CIRCULAR CONCRETE TANKS WITHOUT: PRESTRESS 1. Introduction Design data for circslse canis puile in or on catirely to wells top being wa- xed, The assumption ally in conformity with the fot, and for other conditions there ate litele or no published data for designers to set. Adjustments then had 9 bs made in accordance es due to such of redial dies and desiga data ‘Variots layouts swalls are discuss: designe are. giv arious degrees of res cluded ia the de: The subject is divide ions, each of ck deals with just one major phase of the design, S=The discussion in Sections 4 through 15 is given in je foeaeton with mamaria! amples most of w the 12 sections. For p tak supported on an ion 5 and apply the ING the slab andy if the slab and yall fnacus, alco make ealeslations se ta Section 1, by proper combina Section 2. Proportioning of Sectiaa: Subject to Ring Tension aad Shrinkage Formelas for Seresses TS in 2 reinforced conc a ie chosen a6 12.1 sal # compe ight. The dimension df corresponds to the ickncss. The scecl and che steel gs is p. Uf che bar is deft out 2: in Fig. 1 (b), shrinissge vwill shorten the 1-in, long block « distance of G which: s the sarinkage per PAGE ALSmay be used to estimate the wall nic, The presence of le siesther prevents tome of che “This form Shortening of the concrete, so the difference in leagth- .. chickness, For illustration assuming the shrinlage co- oftee Bees in Fig 1) and Fig. 1@) ised chen C, of conerere 35 0.0003: a6 ee, ee cone 3.0005 X 59 X 10 + 14,000 20 X 500 5. Compared with (b), che concrete in (c) ix dleagated 2 distance x from its unstressed condition, WRI IIo 9 the concrete siress is 19,000 + 24,000 — 3,000 ee pele = AoE % T= 0.00087 ‘Compared with (2). the steel in (¢) is shortened eds ele that an allowable concrete ten: y a distance (1 = a) C from iis unstressed condition, so for cylindrical tank desiga of 300 pas. for = 3,008 i che ereel eeress is Concrete ig 2 reatonably conservative value whi . kage is incladed and ring cension is determin: £ iy conducred analysis. ‘The total © oral. compression suresses derived from che steel, 50. ffir fu» The % = equations. Ae Section 3. Allowable Steel Siress in Ring Tension a. Tw obeeives stand ont iat fe aS i > drical tank walls. The wall thickness should be sufficient we Comscad On by eee 7 Poa pecan ae tan Cha Pay nies) [neni] Taeretachy estgetel mmr beable carey all St ct see dt to\a'ring.remitons 7, 4s. Tm Tension Ane dus to 2 ring cension, 7 “Allowable steel stress for ring tension is oftee Gt mp)y and the combine? yao as low as 12,000 or even 10,000 pis. Je will be demonstrzeed that lowering the allowable steel stress ) ‘The cone practically equal F contrete tensile sires 1 Cbide TT: actually tends to the conerste crack because the Act ade lower the steel exces eater the area of steel Bro- This formula will be weed cepeatedly to investigate vided and hence the higher che concrete stress due so Ar = Tijs in Equation 1 giv cing stresses in circalay walls. sarinkage. Insestiog ‘The usual procedure in tank design is to >: "horizontal steel, A, for all the ring tension at = cectaia allowable stress, jo, e2 though designing for a cracked rection, After determining As = Tifiy the conse tensile steess in the uncracked section dur to combined CEs he itor on, use che daca given in Section, "and compute fe for vslies of fr as given below. ene xr Hing tension and shcinkage f& checked by ipgcring the : Yaluc of A; in Equation 1. By setting Ae = {2¢Gin y 5 and solving for ge hae eT [a [a |e [oT ee f Drea j= else, d= Od = TA. K be | fo § NOMENCLATURE b us subscripts Lz, span Tengih (Fe) ~Mjed Mi thoment Gelb. oF ft.kips)—vsed wih various ' . fubseipe= thrinksge coeficieac an Eli y diameter of drop parel i: load oc preseaee (Ib. pee sq.fe.)—also diamerer of eank (it) age of steel . effective depth Ca.) R modulzs of elasticity (p.s.i.}—used with vari- +: thermal cocficient qr ion lb.) also cemperarure—used with mal expansion ‘arious subscripts . equals 62/12,000 2 Ghekress of tank: wall (ft. or in) eee ei Suused wih vious subseripss “7 otal shear (lb) eight of wall Ce.) a: unit shear (Bh a eerie ehetmal conduccivity co- 1: rotal load on a panel Ib.) Cicisee_—ased with various subseripss fut wedghe of Hquid (Ib. per oufe:) PAGE?TSF TT | fhe allowable steel stress js reduced from 20,009 1010,000 p.s.i., the concrete censile stress is actually in- creased from 264 to 318 p.ti., which is more than 2 20 ccat increase, The lower the allowable steel stress, ner the concrete will erack._ Peat Ty desissble vo vic blehcr allowsble steel bare anwar ro focus atfention on sively. Other and probably mo: portant points should be consi 1m t0 the two skerches (2) end (b) Tris clear that the bond quali gard to width of crscies acks. The unit stress in che steel is a fac sidered, but it seems to be subordinate 0 the | guestion of bond. TInsonventional tenk censtrwction,oneof she ss DI possible bond rian genie tad tindorcant The bass should, of course, be deformed an¢ of the smallest size