The University of

Guyana Innovation
Center
A Conceptual Design by the 2014 Class of
Engineering, Faculty of Technology

December 20 th , 2013
 Group Members

Name Registration #

Akua Alder 11/0933/2121

Candacy Joris 11/0933/2226

Kimberley Bradford 11/0933/2404

Kirk Sam 12/0933/0541

Robert Mansell 11/0933/2280

Trimaine Alphonso 11/0933/2446

Naseef Haniff 12/0933/0569

Crystal Conway 11/0933/2405

Lorrisa Singh 12/0933/2515

Jana Mclean Sarran 11/0933/2248

Rajendra Samaroo 11/0933/1779

Uwe Best 11/0933/1740

Vaughn Solomon 11/0933/2271

Amanda Ramgobind 11/0933/0020

Shaunette Braithwaite 12/0933/2331

 Joel Flatts 11/0933/2328

Hodhiah Lewi 11/0933/2432

Ian Smith 12/0933/0120

Bryan Lord 12/0933/0685

Wendell St. Pierre 12/0933/2349

Kerene Gordon 12/0933/2301

Seenarine Nandram 11/0933/2334

Komal Rajana 11/0933/2386

Anthony Flett 11/0933/2401

Rudalph Persaud 11/0933/2442

Imran Baksh 11/0933/2447

Lokenauth Balkishun 11/0933/2452

Trilloyd Alleyne 12/0933/1958

Contents
Group Members .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 Introduction External Design ............................................................................................ 9
1.1 Building Complex Design Justification ............................................................................... 10
Complex Area and Perimeter .................................................................................................... 10
Complex Shape, Size and Orientation ....................................................................................... 11
Wind Analysis............................................................................................................................. 11
Solar Study, Solar Radiation Analysis and Conclusions ............................................................. 14
1.2 Landscape Design Justification .......................................................................................... 17
Bird Habitat and Bird Baths ....................................................................................................... 17
Perimeter Channels ................................................................................................................... 18
Small Lake .................................................................................................................................. 18
Hexagonal Ponds ....................................................................................................................... 19
Walkway and Parking Lot .......................................................................................................... 20
Seating Arrangements ............................................................................................................... 22
2.0 Introduction Internal Design ....................................................................................... 24
2.1 Convention Centre Layout ............................................................................................. 24
2.2 Building # 1-Layout Level 1 Cafeteria .......................................................................... 25
2.2.1 Dinning / Seating Area ................................................................................................... 25
2.2.2 Movement ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.3 Lighting ........................................................................................................................... 25
2.3 Kitchen............................................................................................................................ 25
2.3.1 Flexibility of Components in Kitchen.............................................................................. 26
2.3.2 Kitchen Equipment ......................................................................................................... 26
2.3.3 Flow of Materials and Personnel ................................................................................... 26
2.3.4 Ease of Sanitation ........................................................................................................... 27
2.3.5 Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 27
2.3.6 Work Space..................................................................................................................... 27
2.3.7 Sufficient Work Space .................................................................................................... 27
2.3.8 Space Requirements....................................................................................................... 28
2.3.9 Work Surfaces ................................................................................................................ 28
2.3.10 Equipment Storage ..................................................................................................... 28
2.3.11 Temperature and Humidity ........................................................................................ 29
2.3.12 Noise Levels ................................................................................................................ 29
2.3.13 Lighting ...................................................................................................................... 30
2.3.14 Floor Finishes .............................................................................................................. 30
2.3.15 Furniture Selection ..................................................................................................... 30
2.3.16 Health and Safety ....................................................................................................... 30
2.3.16.1 Food Preparation ........................................................................................................ 30
2.3.17 Storerooms ................................................................................................................. 31
2.4 Cafeteria Layout ............................................................................................................. 33
2.5 CAFETERIA DESIGNS ....................................................................................................... 34
2.6 Building #1-Layout Level 2 Research Centre .................................................................... 37
2.6.1 Computer Rooms ........................................................................................................... 37
2.6.2 Server ............................................................................................................................. 38
2.6.3 Inventory Room .............................................................................................................. 39
2.6.4 Typical Layout of Research Centre ................................................................................. 39
2.6.5 Research Centre Designs ................................................................................................ 40
2.6.5.1 Design of Computer Room ......................................................................................... 40
2.7 Design of Inventory Room .............................................................................................. 42
2.8 Research Centre Door Security Designs ......................................................................... 42
2.9 Building #1-Layout Level 3 Library..................................................................................... 44
2.10 Space Attributes ............................................................................................................. 44
2.11 Functional / Operational ................................................................................................ 45
2.13 BUILDING #1-LAYOUT LEVEL 4 OFFICES ....................................................................... 50
2.13.1 Components of the Second Floor ............................................................................... 50
2.13.2 LAYOUT OF OFFICE FLOOR ......................................................................................... 50
2.13.3 Access to Offices ......................................................................................................... 51
2.13.4 Office Furnishing......................................................................................................... 51
2.14 BUILDING #1-LAYOUT LEVEL 5 APARTMENTS ................................................................. 53
2.14.1 LAYOUT OF THE ONE (1) BEDROOM APARTMENT ..................................................... 53
2.15 Building # 2-Layout Level 1 Large Lecture Theater......................................................... 57
2.15.1 General Characteristics............................................................................................... 57
2.15.2 Location ...................................................................................................................... 57
2.15.3 Physical Access and Movement.................................................................................. 57
2.15.4 Entrances .................................................................................................................... 57
2.15.5 Seating, Capacity, and Support Space ........................................................................ 58
2.15.6 Floor, Walls, and Ceilings ............................................................................................ 58
2.15.7 Orientation ................................................................................................................. 58
2.15.8 Writing Boards and Projection Screens ..................................................................... 59
2.15.9 Projection Screens ..................................................................................................... 59
2.15.10 Noise Control ............................................................................................................. 59
2.15.11 Natural Lighting ......................................................................................................... 60
2.15.12 - Lighting Planning ........................................................................................................ 60
2.15.13 Lighting Control .......................................................................................................... 60
2.15.14 Lighting ....................................................................................................................... 60
2.15.15 HVAC ........................................................................................................................... 60
2.15.16 Layout of Lecture Theater .......................................................................................... 61
2.15.17 Designs of Lecture Theater ......................................................................................... 62
2.16 Building #2- Layout Level 2- Small Conference Room ....................................................... 64
2.16 Lecture/Presentation Arrangement ............................................................................... 64
2.16.1.1 Room Layout ............................................................................................................... 64
2.16.1.2 Furnishings .................................................................................................................. 64
2.16.1.3 Lighting/Sound/Electrical/Ac ...................................................................................... 65
2.16.2 Conference Arrangement ........................................................................................... 66
2.16.2.1 Room Layout ............................................................................................................... 66
2.16.2.2 Furnishings .................................................................................................................. 66
2.16.2.3 Lighting/Sound/Electrical/Ac ...................................................................................... 67
2.16.3 Room Layout Designs ................................................................................................. 67
Figure 50: Conference Room Arrangement .............................................................................. 68
2.16.4 Room Design and Electrical Outlets .......................................................................... 68
2.17 Building #2- Layout Level 3 Business & Entrepreneurship Centre ................................. 69
2.17.1 Designs for Business and Entrepreneurship Centre ................................................... 71
3.0 Utility Requirements ...................................................................................................... 72
3.1 Power Requirements...................................................................................................... 72
3.1.1 Existing Electrical Supply for the University Campus ..................................................... 72
3.1.2 The Innovation Center.................................................................................................... 73
Defining the Power Requirements of Each Room ..................................................................... 73
3.1.3 General Requirements ................................................................................................... 77
3.1.4 Accessing Your Available Solar Radiation ...................................................................... 81
3.2 Air Ventilation Considerations ....................................................................................... 82
3.2.1 Reasons for Air Ventilation ............................................................................................ 82
3.2.2 Influences on Building Layout ........................................................................................ 82
Natural Ventilation .................................................................................................................... 83
General Extract Ventilation Systems ......................................................................................... 83
Supply and Extract Ventilation .................................................................................................. 84
Comfort Cooling......................................................................................................................... 84
Air-Conditioning......................................................................................................................... 84
3.2.3 Acceptable Methods ...................................................................................................... 84
Use of Natural Ventilation ......................................................................................................... 84
Mechanical Extract Ventilation ................................................................................................. 85
Mechanical Supply Systems....................................................................................................... 86
Balanced Ventilation.................................................................................................................. 86
Cascade Ventilation ................................................................................................................... 86
Recirculation Systems ................................................................................................................ 87
Zoning of the Building................................................................................................................ 87
Methods of Control ................................................................................................................... 88
Air Distribution Arrangements .................................................................................................. 88
Ductwork Distribution Systems ................................................................................................. 88
Ductwork Materials and Construction ...................................................................................... 89
Duct sections ............................................................................................................................. 90
Sequence of Components.......................................................................................................... 91
Fans ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Heater batteries......................................................................................................................... 94
Cooling Coils .............................................................................................................................. 95
Humidifiers ................................................................................................................................ 97
Filtration .................................................................................................................................. 100
Heat Recovery.......................................................................................................................... 101
Attenuation.............................................................................................................................. 102
3.3 Wastewater Treatment and Recycling ......................................................................... 104
3.3.1 Waste Water Treatment Process ................................................................................. 104
3.3.2 Preliminary & Primary Treatment ............................................................................. 113
Selection of Screens ................................................................................................................. 113
Selection of Sedimentation Basin/ Clarifier ............................................................................ 113
Secondary Stage ...................................................................................................................... 114
Membrane Technique ............................................................................................................. 115
Tertiary Treatment .................................................................................................................. 115
3.3.3 Wastewater Generated For the Innovation Center ..................................................... 116
3.3.3.1 Recycling Wastewater .............................................................................................. 116
3.4 It Requirements ............................................................................................................ 117
3.4.1 Access Cards ................................................................................................................. 117
3.4.2 High Speed Internet ..................................................................................................... 118
3.4.3 Theatre Video/Audio .................................................................................................... 120
4.0 Soil Investigation Management ................................................................................... 124
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 124
4.2 Project Description ...................................................................................................... 124
4.3 Description of Site and Subsoil.................................................................................... 124
4.4 Method of Soil Exploration ................................................................................................ 125
1.4 Laboratory Tests Carried Out on Samples ......................................................................... 125
5.0 Business Plan ................................................................................................................ 153
Appendix A Drawings Internal Floor Layouts ....................................................................... 157
 1.0 Introduction External Design

The proposed Center of Innovation and Technology to be located in the current sports
field located at the University of Guyana Turkeyen Campus branch will serve at facilitate
Guyanas development both technologically and innovatively and will provide well
needed facilities for the development of the creative minds of the students of the
University of Guyana. The aim of the landscape around the Innovation center is to
design and maintain the surrounding of the building without causing harm to the
environment, maintain ecological balance and providing a healthy and green
environment. Promoting green means that littering around this area will not be tolerated
since the green spaces provided will be home to aquatic life and birds.

Figure 1: Landscape and Buildings

 1.1 Building Complex Design Justification
Complex Area and Perimeter

Figure 2: Building Area

The entire complex occupies at total land area of approximately 4.6 Hectares, with both
buildings possessing a total combined building footprint of approximately 8095 m2 and a
total combined building perimeter of 671 m. The remaining land space is dedicated
towards the creation of a comfortable external green space environment which will not
only facilitate the comfortable development of innovative ideas but will also promote a
sustainable coexistence between the facility and the natural environment.
Complex Shape, Size and Orientation

The entire complex consist of two main buildings with surrounding area spaces
reserved for the construction of support or other commercial buildings such as
restaurants and document production facilities. Both buildings possess a unique
concave perimeter shape which encases a 40 m diameter area which attempts to set up
a micro environment to serve as a bird habitat.

Figure 3: Micro-Environment (Bird Habitat)

The entire complex has a combined floor elevation of 40 m, with the larger of the two
buildings being 25 m high and the smaller of the two buildings being 15 m high. This will
serve to house and facilitate the necessary internal design components required by the
University of Guyana.

Wind Analysis

As can be seen the entrance to the complex and thus the entire building complex is
oriented in the North of North East direction. This will serve to channel the air of the
prevailing North East trade winds into the green space that lies at the centre of the
structures thus facilitating adequate ventilation of the natural environment within the
complex.

Figure 4: Wind rose Overlay on Site

 Figure 5: Wind rose Overlay on Model

Figure 6: Wind Tunnel Analysis of Model

Solar Study, Solar Radiation Analysis and Conclusions

Figure 7: View of Solar Study on Site

The results of a one year solar study indicates that the orientation of the building has
the added benefit of resulting in the most minimum amount of direct incident solar
radiation on the external walls of the building which consist of predominantly a special
type of glass made by the Asahi Glass Company of Japan. Thus heating due to the
external environment will be reduced while still allowing diffused natural light to enter
and illuminate the building.
Figure 8: Average Incident Solar Radiation Power on Building
 Figure 9: Plan View of Solar Study on Site

The solar study also indicated that the orientation of the building would also allow for the
efficient capturing of solar radiation all year round by the roof of the building which has
an approximate area of 4760 m2. This may be able to facilitate the establishment of a
solar power system that will provide power the serve the needs of the building and the
surrounding campus.
 1.2 Landscape Design Justification

Bird Habitat and Bird Baths

The bird bath, which is basically an artificial puddle or shallow pond for birds, can be
used to bathe and drink from. Bird baths usually attract birds of different species
located within the area and provides them with a source of water all year round. The
pedestal of the bird bath is 1meters in height and the bowl is 0.5meters in diameter. The
material to be used for the construction of the bird bath is molded concrete. The bird
bath will be fitted with connectors for automatic refilling and will pumps to cater for
recirculation and filtration of the water.

Figure 10: Bird Habitat showing Bird Bath

Surrounding the habitat is an aquatic channel 5 m in width and 2 m in depth. The

channel forms a perimeter around the bird bath and continues to join the outer aquatic
channel. This channel will be the home to several species of aquatic life indigenous to
Guyana. The channel will be equipped with the necessary mechanisms to facilitate the
recirculation of water since stagnant water will not promote life in the channel.

Perimeter Channels

The outer aquatic channel is 6 m in width and 2 m deep it is connected to the inner
channel and to the lake and thus is filled with a variety of aquatic life indigenous to
Guyana. This channel also has mechanisms to circulate and filter water.

Figure 11: Perimeter Channel

Small Lake

Located north of the building the lake receives water from the channels. It is 3 m in
depth at its deepest point and is 149 m long and 21 m wide. The lake has two islands
inside one of which will have benabs and other seating for persons desirous of relaxing.
The lake will also be home to several species of aquatic life.

Figure 12: Artificial Small Lake

Hexagonal Ponds

These are a controlled ponds filled with fish that are there for ornamental purposes.
The fish pond is elegant and is a great aesthetic feature. Three hexagonal fish ponds
will be found to the west of the building; the ponds will all be 1 m deep and will be
constructed of masonry rubble stones.
 Figure 13: View of Hexagonal Pond

Walkway and Parking Lot

The landscape consists of parking areas located to the east and southern side of the
complex. In order to promote a clean pollution free environment titanium dioxide will be
applied to the pavement structure of the parking lot. Titanium dioxide is a proven photo-
catalyst. When it is exposed to sunlight, it sets off activated particles that interact with
organic compounds on the surface and near the surface to break them down into
simpler organic compounds. This effect is excellent for various types of nitrogen oxide
gases, including smog and other greenhouse gases. The titanium dioxide can break
those gases down to simpler organic components that tend to have less threatening
global warming potential.

The parking area consists of a road linking the entrance of the complex to central area
of the campus.

