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CHAPTER 3 89

3: The Case of Saudi Arabia


Academia-Industry Innovation Linkages in the Case of Saudi Arabia:
Developing a University-Industry Triple-Helix Framework to Promote Research
and Development Collaboration
K HALED S. AL-SULTAN and I YAD T. ALZAHARNAH, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals

Future innovation platforms in industrialization and the diversifica- ways will become a benef it. Saudi
Saudi Arabia cannot be isolated from tion of its economy. The Saudi form Arabia is gradually taking part in
the changes that are now reshaping of Dutch Disease made the manufac- the globalization of R&D. The
the Saudi economy, which has long turing sector less competitive than countrys growing resource incomes
been known for its chronic heavy it could otherwise have been, and are increasingly driving the trans-
dependence on the countrys natural although figures on R&D expendi- formation of the economy towards
resources. This is especially apparent tures by private firms are not being a knowledge-based system. In 2012
when we consider the proportion of collected, they are assumed to be Saudi Arabia was one of three new
export revenues that is attributable very low by international standards. emerging economies to appear on
to the oil sector (see Figure1). R&D programmes remain limited the world R&D map for first time
largely to the large industrial compa- (Malaysia and Indonesia are the
nies. Saudi investments have always other two) according to Battelles
Saudi Arabia in the global research tended to be risk averse and less 2012 Global R&D Funding Forecast.2
and development scene: Context and favourable towards extending funds Although Saudi Arabia is not now
economic rationale to new technology-driven compa- one of the global science and technol-
Saudi Arabia is not the only nation nies that have a high-risk profile. ogy (S&T) supply countries where
with natural-resource wealth that Moreover, efforts to stimulate multinational enterprises (MNEs)
affects its economy in many ways, innovation and enhance competi- choose to locate their offshore R&D
including its research and develop- tiveness at the national level have centres, and is not now a natural tar-
ment (R&D) levels. The continued confronted serious human resources get for R&D-related foreign direct
deep reliance on natural resources for challenges. Although the number investment (FDI), a multitude of
the past several decades has taken its of engineers and scientists in Saudi multibillion-dollar developmental
toll on todays Saudi industry. Large Arabia has increased in the last few projectsmainly in the petroleum
corporations dominate the indus- years, it remains low when compared upstream/downstream processing
try landscape; these include Saudi with those of other industrialized and the construction and engineer-
Aramco, which has a monopoly on countries. According to research ing fieldshave brought multina-
upstream oil development, and Saudi from the International Development tional R&D centres of international
Basic Industries (SABIC), which is Research Centre,1 Saudi Arabia has industrial corporations (see Box1).
currently the worlds seventh-largest the lowest total early-stage entre- International research collabora-
petrochemical producer and the larg- preneurial activity rate of all the tion is now acknowledged to be an
est non-oil company in the Middle factor-driven economies in its study. important transmission mechanism
East. The Kingdoms development Only 4.7% of the adult population through which technology can be
remains largely in the investment are actively involved in the start-up diffused between f irms and across
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

stage, although there are potential of a new business or own a young regions and countries. FDI plays a
pockets of innovation. business that has existed for less than major role in the process of global-
The National Plan for Science, three and half years. izing R&D, and MNEs are the
Technology and Innovation (NPSTI It seems the wealth of resources main actors. MNEs are seen as the
20102025) highlighted the major that was once argued to have been primary driver of global R&D, and
challenges facing the advance- an obstacle to Saudi Arabia diver- the worlds biggest multinationals
ment of Saudi Arabia towards sifying its economy in innovative are increasingly happy to locate their
90
3: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Figure 1: Annual export revenues of Saudi Arabia

350
Q Oil export revenues
Q Total export revenues
300

250
Saudi riyals, billions

200

150

100

50

0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011E 2012F 2013F

Source: Compiled by the authors from data presented in Jadwa Investment, 2012.

R&D facilities in emerging markets.