possible. ‘One square inch of cross-sectional arca jn vari- us bar six the following bond areas in sq.in. petis. length = Lae | Ter [3] er [var [es [ae em Dense pow | a8 is seen that hae nearly 20 ps ‘vided Ja the bond arex—and apparent benefit ia regard to reduction Ae twas obtained by reducing the allowable steel stress from, 57, 12,0 0 10,000 will be nullified If ehis makes ic ty to increase the bar size from 34 to 7 in. section 4. “ienguler Lecd la past practice, walls buile copsinacus ‘with thei footings have Focnlly Ber teteeed Es though the base were fixed and the top foe De: cea ereed tila only forte conditions combines Se Segue: ae tioa of preseure. Ie veil be shew fer thet Woll with Fixed Bese end Free Top stp ei |_pireaie: he base is seldom fixed. bocit is helpfol wo start. (7 Bedlameter wich this assumption 19,9 and chen goon to design proceduces for other more The numerical valu in subsequent of tank wall d Hes Dismcter to inside of wall, D.~ 54.0 Fe), > Weight of liguid, we = 62.5 Ib. per ew.ft, 1” be Shrlakage coefciens, € = 0.0003, Modulus of elasticity of stecl, Ey = 30 X 10 psi. Allowable conerece sensile ezrasz for cylindrical tank écsign, 0.197’. = 300 psi of moduli of elasticity, able stress in ring steel, Allowsble etrers ia rece d base in Fig. 3, estimate the- in. cr 0.83 fe wand compute + conditions. below are weed in this snd wat deal with various phases Boxe eee te more correct to take D that is, «9 use D ve a value of 8.8, bot the she center of the ad of 54.0, This wou! is so small th: Ring tension per mmulsipving wiih by the contiiens for 9/2! = 3 fea fcom Table 1. BHR = 51.9 X 20X 2h0 = 3350Ib. pes fe This is the sing tension thot would evict 2 che base if it could slide fre! ‘The oceficients and ring tension are ss fol- lows, Point 0.0 denoting che cop and Point 1.07% the base of the wal B/D rit» comenon fcr nvoleed in all wales af ing tension TnOment and is therefore + eqrvcnisn characteristic tte ie 2 ing the secompasying cen se 2 3c convesiense a azaigheline inetpolattn kay Eeea wed which er fueient secs02 Bese thea Ty 4 oe os gible. The zing tcasion is iro atthe base since ix ic assumed that the bace hac 20 radial displacement. Ring cension values ar the teat points ace plotied in Fig. 4. m=" Tele] Ieip seen that maximum ring tension, + 19,500 Ib., occurs at Point 0.6H. Above thar poiat the difer- cence between the curves marked “Base fixed” and “Dase sliding” it zelarively sxeall. In chat part of che wall ic is evident that the condition of cestrainc at hhas buc lirele effect, Below Poine 0.61, howevs is a large difference between the two carves. With 2 aliding base, che maximum ring tension for which wall isto be designed is 33,7501b. Th more than the moximum Fiag tension for ‘The sssumption of fixed base cbviously ‘economical design bor, 22 will be ilusreated lar assumption may often zive 2 desiga that is unsafe. Tc snot recommended for applicztion to tank wall design ‘withour proper investigation. Before using che Sxcd base assumption, aeceresia frst that bock displacement and rotation are fully prevented ac the base. Scudics presented in subsequent sessions serve to demonstrate that it is difficult 10 “Ex” the base. In sccordance with Section 2, maximum area of ring steel is 4, = Ee = 1900 fe 34,000 Use $f-in, round bars spaced 5}4 in. 0.¢. in cach of swo curtains, giving « toral area of 1.42 5q.n. De mine seinfo-cement elsewhere in the wall to ft the Flag tension curve is Fig. 4 ‘Maximum teasile stress ia the contrete iuclud- 42 sq.in. per fe. PAGE 4 ing the effect of chsinleage Cree Setion 2) it CBsA; + Trax. _ 0.0003 30% 108 X 1.42419,500 WXD-IOK1 wall thickese & ample. The face chat almos: 49 per ‘eat of the cotal tensile stress is due to shrinicage shows ow important it is 0 seduce shrinkage in sane wall construction ‘Shear at base of wall equsle wH? mulsiplied by eneffcient of 0.166 for H/Dr = 9 taken irom Table XVI V = 0,168 wh? —D.16SX 62.5% WF ~ 4.15018. perf, 4150 oa xIEXS Momence in vecrizal wall sevips 1 fe. wide computed by multiplying wif by the coefficients caken from Table VII. : teHD = 62.5 X20! = 500,000 felb, perf Negative siga denates tension in the inside. The moments are plored in Fig. 5 from which i that censioa in the inside of the wall extends cur 0.12 X= 2A fe. above the ba Lo: e700 #1 Fic. in the inside need only extend either 35 diameters or 2.4 fe, + 12 dinmeter:, whichever ie the greater, above the bese. Th: 63 an 0.58 sg.in,// oT LHX fe SES TP 000 ne Beiferd Cane Dig Malar fre ei Geli Innit[Use Y4-in. round bars spseed 12 in, 0.c.and extend them 24-12 diameter = 3.3 ft: above the Above that, omly nominal verticel reinforcemes Jin. cound barr spaced 18 in. o.c., is needed fort and spacing of che ring bars in the inside certain. ‘The ares of verticsl bars M__ 47 am a TExE Use Yin. round bars Spaced 16 in. 0.6. They both for cension bacs and for support of ring beer ng erection. This zmounc of outside vertical zein- forcement’ is. genccall cient since the baie seldom fully fed. 