The walkways of the complex consist of brick red paving stone upon which titanium
dioxide will also be applied to creating a clean pollutant free environment. As a photo-
catalyst, titanium dioxide interacts with sunlight to break down organic matter both on
and floating around the surface of the building panel. In this way, NOx molecules are
broken down into harmless nitrates. Other contaminants are similarly broken down
through sunlights reaction with the titanium dioxide, leaving them ready to be washed
away.
Seating Arrangements

The seating arrangements are in the form of three-seated Sichuan white marble
benches hand carved and highly polished. The layout is strategic 100 m from the
innovation centre, closer to the boundaries and 100 m apart from each other encircling
the marveled structure. The benches are shaded by palm trees and are some distance
away from the ponds and walkways. A pair of two-seater benches with a centre table,
placed close to the ponds. These benches may be well kept on a daily basis by the
maintenance team.
The layout is such that persons can take in the tranquility of the environment. The
seating caters for persons wanting to do out-door reading, as a rest spot after a
morning jog, a chill point after a long days work and any form of relaxation
preferred. The fresh air and magnificent flora and fauna may are compliments of the
landscaped area coupled with the exquisite structure the falls before the eyes of
those who beholds such creativity.
2.0 Introduction Internal Design

The new, futuristic Convention Centre has been put in place for the accommodation
of a large population, approximately 250 persons, based on the lack of resources
and accommodation to house 200 plus students at one instance. There have been
many incidences of overcrowding in classrooms, especially during the stint of final
examinations, Also, because of this limitation; there was also a constriction in the
hosting of seminars or a close-by apartment rental area to house lecturers and
students of even guest hosts.

The new, futuristic design for the Convention Center will be able to house a large
population of students, to host large lectures, hold seminars, enjoy a modern
restaurant, well facilitated, stocked library, large lecture theater, conference room
and office space. It should give lecturers and students, the convenience of sitting
exams in one session, as opposed to two sessions just to accommodate the student
population.

Aside from the academic facilities, the building also has a way of generating income,
by way of apartments, cafeteria and a business and entrepreneur center, which will
allow for the upkeep or maintenance of the building to be addressed.

2.1 Convention Centre Layout

Apartments

Offices
Business &
Library
Entrepreneurship
Small Conference
Research Center
Cafeteria Large Lecture
Room
Theater
2.2 Building # 1-Layout Level 1 Cafeteria

The cafeteria will be placed on the ground floor of building #1

2.2.1 Dinning / Seating Area

The dinning or seating area for the cafeteria walls will be coated in brown plain
cotton and flooring will be carpeted in red. The ceiling type will also be PVC and the
necessary AC units will be installed.

2.2.2 Movement

Furniture arrangement for movement around the cafeteria will be decided upon
design and the relative position of serving stations to eating sitting area will be
decided.

2.2.3 Lighting

Lighting will be provided by circular florescent ceiling lights; with the number of lights
to be installed depending on the brightness of the room.

2.3 Kitchen

The kitchen and cafeteria will be linked together. The kitchen walls will be colored in
white and flooring will be made of white granite material. The ceiling type will be
PVC and air vents as well as large narrow florescent lights will be installed in the
ceiling.
2.3.1 Flexibility of Components in Kitchen

A flexible design would be provided for relatively easy re-design as the needs
change.

2.3.2 Kitchen Equipment

Would allow for changing conditions such as different methods of services, new
menu items, or a new preparation method

2.3.3 Flow of Materials and Personnel

The relationship among the various storage, preparation, cooking, serving, and
cleaning functions would be carefully studied to provide maximum flow and
efficiency.

Travel distances would be kept short and there would be minimal crossover of
circulation paths. Open sight lines would be maintained as much as possible and the
movement of food through the facility would follow a logical sequence beginning with
receiving and ending with waste disposal.

Flow considerations would include:

1. Movement of employees from one area of the facility to another

2. Flow of dishes, pans, and utensils through the dishwashing area and back to
the service area

3. Flow of customers from the entrance through the service area, to the dish
drop-off area

4. Flow of raw foods through the main traffic aisles of the kitchen to the prep
area

5. Flow of materials from the loading dock to storage areas

2.3.4 Ease of Sanitation

Sanitation considerations would be addressed in the design phase to significantly

reduce time spent cleaning and thus reduce the ergonomic risk for the employees.

Some examples of these sanitation considerations include:

1. Building finishes: durable and easy to clean, including structural glazed

ceramic tile on the walls and quarry tile on the floors

2. Utilization of wall-hung equipment: equipment attached to the wall eliminates

the use of legs, pedestals and other supports which makes it easier to clean
the floors

3. Equipment racks: provide minimum number of legs for ease of cleaning

4. Shelf storage design: portable shelving systems and open shelving under
tables can easily be cleaned

5. Transitions between flooring types: eliminate thresholds (at carpet/tile

transitions) for easy of moving heavy furniture

2.3.5 Maintenance

Easy access will be provided to all kitchen equipment, facility mechanisms, and
systems for regular maintenance.

2.3.6 Work Space

Any work space that is designed with the safety and comfort of the employee in mind
can positively impact productivity, efficiency, and reduce injuries.

2.3.7 Sufficient Work Space

The amount of space necessary for individual workers can vary based on the tasked
performed.
The following would be considered when determining work space:

1. The number of people working in the space

2. The amount and type of equipment

3. Equipment door clearance

4. The number and types of meals prepared and served

5. Necessary storage space (and its proximity to the work space)

6. Aisle space

2.3.8 Space Requirements

Having sufficient storage space allows employees to more easily access product.
This can reduce the risk of injury by reducing awkward posture, extended reaches,
and handling distances. Sufficient space for the use of material handling equipment
use would also be considered

2.3.9 Work Surfaces

Height adjustable work surfaces (such as pedal assist) improve productivity and
comfort. These will be Installed se in strategic locations to accommodate employee
height differences and to make heavy tasks (i.e. using meat slicers and cheese
graters) and light work (i.e. slicing, peeling, and cleaning foods) easier to perform.

2.3.10 Equipment Storage

The facility design would include storage space for material handling equipment,
such as:

1. Carts

2. Hand trucks
 3. Skate wheel conveyors

4. Forklifts

The storage location would provide easy accessibility to the equipment as well as
power to charge the equipment.

2.3.11 Temperature and Humidity

Temperature and humidity levels can impact the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. For
this reason, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning system) in the
dishwashing areas would be designed to provide a sufficient amount of air supply
and exhaust to maintain the moisture level as low as possible and the temperature
within the comfort zone. Considerations would also be given to areas with higher
temperatures such as a bakery or rotisserie.

2.3.12 Noise Levels

It has been demonstrated that high levels of noise in a work setting can cause
fatigue, accidents, and low productivity.

Some design techniques to reduce noise levels include:

1. Sound-reducing materials placed onto the underside of tables and counters.

2. Separation of areas in the food facility, especially ware-washing

3. Designing conveyors to create a sound barrier between dish drop-off points

and ware-washing

4. Acoustic ceilings which are grease- and moisture-resistant

5. Carpeting in dining seating areas

6. Carpeting on walls of dining areas

7. Remote refrigerator compressors

2.3.13 Lighting

Proper lighting levels are essential for the safety and well-being of foodservice
employees.

2.3.14 Floor Finishes

When selecting floor finishes, employee safety (slip and fall prevention) as well as
ease of sanitation would be considered.

2.3.15 Furniture Selection

Durable light-weight tables and chairs for the dining facility that can easily be moved
for daily cleaning will be used.

2.3.16 Health and Safety

2.3.16.1 Food Preparation

Some guidelines that will be adopted when designing the food preparation areas
are:

1. A dedicated corridor(s) will be created for major traffic patterns to minimize

cross traffic within cook and food-prep areas

2. hands free automatic door openers from kitchen and food-prep areas to
service areas will be installed

3. Communication systems (computerized screens, wireless headsets, intercom

systems, etc.) between frontline, backline, kitchen, and order desk to reduce
foot traffic and increase efficiencies will be designed
 4. Use of smaller, height-adjustable tables in food-prep areas to accommodate
different height users and make it easier to adjust and work with taller
equipment will be allowed.

5. Sufficient dry and refrigerated storage for food will be provided

8. Ice dispensers will be located adjacent to areas of frequent use (i.e. beverage
dispensers or smoothie stations)

9. Sinks will be placed in locations providing easy access to users while

minimizing cross traffic

10. Self-serve food stations will be designed where possible. When not possible,
pass-through areas (cooks to food-prep, or food-prep to customer) would not
exceed a reach distance of 16 inches.

11. Safety mirrors on blind corners to prevent collisions will be installed

2.3.17 Storerooms

Some guidelines that will be adopted when designing storage areas are:

1. Separate functional storage areas (i.e. dry storage, freezer, produce and
dairy coolers, meat and meat thawing coolers, and prep area) that are
large enough to promote organization and efficient access to products will
be provided.

2. Sturdy, adjustable stockroom equipment (shelving, racks, etc.) that

support the weight of items stored on them will be used.

3. Storage areas and circulation paths will be designed to accommodate size

and type of lifting/moving equipment used (i.e. forklifts, carts, pallet
jacks/lifts)

4. Double doors that accommodate pallets and pallet jacks at each end of
storeroom will be installed to promote movement through the area and
limit crossover traffic
5. Automatic door openers to facilitate movement through the storeroom will
be installed

6. Durable, slip-resistant and easy to clean quarry tile or concrete on

storeroom floors will be used. Floors would be continuous and level with
no ramps, thresholds, lips or uneven drains.

7. Glazed, ceramic tile on storeroom walls will be installed for cleaning

purposes

8. Electrical and utility hookups for equipment used in the storeroom will be
provided. The size and voltage of electrical hook-ups, the size and
coupling of utility hook-ups, the number of hookups to meet demands, and
the placement of hookups to limit cords, hoses and cables in walkways
and high traffic areas will be examined.

9. Sliding doors will be used rather than swinging doors to optimize space
and avoid collisions
2.4 Cafeteria Layout

Figure 14: Layout of Innovation Center Cafeteria

2.5 CAFETERIA DESIGNS

Figure 15: Cafeteria Serving Area Layout

Figure 16: Cafeteria Cooking Area

Figure 17: Cafeteria Preparation Area

Figure 18: Cafeteria Serving Area

Figure 19: Cafeteria Dinning Area
2.6 Building #1-Layout Level 2 Research Centre

The Research Centre will enable students, lecturers and guests to undertake any
research projects. It will provide a wide variety of information; by providing internet
services and an inventory filled with old projects or studies. It will also provide basic
facilities, such as photocopying, printing, faxing or scanning for users.

Both floors of the research center will carry the same layout.

Safety equipment, for example, fire extinguishers and alarms, will be provided at
strategic locations and an information desk will be located at the centre of the
entrance hallway.

2.6.1 Computer Rooms

The computer rooms/workstations will be divided into small spacious rooms that give
a sense of privacy. For the computer room, there will be flat screen computer
monitor screens with corresponding keyboard, wireless mouse and CPU will be
provided with a comfortable seating arrangement that will not hamper visibility to
projection screens and cause injury to the back. Digital display screens will also be
placed at the front of the room to the required specifications as stated in the lecture
hall guidelines. Unlimited wireless connection will also be provided and connected to
each computer.

The interior of the room will be designed to provide comfort to room users. The room
will be colored in white to illustrate a spacious environment and Air conditioning units
will be provided at strategic locations to allow air flow. Lightening will be installed in a
manner that will make monitor screens visible and will not cause any reflections. The
seating arrangement will be arranged in a manner shown below:
Access to the room and computer will only be possible by electronic means. The
access card used to lecture halls will allow access to the computer room and on the
underside of the lecture room access card, there will be a particular barcode that will
allow both students and lecturers who use the lecture hall full access to the
computer. However, for guests who stay in the apartment rooms and would like to
use the computer room, they will have a separate access card given upon request.

For safety within the room, a fire extinguisher and first aid kit will be placed at
strategic locations that will provide easy access in case of emergencies.

2.6.2 Server

The server room will be connected to the computer room and racks will be provided
to store physical machinery and computer inventory. Air conditioning flow will be
allowed into the server room in order to keep the equipment from overheating; to
allow for this, the floor will be raised and a thermometer will be installed on the wall
at the side of the AV rack. Moreover, access to the server room will be made
possible by a fingerprint recognition system.

2.6.3 Inventory Room

This room will allow persons to access old research reports for future reference
when conducting research.

The inventory shelves will be accompanied by labels specifying the each field of
research. This will allow persons to browse through research reports with ease.

Moreover, the room will be colored in white with adequate lighting facilities and will
have comfortable seating arrangement and adequate

2.6.4 Typical Layout of Research Centre

This layout will be used as it is, with the only difference being that the shape will be
transferred from square to circular.

Figure 20: A Typical Layout Of The Research Centre (Both Floors)

2.6.5 Research Centre Designs

2.6.5.1 Design of Computer Room

Figure 21: Computer Room Layout Design

Figure 22: Computer Access Card Unit

 Figure 23: Small Computer Room Design

Figure 24: Computer Room Design for Large Groups

2.7 Design of Inventory Room

Figure 25: Design of Inventory Room (Storage of Old Research Projects for
Reference)

2.8 Research Centre Door Security Designs

Figure 26: Access Card Unit To Computer Room

Figure 27: Fingerprint Recognition System
2.9 Building #1-Layout Level 3 Library

The Library space types are areas where bound paper documents, film, or magnetic
media are stored. A Library space type may include both open and closed storage
systems and moveable shelving systems, and be applicable to file rooms and other
dense storage of material in conditioned office environments. Libraries are assumed
to be general purpose, and may include display spaces and reading, meeting, and
electronic workstations, as defined by the desired level of access to materials being
stored.

The library is situated on the second floor of Building no. 1

2.10 Space Attributes

Internet access, electronic media, computer technology, and other forms of modern-
day advancements have had a profound effect on the function and design of
libraries. As a result, Library space type design must be flexible enough to take into
account these types of integrated technologies as well as to properly store, handle,
and circulate printed and other media types. No special type of humidity control is
assumed in the Library space type since storage of archival materials is not typical.

There are seven broad types of library space:

I. Collection space

II. Public electronic workstation space

III. User seating space

IV. Staff work space

V. Meeting space

VI. Special use space

VII. Non-assignable space (including mechanical space)

Typical features of library space types include the list of applicable design objectives
elements.

2.11 Functional / Operational

Integrated Technology: Begin the design process with a thorough understanding of

the technological requirements of the space, including anticipated future needs.

Shelving systems: Depending on the particular needs of a library space, shelving

systems can be integrated into the design of the room or installed as modular and
adaptable units.

Heavy floor loads: Library stacks and records storage are typically designed for a
150 LB/SF live load.

Acoustic and Visual Privacy: Library space types will typically include reading and
private work/study areas that require acoustic and visual separation from general
circulation and work areas. Program these spaces in relation to public access to
shelving for self-service.

Special Lighting: Establishing lighting zones at the beginning of the design process.
Differentiate between the lighting needs for shelving, circulation, reading and
workrooms. Consider energy-efficient lighting.

Occupancy: Occupancy Group Classification for the Library space type is Assembly
Occupancy for libraries of 5,000 SF or greater, and Business Occupancy B2 with
sprinklered protected construction, and GSA Acoustical Class C1 for spaces smaller
that 5,000 SF and for enclosed offices.

Productive Flexibility: The Library space type is durable and adaptable, and will
typically include features such as a raised floor system for the distribution of critical
services (power, voice, data, and HVAC) and mobile workstations and storage.
2.12 LIBRARY DESIGNS

Figure 28: Showing Overview of Library Space

Figure 29: Showing Utilization Of Library Space And Study Area.

Figure 30: Showing The Storage Of Books In Library (Arranged According To
Discipline, Alphabetically.)

Figure 31: Showing a Group Study Area Inclusive Of a Green Area.

Figure 32: Showing Another View Of Library Space.

