s dim(V4) = m(4) = 1 dim(Vl ) = 3 -r(A -I ) = 2 = m(1) Pr s
t: rs s

sts s tr s rs f s

1 1 0 \
A = I 0 1 1
0 -2 -1

rtrst p(,) = (1 - ,)(,2 + 1) t q

s
trs s , = 1 , = i: r q rs s

f : R3 [x] R3[x] r f (ax3 + bx2 + ex + d) = dx3 +

ex2 + bx + a str s tr tr P
q
rt
srs s Be = {1, x, x2 , x3} s

tr s rs rst st s
q f (1) = x3, f (x) = x2, f (x2) = x, f (x3) = 1: ts
0 0 0 1 \
A = M (f, Be) = 0 0 1 0

I 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0

rtrst s

I -, 0 0 1 I
I 0 0 0 1 - ,2 I
I 0 -, 1 0 I
I 0 -, 1 0 I
p(,) = I
I = I I =
I 0 1 -, 0 I I I
I 0 1 -, 0 I I I
I 1 0 0 -, I
I 1 0 0 -, I

= -(1 - ,2 )(,2 - 1) = (,2 - 1)2 = (, - 1)2(, + 1)2

s trs s , = 1: m(1) = 2 , = -1: m(-1) = 2

trs s sss rs srr VI
rs rst Be s t

VI = {x E R4 : (A - I )x = 0
}

s s ts s

-x + t = 0
VI
-y + z = 0

rs sr rtrs: s s s VI:

BVI = {(1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0)} rs rst Be.

st qr r q BVI = {1 + x , x + x }
3 2

Pr tr : srr V-I rs rst Be:

V-I = {x E R

s s ts s
: (A + I )x = }

V-I
x + t = 0
y + z = 0

rs sr rtrs s t s V-I:

BVI
= {(-1, 0, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1, 0)} rs rst Be.

st s q
I
= {-1 + x3 , -x + x2}
Pr st: s ttrs R3 [x] s

B = {-1 + x3, -x + x2 , 1 + x3, x + x2 }

q: srt rs rst B: r

B = {(-1, 0, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0)}

tr s P tr trs D = M
(f, B)
s
-1 0 1 0 \
-1 0 0 0 \

P = I
0 -1 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0

D = I
0 -1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1

f rs R3 tr s

1 -3 3 \
A = I 3 -5 3
6 -6 4

trr
trs ttrs f
r s q rt
ss rt rtrst s p(,) = (4 -
,)(, + 2)2 s trs s , = 4 m(4) = 1 , = -2
m(-2) = 2 trs s sss rs ss

V4 {X" E R4 : (A - 4I )X" = "0

}

sr tr ts sst (A - 4I )X" = "0 rst

-1 -1 1 \
-1 -1 1 \
A - 4I I
1 -3 1 I
1 -1 0
0 -4 2
0 -2 1

r q s s rtss s

-X - y + Z = 0
V4
-2y + Z = 0

rs sr rtrs: s t s BV4 = {(1, 1, 2)} Pr tr

:

s V-2 s BV
V-2 {X - y + Z = 0}

= {(1, 1, 0), (-1, 0, 1)} Pr st:

s ttrs R3 sr B = {(1, 1, 0), (-1, 0, 1), (1,
1, 2)}
tr s f rst
st s: D =
M (f, B): sr
-2 0 0 \
D = I
0 -2 0
0 0 4

 r a: b: e: d: e f s q s trs 'u = (1, 1, 1):

'v = (1, 0, -1): w' = (-1, -1, 0) s ttrs tr

1 1 1 \
A = I a b e
d e f

t A'u = ,I'u: A'v = ,2'v: Aw' = ,3w' srt r

sst
s
3 = ,I

a + b + e = ,I
d + e + f = ,I
a + b + e = 3

a = 1

0 = ,2
a - e = 0
d - f = -,2
-2 = -,3
-a - b = -,3
-d - e = 0
d + e + f = 3
a - e = 0
d - f = 0
-a - b = -2
-d - e = 0
b = 1
e = 1
d = -3
e = 9
f = -3

f : R3[x] R3 [x] rs r f (p(x)) = pl(x)

r s trs ttrs f pl(x) s
r
p(x)
t q f (1) = 0: f (x) = 1: f (x2) = 2x f (x3) =
3x2: tr s f rst s
Be =
{1, x, x2 , x3} s