1 to determine these bars 2Ssqin. ‘The design is Section 4 is based on the {e contiauous and the fooring snallest rotation of the kine scion req from 6,100 folb. pez sotstions that m takes place in th ‘edict the behavior of grade and its of fa the reseraint at the base, ch more to aisome that the bate it isged than fixed, and che hinged-base asrorption spires a safer desien ‘Data for walls wich hinged base ere presented, and theis applicetion co che design of a tank well the same dimensions as in Section 4 ie slluserat the two designs compared. Coefficients for ring tens for HY/Di = 98) ate multpl per fc, as ia Section 4 geede. Ie ip dficnle band ‘akon feom Table II by wHR = 39,750 1b. [5.7900 In Fig. 7 compat tuusce shar ate Axed, hinged aeshalf of che wall the base condition has but li cheat, but below Point O.SH the diference beeween hinged and fxed base Becomes increasingly largct. Naximum ring tension for hinged bese, Tinue. = 24,100 Ib, oecers at Point 0.7H, Ic is 21 per cent larger than Tirox for faed bese. A design based on assumption of “Beed base and prac tically the same steel aren at 2 design made for “hinged base” andj, = 14,500 p.s.i., but the later procedure {ateibution of stcel ates that coresponds more conditioas. Tensile stress in the ‘Maximum area of ring steel is Toe, _ HAO _ 172 sqin. perf ose 86 in each cuttaia of reicforcement (Ay = 1.66 s9.ia, sawheré £0 Ait the ria; Desermine reinforcement el ‘The maximam censile “_ 0.0003 30 10° 1.66-E 24,100 ~YOxU 10X16 28spsi. Ld allowable, the 10-in. Since 300 ps. isco! ‘wall thickness is saficies For shear at bs Table XVT sll, select epefh 082 2.5% 208 = 2,301. perf. 300 =27psi.sina tse _retsannns sun nsLArawiaemt Cocflice 1 fe wide, taken fom Tab FS = 360,000 feb. per for moments ia vertical wall strips VIEL are multiplied by Gar Tae Moincnss for boc Hlaged and fixed base ae plotced ia Fig. 8. The diffecnce is considerable in the Tower part of the wall. The maximum mome: hinged base gives tension in the outside and 2,500 fab. per fe. at Point OSH. The area of v ‘steel inthe outside curain is Use Y4rin, round bars 5 may stop at mid-height, but the other bars extend t0 09 of the wall 10 serve 28 support for ring bars during The actual condition of restraint at a wall foo: ing as in Figs. 3 and 6 is beeween fixed ard hinged, but probably closer so hinged. The comparisons in Figs.7 and & show chat assursing the base hinged g comervative although ot wasiciul design, and « Sssumptioa is hereiore cecommended. Nomina! Heal reinforcement i Je curtaio lapped with short dowels across the base Joints will sufiec. ‘The proteduce outlined in this section is con- sideced satisfactory for open-cop tanks with w. ings that are not continous with the tink bo acept thee allowance should usually be mad: for # fadial displacement of the footing. Such « displacement is discussed in Section 6. If the wall is made coneins- the can Fig.9 should hove = ‘eof when there is surpecnase on the liquid. Fig. 9 seprens erly the losing conditions considered inci section she ofext (Of tool sib ie tented ia sabeequee sections. “Acscon i ale vo the fs PAGE & ous at top or ba be consi¢ered. 9 and 10, , ae at both, the eontinuicy must also ‘or these conditions refer to Sections Section 6, Well with Hinged Base and Free Tep—Trapezsidal Lead Reragive prdiemerer oa In tanks used for storage of gasoline, check valves are often installed in erder to reduce loss dus to ctcape of gasoline vapor. The valve may be adjusted 50 that it takes 2 vapor pressure as high 2s 3 1b. per Under such cirenmstarces the pressure is combination of the press d plas 2 wniformly di loading due to the vapor pressure. The combined pres- sure on the wall has a teapezoigal discribucioa as shown in Fig. S*, but ic is convenient to separate it into wo parts, lar clemeae due ro liquid weight and + receangular clement ‘Design dats sure may be usel sq.in, to open on the tank Ww: to the weight cf also for design of tanks in which the liquid surface may tise considerably above che cop of che wall, 2s may accideatally happen ia tenks built underground ‘Tn this scction the design procedure for trape- soidal Jonding is illestrated. The dats given in Section are used, and in addition the vapor pressure is cakes asp — 3. 122 = 432b. persq,fe, With this addicior Preseure, estimate += 15 in., which is 5 in. more than Ia Sections 4 snd 5. The investigation is made for hinged base For: = 15 a., 0F 1.25 ft. compure # 208 Di 3X 125 Cosfficiente for ring tension are taken from = 59, say, 6.‘Tables II snd IV, They arc multiplied by wHR = 62.5 10% 27 159 Ib. pec fe Grisngular load, Table I) and by pR = 432 X 27 = 11,600 Ib. per fe. rectangular load, Table IV), tension values. are plovted in g cention char would if the base join: could slide freely. The maximum hinged baie Ib. per ft. (ute ts ed occurs at Point 0.6F. Above that poiat, id to sliding ‘ous dew fot kave much efeet. Below Point 0.6H, ring tension hinged bate decreases repidly neil ft becomes sero base. Actually, che base may be smcwhers Setween hingsd sad feely sliding, so itis inadvisable to desiga the ring bars below Point 0.6% [ST CE ETE 0 [toe for hinged 6 the base is discussed in Scetion 3. ‘Maximum area of: 41 sqin. An Poin 6 se M0. ‘in each of two curtains (4; = Neca ffect of shrinkage is Tx LFiOX aH bars spaced 434 in. 0. 