Figure 33: Showing Study Area.

Figure 34: Showing Individual Seating With Computer Monitors.

Figure 35: Showing the Book Shelve Style to Be Used.

2.13 BUILDING #1-LAYOUT LEVEL 4 OFFICES

Floor Name: High Rise Offices

The placing of offices in this Super Structure is to allow Commercial or Industrial

Organizations or even a professional individual can be able to conduct their daily
activities in the best of environment while bringing in revenue for the administration
of this Super Structure by leasing offices to these organizations.

2.13.1 Components of the Second Floor

1. Individual Offices

2. Large offices consisting of several work stations

3. Offices for Professionals

4. Lobbies

5. Small and Large Conference Room

2.13.2 LAYOUT OF OFFICE FLOOR

The floor level would be such divided into segments, having different segments for
different organizations and separate individual offices for those professional
individuals.

In the segments that would be available for organizations, there would be individual
offices for the CEO, manager and supervisors, large offices with many work stations
and the segment would also have a small and large conference room that would
cater for staff meetings or meetings with the bosses.

For convenience and modern layout, this floor level would cater for four (4)
segments for four (4) different organizations and the space for the individual offices
for professionals. Each segment would have a lobby at the entrance of all the offices
in the segment to accommodate waiting areas etc.
All four (4) of the segments would be of uniform size and also its included offices;
the same for the individual offices.

2.13.3 Access to Offices

Access can be gain to these offices via elevators and stair ways.

2.13.4 Office Furnishing

Each of the offices would contain its own lavatory facility. All the offices would be
furnished with all the necessary furniture and other amenities such as computer
systems, internet, water coolers etc. for the comfort and needs of that organization
or person occupying it.

Design/Layout for the Manager & Supervisors

Figure 36: Design and Layout for the Large Offices with Several Work Stations
Figure 37: Design and Layout for the Small Offices

Figure 38: Design and Layout for Work Stations

2.14 BUILDING #1-LAYOUT LEVEL 5 APARTMENTS

Floor Name: University Apartments

Apartments, these are Modern Dwelling Units in this Super Structure that caters to
accommodate both students and working individuals.

There would be single and double bedroom apartments. All apartments would be
self-contained, fully furnished and would be of the same standard.

2.14.1 LAYOUT OF THE ONE (1) BEDROOM APARTMENT

There would be two (2) slightly different types of these one bedroom apartments;
they would differ in the luxury and space.

Image

Figure 39: Image One- Layout of One Bedroom Apartment

Image 1 depicts a plan/aerial view of an apartment which consists of: a bedroom and
living area combined, laundry room, washroom and kitchen area. This apartment
also has a patio attached to it. The bedroom and living areas consist of a queen size
bed, dresser, sofa, and television set. The kitchen area has a stove, fridge, and
table. The laundry and washroom area consists of ironing area, bathtub and shower,
toilet and sink respectively.

Image

Figure 40: Image Two- Different Views of One Bedroom Apartment

Image 2 depicts three different views; the first one (upper left corner) being a plan
view, and the other two depicts 3-dimensional views. It can be seen that image 2
differs from the apartment setting of image 1 because in the above apartment the
kitchen, living and bedroom area are combined and the bathroom is separate. In this
apartment, the bedroom consists of a sofa-bed, work station, closet. It should also
be noted that the kitchen is behind the sofa-bed, the kitchen has all the necessities
that a kitchen needs. The bathroom in this apartment does not differ from the first
apartment; it has a shower, bath-tub, toilet and sink.
 Image 3

Figure 41: Image Three- Layout of Two Bedroom Apartment

Image 3 depicts a plan view of one of the two bedroom apartments that would be
available in the apartment building. The two bedroom apartment consists of two
bedrooms that each contains a queen size bed and dresser. The apartment has a
large kitchen area when compared to the two apartments above and also a large
washroom area. In this apartment, there is also a storage area and a large living
area.
 Image

Figure 42: Image Four- Design of Floor Lobby

Image 4 shows a proposed design for a lobby on the first floor of building #1 for the
apartment floor. It consists of sitting area and information desk.

Image

Figure 43: Design of Laundry Room

The image above depicts a proposed Laundromat to be situated on the first floor for
the use by students and other occupants of the apartments.
2.15 Building # 2-Layout Level 1 Large Lecture Theater

2.15.1 General Characteristics

1. The large lecture theatre was strategically placed in Building # 2, on the

ground floor.

2. It is estimated to allow a capacity of 250 persons.

2.15.2 Location

The learning environment must be: located within a building with easy access by
students and equipment, isolated from noisy gathering places, and concentrated on
the lower floors of buildings to provide an easy avenue for students, as well as
provide convenient access for the disabled and support services. The uses of
adjacent spaces must be carefully chosen to avoid distracting noises and sounds.
They should not be adjacent to mailrooms, reception areas, dining facilities, rest
rooms, bicycle parking, loading docks, mechanical equipment rooms, and other
similar noise producing areas

2.15.3 Physical Access and Movement

The design shall take into account the flow of students both in and out of the space
and within the space as well as the need for the instructor to move around in the
front of the room.

2.15.4 Entrances

The flow of students should be the major factor in determining the location of
entrances. Entrances should be located to avoid student traffic passing through non-
instructional areas. In addition, large numbers of students traveling in corridors and
hallways can generate unwanted noise for still in use. In determining the size of
entrances and exits, building codes should not be the only criteria. The flow of
students in and out of rooms can have a major impact on size of entrances and
exits. The design of entrances, exits, stairs, corridors, and exterior paths should take
into account between-class student traffic.

2.15.5 Seating, Capacity, and Support Space

The size of the room should be designed to accommodate the programmed number
of occupants as well as provide for additional support space. The support space
must take into consideration both the set up and use of audio-visual equipment,
access for the disabled, layout of the instructor's materials, circulation space and
empty floor space needed to keep students from being seated too close to a
chalkboard, projection screen, or video monitor. In rooms with fixed theatre seating
or tablet arm chairs, the seating should be secured to the riser for ease of floor
cleaning. There shall be no columns in any teaching space.

2.15.6 Floor, Walls, and Ceilings

Carpeting shall be provided in all rooms unless discipline specific related courses
dictate otherwise. Ceiling: If lay-in ceilings are used, 2 x 2 tiles should be specified
and the Consultant shall comply with UMBCs Design Standards for tile standards
and style. Colors of finishes should be neutral on furniture and fixtures with accent
color used where it can be easily maintained or changed (paint). The ceiling height
is another important consideration when designing the space. For example, because
a projection screen must be large enough to display images of adequate size, it
must be placed high enough from the floor to provide unobstructed sight lines. This
usually requires a ceiling height higher than the standard eight feet.

2.15.7 Orientation

The orientation of a room's surfaces play a major role in how sound is reflected from
the sending end of a room to the rear of a room. Careful consideration must be given
to the configuration of each wall surface, ceiling plane, and floor finish. In rooms that
require fixed seating or fixed tables, floors should be tiered to provide good sight
lines. The ceiling section over the sending end should be inclined toward the
students, angled upward from the sending end, to project the instructor's voice
towards the rear of the classroom or lecture hall.

2.15.8 Writing Boards and Projection Screens

Seating - Selection of built-in seating shall also take into account durability and
availability of spare parts. The number of left handed tablet arm chairs should total
approximately 10% of the room capacity. Visible seat numbers shall be incorporated
into all fixed seating. Writing Boards Whenever white boards are specified, secure
storage for markers within the room is required.

2.15.9 Projection Screens

Dual projection screens are required; location to be determined during design to

allow faculty the capability to project the same image on both screens or on one
screen with the latter providing the capability to concurrently use the writing surface.

2.15.10 Noise Control

Other important factors must be considered in the design. To avoid the noise
generated by their operation and use, vending machines must be located as far
away as possible. Trash and recycling containers should be located near the
vending machines. Restrooms and drinking fountains should be located nearby and
should be designed to handle student use between classes, rather than minimum
code requirements which are based solely on room occupant load. To prevent
unwanted noise transmission, restrooms should not share common walls, floors, or
ceilings with instructional spaces.
2.15.11 Natural Lighting

Natural lighting is not desired in lecture halls.

2.15.12 - Lighting Planning

When incorporating both incandescent and fluorescent, there is a need for

consistency regarding spectrum and lighting levels. All presets (including room
technology) should have a manual override.

2.15.13 Lighting Control

Lighting controls should be conveniently located to the instructor station, clearly

labeled, and should provide instantaneous response when pressed. In addition,
lighting control should have a minimum of four options: full-on, two projection
settings (medium and low), and full-off.

2.15.14 Lighting

Dimmable directional tungsten filament down lights should be used in teaching

spaces in lieu of fluorescent dimming fixtures. Fluorescent tubes should be specified
as 41k Kelvin.

2.15.15 HVAC

In existing rooms, consideration should be given to installing ceiling fans to enhance

proper air circulation in the room. HVAC Controls: Climate Control - Temperature
and air flow as well as the associated acoustical control of HVAC systems are critical
to the room. There should be centrally monitored and controlled (Physical Plant)
HVAC systems in all instructional spaces.
2.15.16 Layout of Lecture Theater

Figure 44: Showing the General Layout of the Lecture Theater.

Figure 45: Showing Layout of Seating.

2.15.17 Designs of Lecture Theater

Figure 46: Showing the Seating Orientation.

Figure 47: Showing the Seating Type.

Figure 48: Showing the Light Fixtures and Wall Design
2.16 Building #2- Layout Level 2- Small Conference Room

These are spaces that will be designed to hold a maximum of 80 people in a

lecture/presentation arrangement and 15-20 people in a conference arrangement.
However the rooms will be split between these two purposes in order to allow for the
best furnishing and finishing.

2.16 Lecture/Presentation Arrangement

2.16.1.1 Room Layout

In a room for 50-80 people there is no need to have a tiered or sloped floor. The
seating may be arranged in rows of 10, or some suitable multiple thereof, with an
aisle of at least 4.5ft (1.3m) down the center of the rows. There are also aisles down
the outside of the seats along the wall of the room to allow for easier seating of
participants. See below for an illustration. There should also be space to allow
access for those with disabilities. There should be adequate room between seats in
each row and between rows of seats for easy ingress and egress of participants and
the doors should be on a closing arm that will keep them from slamming.

In this arrangement of room, there can be a small conference, a press briefing, a

presentation to peers and even a panel discussion. The room can also be broken
down to host cocktails and other similar events.

2.16.1.2 Furnishings

Because these rooms are not overly large they may be designed and decorated with
more flexibility than the large lecture hall. Having a flat floor means that a good
quality, industrial grade carpet with good acoustical properties can be used. These
should be mid-range tones and 26oz broadloom, cut pile with the use of carpet tiles
in the high traffic areas and over any floor panels.

The carpets should be professionally installed to prevent unnecessary bumps and

ridges since it should be appreciated that there will always have to be movement in
the dark when presentations are underway. This measure will save the
administration later on from undue complaints about unnecessary spills and
embarrassing and perhaps even injurious spills. The image below shows a sample
of the type of carpeting that can be used in these rooms.

Care needs to be taken to not only choose fabrics inclusive of carpeting for their
good acoustical properties but also for suitability for the room and the activities that
will be held therein. There should be blackout drapes on the windows as needed
again with the same consideration of fabric and colors.

The furnishings should be comfortable and of a good solid quality that will not cause
undue stress to participants who may have to remain seated for a long time.

2.16.1.3 Lighting/Sound/Electrical/Ac

There should be recessed lighting see above that comes with dimmer panels for
sections of the room to allow for appropriate lighting as needed.

One or several outlets should be available next to an audio/video control panel to

allow for easy access and powering of presenters equipment. The panel should be
similar to the one below and will also allow for at least one high speed internet
connection as needed.

Electrical outlets should also be liberally spaced throughout the room and may be
concealed under carpet tile sections that can easily be removed for use (by the
setup staff) and replaced when the room is serving other functions.

Air Conditioning vents and ducts should be designed for minimum sound
disturbances and with curves at junctions instead of 90 degree angles that will cause
harsher air sounds at start up. Each room should have independent temperature
control and regular testing of the system should be done to ensure that operation of
the air conditioning system does not interfere with the acoustics of the audio system
when it is operating.

2.16.2 Conference Arrangement

The remainder of the conference rooms will be conference or meeting rooms for a
smaller number of people in a more participatory setting. All of these rooms will be
set up for full Audio/Video Conferencing allowing them to interact in real time with
another group of participants through a live audio/video feed via the internet. The
arrangements are similar to those above but with some variation in each case as is
explained below.

2.16.2.1 Room Layout

Since the participants will be seated around the conference table, that table will be
central focus of the room with seating arranged around it. There may also be
ancillary seating available for non-participating meeting attendees such as
secretaries and stenographers. Some typical layouts are shown below.

2.16.2.2 Furnishings

Furniture such as tables with high gloss finishes should be avoided as these tend to
create reflections and distort the quality of the video transmission. Also any furniture
that will squeak or make other distracting noises should be forgone in favour of
fabrics and woods that will make no additional sounds to interfere with the audio
presentation. All the other acoustic considerations need to be made when furnishing
the conference room.
2.16.2.3 Lighting/Sound/Electrical/Ac

In addition to the information given previously in this category, care should also be
taken to ensure that:

there are sufficient microphones around the table

the range and placement of the cameras are sufficient to allow for capture of
all the seats

lighting is not direct but 85% indirect and 15% direct to allow for adequate
perception of participants but reduction of shadows.

There is a control panel available to the chair of the meeting for at least some
aspects of the AV connection such as volume control.

2.16.3 Room Layout Designs

Figure 49: Lecture/Presentation Arrangement

 Figure 50: Conference Room Arrangement

2.16.4 Room Design and Electrical Outlets

Figure 51: Room Carpeting

 Figure 52: Room Electrical Outlets

2.17 Building #2- Layout Level 3 Business & Entrepreneurship

Centre

Most business and entrepreneurship centers around the world can be found in
Universities and the University of Guyana should be no different.

Just as the University is tasked with educating a student to perform in a profession

there needs to be scope for educating young professionals in the rigours of business
and the skills needed to become a successful entrepreneur. The Entrepreneurship
Centre through partnership with both public and private sector organisations should
also provide funding and grants for young entrepreneurs with valuable business
ideas as an impetus for growth in a developing country and region such as Guyana
and the Caribbean.

Some of the services that should be offered are:

Help with business basics

 Networking activities

Marketing assistance

High-speed Internet access

Help with accounting/financial management

Access to bank loans, loan funds and guarantee programs

Help with presentation skills

Links to higher education resources

Links to strategic partners

Access to angel investors or venture capital

Comprehensive business training programs

Advisory boards and mentors

Management team identification

Help with business etiquette

Technology commercialization assistance

Help with regulatory compliance

Intellectual property management

In order to provide these services the center will need to have offices, classroom
settings and open areas that can allow members and students to mingle. There will
also need to be one on one interview areas that can allow students to meet with
counselors and mentors in some amount of privacy but are not permanent areas.

Colors should be bright and cheerful and full of energy to keep the creativity and
ideas flowing.
2.17.1 Designs for Business and Entrepreneurship Centre

Figure 54: Floor Design for Business and Entrepreneurship Centre

Figure 55: Internal Layout of the Business and Entrepreneurship Centre

3.0 Utility Requirements

3.1 Power Requirements

In proposing the power requirements for the

Innovation Centre consideration must first be made for
the existing electrical supply for the campus as,
though it is desired for the building to be completely
green being power by solar panels, the feasibility of
this is another aspect to be considered. As such it is
proposed that the building be power dually by the
approximately 10 solar panels which will be
constructed on the roof and had a secondary supply
from the Guyana Power and Light. All designs will be
made for a thirty (30) to forty (40) year life span.