Box 1: R&D centres of international industrial corporations in Saudi Arabia More than 95% of the 700 f irms
with the largest R&D expenditure
Dhahran Techno-Valley (DTV) is a prominent In another example, along with worldwide are MNEs; they account
Saudi example of locations where MNEs Sumitomo, Saudi Aramco has set up for close to half of the worlds total
opted to locate offshore R&D centres. DTV PetroRabigha joint venture plastics
R&D expenditure and more than
is a specialized technology cluster focused development parkat King Abdullah
two-thirds of the worlds business
on petroleum processes that was launched Economic City mainly in order to develop
R&D. The top R&D-performing
at the King Fahd University of Petroleum types of chemical cracker and their deriva-
and Minerals (KFUPM) in 2006 (in close tives. These development parks are pos-
MNEs often spend more on R&D
proximity to Saudi Armcos headquarters). sible because large industrial organizations than many nation states do, and their
It currently hosts R&D centres for key worldwide continue to decentralize their presence is felt not only through
multinationals and other large local indus- R&D facilities and build new ones in off- activities in their home countries
tries. Dow Chemical Company recently shore locations. Growing evidence shows but also increasingly abroad. Com-
announced its intention of entering into a that, within a few years, the research parks panies on the Fortune 500 list have
strategic relationship with the King Abdul- of the major Saudi universities will bring 98 R&D facilities in China and 63 in
lah University of Science and Technology together academic research organizations, India. Multinationals expect about
(KAUST) to establish a multi-year, multi- national industries, and multinational R&D 70% of the worlds growth over the
million dollar joint research framework centres in an emerging Saudi triple helix
next few years to come from emerg-
initially aimed at using catalysis to develop arrangement, where each of these three
ing markets. This estimated growth
new routes for producing chemical deriva- elements combines with the others to
is associated with the strategies of
tives. In addition, Dow announced its inten- offer a dynamic and robust framework.
those industrial organizations that
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

tion of exploring developmental efforts at The Saudi triple helix arrangement includes
the KAUST Research Park and Innovation the Saudi Universities, the Saudi mega build global marketing and sales
Cluster. industries, and the MNEs. support presence at their technol-
ogy market locations (among many
other reasons). The offshoring of
R&D in developing countries has
involved internationally known
MNEs such as Ericsson, GE, IBM,
91

Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,

3: The Case of Saudi Arabia


Oracle, Texas Instruments, and Box 2: Development Plans for Saudi Arabia
SAP. These emerging international
R&D trends have started to manifest The 8th Development Plan (200509) important stages of the build-up towards a
themselves in national innovation focused on fundamental developments knowledge-based economy. Saudi higher
that laid the basis for heading towards education institutions now receive the
systems, which are becoming more
a knowledge-based economy. These lions share of the countrys appropriation
integrated in global innovation
included starting to implement the for R&D. The National Science and Technol-
networks and more dependent on
first five-year plan of the Science and ogy Plan (NSTP) implemented programmes
foreign sources of knowledge. Technology National Policy; adopting the and projects worth SR7.9 billion in 2008,
All of these observations are National ICT Plan, the National Industrial which constituted a significant develop-
not separate from the changes that Strategy, and the Strategy and Plan for ment in financing knowledge-production
the global R&D typology has seen Giftedness, Creativity and Innovation. The activities. Moreover, in 200607, the
during the last decade. Among the 9th Development Plan adopted the drive number of research centres at Saudi uni-
changes observed in the UNESCO towards a knowledge-based economy by versities increased, with the establishment
Science Report 2010 is an increase in focusing on education, which dissemi- of seven research centres of excellence for
the number of researchers in devel- nates knowledge, thus paving the way for environmental studies, medical genome
oped countries:3 in 2002, developed knowledge transfer and accumulation and sciences, oil refining and petrochemicals,
thereafter knowledge generation, as well renewable energy, materials engineering,
countries had 29.7% of the worlds
as the utilization of knowledge in various biotechnology, and research on dates
researchers; this increased to 37% in
economic and social sectors, particularly and palm trees. In addition, 32 training
2007. Many indicators show a level-
production and service activities. Through programmes were implemented within
ling of the R&D global playing field. these endeavours, the 9th Plan sought to the framework of a project for innova-
Most of the growth in global R&D enhance the comparative advantages of tion and excellence. Furthermore, several
funding is being driven by Asian the economy and add new ones, diversify private-sector companies have realized
economies, which is expected to it, and increase its productivity and com- the importance of R&D centres or units and
increase by nearly 9% in 2012, while petitiveness as well as create appropriate started to establish such centres, which
European R&D will grow by about employment opportunities for citizens. are expected to lead to increasing the
3.5% and North American R&D The 9th Plan (201014) recognized knowledge content of their products and
by 2.8%. A country-by-country higher education as one of the most services.
technical strength analysis perceived
China as having the worlds greatest
technical strength in 2015, while
the United States of America was infrastructure, education, and intel- clear directions for the transfer and
perceived to retain the same position lectual properties. indigenization of knowledge and
in 2010.4 thereafter its generationeither
Saudi Arabia seems to be internally through several channels
dynamically responding to the The Saudi push for a diversified economy: or by including partnerships with
global transformation of the R&D Key roles for higher education institutions leading foreign companies (see
environment, and its spending on and major industries Box 2). However, with all these
R&D has witnessed substantial Under the countrys 8th Develop- advancements, it should be noted the
growth. From 0.25% of GDP in ment Plan, several major public picture is still not totally rosy. For
2000, the Saudi appropriation for and private projects in various example, the low number of Master
R&D and innovation will increase regions of the Kingdom have been and PhD students was recognized
to 1% between 2010 and 2015 with implemented. These include invest- in the Development Plans. These
the aim of reaching 2% between ment projects aimed at diversifying were small numbers by international
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