2.34 sq.in.) Tae = 169 psi 03.4 ‘Since 300 p.s.i is considered allowable, the 15-in. thicknece ectimated fe =mple ac base of wall is decermi coeficients taken from Teble XVI for H/Ds 110(62.5 x 208+ 432 x20) * aI i Coefficients for moments pec ft. of width, taken from Table VIIL, 2r2 malsiplied by nit pA = 625% 20 = 673,000 ta [ear [as [oer ee | oat | eam | aa [esi [ce [song reese ooes| sv asta] 3 ‘These moments are plotted in Fig. 11. Maximum moment is 5,200 £1.1b. and occurs at Point 0.8H. T rea of vertica! steel in the outside cursain is 5.30 =- 28 sq.in. per ft. Use Luin, round bs Bg ino (Ar 0.26). All these bars shall ex:ead to the bottom, but cornace bars may be discontinned near thid-height of the wall as indicated by the shap- of the momeat ea in Fig oe Fis. 11 1 szoor_| Nominal xerticel scinfoccement in the inside cuctain lapped with shore dowels across the base joint suifice,vtaus233)) Section 7, Well with Sheer Applied ot Top be | we R:radius Oeidiamse As indicated in Fig, 12, he top of che wall may doweled to the roof slab’so that is cennot move cly 23 assumed ia Scccioas 4, 5 and 6. ‘When displacement is prevented, the top cenaoe expand and the sing tension is zero at Point 0.0H. In cation 6, with the top fee to expand, the ring tension 's 11,100 Ib, at Poine 0.01. To prevent displacemens, add 2 shear at the cop sufficient to eliminate the ring rension of 21,100 Ib. Ring cension due to a shear, Y, a6 the top is compused by wsig cooficients ia Table V for H7/3 6 soe Shasta le oz oa ot os rol Ring tension Moment s0 small char chey can be ignored. The effect jg the shear at the cop, therefore, is pra same whether the bate i Axed or hinged, ‘Ring teasiog 2nd moment compused in this « sion are added to thous in Scction 6 and the results are plotted in Fig. 14, Ie is clear chat ch 2: 0F the top being free would be satsfucre exe, Ie gives a conservative design for ring tension and S and equals —9.0278/H Ib. per fc. ac the top. There- a fore P tmastsstify the equation Top tree Top hinges | from which 1,100 X H _ 11,100 X 20 oe uo x H _ 11) a . Yor: 90 ~ 90X77 San ees 24.400 Id. 08 Table V is based on che assumption that the base ine is fixed. However, it will be seen later that the cozfi- ae ‘cut for H?/Dr ~ 6 in Table V may be used with sais os SPs go when the base is hinged. = 2 For ring tension meleiply coeficient in Table V - by VR/H = 910 X 27/ ‘1,230 Ib. per ft., and for proment multiply cosdicieats ia Table X by 7H = 910 Ring tension Moment 10 pert. fo. 14 Ee Ring tension and moment are plotted in Fig. 15, the scale being the seme as in Figs. 10 and 11. By com- paring the ring tension curve ia Fig. 13 with Fig. 20 ed the moracne curve with Fig. 11, ic is seen char che values in the lower one-half of the wall in Fig. 35 are PAGE B hardly affcees she design for moments. Consequently, the investiga én chis section may be omitted jin most cases with exception of tanks in which the ring tension is relacively large at the rop and the wall is €oweled 10 the roof slab.| Section 8. Wall with Shear Applied ct Base Fig. 15 illu ate thewall is displaced ly by applica- Fon of = horzontal shear, V, which has an outward dir tion, When the base is Ringed, the dis- placement is zero toi the szaction oa the wall is 3,700. Gee Section which has an ward disection, When the base is sliding, thi lzcemient is the Largest possible. but the reaction is + all intsrincdiate displacemeats, the reaction rust be between 0 and 3,700 1b. per fe Te is dificuls to ascertain whether the footing is capable of providing 2 3,7004b. reaction with ng horizontally, but che chances are that it zor do so in most instances. Any Agure adopted for th Gisplacement ean be nothing more than w reasonable csumate, Since the extreme values of displacement occur when the resction equals 0 (eliding base) and 43,700 Ib. per ft. Chinged baie), 2 reaction of 1,700 Ib. ines been chosen in this example as 2 reasonable value. This reaction may be obteined by superimposing two design condieione, one for binged base, and the other for 2 shear of 3,700. 