3.1.1 Existing Electrical Supply for the University Campus

The Universitys present electrical distribution system at the Turkeyen campus is

now claimed to be presently being served, for normal and standby purposes, by
three separate sources of electricity supply as follows:

Natural Sciences Building

This is the main distribution system near the Natural Sciences building which
comprises two distributions systems from the Guyana Power and Light Incorporated
(GPL) and a standby generator with the following details:

(i) The first distribution system is supplied by a 1000 kVA, 13.8 kV/220-127 V
transformers.

(ii) The second distribution system is supplied by 3 x 167 kVA, 13.8 kV/415-
240 V transformers.
 (iii) A 375 kVA, 220/127V standby generator supplies nearly all the areas that
receive normal supply from the above mentioned transformers.

Centre for Information Technology (CIT) Building

A second distribution centre was added when the new computer centre was built
and normal supplies consist of 3x 100 kVA, 13.8 kV/220127V transformers with a
268 kVA, 220/127 V generator as standby.

Admin Buildings

A third distribution centre was recently established. The details of this centre are the
same as those for the CIT Building.

3.1.2 The Innovation Center

This proposal will be done in parts firstly considering the power requirements of each
room after which the overall power will be ascertained which must be provided by
the combination of the solar panels and the secondary supply. After which the
specifications for the solar panels and the overall power layout for the building will be
proposed. This will be done baring in mind that as instructed the building must have
a 5MW supply of power.

Defining the Power Requirements of Each Room

All interior lighting shall automatically be controlled by a programmable Lighting

Control Panel with integral clock except for the emergency lighting.

(i) The Cafeteria and Kitchen Power Requirements

Air Conditioning units will be installed in addition to 20

Circular Fluorescent lamps. The Kitchen will be linked to
Cafeteria therefore air conditioning units will be provided in
each of the rooms to supplement due to the heavy traffic
expected in both areas. The kitchen will also have the
necessary appliances and will received lighting from six (6 )narrow fluorescent
lamps.

(ii) Research Centre

This will comprise of the Computer Rooms will all the

necessary requirements to power these computers and
projectors. It will be equipped with lighting from 10 narrow
fluorescent lamps and the room will be accompanied by an
Air Conditioning unit.

Also in this Centre will be a Server Control Room comprising

of an Air Conditioning unit sized appropriately for the size of
the room with lighting provided by four (4) or five (5)
rectangular fluorescent lamps.

The Inventory Room will also form a part of this room receiving lighting from ten (10)
rectangular fluorescent lamps with natural ventilation

This center will be equipped with Electronic Systems for Security Purposes which
will also be powered. In a computer area of the centre, good overall lighting that
does not create glare on screens is needed.

(iii) Library

Lighting will be required for the shelving, circulation,

reading and workrooms. Considerations will be made for
energy-efficient lighting and the room will have a raised
floor system for the distribution of critical services (power,
voice, data, and HVAC) and mobile workstations and
storage.
 (iv) Offices (10)

Each office will have three (3) rectangular fluorescent lamps, one computer
supplemented by power stabilizer facilities, one AC unit and three (3) Outlets.
Electrical service that provides protection from surges and spikes is crucial. The
number of circuits should be determined based on the equipment to be housed in
the room with some room for future expansion. An uninterruptable power supply
(ups) will be needed for the server and other critical equipment, and if resources
allow, for all the computers.

(v) Apartments

These will have six (6) Rectangular Fluorescent lamps, strategically placed outlets to
power the required appliances.

(vi) Large Lecture Theatre, Small Conference Centre and Business and
Entrepreneurship

Outlets for the stage will be placed for the projector,

Interactive Computerized System for the Lecturer to
input data and make presentations. There will be an
HVAC unit with 10 ceiling fans. Power must also be
provided for the computer systems for students
(approximately 250 persons). Three (3) outlets will be
placed for miscellaneous reasons and Lights will be
given by thirty (30) fluorescent lamps. Security Systems will also have to be
powered however this will be considered as a miscellaneous item. Small
Conference Room will cater for 80 persons maximum and will have similar electrical
requirements.

The front of the lecture hall should be equipped with a minimum of four duplex
outlets distributed evenly across the instructor area. Depending on the design of the
room, floor boxes (located right, center, and left) with at least 1 duplex outlet may be
needed. If the room has a built-in instructor station, it should contain a quadruplex
outlet. Duplex outlets should be located every 6-8 on each of the other walls. If the
fixed furniture will be wired for power and/or data, appropriate service connections to
the furniture shall be provided.

In the projection booth, at least two fourplex outlets should be mounted near the
shelf where equipment will be projecting into the room. In addition, two duplex
outlets should be located on the wall opposite the projection window. If the design of
the room includes floorboxes in the instructor area, each floorbox should contain a
data outlet. If the instructors teaching station or podium is movable, then floor box
connections should be provided at the right, left, and center of the instructor area.
The boxes and conduits should be sized to accommodate all the necessary cabling
(including spare capacity and pull wires).

Although the specific location of conduits or cable trays will vary depending on the
design of the lecture hall, in general, connections are needed: 1) from the instructor
area to the projection booth and AV equipment closet, and 2) from the AV equipment
closet to the video projector(s), speakers, screens, projection booth, camera
locations, mic locations, wireless mic antenna, assistive listening transmitter,
instructor area, and lighting control system. Any conduit or cable tray that is installed
should have spare capacity and contain pull wires. For video recording or distance
learning capabilities, consideration must be given to camera placements, monitor
locations, microphones for student-instructor interaction, etc.

External Lights

This shall be powered by the solar panels. The external Lights will be
along the pathway and approximately 25 to 30 in number. Also it will
be used to illuminated seating facilities and the external pool.
3.1.3 General Requirements

Lighting

In general, fluorescent lamps shall be low mercury T-8 triphosphor type, with solid
state ballasts suited for the application. Compact Fluorescent lamps shall be used in
lieu of incandescent in down lights and in enclosed, explosion proof type
incandescent globes, where necessary. Incandescent luminaires shall be limited to
theatrical lighting and track luminaires in Science Laboratories and Demo Rooms
applications. LED Luminaires can be used in lieu of incandescent theatrical and
house lights with the approval of the Authority.

Voltage

Unless there are specialty voltage requirements, the facility system voltage shall be
based on the interior load requirements as follows:

Apply 240/120V for small facilities with only single-phase loads.

Apply three-phase, four-wire, 208Y/120V systems for lighting and power \2\
demand /2/ loads less than 150 kVA.

Apply three-phase, four-wire, 480Y/277V systems for lighting and power \2\
demand /2/ loads greater than 150 kVA unless 208Y/120V systems are
shown to be more cost-effective. Use step-down transformers inside the
facility as required to obtain lower voltages.

Frequency

Apply a frequency of 60 Hz for distribution and utilization power. In locations in

which the commercially-supplied frequency is other than 60 Hz, such as 50 Hz, use
the available supplied frequency to the extent practical. Where frequencies other
than that locally available are required for technical purposes, frequency conversion
or generation equipment can be installed. The facility user will normally provide this
equipment.

Transformer

The transformer design criteria provided herein apply to interior applications. Most
facilities will be supplied by an exterior utility system pad-mounted transformer. The
Size transformers in accordance with UFC 3-501-01.

Low Voltage Transformers.

Specify dry-type transformers in accordance with NEMA ST 20 and the following:

For transformers rated for 15 kVA or larger, use transformers with a 220 degree C
(428 degrees F) insulation system not to exceed an 115 degree C (239 degrees F)
rise capable of carrying continuously 115 percent of nameplate kVA without
exceeding insulation rating at a maximum ambient temperature of 40 degrees C
(104 degrees F). Provide a transformer of 80 degrees C temperature rise capable of
carrying continuously 130 percent of nameplate kVA without exceeding insulation
rating when additional overload capacity is required.

Transformers rated less than 15 kVA can use a 180 degree C (356 degrees F)
insulation system not to exceed an 80 degree C (176 degrees F) rise at a maximum
ambient temperature of 40 degrees C (104 degrees F).

When the transformer is located in areas where noise is a factor, specify sound
levels at least 3 decibels below recommended values established by NEMA ST 20.

Derate the transformer in accordance with the manufacturers guidance for

locations with a maximum ambient temperature above 40 degrees C (104 degrees
F) and in accordance NEMA ST 20 for altitudes higher than 3,300 feet (1,000
meters).
 Mount the transformer so that vibrations are not transmitted to the surrounding
structure. Small transformers can usually be solidly mounted on a reinforced
concrete floor or wall. Flexible mounting will be necessary if the transformer is
mounted to the structure in a normally low-ambient noise area.

Use flexible couplings and conduit to minimize vibration transmission through the
connection points.

Locate the transformer in spaces where the sound level is not increased by sound
reflection. For example, in terms of sound emission, the least desirable transformer
location is in a corner near the ceiling because the walls and ceiling function as a
megaphone.

Transformer spaces shall be adequately ventilated to prevent the temperature rise

from exceeding the transformer rating.

Switchgear and Switchboards General Criteria.

Select low-voltage switchboards versus switchgear as follows:

Specify switchboards for service entrance equipment when the service is 1200A or
larger, and branch and feeder circuits are combined sizes from 20A up to 800A.
Utilize switchboards throughout the distribution system where feeders are 1200A or
larger. Devices must be front accessible and must be completely isolated between
sections by vertical steel barriers. Switchboards should have hinged fronts to allow
safer maintenance access.

Specify metal clad switchgear for service entrance equipment only when the
service is 1200A or larger, and all branch and feeder circuits are large, such as 600A
or 800A each. The circuit breakers must be electrically operated. The switchgear
and circuit breakers must be the product of the same manufacturer.

Panel Boards

Specify panelboards for service entrance equipment when the service is less than
1200A and feeder circuits will fit in one panelboard. Equip panelboards with
separate ground bus bars and insulated neutral bus bars to isolate the bus bar,
when required by code, from the panelboard. Circuit breakers must be bolt-on type.
Do not use dual section panelboards.

Provide a minimum of 20% empty space for all panelboards. For flush-mounted
panelboards, provide spare conduits extending up above the ceiling and down below
raised floors when applicable. Provide one spare conduit, minimum of -inch (18
mm), for every three empty spaces.

Surge Protection

Provide Surge Protection Devices, SPDs for surge protection of sensitive or critical
electronic equipment and when specifically required.

Power System Surge Protection.

Connect SPD on the load side of a dedicated circuit breaker of the associated main
distribution or branch panelboard, switchboard, or switchgear. Locate as close as
practical to the breaker with a maximum lead length of 3 ft (900 mm).

The term transient voltage surge suppression (TVSS) is also used to describe SPDs.
The design criteria provided here apply to permanently installed, hard-wired surge
protectors and should not be applied to plug-in type surge protectors. Use point-of-
use (plug-in type) surge protectors to protect specific critical equipment that plugs
into wall receptacles. For buildings with high concentrations of electronics
equipment, employ a two-stage or cascaded system. Coordinate multiple stage
surge protection.

Wiring Devices.

Wiring devices and faceplate colors must match and be consistent with the interior
wall types and colors. Use grounding type wiring devices. Outlet boxes must not be
placed back to back. Provide a minimum of 12 inch (300 mm) of separation between
outlet boxes located on opposite sides on common walls.
Toggle switches must be specification grade, quiet type, and rated minimum
120/277V, 20A, totally enclosed with bodies of thermoplastic and/or thermoset
plastic and mounting strap with grounding screw. Use silver-cadmium contacts and
one-piece copper alloy contact arm.

When specified, pilot lights must be integrally constructed as a part of the switch's
handle.

Grounding, Bonding, and Static Protection.

Ground rod composition, minimum spacing requirements and connections shall

conform to requirements of NFPA 70 Section 250 except that minimum length
dimensions shall be 10 feet (3.0 m) in length and inch (19 mm) diameter. Ground
rods shall be copper-clad steel, solid copper, or stainless steel.

All connections to ground rods below ground level must be by exothermic weld
connection or with a high compression connection using a hydraulic or electric
compression tool to provide the correct circumferential pressure. Accessible
connections above ground level and in test wells can be accomplished by clamping.

3.1.4 Accessing Your Available Solar

Radiation

The ability to use solar panel to provide a percentage of

the energy requirements is key in making this facility eco
savvy and green. However this will be supplemented
with grid power to ensure the sustainable provision of
power. The solar panel shall have an output of 1000 Watts which will be used to
provide 40% of the buildings demand initially. This will require approximately 2000
panels to be place on the roof and sides of the building. It will be equipped with a
battery which will store the energy and supply the building when cloud coverage is
maximum.

3.2 Air Ventilation Considerations

3.2.1 Reasons for Air Ventilation

Ventilation is essential in all occupied premises. This may be provided by either

natural or mechanical means. The following factors determine the ventilation
requirements of a department or area:

human habitation

the activities of the department, that is, extraction of odours, aerosols, gases,
vapours, fumes and dust some of which may be toxic, infectious, corrosive,
flammable, or otherwise hazardous

dilute and control airborne pathogenic material;

thermal comfort;

the removal of heat generated by equipment (for example in catering,wash-up

and sterilizing areas and in some laboratory areas);

the reduction of the effects of solar heat gains;

the reduction of excessive moisture levels to prevent condensation

combustion requirements for fuel burning appliances

make-up supply air where local exhaust ventilation (LEV) etc is installed.

3.2.2 Influences on Building Layout

Mechanical ventilation systems are expensive in terms of capital and running costs,
and planning solutions should be sought which take advantage of natural ventilation.

It is acknowledged that planning constraints imposed by the building shape and/or

functional relationships of specific areas will invariably result in some measure of
deep planning thus minimizing the opportunity for natural ventilation. However,
ventilation costs can be minimized by ensuring that wherever practicable, core areas
are reserved for rooms that require mechanical ventilation irrespective of their
internal or peripheral location.

Natural Ventilation

Natural ventilation is usually created by the effects of wind pressure. It will also
occur to some extent if there is a temperature difference between the inside and the
outside of the building. The thermo-convective effect frequently predominates when
the wind speed is low and will be enhanced if there is a difference in height between
inlet and outlet openings. Ventilation induced by wind pressures can induce high air
change rates through a building, provided air is allowed to move freely within the
space from the windward to the leeward side.

As the motivating influences of natural ventilation are variable, it is almost impossible

to maintain consistent flow rates and thereby ensure that minimum ventilation rates
will be achieved at all times. This variability normally is acceptable for general areas
including office accommodation, general wards, staff rooms, library/seminar rooms,
dining rooms and similar areas, which should be naturally ventilated, that is,
provided with opening windows.

In all cases, however, heat gain or external noise may preclude natural ventilation.

General Extract Ventilation Systems

A general extract system will be required in rooms where odorous but non-toxic
fumes are likely, in order to ensure air movement into the space. Examples are
therapy kitchens and beverage preparation rooms. A single fan/motor unit should be
provided to meet this need.
Supply and Extract Ventilation

Mechanical supply and extract ventilation should be provided in rooms where it is

desirable to maintain the room at a neutral pressure at all times, such as treatment
areas and plaster rooms.

Comfort Cooling

Cooling is very expensive in terms of energy costs, and should be provided only
where necessary to maintain a comfortable environment for staff and patient, or to
ensure satisfactory operation of equipment.

Air-Conditioning

Air-conditioning is only required in a very small number of areas within commercial

buildings; and due to the capital and running cost implications, its inclusion should
be kept to a minimum.

Areas whose functions do warrant the installation of full air conditioning, include
operating departments, intensive therapy units, manufacturing pharmacies, and
areas with sensitive equipment where the environment needs to be maintained
within specified limits to prevent

3.2.3 Acceptable Methods

Use of Natural Ventilation

With the trend towards better sealed buildings, infiltration through building leakage
has significantly reduced; and more attention is now given to the provision of
purpose-made ventilation openings to achieve the necessary flow rates.
However, internal partitions, fire compartment walls and closed doorways can often
impede the flow path, and when this happens, the process will be more dependent
on single-sided ventilation. Nevertheless, even with this degree of
compartmentation, acceptable ventilation may still be achieved without window
openings which would prejudice safety, security or comfort.