0 1 0 0 \
A = M (f, Be) = 0 0 2 0

I 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 0

rtrst s p(,) = ,4: q , = 0 s

tr: m(0) = 4 ss r VO s:
rtrs:
x = ,

VO

y = 0
Z = 0
t = 0

q VO = L((1, 0, 0, 0)) rs rst Be: st

s stts
st rs s
s: VO = L(1) = { }
q s ts r
tr

trr rs f R3 s
I m(f ) = L{(0, 1, -1), (2, 1, 1)
, = 0 s r r f
ss r s , = 0 st r r (0,
1, 1)
r: s s s: s R3 q f
r
tr
sr 0 tr ttr (0, 1, 1): s
aII aI2 aI3
A = I a2I a22 a23
a3I a32 a33
0 \
\

0 \
s tr s f : s t A I 1 = I 0 ,
1 0
st s:

tr A sr
aI2 + aI3 = 0
a22 + a23 = 0
a32 + a33 = 0

A = I
0 2 -2 \
1 1 -1 ,
-1 1 -1

q s s rr : s: ss
s s
s rrs I m(f ) rtrst s p(,)
= ,(, +
2)(, - 2)
s q VO = L((0, 1, 1)): r q s q tr
ss
V2 V-2 s s ssts s rs
tts: s
t

V2

x - y - z = 0
z = 0 V-2

x + y - z = 0
y = 0

s
s ss rsts s BV2 = {(1, 1, 0)}: BV
ttrs R3 s
= {(1, 0, 1)}

B = {(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)}

s tr s f rst st s
-2 0 0 \
D = M (f, B) = I
0 0 0
0 0 2

s s sss trs R2

v = L{(1, -1)} w {x + 2y = 0},

trs r: p : sr v r w
s
r v = (1, 2) sr v r w
s v s BV = {(1, -1) s w s BW = {(-2, 1)
rs tr p rst s :
M (p, Be)
q ts t r p r rr: sr

1 0 \ 1 2 \-1
p =
= 1 0 \ -1 -2 \ =
-1 -2 \
-1 0
-1 1
-1 0
-1 -1 1 2

r v = (1, 2) sr v r w s

1 \
p 2 =
-5 \
5
 s s sss trs R3

v = L{(1, -1, -1), (0, 1, -2)} w = L{(1, -1, 0)},

rs q s trs trs r:
p : s
r v r w s r v = (-2,
1, 3) sr
v r w
trs q

1 -1 -1 \
r I 0 1 -2 = 3
1 -1 0

trs tr p rst s

1 0 0 \

1 0 1
\-1
-2 -2 -1 \
p = I -1 1 0 I -1 1 -1
= I 3 3 1
-1 -2 0
-1 -2 0
0 0 1

r v sr v r w s

-2 \
-1 \
p I 1
3
= I 0
3

s s sss trs R3

s
v = L{(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2)}, w = L{(1, 2, 3)},

r r: P : sr v r w
r:
Q: sr w r v
s r v = (2, -1, 1) sr w r
v
 rr q P Q s s rs

Prr q v = I m(P ) = K er(Q) q w = K er(P ) = I m(Q)

ss i) tr P sr

1 1 0 \ 1 1 1 \-1
P = I 1 2 0 I 1 2 2
1 1 -1 \
= I 0 3 -2
1 2 0

tr Q sr
1 2 3
0 3 -2

0 -1 1 \
Q = I - P = I 0 -2 2
0 -3 3

ss ii) r v sr w r v s

2 \
2 \
Q I -1 = I 4
1 6

Pr rsr iii) st rr q P 2 = P q Q2 = Q
s
st tr tr r

strs iv) s r q

s:
v = L{(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 2)} = I m(P )

K er(I - P ) {-y + z = 0} = L{(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1)} = v

q v = I m(P ) = K er(Q)

Pr tr : s r q I m(Q) = w

1 \
0 \
P I 2 = I 0
3 0

dim(K er(P )) = 3 - dim(I m(P )) = 1: s r K er(P )

: q W = I m(Q) = K er(P )