2,000 Ib. applied ous warily at the bute, The procedure of design for shear at bate will be demonstrated for this value. “The data in Table V are used for this investi- on. Ics crue thar the ied st one end (top cr cof top) is fixed. Te has been demon: 6 in, in Section 7 that the cond n€ at 00¢ ead have but litde effect when apply shear at the orher end, so the data in Table ;auld give a good approximation also when the shear is applied at ehe bate of ehe wall in Fig. 15, Forring teasion, mulciply coeficients from VR/H = 2,000 X 2 for rorments multiply coci VH = 1,000 X 20 = 40,000 fib. per ft. Costicien: both tables are seleceed for the same value of #7/ As sten from Fig 16, itmakes considerable ditfere cate whether the shear 2¢ the base is 3,709 or 3,700 — 2,000 = 1,700 Ib. per ft. This cannot be ignored, but ir is often posfible ro omic the investigation made in this section and still obtain 2 satisfactory solution. Te is proposed to use the regular ring tension curve for hinged base only from the cop down to the point of maximim tension, 33,700 Ib, 2¢0.6H, and to deviga all of the wall below that point for 33,700-b. ring tension, This allowance is only slightly too high compared with the curve marked “Base displaced”, The excess amoune of ring tension is showa cross-haiched ia Fig. 16. The difference becween the moment curves appears to be considerable, bur the moments are of relative small imporcance, and the larger values for hinged hase are preferred. Base Gap | base ninges ge) Bast hinge 3700. Bees eed Moment ing teneton The radial dieplecement corresponding to the 20001b. sheer may be determined as follows. The shear erates a cing teation of 24,300 ar the base, and stress on 4 trensformed section of 203.4 in 6) equals J. = 24,300/203.4 Corresponding unit strain equals fe/Ee = 0.00004, 20 the radius hat received an slongaci RX fiEe = 21 X 12 X 0.00004 = 0.013 in. In other swords, the dl 3,000 Ib. per fe, causes the Base to move horizontally a distance of only 1 clear that ordinsry soll cannot offer much resi against such 2 re: splacemnent, The major part of the resistance mus: be furnished by the concrete snd circuinforeatial zeinforcement in the footing eee Bos. 2 Lees)Section 9. Wall with Moment Applied ot Top Whee # made continuoss, as of the roof slab reads zo dacet 2 moment at the top of the wall. In this section, the wall is investigated for a moment of M = 6,700 fulb, per fe., che origin of which is discussed lazer in this section, ‘The dara in Tables VI and XI will be used although they ate prepared for momen: applied at one fend of the wall whea the orker i free, However, these tables may be esed with good degree of accuracy also when the far end is multiply corficients from Table VI by MR/H? X 27/20 = 450 1b. per ft, and for momenss, multiply coefficients from Table XI by M = 6,100 fe. lb. Select coefficients for H°/Ds = 6, op of the wall and che roc! in Fig. 17, the deflection are the top joint and inceo- See |S [eee [es | |p 2 | em | se | sas | 058 [ze |= 25 plosied in Fig. 18 wre for morene applied = the relatively seal vloes = anes eee os fractially the same whether the bate is hinged 0° Ered, The Fog ssebioh and ll a crewed by the moment apalied 2 zp diminish so piely is due tothe ring clenence which exerr= se0ng Eiimpenine ewer PS Tne ing tcaion aod che momente deter this seccon ate com added 69 those in Sect 02 os 0 Ring tension Moment f = + a Ga ire ——werant accee // on Se 20 E Top frees oe + Li — sing tension homont o.19 area a oe a) I ‘The effect of adding 2 moment of M = 6,700 the cop i shown in Fig. 19. The ring tension isi ceased near the cop. This increase may in some seanzer become co large that it affects che design mit sally, The moment ace act likely t9 be ignored, bur the more impo: “Ta Sees the fixed edge and a total design load of é50 — 432 », Of course, Jatge at the top a joa may accidentally be oveilo! 12 ie ip shown thar the moment 2 roof slab with ccarer supe at Sl casas a a a PAGE 10 ee | sero [oon 8s. 38; «| wo | bam | Sata] Sioa] coo fof che mek sh of ove minus the onthe nore iy |Br This value is used for descrminatioa of moment {om the slab through the joint into the 10p of cal. coveducs is so much like moment distribur sion applied to continuous frames chat the explanation ay be brie The datz in Tables XVIIL and XIX ate nesses which deno'e moments required to impart nit rotation at the edge of the wall and the Gulp eelat've values of scimuess are cequiced in this Pissrre moment required co rotare che tangent at the edge through a given angle is proportional 10 fellowing relative stifiness Factors. For wall (Table XVUL f (O:7b3e/HE — 0.783 X 155/20 = 152. For slab (Table XIX for «/D = 0.35): 0.3320/8 = 03: “Tae diseriburioa f For walls ea oy = ORE = 014 ‘The dimensions used for the slab are che same sie Section 12. skint 4.7800 gay =P Stab eee te ‘well (Fixed end momants H1G.20 (o)Final moments ‘The momeat of 7,600 feb. tends to rotate the fed joint oe chown in Fig. 20(4). When 1 festraint is removed, the rotation of the joint . The sums of the ‘omens. They mus: be equal but oppo- Tndiceted in Fig. 20(b). The calcu- y be arranged in - Por slab: ager = 0.07 = sed Sxed at the edge, the ‘When the slab is consi y multiplying #R? by ge moment may be computed the coofficient from Table XIf ae Poine 1.00%: —0.125 X PRE = —0.125 625 13? = —13,200 fel. per &. of periphery, Inside diameiee is used for all caleus LY Istiont here. Actually, 2 somewhat larger value chovld =! bbe used for some of the calculations, but proportioning he slab should be made 2t inside Face of wall bé es set : Fos S126 a i 13,200 Q z e000 | «360 | 4 