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FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGA - UBA / SECRETARA DE INVESTIGACIONES / ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIONES / VOLUMEN XIX

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LA NOCIN DE LO GRUPAL COMO INTERVENCIN CRTICA EN LA PUBLICACIN LO GRUPAL EN LA ARGENTINA (1983-1993)
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