Some types of window, for example vertical sliding, can enhance singlesided air
change by temperature difference, and these will improve the overall rate of natural
ventilation in protected or sheltered areas where the effect of wind pressure is likely
to be minimal.

It is generally considered that cross-flow ventilation is able to give reasonable air

distribution for a distance of up to 6 metres inwards from the external facade,
provided that reasonably clear air paths are maintained. Beyond this distance in
areas where clear air paths cannot be maintained and in areas where high minimum
air change rates are specified, mechanical ventilation should be provided.

Where natural ventilation is adopted with complex air paths, the designer should
produce an air flow diagram in order to ensure correct provision of air transfer
devices.

Mechanical Extract Ventilation

Both foul and general extract systems can vary in complexity from a single wall-
mounted fan for each facility, to a ducted air distribution system with dual extract
fans.

Replacement air is either provided by a central supply system, or enters the building
through gaps in the structure or purpose-made openings. Unless special
precautions are taken, the latter may result in an unacceptable level of draughts
occurring in winter, and possible risk of unacceptable levels of noise transmission.
If individual systems are used, the ventilation can be operated intermittently,
provided it continues to run for at least 15 or 20 minutes after the room is vacated,
as with light switch-operated fans in individual toilets.

Mechanical Supply Systems

Where mechanical supply systems are required, the fresh air should be tempered
and filtered before being delivered to the space, to avoid discomfort.

The air should be heated using a constant rather than variable temperature source,
but generally only to the space air temperature. In most instances, the low pressure
hot water heating (LPHW) should offset any fabric loss, so that set-back room
temperatures can be maintained during unoccupied periods without the need for the
ventilation system to operate.

Balanced Ventilation

Balanced ventilation systems are merely a combination of a supply and extract

system of equal volume; and either a single space or a whole building may be
considered to be balanced. A balanced system is necessary in instances where it is
essential to maintain consistent air movement within an area, for example treatment
rooms.

Cascade Ventilation

In operating departments it is normal practice to supply air to the operating room,

and allow it to pass through to less clean areas corridors, utility rooms etc from
whence it is exhausted.
Recirculation Systems

Due to the nature of the use of mechanical ventilation systems within healthcare
buildings, there are few opportunities for the application of recirculation air systems.

Where the designer is considering the installation of a recirculation air system, due
account must be taken of:

minimum fresh air supply volumes;

prevention of contamination of supply air from vitiated air in extract systems;

prevention of stratification occurring within mixing boxes which may result in

freezing of downstream coils;

ensuring sufficient velocities through control dampers (ideally 56 m/s) to

provide suitable authority; and good shut-off;

modulating control of mixing to provide optimum on-plant conditions;

use of free cooling by cycling the dampers to minimum fresh air when the
enthalpy of the outside air is above that of the extract air under conditions
when cooling is required.

Zoning of the Building

The efficiency and effectiveness of any ventilation or air-conditioning installation

depends largely on the zoning and control of the installation. The factors to consider
when determining the zoning of a ventilation system for a building or department are:

periods of occupancy;

fresh air/ventilation requirements;

smoke control.
Methods of Control

The method of control selected for a ventilation system is governed to a large extent
by the complexity of the system installed. The options available range from an
electrical spur, to a building management system (BMS).

For single zone plant in staff areas, local control (with a run-on timer if required) is
recommended, as this can be turned off when the space is not in use, thus saving
both thermal and electrical energy. Most supply and extract systems, conversely, are
required to operate continuously while the department is in use, thus some form of
time control is necessary.

For most ventilation applications in healthcare buildings, the supply system is only
required to temper the air, hence the supply temperature of the plant can either be
maintained at a constant level, or controlled by a room sensor in an internal zone or
return air duct.

Air Distribution Arrangements

Ductwork Distribution Systems

Ductwork systems for ventilating and air-conditioning applications are referred to by

their velocity or pressure category, that is, as low, medium or high velocity or
pressure systems. HVCA limits are up to 10 m/s or 1000 Pa; 20 m/s or 1750 Pa; and
40 m/s or 3250 Pa in the case of conventional low, medium and high pressure
systems respectively. High pressure systems are more expensive to install and
because of their greater input power requirements, are increasingly more expensive
to run.

For normal applications in commercial buildings, low velocity systems are

recommended; and the use of higher velocities than those recommended is not
likely to be economical. Future trends are likely to be towards even lower optimum
duct velocities; however, velocities lower than 2.5 m/s are unlikely to be justified.
 Ductwork Materials and Construction

The choice of material to be used for the formation of a duct should take account of
the nature of the air or gas being conveyed through the duct, the environment in
which the duct will be placed, and the cost of the installation.

Galvanised sheet steel is generally suitable and most economical for normal
ventilating and air-conditioning applications.

In instances where moisture levels and/or corrosive elements in the air being
conveyed are very high, aluminium, stainless steel, PVC or GRP ducts should be
used. Stainless or black steel are, however, the only suitable materials for high
temperature ductwork.

Where builders work ducts are used, these may be constructed of various materials;
however, brickwork ducts must be rendered, and a greater allowance made for
leakage.

Galvanised, black and stainless steel ductwork should be manufactured and

installed to DW/142 HVCA specification for sheet metal ductwork, but excluding
the use of bolt-through supports.

GRP and PVC ductwork should be manufactured and installed to DW/151 HVCA
specification for plastic ductwork.

The inside of the ductwork should be free from structural projections and as smooth
as possible. Flanged, gasketed joints are preferred.

Ductwork must be fire-stopped where it penetrates fire compartment walls, floors

and enclosures, cavity barriers and sub-compartment walls or enclosures, and
provided with weatherproof collars where roofs or external walls are penetrated.

In inherently wet areas, such as the base of fresh air inlet ducts, the ductwork may
require draining to avoid any formation of water with the layout of any drains.
 Duct sections

Ducting is generally available in rectangular, circular and flat oval sections, although
other sections may be made for special situations.

Rectangular ducting is most common on low pressure systems, for the following
reasons:

it can readily be adapted to fit into the space available;

fittings are cheaper than those for circular or flat oval ductwork;

it can readily be joined to such component items as heating and cooling coils,
and filters.

When sizing ductwork, the designer should take into account:

both installation and operating costs;

space limitations imposed by the structure and other services;

operating noise levels;

requirements of regulation at the commissioning stage.

For overall economy and performance, the aspect ratio should be close to 1:1, since
high aspect ratios increase the pressure loss, heat gains or losses and overall cost
(for example, changing the aspect ratio from 1:1 to 1:4 can typically increase the
installed cost of the ductwork by 40% and add 25% to the heat gains or losses).

Rectangular ducting should not be the first choice for high pressure systems, and
should be avoided in systems operating at high negative pressures, because the
strengthening of the flat sides and the sealing requirements necessary to make
rectangular ducts suitable for these high pressures are costly.

Circular ducting is preferable for high pressure systems; and for systems operating
at high negative pressures. In the case of the latter, additional stiffening rings may
be necessary. Machine-formed spirally-wound ducting and a standard range of
pressed and fabricated fittings can sometimes make circular ducting more
economical, particularly in low pressure systems having a relatively low proportion of
fittings.

Flat oval ducting provides an alternative to circular ducting, principally where there is
a limitation on one of the dimensions in the space available for the duct run.

Other sections may be used, such as triangular sections to pass through roof
trusses.

Sequence of Components

Generally, the following arrangement of plant components should be used, although

in many instances not all components are required:

fresh air inlet;

control damper;

frost coil;
 pre-filter;

silencer;

fan;

cooler coil;

heater coil;

humidifier;

control damper;

final filter.

There may, however, be instances where this arrangement is not appropriate; and
the plant arrangement should be planned accordingly.

Fans

General requirements

The fan should be selected for good efficiency and minimum noise level, but the
overriding factor should be the selection of a fan characteristic such that the air
quantity is not greatly affected by system pressure changes due to filters becoming
dirty or external wind effects.

Acceptable types

Fans can be of the axial, centrifugal, cross flow, mixed flow or propeller type,
depending upon the requirements of the system.

Where used, centrifugal fans should preferably be of the backward blade type, and
give an efficiency of not less than 78%. Alternatively, where noise levels are more
critical and pressure requirements are lower, forward curved blade fans are
acceptable. For high power applications, airfoil blade fans may be appropriate.

Selection

Generally, large ventilation systems will always use centrifugal fans due to their
efficiency, non-overloading characteristics, and developed pressures.
Alternatively, it may be appropriate to use mixed flow fans in high pressure systems.

Axial flow or propeller fans are generally only used in local through the- wall
systems, or systems with low pressure requirements.

Cross-flow fans have very low operating efficiencies, and thus their use is restricted
to applications such as fan coil units.

Fan location and connection

Fans can be positioned to either blow through or draw through the central plant.
The main advantages of a blow-through unit are:

lower supply air moisture content can be achieved;

the cooling coil and humidifier drains will be under positive pressure.

The consequent disadvantages of this arrangement are:

there is greater risk of condensate leakage through the casing of the cooling
coil;

an additional plant section is required at fan discharge to reduce the velocity

before the next plant component.

The fan performance figures given by manufacturers in their catalogue data are
based on tests carried out under ideal conditions, which include long uniform ducts
on the fan inlet/outlet. These standard test connections are unlikely to occur in
practice; the designer should therefore ensure as far as is practical that the fan
performance will not be significantly de-rated by the system. This objective can be
approached by ensuring that the fan inlet flow conditions comprise uniform axial flow
velocities with low levels of turbulence.

Where the outlet duct is larger than the fan discharge connection, there should be a
gradual transition, with a following section of straight duct having a length equivalent
to three duct diameters.

The design of the fan inlet connection must be carefully considered to avoid swirl in
the airstream. When the air spins in the same direction as the impeller, the
performance and power consumption of the fan are reduced. When the air spins in
the opposite direction to the impeller the power consumption and noise will increase
with hardly any pressure increase. Airstream swirl is usually induced by large
variations across the fan inlet eye caused by the air passing round a tight bend
immediately before the eye.

For any condition in which a centrifugal fan is located with a free inlet, the clear
distance between the suction opening and the nearest wall should be not less than
the diameter of the inlet. If two fans with free inlets are positioned within the same
chamber, their adjacent suction openings should be at least 1.5 diameters apart.

Control

Fans in healthcare applications are generally either single or two-speed. Where

there is a requirement for two-speed operation, this is generally via a local user
control (for example in a hood extract system to provide a boostfacility) or via a time
schedule for energy saving during unoccupied periods.

Where two-speed operation is required, twin supply fans may be preferred, as they
allow greater flexibility of plant control and avoid the need for spare motors to be
provided. If single-speed fans are selected, speed reduction will be required to
reduce the flow rate by 50% during set-back as detailed elsewhere.

Where there is a requirement for stand-by fans (for example in foul extract systems),
the system should incorporate an automatic changeover facility activated via an air-
flow sensor, and fault indication should be provided.

Requirements for particular applications

Where the system air is explosive, aggressive, or has a high moisture content, the
extract fan motor should be located outside the air stream. This is generally
achieved with axial fans by using a bifurcated unit.

Heater batteries

General requirements
Fog/frost heating coils should not be protected by filters. They should therefore be
constructed in plain tubing without fins and be as near to the outside as possible to
minimize condensation during cold weather. Access for cleaning must be provided.

Finned tube coils should be constructed of solid drawn copper pipe, generally
connected in parallel, with aluminum fins. In instances where the atmosphere is
particularly corrosive, copper fins should be used.

Where there is a wet heating system in the areas served, the main heater battery
should be sized for the ventilation requirements only, not for the fabric loss.

Acceptable types

Electric, water or steam heater batteries may be considered; however, electric

heater batteries are expensive to operate and where there are alternatives, their use
should be restricted to low power use, for example trimming control.

If steam supplied heater batteries are used, for example, their venting, trapping and
condensate systems must be designed so that a vacuum cannot occur within the coil
and nor will the condensate back up due to excessive back-pressure in the
condensate main.

Cooling Coils

General requirements

Eliminator plates are required to be fitted downstream of the coil if face velocities
exceed 2.25 m/s.

Cooling coils will need to be periodically decontaminated. The downstream access

door should be glazed and have a low-voltage weatherproof light fitting provided for
maintenance purposes. The light fitting should be mounted so that its bulb can be
changed from outside the duct.

Acceptable types
All cooling coils must be fitted with their own independent drainage system. A baffle
or similar device must be provided in the drip tray to prevent air bypassing the coil
and the tray should be large enough to capture the moisture from the bends and
headers.

Where coils are greater than 1 m high, intermediate drip-trays are required.

Selection

Care must be taken in selection to minimize electrolytic action resulting from

condensation on the air side. Coils constructed from copper tubes with copper fins
extended on the downstream side in the form of an eliminator, and electro-tinned
after manufacture, are preferred. All parts of the coil and its associated ductwork in
contact with moisture must be manufactured from corrosion-resistant materials.
Stainless steel, GRP or plastic finishes are preferred.

Location

Micro-organisms which multiply in moisture cannot be avoided when the coil is

dehumidifying, but the risk of infection will be reduced by locating the final filter
downstream of the coils.

Control

There are two basic methods of control for cooling coils:

Off-coil control used in multi-zone systems or single-zone systems where

close humidity control is required, to provide a constant maximum off-plant
condition which satisfies the temperature and high humidity requirements of
the zone with the highest load;

Sequential control used in single-zone systems, or multi-zone systems with

averaging sensors where close control is not required. A room or duct
temperature sensor controls the cooling coil and heater battery in sequence
to maintain constant room conditions.

The advantage of off-coil control is that accurate humidity control can be provided
without relying on humidity sensors, which are prone to inaccuracy and drift.
Off-coil control is, however, expensive to operate in terms of energy consumption,
due to the fact that there is no feedback of room loads, and thus at low loads and in
systems where there are large zonal variations, significant over-cooling and
reheating will occur.

On systems with two-speed operating, it is usual to isolate the cooling coil upon
selection of low speed. In addition, on system shutdown, low air flow or fan failure,
the cooling coil must be isolated.

Humidifiers

General requirements

The most important requirement for a humidifier is to create complete mixing of the
steam with the air; and the manufacturers instructions should be followed regarding
minimum distances which should be allowed before bends or other components.

The number and length of steam injection manifolds to be used is dependent on

various factors such as duct cross-section area, air velocity, air dry bulb temperature
and manifold design.

Adequately sized glazed access doors and low-voltage swimming-pool type

weatherproof bulkhead light fittings are essential for maintenance purposes. The
light fittings should be mounted so that their bulbs can be changed from outside the
duct.

All parts of the humidifier and its associated ductwork in contact with moisture must
be manufactured from corrosion-resistant materials. Stainless steel, GRP or plastic
finishes are preferred.

The cleanliness of the water supply is essential for the safe operation of humidifiers.
Provision should be made for draining down supply pipework and break tanks for
periodic disinfection and for periods when they are not required in service.
The addition of treatment chemicals for continuous control of water quality for
humidifier/air handling units should be avoided. Consideration could be given to
installing a UV system to control microbiological growth. Given the limitations of UV
systems, however, this will require filtration to high quality to ensure the
effectiveness of exposure of organisms to the UV irradiation. As with all water
treatment systems the unit should be of proven efficacy and incorporate UV monitors
so that any loss of transmission can be detected.

Acceptable types

Steam injection manifold-type humidifiers are considered suitable for use in health
building air-conditioning systems.

Steam may be derived from the central steam supply, or generated locally either
within or adjacent to the humidifier.