40| an 29 ‘85 |2"yove| ese atao|> 2800 [5 B00 | This is used 2s basis for the moment distribution in Section 9 which sezulse in 2 Gael edge moment of B00 1 — 0.14) = —6,700. The wall is designed for this moment with oppotize sign combined with = ‘Radial moments In the last line are for a segmen having an are ft, long ex che edge (Paint 1.0R). They sre obtained by muluiplying the original moment per fs, by the fraction indicating ite distance from the PAGE IS‘enter, For illustration: 14,400 X 0.6 = 8,600 fe Ib, ‘The moménts in che cwo last lines of the cable are ploued in Fig. 30. The maximum negative momene at the center occurs at the edge of the column capical The circumference of che capical is Br fe., and the torsl maximam negative moment around the edge is $6,700 % Bx = 1,425,000 felb. ‘The theoretical moment across the sercion around the capital is larger than the moment thar actually exists, Le chosld be semembered that che, ‘moment coefficients in this section are computed for 2 slab that is ssoumed 10 be xed at the edge of che ‘Actually, che edge is not fixed, bur it has some ction in the theoretical moment ‘The problem of deccnining dhe actusl momear se the capisal iz similar o thse which exists in regulze flac slab design. As a matter of facs, che region around the center columa ia the tanle slab is etresied very much a in ordinary flar slab floor coastruction, so chat the desiga should be practically identieal in ehe column region of both types of struccures. Westergeasd™ has worked out moments is 4 slab in terms of the quanticy: 0.1257L (1 — 2/3L¥. In all modern coées, however, the coefficient of 0.125, is replaced by 0.08, 2 reduction of 28 per cent. Other adjusumeats made in such codes introduce sill grester reductions in some of the thecretical moments at the column capital. Suck modified design moments have been thoroughly investigated by numerous test loadings of fa slab fiooss and are gencenlly accepted for vee in desiga. In view ofthe facts discussed, it seems reasonable snd conservative to allow 2 28 per cent reduc theoretical moments around che center columa of che PAGE 16 é raple slab, The eeduction will be used here for radial moments at the capical only. Tangential moments at capital could probably be ceduced also, buc they are aeady comparatively small even without the re. For the the edge of she 2b in Fig. 29 the tocal moment around ical will chen be caken as (1 — 0.28) 31,435,000 = 1,026,000 fb. The steel 2 1.026. A Te xces 7 B28 Use cwent 43.68) and arr Fig. 31 weight Wfin. square bars (Ar age the bars in top of the slab as Totals tdetat Bot iong Use s-mini were bars Acrois the edge of che drop panel the moment is 20,000 ft-lb. per fe. at Point (6/27)R = 0.22%, oF M = 125 x 20,00x 0-0. 000 feb. mu 33 Te X15 The ewenty-eight 134-in, square bars are ample. Positive moment per segment is maximum at Point 0.5R as indicated by the dash-line curve in Fig. coral momeat ar this poie 4,400 X Ba X 0.6 X 27 = 1,465,000 fe 465 Tx 105 ‘Useone hundred siacy }4-in. round bars(4e = 95), 2K 06K XD st Positive reinforcement may be discontinued at points 12 diameters beyoed secrions 0.30 X 27 ~ 8:1 and 0.83 X 27 = 22.4 fe. from the center as showa by the curves in Fig. 30. The total over-all leagth of posi- tive reinforcement RE SLE2K HM = 169 be. some of cheze bars are to be made shorter that 16 fe, se che dash-line curve in Fig. 30for determining sehere bars can be discontinued. “Mores and Seamer in Sia", Poids of Ammicin Come Sanate, 92, pags TF. Aa = 35.9 sq.in. 7 sq, Spacing at Poise O.6R is:jal 3 ind 28) Maximum negstive moment at inside of wall ie 2800 X Be X27 = 3,390,000 lb ™ 4" Use eo hundeed cighey-foar ‘in, cond beet (4, = 224.36). Spacing at the wall f eX 2K 2 1 All of these bare may be discontinued ae distance fiom insie of wall equal to 0.17% 27 + 12 diameters 346+ 10= 5.6 ft. sy, Sf Tin The sangential mouenes az computed by select ng costicients for #/D = 0.15 from Tables SUL and RE = 474,000 Full. per 3,200 Feb per Fe. Gor XV, and multiplying them by ft. lor fixed edge), and by mromenc ae cdge). Section 13, Base Slab with Center Support Fo.32 When the bottom of che tank is below ground water level, the upward hydroseatic pressure on th bottom must be investigated. If the upward pressure is the dead load of the tank floor, there may be [ere ose Lease] one ygential: moments Fig. 32, Within the dr the effective depth 16.5 in, instead of 10.5 in., and if che'moments in chat tegion are reduced in the ratio of 10.5/16.5, ic is seen that the cticical moment, 14,300 feb. per fe., oveurs igeo! the drop 52 maximum steel area is 5 Use seven Lin, round bars spaced 12 ia. 0.c. Place the fisse bar at the edge of capical, ard the seventh, bar at distance of § fe. from the ceater. In the rest of flab, all the way ove co che wall, use for round bars sprced 16 in. o.c. 3 indicated Fig. 32, some of the bers are in che cop, others in the botiom of the slab, depending on the sign of the sangential moments, The bars arecircular and are either