2017 and 2015. The Saudi economy the economic base and achieving standards, a failing that ref lects
is part of the worlds changing por- balanced development among the negatively on R&D.
trayal of R&D, and is considered to countrys sectors, such as mining, The major roles open to Saudi
be one of the emerging economies ICT and petrochemical projects. industry in building the future
that are slowly (and steadily) increas- During the last decade, the picture knowledge-based economy were
ing their annual investment in R&D has gradually changed. The 8th and highlighted by the 9th Development
9th Development Plans included Plan. Saudi Aramco and SABIC
92

and the companies of the Offset academia-enterprise innovation resources to generate wealth and
3: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Program, particularly in the f ield linkages. work opportunities for citizens.


of electronics, are now carrying To address the relative imbal- They are also driven by industri-
out important technology-transfer ance among basic and applied ally relevant problems. Types of
and indigenization activities. Saudi research, development, and innova- university-industry cooperation
Aramco has worked on transfer tion, NSTP funding for research in include joint funding, sharing of
and indigenization of technology universities came under contract resources, and in-kind support. The
in the oil industry, establishing with the production and service activities of these centres involve
two R&D centres for that purpose. sectors, thus avoiding being geared education and training programmes
SABIC also made similar efforts merely towards academic publica- including, but not limited to, a PhD
in the petrochemical technology tion and career promotion. The programme that complements the
transfer, expanding its Industrial academia-enterprise innovation research programmes and builds
Complex for R&D in Riyadh and linkages dimension encompasses engagement, innovation, and R&D
locating two upstream R&D centres several important enablers, includ- capacity with industrial members.
at the science parks of two major ing intermediary institutions that These centres are also strongly
Saudi universities. The company interface education and R&D with encouraged to extend their activities
is building a plastics application production and services sectors. in order to involve undergraduates
development centre at the Riyadh These intermediary institutions also in their research. This is part of the
Techno Valley research complex play an important role in transfer- efforts for developing Saudi human
inside the King Saud University ring R&D results to production resources training programmes
(KSU) campus. Saudi International lines and services and transforming attuned to modern knowledge and
Petrochemical Company (Sipchem), knowledge into wealth. In addition technology.
which was established in 1999, is to research parks at the campuses Further important dimensions
building now a corporate Product of major Saudi universities, both of the NSTP are motivating Saudi
& Application Development Centre quantitative and qualitative expan- research universities and enterprise
(PADC) at DTV of KFUPM, which sion of intermediary institutions has sectors to expand partnerships in
will be operational in mid 2012. The occurred in the last few years. An increasing knowledge produc-
Saudi Arabian Amiantit Company, NSTP programme was launched tion nationally and to provide
which was established in 1968 and in 2009 with the aim of creating more incentives for joint ventures
developed into a major diversif ied a chain of cooperative technology and R&D-related FDI invest-
industrial group with operations innovation centres (TICs) between ment in knowledge transfer and
spanning the globe, is now establish- universities and the private indus- indigenization.
ing a research centre at DTV. trial sector (both local and global) at Encouraging the commercial-
leading universities in the Kingdom. ization of research and promoting
With a similar approach, the technology transfer from universi-
The Saudi national ecosystem and World Banks Innovation Policy Guide ties and research institutes are two of
academia-industry links for Developing Countries emphasizes the main objectives of the National
While implementing the 8th Plan the development of an innovation Policy for Technology Business
focused on the knowledge produc- scheme to provide public-private Incubation (NPTBI). The King
tion and dissemination challenges, partnerships and industry-university Abdulaziz City for Science and
the 9th Plan recognized different dif- collaboration by focusing on fund- Technology created the BADIR
ficulties with regard to indigeniza- ing the seed stage of potential programme to advance that policy
tion of knowledge and transforming niche research projects as a possible to meet some of the NSTP objec-
knowledge into products in Saudi innovation path for Saudi Arabia.5 tives. The BADIRwhich means
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