The introduction of steam should be by an appliance specially designed to discharge

dry steam into the air-conditioning system without objectionable noise or carry-over
of moisture.

During the design stage, consideration should be given to the proposed methods for
the regular cleansing of the humidifier(s) and their components.

Ultrasonic humidifiers are available. The action of ultrasonic frequencies should not
be considered an effective method for control of micro-organisms. The supply of
water to the humidifier should be free from viable bacteria. The humidifier reservoir
is accessible to micro-organisms, including legionellae, carried by the incoming air,
and the water temperature in the humidifier during operation may be such as to
encourage growth of these bacteria; biofilms may form. These units are capable of
producing aerosols that may transmit legionellae.

Selection

A mains steam humidifier can be noisy, and will be difficult to control if it is operated
at an excessive steam pressure. It should be sized for an operating pressure of
approximately 1 bar; and the pipework supplying it should be provided with a dirt
pocket, pressure reducing valve and steam trap installed as close as practicable to
the humidifier, so that the steam condition at entry is as dry as possible. A
temperature switch on the condensate line (or equivalent design provision by the
humidifier manufacturer) should be incorporated to prevent spitting on start-up.

Most operational problems with mains steam humidifiers arise because of back-
pressure in the condensate discharge line. Unless the condensate from the device
can be discharged and collected at atmospheric pressure, it should be discharged
directly to drain.

A local steam generator, where used, must be fed with potable quality water.
Additional water treatment to the standard set out above may be required. If the
humidifier is unused for a period exceeding 48 hours, it must automatically drain its
water content, including that contained in the supply pipework, right back to the
running main and leave itself empty.

Some generators are of a type that requires regular cleaning and descaling. The
design must allow for them to be installed such that they can be physically isolated
from the air duct in order to prevent contamination of the supply by cleaning agents
while this is taking place.

Location

Careful siting of the humidifier lance is required to prevent the steam Impinging onto
the side(s) of the duct, condensing and generating excess moisture.

It is essential to position the humidifier upstream of the final attenuator, with at least
1 metre unobstructed air flow downstream.

Control

Accurate humidity control can only be provided on single-zone systems, or multi-

zone systems with zonal humidifiers. In the above systems, humidity sensors control
the humidifier for low-level humidity control, and override the temperature controls to
open the cooling coil valve for high-level humidity control.

Multi-zone systems are more usually controlled by a minimum humidity sensor

located in the supply duct(s) following the last heater battery.
Overriding controls separate from the normal plant humidistat should be installed.
Their purpose is to prevent excessive condensation when starting up. A time delay
should be incoporated into the humidifier control system such that the humidifier
does not start until 30 minutes after the ventilation/plant start-up. In addition, a high
limit humidistat should be installed to switch off the humidifier when the saturation
reaches 70%. This humidistat is to control added moisture; it is not necessary to
install a de-humidifier to reduce the humidity of the incoming air if it already exceeds
70%. The normal humidifier control system should ensure that the humidifier is
switched off when the fan is not running.

Filtration

General requirements

The purpose of filtration is to reduce the level of airborne contamination entering a

building, and is generally carried out in one or two stages.

General ventilation supply plant should incorporate air filters of grade EU3, sized for
a maximum face velocity of 2.5 m/s. Coarse pre-filters may be justified where the
intake air is exceptionally polluted. Extract filtration will only be required where heat
recovery devices are installed, or contaminated air is required to be filtered prior to
discharge to atmosphere.

In urban or other areas of high atmospheric pollution, a higher standard of filtration

may be justified to reduce the level of staining to internal finishes.

Filters must be securely housed and sealed in well-fitting frames, readily accessible
for replacement, and must be provided with a differential pressure indicator.

Neither the filter media, nor any material used in the construction of the filters,
should be capable of sustaining combustion; and the filter media should be such that
particles of the media do not detach and become carried away by the air flow.

A complete spare set of filters is required to be provided by the contractor at

handover.
Heat Recovery

General requirements

Where recirculation of air is not permitted for operational reasons, there is a

significant risk of discharging large quantities of useful energy in extract air. Heat
recovery must be considered in all ventilation system design, to assess the useful
value of energy discharged in relation to the cost of recovery of such heat. For most
systems in healthcare premises, either a runaround system of heat exchangers, a
thermal wheel or a plate type unit may be appropriate.

A full economic assessment of the benefits and costs of heat recovery should be
carried out prior to inclusion of heat recovery in a ventilation system.

Where a local comparable heat demand can be supplied economically by thermal

reclamation, heat recovery equipment should be installed. Where extracted air has a
high moisture level, the cooling effect on the extract air may require drains for
condensate and access for cleaning heat exchangers. Selection should be based on
efficiency, maintenance requirements and the practical reliability of the preferred
system. Run-around coils offer ease of installation in either new or existing plant
rooms and, like plate heat exchangers, require little maintenance.

Location

Heat recovery devices should be installed with an upstream filter on the extract side,
and prior to the cooling coil or main heater battery on the supply side.

Control

It is essential to consider the control of both the heat recovery device and the
fog/frost coil when assessing the economics of heat recovery, as all energy provided
by the frost coil will directly reduce the heat exchange of the heat recovery device.
To this end, the off-coil setting of the frost coil should be the minimum possible to
protect the primary filter (around 2C).
The heat recovery device should be controlled in sequence with the main heater
battery, and should incorporate a control to prevent the transfer of unwanted heat
when the air-on condition rises above the required plant set-point.

In instances where the plant is cooling the air, it may be possible to remove heat
from the supply air at high ambient conditions under the dictates of enthalpy
comparators in the intake and discharge ducts.

Attenuation

General requirements

Noise will be generated in an air distribution system by the fan, plant items, and air
flow. The ductwork is a very effective transmitter of this noise, hence there is
generally a need to limit the noise transmission to meet the requirements of the
building. This normally involves the provision of sound attenuation treatment as part
of the overall ductwork system design.

A thorough assessment of the design should be made to assess the noise problem
and sound treatment requirements and this should take into account the following
primary factors:

fan and plant noise generation;

air flow generated noise in ductwork fittings and dampers;

noise generated at grilles, diffusers and other terminals;

noise break-in and break-out of ductwork;

cross-talk and similar interference;

the noise limitations for the building and surrounding areas;

external noise generation.

The fan is usually the main source of system noise. The sound power that it
generates varies as the square of the fan pressure, and thus to limit the fan noise
level the system resistance should be kept as low as economically possible. As a
general rule the selected fan should operate close to its point of maximum efficiency
to minimize its noise generation. Where there is disturbance to the air flow at the fan
inlet, the manufacturers stated fan noise levels should be increased by up to 5 dB.
More precise guidance on this aspect may be available from fan manufacturers.

Acceptable types

The noise levels produced by ventilation and other plant should be reduced by using
duct silencers. These reduce fan noise generated within the duct systems and also
control noise break-out to the atmosphere. It should be noted that duct silencers
offer a resistance to air-flow. The resistance must be included in the fan and
ductwork calculations.

The construction of the sound-absorbing in-fill should be suitable for the quality of air
being handled. The duct silencer acoustic in-fill should be protected by a perforated
sheet metal casing. Absorption of moisture, dirt and corrosive substances into the
in-fill and the release of fibrous particles into the airstream should be prevented by
the use of a plastic membrane.

Selection

Provided care is taken in the design and construction of low pressure systems to
avoid significant noise generation in the ductwork, attenuation should only be
needed to absorb fan noise.

Cross-talk attenuators may be necessary where noise intrusion between adjacent

spaces can arise and where individual room confidentiality is required.

Location

It is always preferable to control noise and vibration at source, or as close to source

as possible. This may be achieved in the equipment specification and selection at
the design stage and usually results in a lower cost than corrective measures.
Fans radiate noise through both the inlet and outlet connections and it may be
necessary to provide attenuators to limit the noise from both of these connections.

In addition, attenuators should be located so that insulation is not nearer to a fire

damper than one metre and is not fitted anywhere after the final filter.

3.3 Wastewater Treatment and Recycling

3.3.1 Waste Water Treatment Process

Quantity of wastewater

According to Shun Dar Lin the quantity of wastewater produce varies in different
communities and countries, depending on a number of factors such as water uses,
climate, lifestyle, economics, etc. A typical wastewater flow rate from a residential
home in the United States might average 70 gal (265L) per capita per day.
Approximately 60% to 85% of the per capita consumption of water becomes waste
water.

GALLONS PER
PERSON PER
DAY(UNLESS
OTHERWISE
TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENT NOTED)

Airport (per passenger) 5

Bathhouses and swimming pools 10

Camps:

Campground with Central comfort station 35

With flush toilets, no showers 25

Construction camps (semi-permanent) 50

Day camps (no meals served) 15

Resort camps (night and day) with limited plumbing 50

Luxury camps 100

Cottages and small dwellings with seasonal occupancy 75

Country clubs (per resident member) 100

Country clubs (per nonresidents member present( 25

Dwellings:

Boarding houses 50

(additional for nonresident boarders) 10

Rooming houses 40

Factories (gallons per person, per shift, exclusive of

35
industrial wastes)

Hospitals (per bed space) 250

Hotels with laundry (two persons per rooms) per room 150

Institutions other than hospitals including nursing 125

homes (per bed space)

Laundries-self-service (gallons per wash) 30

Motels (per bed) with laundry 50

Picnic parks (toilets wastes only per park user) 5

Picnic parks with bathhouses, showers and flush 10

Toilets (per park user)

Restaurants (toilet and kitchen wastes per patron) 10

Restaurants (Kitchen waste per meal served) 3

Restaurants (additional for bars and cocktail lounges) 2

Schools:

Boarding 100

Day, without gyms, cafeterias, and showers 15

Day, with gyms, cafeterias, and showers 25

Day, with cafeterias, but without gyms or showers 20

Service stations (per vehicles served) 5

Swimming pools and bathhouses 10

Theaters:

Movie (per auditorium set) 5

Drive-in (per car space) 10

Travel trailer parkers without individual water 50

and sewer hook-ups (per space)

Travel trailer parks with individual water 100

 and sewer hook-ups (per space)

Workers:

Offices, schools and business establishments 15

(per shift)

Table 1.0 Typical Wastewater Flow Rates for Miscellaneous Facilities

According to Sir William Halcrow & Partners Ltd in a Master Plan Report for the
Guyana water Inc. -The quantity of wastewater is, thus, largely a function of the
amount of water used by different consumer groups of groundwater which enters the
pipes through, cracks, imperfect joints and non- watertight manholes and inspection
chambers. The only practicable means of determining wastewater flows on a rational
basis was by consideration of the quantities of potable water supplied and the uses
to which it is put.

In the sewer areas of Georgetown, where laundry is customarily done in the yard
and where sullage is often discharge to the surface water drains, the ratio of
wastewater reaching the sewer to water supplied is somewhat lowered. In 1975, ESI
calculated this ratio in the central sewered area to be 0.94 although it is certain that
this overestimated the through figure as no account of infiltration in dry weather was
taken. If the minimum night-time flow recorded by ESI can be attributed entirely to
infiltration, then the actual ratio during the period of flow measurement would have
been approximately 0.71.

Assuming that all sullage is directed to the sewer, our best estimate of the proportion
of water supplied to domestic households reaching the sewer in the year 2020 is
94%.
Physical Wastewater Characteristic

Wastewater is gray in color and has a musty and not unpleasant odor. The color
gradually changes with time from gray to black. Foul and unpleasant odors may then
develop as a result of septic sewage. The most important physical characteristics of
wastewater are its temperature and its solids concentration.

Temperature and solids content in wastewater are very important factors for
wastewater treatment processes. Temperature affects chemical reaction and
biological activities. Solids, such as total suspended solids (TSS), Volatile
suspended solids (VSS), and settleable solids, affect the operation and sizing of
treatment units.

Solids comprise matter suspended or dissolved in water and wastewater. Solids are
divided into several different fractions and their concentrations provide useful
information for characterization of wastewater water and control of treatment
processes.

Total Solids (TS) is the sum of total suspended solids and total dissolved solids
(TDS).Each of these groups can be further divided into volatile and fixed fractions.
Total solids in the material left in the evaporation dish after it has dried for at least 1h
or overnight (preferably) in an oven at 103 to 105C and are calculated according to
standard Methods (APHA et al., 1995).

( ) 1000
=
,

Where A =weight of dried residue plus dish, mg

B =weight of dish, mg

1000 = Conversion of 1000 ML/L

Total Suspended solids (TSS) are referred to as no filterable residue. The TSS is a
very important quality parameter for water and wastewater and is a wastewater
treatment effluent standard. The TSS standards for primary and secondary effluents
are usually set at 30 and 12 mg/L, respectively. TSS is determined by filtering a well-
mixed sample through a 0.2 m pore size, 24 mm diameter membrane; the
membrane filter is placed in a Gooch Crucible, and the residue retained on the filter
is dried in an oven for at least 1h at a constant weight at 103 to 105C. It is calculated
as:

( ) 1000
=
,

Where C= weight of filter and crucible plus dried residue, mg

D= weight of filter and crucible, mg

Total dissolved solids are also called filterable residues. Total dissolved solids in raw
wastewater are in range of 250 to 850 mg/L.

TDS is determined as follows. A well-mixed sample is filtered through a standard

glass fiber of 2.0 m normal pore size, and the filtrate is evaporated for at least 1h in
an oven at 180 + 2C. The increase in dish weight represents the total dissolved
solids, which is calculated as

( ) 1000
=
,

Where E= weight of dried residue plus dish, mg

F= weight of dish, mg

Fixed and Volatile solids- The residue from TS, TSS, or TDS tests is ignited to
constant weight at 550C.The weight lost on ignition is called volatile solids, whereas
the remaining solids represent the fixed total, suspended, of dissolved solids. The
portions of volatile and fixed solids are computed by

solids ( ) 1000
volatile =
L ,
 solids ( ) 1000
fixed =
L ,

Where G= Weight of residue plus crucible before ignition, mg

H=Weight of residue plus crucible or filter after ignition, mg

I= Weight of dish or filter, mg

The determination of the volatile portion of solids is useful in controlling wastewater

treatment plant operations because it gives a rough estimation of the amount of
organic matter present in the solid fraction of wastewater, activated sludge, and in
industrial waste.

Determination of volatile and fixed solids does not distinguish precisely between
organic and inorganic matter. Because the loss on ignition is not confirmed only to
organic matter, it included losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some
mineral salts. The determination of organic matter can be tests for biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon
(TOC).

Settleable solids are the term applied to material settling out of suspension within a
defined time. It may include floating material, depending on the technique. Settled
solids may be expressed on either a volume (Ml/l) basis.

The volumetric method for determining settleable solids is as follows. Fill an Imhoff
cone to the 1-L mark with a well-mixed sample. Settle for 45 min, gently agitate the
sample near the sides of the Imhoff cone with a rod or by spinning, then continue to
settle for an additional 15 min and record the volume of settleable solids in the cone
as Ml/l.

Chemical Constituents of waste water

Nitrogen levels in domestic raw wastewater are 25 to 85 mg/L for total nitrogen (the
sum of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and organic nitrogen); 12 to 50 mg/L ammonia
nitrogen and 8 to 35 mg/L organic mg/L (WEF1996a).

Typical total phosphorous concentrations of raw wastewater range from 2 to 20mg/L,

which includes 1 to 5 mg/L of organic phosphorous and 1 to 15 mg/L of inorganic
phosphorous (WEF1996a).