Iapespliced or welded. pense [oom | -aowsa| non |-aaces | -aceu | ocoea [seen |aomsr | comme] cone Tabe5| “13 of -aiane|- Sasa] Sse) > Gace |S Sian] oa] spe |o see] aoe HOE DID Sogn [Masel TESa| ee] tte = he) SS |o NS |Z Tasso ase name y205|- |e ais] tame] se] 380 danger of hesving usless the Goor is built and rein forced as s seructucal slab similar to that weed for the oof, but with the loding directed upward rather faa downward. The loading on the bottom when 2 tick like hat shown in Fig, 33 is empey equals the load on the oof plus the weight of wall 2nd colama. In this example, the same data as in Section 12 are used. The total roof losd is 659 Jb. per sq fe., the outside diam ter of the roof slab is 36.5 fc, tae wall is 15 in. chick 20d 20 fe. high, and the center coloma i= 30 in. in diameter, Tas total superimposed load on cop of the bostom alab is Roof! 650% =X 28.257 1,630,000 Ib. Wall: 187.5% 20X =X 55.25 = 650,001! Coleman: 4.9 X 150 X 20 = 14,700, say, 20,000 1b. ‘Total load = 2,300,000 Ib. With a $-in, projection, the outside diamerer of the bottom slab is 58 fe. If che loading of 2,300,009 Ib. is assumed co be distribuced uniformly over the sub grade, the epward reaction on the kottom slab will be 2,300,000 xe This is 34 per cx = 870 Ib, persa.te. more than the éésign load on the roof. Ifthe same desiga procedure is used for top and bottom slab, the wpward [oad oa the column would be fer greacec than the dowaward load. This is, of courte, impossible, Under the conditions considered, the assumption of uniform distribution of reaction over the tubgrade is obviously in errox PAGE 17‘A rigorous srearment of a slab on sn clastic foundation is beyond the scope of this discassioa, so the desiga of the borcom slab will here be based on what is believed to be 2 reasonable estimate. The Column load composed in Section 12 is $08,000 I., 2 ie will be assumed here that che column reaction on boch cop and bo:tom slab is 508,000 1b. Ie therefore scems rearonable to choose the dimegsions and re forcement around che bo:tom of rhe column essen the same ar aroaed the top a8 designed in Seczion 1 ce differen qn Fig. 33, is thte the drop panel is kepr che bottom slab. This drop pascl may be made large enough to accommodace the roseee= of bars shown in Fig. 31 which is to be pleced with 2 Sri. clearance sbove the surface of the subgrade. Te seems advisable to make the bars for pos moments-cicating tension in the feside of the sl ical for top znd Bortom slab, that is, o use ed sixty 76a. cound bars 16 fe. long, plac 3c top of the Tin, bottom slab. The position of ig the same 22 that for the cop slab indicated by the dashline corve in Fig. 30. Negeiive comenss at che wall are probably er in the bottom than in the cop slab. The teo~ Elagy is for the wall Ioad ro be diseributed to the sab- grade nese thewallso that the sol reaction is maximem Er che wall. No theorerizel solusicn for the determina~ tos of the resulting moment is knowa, 30 a arbitrary Sroceduce will be adopted. Ia che top slab where the ad is 7 = 650, the fixed end momenc per fe. f Section 12 is —25,200 fe Ib. In the bottom slab, x P= 890, this negative momene will be increase G+ 50) 2x 60 Diseriburing fxed end moments a8 ia Se ives a final moment of —22,000 feb. per fe. For whole circumference, the coral negative mom: ew 23,200 X 27,100 feb 22,000 X 2x X 27 — 3,730,000 feb, Bog Aen pa Tawa, Use three hundred fourteen Lin. round bars (As = 248.06) which may be stopped, say, 6 f. from the inside face of the wall. ‘Total shear 2 ‘Ewell is V'= xpR®— columaload = = 870 X 27? — $08,000 = 1,995,020 — 598,000 = 1,487,0001b. ¥ 2,487,090 si ‘OaTSHE OBIS X ¥X2X27X IDK IOS Due to increase in moment and shear, advisable to deepen the bortom slab at che wal Din. to, say, 18 is. Le may possibly be berter to use the drop panel depea of 18 in. all over the boszom slab ‘and to reduce the amount of reinforcing ste:l, The xtra weight of concrete does aot add to che moments fn the bottom slab as it would in the cop slab. sopsi PAGE 18 : Section 14, Reef Slab with Four Interior Supports }—____}. Rig. M ilustates «column layout for a regular tar sib floor with span length, Ly Gm which a Cece srithradig, Ris supenimpowed cepteteating the inside Ter of a sank wall. The excle in Tig. 34 fs chosen s0 thot ehecohumos are nidway between the wall and the center of the atk which gives L = R/V [Biss tae tidied ab R27 de ed pe ceding secon, L ~ 21/-V2 = 191, ey, 19 fe. The fank lab is designed aif t wee a regular fat slab flor consisting of incrioc panels aad he general pro- cade wil be i accoance with the AGL Code 1936 ‘Estimate 9 in. for slab thickness which gives toad on roof equal wo 12 BiB I, por safe ‘The sum of the positive and negative mo: at the principal design sections of a flat slab ps v= outs (1-2) i This mone fhe lquld is anand die oy nomerts, Sot supiesure 2 on bott cop and bovion aed TPL Ei moncacs slabs sad ells, Trends 0 reduce ll nomers [ites md ll sherlore be disregarded her.