Arabia. These included two inter- In 2011, TICs were established initiateprogramme is mandated
twined dimensions: (1) directing the at three major Saudi universities: to support a network of five national
countrys investment in R&D and KFUPM, KSU, and King Abdulaziz technology-focused incubators
innovation towards areas important University (KAU). The centres are that assist emerging-technology
to the national economy and (2) geared towards developing advanced companies with specialist accom-
the needs for developing effective technologies that secure demanded modations. BADIR incubators
advanced products and give new will focus mainly on the priority
93

3: The Case of Saudi Arabia


Figure 2: Intermediary university-industry programmes/institutions: Positions in Saudi Arabias technology development

Observation of Demonstration in Demonstration in industry


basic principles laboratory environment operations environment

Industry

Focused technology incubation centres

University-industry cooperative TICs

Research parks at universities

NSTP-funded research projects

Universities

Fundamental Basic technology Applied technology Industrial Technology diffusion/


Fundamental research Basic technology research
research research research development deployment

technologies of ICT, biotechnology, development structure according to effective and well-designed regula-
advanced materials, manufacturing, their levels of technology readiness tory regimes and policies. Special
and energy technologies and work (Figure2). The university-industry arrangements are needed to coor-
closely with aff iliate incubators in innovation linking system was dinate activities of the university-
national universities. The work is designed to operate mission-driven industry cooperative TICs and the
near completion and is expected to environmentsthe elements of the R&D centres of the MNEs at the
be implemented under the auspices system will receive ongoing support research parks at universities. Also,
of the NSTP. from the government and lever- there are no clear links between the
age significant funds from industry developmental initiatives that take
(both national and multinational). It place at the newly established eco-
Enhancing academia-industry innovation is assumed they will have transforma- nomic cities and the research clusters
links in Saudi Arabia tive effects on the industrial base of that have started to emerge at the
The industrially oriented NSTP- Saudi Arabia during coming decades. campuses of the Saudi universities.
funded R&D projects, the research Consolidating these initia-
parks at major universities, the coop- tives requires a special type of
erative TICs, and the focused tech- engagementknown as triple- Regulatory regimes and policies needed
nology incubation centres constitute helix engagementthat fosters for Saudi Arabia to enhance current
jointly a large-scale national effort dynamic exchanges among Saudi academia-industry linkages
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

for aligning universities research universities, national funding (and The R&D centre environments of
with the future strategic needs of the policy-making) organizations, and the large industriesrepresented
Kingdom and transitioning public local/global f irms. Coordinating by both national and multinational
R&D results to production and among the intermediary organiza- enterprisesrequire advanced engi-
service sectors. These programmes tions and numerous Saudi national neering and manufacturing support
and intermediary organizations have knowledge-based economy initia- services. Petroleum R&D processes
been positioned in the technology tives and knowledge nodes requires are typically known for their
94

heavy demands for high-precision is offering fiscal incentives to cover Creating more favourable condi-
3: The Case of Saudi Arabia