Table 2: Typical composition of untreated domestic waste water adapted from

Metcalf and Eddy Inc. Wastewater Engineering 3rd , edition

Biological Process of Wastewater

According to Economic and Social Commission for Wester Asia A general review
on waste water technologies: Aanerobic digesters are commonly used for the
treatment of sludge and waste-waters with high organic content. The advantage and
disadvantages of a system of this kind, as compared to aerobic treatment, stem
directly from the slow growth rate of methanogen bacteria. A slow growth rate
requires a relatively long retention time in the digester for adequate waste
stabilization to occur; however that same slow growth means that only a small
portion of the degradable organic matter is synthesized into new cells. Another
advantage of this type of system is the production of methane gas which can be
used as a fuel source, if produce in sufficient quantities. Also the system produce a
well stabilized sludge, which can be safely dispose in an sanitary landfill after drying
or dewatering. On the other hand, that fact that high temperature is required for
adequate treatment is a drawback.

Figure 56-Typical flow diagram for an activated- sludge process

3.3.2 Preliminary & Primary Treatment

Selection of Screens

Types of Course Screens would include manually cleaned bar screens/trash racks
or mechanically cleaned bars screens/ trash racks such as chain or cable driven with
front or back cleaning, reciprocating rake screens, catenary screens and continuous
self-cleaning screens.

Types of Fine Screens such as Rotary-drum screens, rotary drum screens with
outward and inward flow, rotary disc screens, inclined revolving disc screens,
traveling water screens, endless band screens, vibrating screens.

Figure 57: Manual Screen at the St. George University, Grenada

Figure 58: Mechanically operated screen at the WWTP in Roseau, Dominica

Selection of Sedimentation Basin/ Clarifier

A sedimentation basin must be design to produce both clarified effluent and

concentrated sludge. Four types of settling occur depending on particle
concentration: discrete, flocculent, and hindered and compression. Horizonal- flow
clarifiers may be rectangular, square or circular in shape. The flow in rectangular
basin is rectilinear and parallel to the long axis of the basin, whereas in center feed
circular basins, the water flows radially from the center towards the outer edges.

Figure 59: Rectangular Basin

Figure 60: Circular Tank

Secondary Stage

This stage is where the biological process takes place, Wastewater treatment works
uses natural processes to break down and remove substances that might harm the
environment but speed them up within a controlled environment.

There are two main ways of doing this:

1. Biological filtration

This is not a true filter but the stones in this process act as an ideal place for bacteria
and other micro-organisms to live and grow. They form a biological film on the
stones which remove the dissolved organic material as the settled sewage trickles
downward. Oxygen from the spaces between the stones allows the microorganisms
to breathe and grow. As the bacteria grow and multiply the film reaches a maximum
thickness and excess material is continuously.

For the purpose of this innovation center we have chosen to use the second process
which is the activated sludge process along with the membrane technique.

Activated sludge- In this system the settled sewage is mixed with a blend of bacteria
and other micro-organisms known as activated sludge. The amount of air is
controlled according to the respiration requirement, which depends on the
concentration of bacteria and the strength of the settled sewage. The bacteria grow
and multiply in the aeration tanks due to the plentiful food supply and the excess is
drawn off as surplus activated sludge which is mixed with the rest of the sewage
sludge. The treated water is then separated from the activated sludge in final
settlement tanks and is normally suitable for safe discharge to the environment.

Membrane Technique

The key to effective biological treatment is efficient separation of bacteria (activated

sludge or biological film) from the treated water. Very fine filter membranes may be
used instead of settlement tanks and the resulting discharge will be of very high
quality. This is a very expensive process and is normally used where the water
environment would be very sensitive to the discharge.

Tertiary Treatment

This is the final stage of treatment.

Where very high quality effluents are require additional polishing processes are
used, including sand or gravel filters and natural systems such as ponds or
wetlands. Where discharges are made to bathing waters or shellfish growing areas
disinfection by ultra violet light or removal of bacteria and viruses by fine membranes
is used. Effluents from wastewater treatment works contain bacteria from the
treatment process and are not safe to drink but are safe enough for the environment.
3.3.3 Wastewater Generated For the Innovation Center

The Innovation center is designed to hold 250 students at one sitting in the large
lecture theatre, however incorporating the other sections of the building the total
number of persons at any one instance is approximately 500 persons (students and
staff).

The Guyana Water Incorporated says the daily water consumption rate per person
180 L/day, approximately 65%-80% of this goes to wastewater. Therefore the total
amount of wastewater expected to be generated by the innovation centre is as
follows:

WW= 180L/person/day x 0.8 x 500 persons = 72000 litres per day = 72 m3 per
day

3.3.3.1 Recycling Wastewater

As we continue to expand technologies in the 21st century, it is possible to harness

energy from waste, which is through biofuels\biogas. It is proposed that this
technology be used for the innovation centre. Not only would another form of energy
be utilized but also we can obtain fertilizers from the digestion process involved and
purify the effluent into potable water.

The amount of biogas you can extract from your organic waste depends on the
waste itself and the design of the digester system. Some digesters can yield 20 m3
of biogas per tonne of waste while others can yield as much as 800 m3 per tonne. It
all depends on waste quality, digester design and proper operation of the system.

Each cubic meter (m3) of biogas contains the equivalent of 6 kWh of calorific energy.
However, when we convert biogas to electricity, in a biogas powered electric
generator, we get about 2 kWh of useable electricity, and the rest turns into heat
which can also be used for heating applications. 2 kWh is enough energy to power a
100 W light bulb for 20 hours or a 2000W hair dryer for 1 hour.
The innovation centre generates 72 m3 every day, therefore the total amount of
energy possible per day is 432 kWh

Wastewater should not be the only form of organic matter used to generate power,
plant matter can be used, for example grass mowed from the lawns of the area.

Figure 61: A schematic of a biogas plant

Figure 614: A Fixed-Dome Type Biogas Underground Plant

3.4 It Requirements

3.4.1 Access Cards

In order to facilitate easy but regulated access to certain areas of the proposed
Innovation Centre, a system of access cards will be implemented. To simplify this
system and easily integrate it into the already existing systems of the university,
these cards will simply be an addition of barcodes to the underside of the universitys
student identification cards. These barcodes will consist of a group of printed and
variously patterned bars and spaces, numeric and sometimes alpha numeric data,
designed to be scanned and read into computer memory as identification. This
upgrade of the UG student cards can be easily be done through the use of special
ID card printers that can be used to print entirely new identification cards or just
simply add the required barcodes for access to sections of the Innovation Centre.
Special cards will also be made to accommodate guests within the building.

Relevant card reader technology will have to be installed at the entrances of rooms
where authorized access is necessary. These rooms include the Computer Room
and the Large Lecture Theatre. Card readers can either be of the swipe, insert or
proximity form. The publicly available computer systems throughout the building will
also be outfitted with access card units to ensure access is granted only to approved
individuals and also so that their sessions may be logged.

Figure 63: ID Card Printers

3.4.2 High Speed Internet

The design layout for connectivity for the Innovation Centre is to basically provide
internet access throughout the building so that the users of the centre can have a
modern experience when within the perimeter of the proposed structure. It will offer
unlimited internet access to its users. On different levels there will be dedicated
available wireless internet access in specific areas. The speed of the internet will be
the highest offered at the time of the grand opening and will be adjusted if
improvements are made to the bandwidth offered locally.
 Figure 64: DSL Modem & Wireless Router

Separate dedicated modems along with wireless internet routers will be provided for
the rooms listed below:

Research Centre

Library Hall

Offices

Conference Room

Business and Entrepreneurship Centre

Each of these rooms will be served by their own access point to offer speedy and
reliable internet service and avoid congested networks. These signals will only be
accessible to persons in the immediate vicinity or room itself and will be controlled
by the use of regularly changed passwords.

However, no one will be totally excluded from internet access once they are in
building. This will be ensured by providing an unsecured WiFi network that can be
accessed by anyone with a laptop, tablet, phone or other hardware that is WiFi
enabled. Naturally this network may tend to be congested so the router selected for
this connection will have a larger capacity than the dedicated routers of the
aforementioned rooms. Also it will have a greater ranged as it is to be accessible at
all points of the building.

3.4.3 Theatre Video/Audio

A major component of the Large Lecture Theatre is the video system used to display
lecture notes and teaching aids. The most cost efficient system that can effectively
serve 250 individuals would be a projector system. These projectors will be mounted
on the ceiling of the lecture theatre for security and convenience. The requirements
for the selected projector include:

Short-Throw Technology reduces shadows and glares in presentations and

does not need to be mounted as far back as traditional projectors to produce
a large image

Interactive Technology allows annotation from any connected source e.g.

iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch etc

1080p Full HD or higher resolution

Capable of producing a diagonal screen size greater than 7 meters

 Figure 65: Wall Mounted Projector

This video system is to be complemented by the use of a Bose Theatre Audio

system that will provide crystal clear and crisp quality sound from the first to the last
person in the Lecture Theatre. The system must be capable of serving the entire
Lecture Theatre and be easily adjusted to cater for the shape of the rooms and its
furnishings. It must have multiple connective capabilities to all various input devices
includes of microphones and wireless and Bluetooth signals.

Figure 66: Bose Audio Speaker

All of the systems within the Large Lecture Theatre will be networked in such a way
that students will be able to access the documents that are being presented to them
at that very instant.
4.0 Soil Investigation Management

4.1 Introduction

This investigation is organized into 4 main sections namely the background of the
project, the geological findings, analysis the results and a design phase.

The soil investigation exercise was required to complete the design for a super
structure building for the University of Guyana. Mr. Eric Philips (Lecture at the
University of Guyana) assigned the Geotechnical Investigation to Group A of the
Civil Engineering Final year class. The time-period that was available for this
investigation wasfrom the 30thOctober 2013 to 18thDecember 2013.

The field exploration was accomplished by boring of one (1) borehole using the Test
pit method. The test pit is simply a hole dug in the ground, which enable a close
examination of the sides. With this method ground water conditions can be
established exactly and undisturbed soil samples are obtained relatively easily.

4.2 Project Description

The project aim is to effectively design a deep foundation for a super structure taking
into safety, cost and the foundation functional performance against loading. The
location at which the samples were extracted is at a western side (indicated by
drawing in appendix) on University Of Guyana Cricket Field. It was carried out from
the 5thNovember 2013 to the 7th November 2013.

4.3 Description of Site and Subsoil

The site where this exploration was carried out was not vegetated (covered only by
grass). The soils encountered during this investigation were mostly stiff clay from the
surface to about 2 feet below the surface. The clay contained impurities such as
tree roots, organic matter and ferrous materials as shown in the pitting and borehole
profile.

4.4 Method of Soil Exploration

A hand held augers was used to collect samples and, in combination with cylindrical
tube samplers, to collect undisturbed samples. The hand-held augers consist of an
auger bit, a solid drill rod, and a "T" handle. When the drill rod was threaded,
extensions were added to reach the required dept. The auger tip drills into the
ground as the handle is rotated, and soil retained in the auger tip is brought to the
surface and used as the soil sample.

1.4 Laboratory Tests Carried Out on Samples

The tests carried out on samples retrieved from the soil exploration exercise were:

Atterberg Limits

-Liquid Limit

-Plastic Limit

-Shrinkage Limit

Unconfined Compression

Moisture Content

Computation bulk density and dry unit weight

2.0 LABORATORY Testing

2.1 General

Both disturbed and undisturbed samples were obtained at various depths and at
every change of soil strata for the purposes of identification, classification and
testing to determine the shear strength and other parameters of the subsurface soils.
These tests consisted of determinations of moisture content, bulk and dry densities,
unconfined compressive strength and Atterberg limits.

2.2 Moisture Content

Moisture content and bulk density determinations were performed on numerous

samples in order to provide an identification of the relevant strength of the samples
and for correlation of the sample type.

2.2.1 Standard Reference

ASTM D 2216 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination ofWater

(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures

2.2.2 Significance

For many soils, the water content may be an extremely important index usedfor
establishing the relationship between the way a soil behaves and its properties.

The consistency of a fine-grained soil largely depends on its water content.

Thewater content is also used in expressing the phase relationships of air, water,
andsolids in a given volume of soil.
2.3Atterberg Limits and Shrinkage Limit

This lab is performed to determine the plastic and liquid limits of a finegrainedsoil.
The liquid limit (LL) is arbitrarily defined as the water content, inpercent, at which a
pat of soil in a standard cup and cut by a groove of standarddimensions will flow
together at the base of the groove for a distance of 13 mm (1/2in.) when subjected to
25 shocks from the cup being dropped 10 mm in a standardliquid limit apparatus
operated at a rate of two shocks per second. The plastic limit(PL) is the water
content, in percent, at which a soil can no longer be deformed byrolling into 3.2 mm
(1/8 in.) diameter threads without crumbling.

2.3.1 Standard Reference:

ASTM D 4318 - Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity
Index of Soils

2.3.2 Significance:

The Swedish soil scientist Albert Atterberg originally defined seven limits
ofconsistency to classify fine-grained soils, but in current engineering practice
onlytwo of the limits, the liquid and plastic limits, are commonly used. (A third
limit,called the shrinkage limit, is used occasionally.) The Atterberg limits are based
on the moisture content of the soil. The plastic limit is the moisture content
thatdefines where the soil changes from a semi-solid to a plastic (flexible) state.
Theliquid limit is the moisture content that defines where the soil changes from a
plastic to a viscous fluid state. The shrinkage limit is the moisture content that
defines where the soil volume will not reduce further if the moisture content is
reduced. A wide variety of soil engineering properties have been correlated to the
liquid and plastic limits, and these Atterberg limits are also used to classify a fine-
grained soil according to the Unified Soil Classification system or AASHTO system.
2.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength

The primary purpose of this test is to determine the unconfined

compressivestrength, which is then used to calculate the unconsolidated undrained
shearstrength of the clay under unconfined conditions. According to the ASTM
standard,the unconfined compressive strength (qu) is defined as the compressive
stress atwhich an unconfined cylindrical specimen of soil will fail in a simple
compressiontest. In addition, in this test method, the unconfined compressive
strength is takenas the maximum load attained per unit area, or the load per unit
area at 15% axialstrain, whichever occurs first during the performance of a test.

2.41 Standard Reference:

ASTM D 2166 - Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength

of Cohesive Soil

2.42 Significance:

For soils, the undrained shear strength (su) is necessary for the determination of the
bearing capacity of foundations, dams, etc. The undrainedshear strength (su) of
clays is commonly determined from an unconfined compression test. The undrained
shear strength (su) of a cohesive soil is equal toone-half the unconfined
compressive strength (qu) when the soil is under the f = 0condition (f = the angle of
internal friction). The most critical condition for the soilusually occurs immediately
after construction, which represents undrainedconditions, when the undrained shear
strength is basically equal to the cohesion(c). This is expressed as:

S u = c = qu/2
3.0 METHODOLOGY

General

Group A carried out a reconnaissance of the proposed location of the pit and
borehole;

After assembling the hand held auger digging commenced, detailed notes was
taken of the observations made which included change in soil color and texture
also the depth at which water started appearing in the borehole beneath the pit;

Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken at different elevations during
the digging of the pit and drilling of the borehole beneath the water table and at
the bottom of the borehole, these samples were immediately placed in plastic
bags and sealed to prevent loss of moisture to the atmosphere;

Disturbed and undisturbed soil (use of cylinder) samples were taken at the
bottom of the pit (0.762 m ) below the ground level, on which Atterberg Limits
and shrinkage tests were performed;

Unconfined compression test was performed on the soil sample; and

Bulk density and specific gravity tests were carried out on the undisturbed
sample.