% eal ig a «, the diameter of the column capical, is 4.5 Z, the span length of a typical square panel, is 19 fe. Thea 2x45 3xBS, This moment is to be prorated ro the principal design sections in accordence with Table 1004(4) ia the ACI. Code 1995: but fi sssumption thar the colu: A 5) =268,ccofe 15. shear is investigated on the Toad equals W = 221, 00016, Ladius to critical section of these sraund capi where the depth of slab plus crop panel equals 9+ 4.5. 3.Sin., 827+ 13.5-— 15 = 39 in. = 3.25 fe. Th X 3.258 x 612 ie length of the sec- nce to critical section of shear square drop panel is 42 + 9 — 1 = 30 in, ‘The skesr is 121,000 — 4 4.172 x 612 Lesgth of section is § X 50 437 fe 78,000 Ib, 4400 in. and unit shear ag a ee ein sg Oa7sle ~ 0515 x ao x 6 ~ FPS Bending moments at principal design sections in interior flat clab panel are recorded below. T! dividing moments in fe kips by 1.44¢, the factor of 1.44 being taken from ‘Table 1 for je = 20,000 in Retnfortd’ Conereie Derizn Handbuch. The number and site of bars are those required typical incerfor far slab panel. They may also be din the exterior panels of ths roof slab in Fig. 34, bur the bar detailieg maze be modified to suit the ar shape of the slab sensile sel area, dls, 1s com fe, of periphecy®. Accualy ip aed Th sed wall sre not known, St edge is continous ve stiffnester of ela the ratio of 1:4 is assumed, the redial edge moment will be equal co 4 7 X O.025pR? — 0.020 x 612 x 27? = 8,900 fe. Radial steel in the top M__39 od 144x8 For tangential moments at edge of slab use = nominal reinforcement of two 34-in. round cireular bers ce at the edge is ¢ A 0.77 squin. per ft. tied to che bottom of the radial bars, In che absence of more exact data, i€ will be necessary to estimate the design load for columns and footings, Thepae! load, W —'221,000[b,. 5 stecly larger thaa the acual column load as will be seen by inspection of the areas contetbating to each column te Fig. 34. Dy considering separately the reactions reich. ing 4 column from each sdjacent quadrant, spseas souonable to ste the eotumn load equal to Fadi t1 ty = BO 35 — sseoi0 0, Dducting four colums loads from total Joad oa slab gives total shear around the petiphery. Section 15, Reo Slob Designed 5 Three-Way Flat Slab SL thatea et ppc a fer ste ; gees er themes = fea, The four interior columns in Fig. 34 are edequase for a tank diameter of 54 ft. but no: for a diameter as lange as, say, 70 fe the slab must support a coral Joxé of more than 609 Ib. per sq.ft, It is then mare economical to increase the number of columns. Fig. 35 shows a layout with seven columns arranged 26 in a three-way flat slab, i Teis clear thee the: in Fig. 39 has an advantage columns lie on a circle which is concenwic with ngement of seven columns in that the six intermediate the “This soutien was decermined fe the sume ay a: thor ix Table xu.sank wall. The spaa lengeh adjacent and perpendictlar to the wall is much more uniform with the seven col- tumgs chan wich sine columas arranged as in = regular swonway flr slab floor system. The following date ars used in illustrating che desiga of the slab. Saperimposed load: 4 = 500 Ib. per 5a. Slab: Bin, deep, wai 00 Ib, per se Drop panel: 7-ft. izmecer and +in. depth. Column capital: 4 ft. 6 in, diameter, The distance from the ceatercoluma to the incee~ mediate colamas in Fig. 35 is chosen. approximately 10 per cene greater than the exterior span sod wi ore he 0.525R = 0.525 X 70/2 — 18-4, say, 18 fe. 6 in, The distance from the fatcrmediate calumms <0 the wall ie then 35.9 — 185 = 16.5 fe The arex of the parallelogram berween fo: adjacent columns in Fig. 35 is 16.5? X cos 30° . of earth ++ 10041b, live load gives cotsl load = 100 + 500 concre of 41,000 Ib. to be carried by longicadinal b: 10.0.8 X 16,000 = 12,800 psi dr = 41,000/2 3.20 sq.in, Use four Lia, round bars with cixeul ff che lightest possible spiral. ‘Radius to critical section for shear around capical 27412 —15 = 375 in.= 3.11 fr, Load inside this radius = X 3.12% X 600 = 16,000 Ib., and circum ference = Jn X 37.5 = 736 in. gece T7R.009 = 18,000 oy gs = Darsed ~ Osis x Bex 105 PS Radius to erisical section for shear around drop panel = 42+ 8— 1 = 49 in. = 4.08 ft Load ins: This radius = w X 4.08 X 600 — 31,000 Ib., 20d too] “eo | 100 Fic} ten fur ent, emeoueo] & > dieo|* sto|s 2aan| 2 aoe 8] 8 [oar oar [oer | oe [dal dal-fo. fale BE BE SE SEY S| | Max norm Jirvoo), eaeol. 2seol onal SBE SIE aE eee aL 2 Stiffcess of wall (Table XVITI for °/Dr ~ 2) 0.843 X 128/18 = 82 Stifness of slab (Table XIX for «/D = 0.15) 0.332 X 108/23 = 1¢ PAGE 22 Meximam ares of ring steel is z 4.08 Use 34-in. round bars spaced 54 in, 0.0. in each 95 sq. in. per fecof swo curtsins from the 0.6H poine to bottom of wall (xe Setion 8). Above 0.6H reduce ring steel in propor- tion to the ring tension values in Schedule D. €! stress in concrete by Equation 1 0.0003 X30 105 x 1.92 + 27,300 a oo [8s tat [om [ree pes [res 1 gH | se Without center suppor freulor ela i : ee mea | eo Ak al soi? [oar | aT | nT nie