mechanic work, which Saudi Arabia patenting costs. This support may tions for bringing a larger portion
currently lacks. The deficit in engi- be of interest to foreign investors of the worlds R&D-related FDI
neering design skills and the inability in R&D. Ensuring the presence of is also needed. The World Banks
of the labour force to execute small adequate skills in IP is necessary as Doing Business 2012 data for Saudi
devices or provide specialized shops well; this can be done, for example, Arabia indicates that the country
that can build systems and compo- by sponsoring IP education and occupies an advanced position (12
nents to specif ications as required identifying specialized law firms and out of 183) in terms of the ease of
by the scope of research projects consultants that can be contacted by doing business. However, this envi-
are among the most challenging potential foreign investors. ronment remains mainly limited to
diff iculties facing the advanced An abundance of natural investments in economic develop-
research centres in the Kingdom. resources has been always one of ment projects. There are special
Encouraging small- and medium- the most important determinants of needs for handling important issues
sized enterprises in Saudi Arabia to FDI in Saudi Arabia, but indications hindering technology development
invest in these types of engineering of a gradual shiftfrom resource- by international companies and the
design and manufacturing services seeking to other types of FDIare R&D offshore centres of MNEs
will require a specially designed growing. This diversification of the in Saudi Arabia. New legislation is
favourable investment environment type of FDI should be encouraged. essential to facilitate the importa-
and new types of investment poli- Increasing the attractiveness of Saudi tion of special materials or ordering
cies. In the same way, encouraging Arabia as a location for offshored equipment. Plans for attracting FDI
industrial ventures in building inno- R&D centres and R&D-related should also include differentiated
vative prototypes that could become FDI requires policy makers to packages for R&D-related FDIs.
successful in international markets foster scientific excellence through To obtain greater gains from
was among the possible innovation the creation of both scientif ic and foreign technology transfer to local
paths recommended for Saudi Ara- technological networks of public Saudi firms and industries, several
bia by the World Banks innovation and private research not only within conditions must be met through
policy guide.6 Saudi institutions of boundaries of the country but also indigenous R&D. Foreign tech-
higher education need also to be with distant partners. In the end, nology can generate technological
encouraged to align their curricula Saudi Arabia is a developed coun- change and upgrading for local
with these developmental demands try entering the era of globalized f irms only insofar as suff icient
and to develop special training pro- innovation; this reality needs to be indigenous R&D activities and
grammes to bridge the skills gap in ref lected in its national policy for human capital are present. The
these particular sectors. science and technology. For this level of local absorptive capacity is a
In regard to the protection of reason, Saudi national policies for crucial determinant and depends on
intellectual property (IP) rightsa science and technology should be the human capital and the countrys
protection that is important for related to the integration and con- appropriation for R&D. Experiences
attracting the R&D activities of for- centration of resources to reach an from emerging economies suggest
eign companiesSaudi Arabia has internationally competitive critical that maximizing the benef its of
achieved significant progress, which mass. The small number of graduate innovation and accelerating catch
was a requirement of membership students remains an impediment for up requires parallel encouragement
in the World Trade Organization. knowledge generation in the King- for indigenous innovation and the
However, further work is needed in dom. To ameliorate this situation, acquisition of foreign knowledge.
this area to develop more transpar- policies are needed that stimulate Chinas modeland also the Indian
ent and enforceable regimes for IP Saudi institutions of higher educa- and Brazilian modelsof walk-
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

rights. From an MNE headquar- tion to continue engaging with ing on two legs ref lects prudent
ters perspective, among the main enterprises and to adopt a method strategy for maximizing benef its
drawbacks of R&D offshoring is of systematic and formal consulta- of developing countries. It is true
the potential loss of control over tion with industry in the develop- that the offshored R&D centres in
the results. In order to stimulate ment of structured Master and PhD Saudi Arabia are, so far, mainly for
the patenting activity of f irms, an programmes that address industrys Western-headquartered corpora-
instrument used by several countries requirements. tions, but selecting and shaping
95

the best combinations of foreign

3: The Case of Saudi Arabia


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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012

Paper submitted to the OECD Global Forum


6 World Bank, 2010. on International Investment, Investment
Division, Global Forum VIII on International
Investment, Session 2.4.: Measuring the
Quality of Investment Policy Frameworks:
Useful Guides for Policy Reform or a Beauty
Contest? 78 December.

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