3.1 Atterberg Limits

3.1.1 Apparatus:

1. One (1) Atterberg Limit Apparatus (Casagrande Apparatus)

2. One (1) Standard Key (Grooving Tool)

3. Seven (7) Labeled Cans

4. One (1) Glass Plate

5. One (1) Scale/Balance

6. Palette Knife

7. Water

3.1.2 Determination of the Liquid Limit

Sample weighed;

A sample of soil obtained weighing approximately 1kg was obtained form the
field;

Approximately 300 grams of sample was taken out andplaced upon the glass
plate. Upon placing the sample onto the glass plate, the sample was mixed with
pipe water added in small quantity at a time and mixed thoroughly to form a thick
homogenous paste;

A portion of the paste was placed in the Casagrande brass cup (see Appendix A
for diagrams) and the surface of the paste leveled off with the pallet knife;
 The grooving tool was used to scoop a portion of the sample from the center
Casagrande brass cup, creating a 1 cm groove in the sample. The excess paste
was added to the mixing soil mould;

The arm of the apparatus was rotated to achieve about 120 blows/minute, and
the number of blows that created soil to produce a groove closure of 13mm was
recorded;

If step 6 resulted in the number of blows complying with the suggested ranges in
the theory, the number of blows was recorded and the moisture content of the
paste was determined using wet weight and oven dries weight. A small amount
of soil was placed in an oven to dry for about 24 hours. The following day the
samples in the dishes were removed from the oven and once again weighed to
obtained the dry weight of dish and sample. Steps 3-7 were repeated for four
readings that followed; and

If the number of blows did not confirm to specifications, more soil or water was
depending on the required range of blows to the paste to improve the
consistency.

3.13 Determination of the Plastic Limit

Sample weighed;

A soil sample approximately 200g was removed and placed on the glass plate;
 Pipe water was then added to the soil sample and thoroughly mixed to form a
homogenous paste plastic enough to be rolled into a ball;

A small amount of the paste was rolled into 3mm threads in the palm of the hand,
until small cracks appear/crumbling about to occur;

The thread was placed in one of the previously labeled cans and the moisture
content determined using wet weight and oven dries weight; and

Steps 2-5 were repeated one more time.

3.2 Shrinkage Limit

3.2.1 Apparatus:

1. Grease

2. Shrinkage Dishs

3. One (1) Scale/Balance

4. Palette Knife

Twomoulds were obtained andwere individually weighed;

The dimensions of the moulds were measured and recorded (14cm long,
2.5cm). The moulds were semi circular in shape;
 The moulds are filled and compacted with clay sample that was used in the
determination of the liquid limit;

After the moulds were filled with clay they were again weighed to obtain the
weight of mould and wet sample and these results were recorded. They were
then placed in the oven to dry for about 24 hours;

After 24 hours the moulds were removed from the oven again weighed to obtain
its weight with the dry sample and these results were recorded; and

The sample within the moulds was removed and the dimensions of the sample
were measured and recorded (length & diameter).

3.3 Unconfined Compression Testing

3.3.1 Apparatus:

1. Unconfined compression testing machine

2. Dial gauge

3. Device to measure length and diameter (calipers)

4. Sample Extruder

5. Trimming tools

6. Water content cans

7. Balances

8. Split mould

9. Trimming knife

10. Wire saw

11. Plastic end caps

 12. Rubber rings of diameter to suit end caps

With sampling tube vertical, a sample of soil was extruded vertically using the
extruder;

The end of the sample was then trimmed normal to the vertical axis of the
sample tube using the wire saw;

The sample tube was then inverted and the extruder pushed through the tube in
the opposite direction until a desirable length of soil is extruded such that the
length of the soil in the tube was twice its diameter;

The end of the sample was again trimmed with the wire saw;

The length diameter and mass of soil sample was then measured;

The soil sample was the placed on one end cap and the second end cap placed
on top of the sample;

The sample was carefully aligned in the compression machine. The sample was
adjusted by hand so that it touched both platens (loading plates). The
compression machine was then zeroed;

The test was started and readings were taken every 15 seconds until
deformation was significantly past 15 percent strain (about 20 to 25 percent);
 Other samples were taken from the sample in the machine after deformation and
weighted in pans;

The pans were placed into the oven to dry, after which it was reweighed to find
the moisture content; and

The unit strain, corrected area, and unit stress for the readings were computed
for the sample from which the adequate graphs are plotted.

4. 0 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

DATA SHEET

Date Tested: Nov, 20, 2013

Tested By: Group A

Project Name: Engineering Management

Sample: 1ft from surface

Specimen number 1 2

Moisture can and lid number B3 B4

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 27.6 30.1

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 90.52 90.77

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 75.1 77.1

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 47.5 47.6

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 15.42 13.67

w = Water content, w% 32.5 28.7

Sample: 5ft from surface

Specimen number 1 2

Moisture can and lid number B11 B12

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 4.3 4.2

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 35.8 38.6

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 25.3 26.3

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 21.0 22.1

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 10.5 12.3

w = Water content, w% 50.0 55.7

Sample: 6ft from surface

Specimen number 1 2

Moisture can and lid number B13 B14

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 4.4 5.2

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 32.1 40.1

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 20.9 26.1

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 16.5 20.9

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 11.2 14.0

w = Water content, w% 68.9 67.0

 5.0 ATTERBERG LIMITS

DATA SHEETS

Date Tested: Nov, 08, 2013

Tested By: Group A

Project Name: Engineering Management

Sample: 6ft from surface

Sample Description: Gray silty clay

Liquid Limit Determination

Sample no. 1 2 3 4

Moisture can and lid number 1A 1B 1C 1D

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 28.2 27.5 26.9 25.5

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 58.2 70.3 63.3 55.9

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 43.3 49.6 48.5 42.7

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 15.1 22.1 17.5 17.2

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 14.9 20.7 21.6 13.2

w = Water content, w% 98.7 93.7 81.0 76.7

No. of drops (N) 25 22 17 16

Plastic Limit Determination

Sample no 1 2 3
Moisture can and lid number 1E 1F 1G

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 4.8 5.1 4.2

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 9.6 9.2 10.5

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 7.9 7.4 7.9

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 3.1 2.3 3.7

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 1.7 1.8 2.6

w = Water content, w% 54.8 78.3 70.0

Plastic Limit (PL) = Average w % = 54.8+78.3+70.0 = 67.7%

Liquid Limit Chart

W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,

w
%
From the above graph, Liquid Limit = 70

Final Results:

Liquid Limit = 70.0

Plastic Limit = 67.7

Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit -Plastic Limit

= 70 -67.7 = 2.3

Shrinkage Limit Determination

Sample no. 1

Moisture can and dish number 2B

MC = Mass of empty, clean dish 252.5

MCMS = Mass of dish and moist soil (grams) 303.5

MCDS = Mass of dish and dry soil (grams) 280.0

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 27.5

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 23.5

w = Water content, w% 85.45

V= Volume of mould = D2 /4* Length

Length of mould = 140mm, Diameter of mould = 25mm

V= (25mm) 2 /4* 140mm = 68,722 mm3

However since mould is half cylinder the volume will half of 68,722 mm3

V= 34,361mm3

Vo= Volume of dry sample = D2/4* Length

Length of dry specimen = 120 mm

Diameter of specimen = 22 mm

Vo= (22mm) 2/4 * 120 mm = 45,616mm3

However since mould is half cylinder the volume will half of 45,616cm3

Vo = 22,808 mm3

Shrinkage Limit = M 100(V - Vo) M moisture content

W weight of dry soil

Shrinkage Limit = 85.45 100* (34.361 22.808)

27.5

Shrinkage Limit = 43.44%

6.0 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST

DATA SHEET

Date Tested: Nov 12, 2013

Tested By: Group A

Project Name: Engineering Management

Sample Number: B112, 6ft from surface

Visual Classification: Brown silty clay, medium plasticity, moist CL.

Sample data:

Diameter (d) = 7.0 cm

Length (L0) = 14.0 cm

Mass = 875 g

Table 1: Moisture Content determination

Specimen number 1

Moisture can and lid number B1

MC = Mass of empty, clean can + lid (grams) 27.85

MCMS = Mass of can, lid, and moist soil (grams) 51.6

MCDS = Mass of can, lid, and dry soil (grams) 41.9

MS = Mass of soil solids (grams) 14.05

MW = Mass of pore water (grams) 9.7

 w = Water content, w% 69.0

Area (A0) = (d)2/4 = (7)2/4 = 38.48 cm2

Volume = (d)2/4 x L0= (7)2/4 x 14.0 = 538.72 cm3

Wet density = 875/ 538.72 = 1.62 g/cm3

Water content (w%) = 69.0 %

Dry density (d) = 1.62/ (1 + 0.69) = 0.96 g/cm3

Deformation Load Dial Sample Strain % Corrected Load Stress

Dial Reading (1 unit Deformatio () Stain Area A (N) (kPa)
Reading = 1.402969099 n
(cm )
N)
L (mm)

0 0 0 0.000 0.000 38.48 0 0

1.5 11 0.15 0.001 0.110 38.52 15.43 4.00

2.2 25 0.22 0.001 0.157 38.54 35.07 9.10

2.5 38 0.25 0.001 0.178 38.55 53.31 13.83

2.8 46 0.28 0.002 0.200 38.56 64.53 16.74

3.4 56 0.34 0.002 0.243 38.57 78.57 20.37

3.6 60 0.36 0.002 0.257 38.58 84.18 21.82

3.6 65 0.36 0.002 0.257 38.58 91.19 23.64

3.6 72 0.36 0.002 0.257 38.58 101.01 26.18

3.7 74 0.37 0.002 0.264 38.58 103.82 26.91

3.8 71 0.38 0.002 0.271 38.58 99.61 25.82

Unconfined Compression Test Data (Deformation Dial: 1 unit = 0.10mm;

Proving Ring No: 24691; Load Dial: 1 unit = 0.3154 lb)

30

25

20
Stress, (kPa)

15

10

0
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3
Axial strain, e (%)

From the stress- strain curve:

Unconfined compressive strength (qu) = 28.0 kPa

Cohesion (c) = 14.0 kPa.

7.0 DISCUSSION

The results would have been subjected to errors. Some of these errors are
discussed below.

- Factors such as wind along with the natural positive or negative value obtained
from half the smallest graduation of the balance would significantly impact on the
results. The mass recorded by the balance is quite small which causes a small error
of measurement of the mass to result in a significant difference of the computed
Liquid, Plastic and Shrinkage limits.

- The cylinders used to obtain undisturbed soil samples have disturbed the soil when
the cylinders came up empty and had to be reinserted into the soil to collect the
sample to be tested.

- When the sample is removed from the ground the lateral restraint provided by the
surrounding soil mass is lost. There is that internal sample moisture, which provides
a surface tension (or confining) effect so that the sample is somewhat confined for
the unconfined compression test. This effect will depend on degree of saturation
and humidity in the testing area so that quantitative estimate is impossible.

- Human error such as parallax readings of results will also directly affect the
results obtained.

Even though the results do not portray the exact soil parameters for the tests done
due to the errors stated above, the results can be accepted as being quite true to the
actual soil parameters. Since structures to be founded on soil are generally
designed with a factor of safety, the errors achieved by the tests would not affect the
soils performance of withstanding the designed structure to be founded on it, since
the errors are negligible to the actual soil parameters.

Despite the minor errors encountered the results obtained are acceptable.
8.0 Design of Pile Foundation

The column load for the super structure building is to be construct on group timber
piles. The column transmits an axial load of 8500 KN to the pile cap. Using a factor
of safety of 1.2designs a group pile capacity that would be adequate for supporting
the load.

Soil Characteristics

Elevation Angle of Cohesion Unit weight Adhesion Remarks

(m) friction (KN/m2) (KN/m2) Factor

0.0 to -2.0 0 14 17.5 0.95 Clay (Water

table at 2.0m)

-2.0 to -5.0 0 18 17.0 0.95 clay

-5.0 to - 7.5 0 20 15.2 0.95 Clay

-7.5 to -14.0 0 40 18.4 0.95 clay

-14.0 to - 0 60 21.2 0.95 Coropina clay

20.0

Timber Pile length Assume = 20m (design for end bearing and friction pile)

Diameter of Pile: 400 mm (Spacing Center to Center = 1200 mm)

Design is to check the adequacy of the timber group pile length assumed with
against the building loading.

Pile design (designing for 1 single pile)

Step 1 (Determine the Skin Friction of Layer 1)

Qs = Cu P L

Qs = (14 kn/ m2) (0.95) (2m) (400mm/1000mm) 3.14

QS1 = 33.426 KN (Layer number 1)

Qs = Cu P L

Qs = (18 kn/ m2) (0.95) (3 m) (400mm/1000mm) 3.14

QS2 = 64.46 KN (Layer number 2)

Qs = Cu P L

Qs = (20 kn/ m2) (0.95) (2.5 m) (400mm/1000mm) 3.14

QS3 = 59.69 KN (Layer number 3)

Qs = Cu P L

Qs = (40 kn/ m2) (0.95) (6.5 m) (400mm/1000mm) 3.14

QS4 = 310.389 KN (Layer number 4)

Qs = Cu P L

Qs = (60 kn/ m2) (0.95) (6 m) (400mm/1000mm) 3.14

QS5 = 416.198 KN (Layer number 5)

Total Skin Friction for the 1 single Pile = 884.63 KN

Hence for 9 pile the group will carry = 9 x 884.63 = 7957.467 KN

End of pile

QB = 9Cu AREA
QB = 9 x 60 x (4/10) 2 (3.14)

QB = 67.85 KN (for 1 pile in group)

Ultimate Load on the Pile = Skin friction + End bearing

QU = 67.85 KN(9) + 7957.467 KN

QU= 8567.65 KN (for entire Block)

Hence 8500 KN < 8567.65 KN (A group pile of 9 pile will be adequate to

support 1 column carrying a total weight of 8500 KN)

APPENDIX
Atterbery Equipment (photo taken by: Balkishune

Compression device(photo taken by: Balkishune

Image of the Site Area

Figure showing a satellite image of the project area at an altitude of 0.634 km above
ground level (adopted by Google Earth, 2011)
5.0 Business Plan

1. Introduction

This business plan was establish on the bases of developing the University of
Guyana, Turkeyen Campus as part of the master plan and the section in focus will
be innovation and entrepreneurship. The tentative name of this business is Guyana
Goldfields Innovation and Entrepreneurship. On the bases that mining in Guyana
will be transformed practically in every aspect as a result of this Canadian base
mining company.

This innovation center will take the form of two buildings one with five stories and the
other three stories. The propose location of these buildings are in the existing play
field on the western side of the main entrance, having a modern design, unique
shape, aesthetically and recreationally appealing.

The Guyana Goldfields Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center will have a holistic
approach in its marketing strategy. The aim is not to be appealing only to students
but to Government, Private Sectors and Regional bodies. Its revenue will be
generated through Conferencing, Entertainment, Rentals, Multimedia Advertisement,
Food Courts and a few others.
 1.1. Vision

The Guyana Goldfields Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centres vision is to be an

authoritative source of free information, products and services. The desired
outcome is to develop social harmony and to eradicate cross cultural differences, to
mould a better society by offering only the highest standards, information, products
and services.

1.2. Mission

The mission is To develop environment that is conducive for learning, entertainment

and recreation.

1.3. Keys to Success

Keys to success for The Guyana Goldfields Innovation and Entrepreneurship Centre
are:

Management

High Quality Content

Value

Credibility

Reputation

Usability
 1.4. Strategies

In order focus the development of the business, the following strategies will be
followed.

Naming Rights Office rental

Conferencing Multimedia billboard

Internet caf and Wi-Fi Botanical gardens

Library ATMS

Journal centre Stationary store

Events Food courts

Recreation

2. Future Growth Opportunities

Live Online Teachers

Classroom Lessons

Video Lessons and conferences

Books

3. Financial Plan

This financial plan conservatively projects the overall finances of the centre. Although
many of the projections are based off pilot programs and statistical averages, the
projections are merely approximations. The success of this entity is determined by its
ability to manage.
 3.1. Start-up and Operating Budgets

The centre will be funded by an initial loan from the International Development Bank
(IDB).
 Appendix A

Drawings Internal Floor Layouts