20/03/2015

CLCULO VECTORIAL CAPTULO I

SESIN 3
Definicin
Sea r : I R R una funcin vectorial definido en
n

el intervalo abierto I de R. Sea t0 en I. Se define la

derivada de r en t0, como el lmite
DERIVADA DE UN FUNCIN
r ( t0 + h ) r ( t0 )
VECTORIAL r (t0 ) = lim
h 0 h

cuando ste lmite existe. En tal caso la funcin r es

r : I n diferenciable e t0. Si r es diferenciable en todos lo puntos
t0 de I, decimos que es diferenciable en I.

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r(t + h ) r(t )
r (t ) = lim h es un valor pequeo y positivo
Notacin h 0 h

r (t + h) r (t ), h > 0

r : I n r

= Dt [ r (t )]
dr
r (t ) =
dt h)
t+
r(

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r( t + h ) r( t ) h es un valor pequeo y INTERPRETACIN r( t + h ) r( t )

r (t ) = lim positivo GEOMTRICA r (t ) = lim
h 0 h h 0 h

r( t + h ) r( t ) r r(t )
h
1
[r (t + h ) r (t )]
h
r
h)
t+
r(

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 20/03/2015

TEOREMA Propiedades
Si r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ),L , xn (t ) ) n r ,u : I n : J
es una funcin vectorial entonces:
1. Dt [r (t ) u(t ) ]= r' (t ) u' (t )
r' ( t ) = ( x1 ( t ), x 2 ( t ), L , x n ( t ) )

Si la derivada de cada xi (t) existe 2. Dt [ (t ) r (t ) ] = (t ) r (t ) + (t ) r' (t )

3. Dt [r (t ) u(t )] = r' (t ) u (t ) + r (t ) u' (t )

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Propiedades EJEMPLO 1
r ,u : I n :J Considerando
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]
4 . Dt [r (t ) u (t ) ] = r' (t ) u (t ) + r (t ) u' (t ) ; en 3
Calcule
5. Dt [r ( (t ) )] = r' ( (t )) (t ) a) r (t )
b) r (t )
r (t ) r' (t )
6. Dt r (t ) = ; r (t ) 0 c) r (t ) x r (t )
r (t )

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Solucin Solucin
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2] C : r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2 ]

i j k
r' (t ) = ( 4 sent , 4 cos t , 4 sent ) r' (t ) x r' ' (t ) = 4 sent 4 cos t 4sent
4 cos t 4sent 4 cos t
r'' (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t )
r' (t ) x r' ' (t ) = ( 16, 0, 16) = 16( 1, 0, 1)

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 20/03/2015

Solucin: interpretacin geomtrica Solucin x = 4 cos t

C : y = 4 sent t [0, 2 ]
C : r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2 ] z = 4 cos t

S1 : x 2 + y 2 = 16 Cilindro
x = 4 cos t

C : y = 4sent t [0, 2 ]
S2 : z = x Plano
z = 4 cos t

La curva C resulta de la interseccin del
Cilindro y Plano.

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x = 4 cos t
r' (t ) x r' ' (t ) = 16( 1, 0,1)
C : y = 4 sent t [0, 2 ]
z = 4 cos t
EJEMPLO 2

CURVA PLANA
Determine la derivada de la funcin vectorial
8

r (t ) = (e 2 t cos t , e 2 t sen t , e 2 t )
6

2
Z

-2

-4
Calcule r' ( / 2)
4
2 5
0 0
-2 -5
-4 -10
Y X
CurvaPlana1
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Solucin Solucin

r' (t ) = e 2t (2 cos t sent , 2 sent + cos t , 2)

r (t ) = (e 2t
cos t , e 2t
sen t , e 2t
)

r' (t ) = e 2t (2 cos t sent , 2 sent + cos t , 2)

r' = e ( 1, 2, 2 )
2

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 20/03/2015

Curva Regular o Suave en [a, b] Ejemplo 3

C : r (t ) = ( t 2 1)i + (2t + 3) j + ( t 2 4t )k ; t

La C : r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ) , x3 (t ) )
3

es regular o suave en [a, b] si

x1 , x2 , x3 continuas en [a , b] y

r' (t ) 0 para todo t [ a, b]

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Ejemplo 4
EJEMPLO 5: CURVA NO REGULAR
r (t ) = (cos t + t sen t ) i + ( sen t t cos t ) j + 3 k

x = t2 2

C : y = t3 2 t 2

z = t + 1
4

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CURVA NO REGULAR EJEMPLO 6: C = C1 U C2

CUR VA N O REGULAR EN ( - 2, 0, 1 )

90
80 x=t

C1 : y = 4 t 2 t [ 2, 2]
70

60

50 2
z = 2t
Z

40

30 2
20 cuspide

10

0
x = [1 + cos( t 2) ] cos( t 2)

40

C 2 : y = sen (t 2) t [2, 2 + ]
20
0

z =0
6 7
-20 4 5
3

1 2
-40 -1 0
-2
Y
X

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 20/03/2015

CURVA NO REGULAR
CURVA NO SUAVE EN (2,0,0)

0
5

CUSPIDE
z

1
2.5
2
1.5
0 1
0.5
y 0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1 -2
-2.5 x

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Aplicaciones EJEMPLO 7
Si r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ),L , xn (t ) ) n
Considerando

Velocidad
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]

v (t ) = r (t )
Calcule

a) Velocidad v(t )
Rapidez
b) Rapidez v(t)
v(t ) = r (t )
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Solucin Solucin

r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2] v (t ) = r' (t ) = ( 4 sent, 4 cos t , 4sent )

VELOCIDAD RAPIDEZ
v (t ) = r' (t ) = ( 4 sent, 4 cos t , 4sent )
v(t ) = r' (t ) = 16(1 + sen 2t ) = 4 1 + sen 2t

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 20/03/2015

INCREMENTO DE UNA FUNCIN Interpretacin para n = 3

VECTORIAL
r = r (t + h ) r (t )
r : [ a, b ] n
t r (t ) r
r
r (t ) = ( x1 (t ), x2 (t ) ,........, xn (t ) ) r (t )

h)
r = r (t + h) r (t ) r (t +

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Incremento r = r (t + h) r (t )
r (t + h ) r (t )
r( t + h ) r( t ) r' (t )
r (t ) = lim h
h 0 h

Aproximacin de la derivada para h h r' (t ) r (t + h ) r (t )

muy pequeo
h r' (t ) r (t )
r (t + h) r (t )
r' (t )
h r (t ) h r' (t ) 0
h es el incremento en t y se denota por: t = dt
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r = r (t + h) r (t )
r (t ) h r' (t ) 0
r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h )
(t , h) = r (t ) h r' (t ) lim[ r (t + h) r (t ) ] = lim h
r (t + h ) r (t )
+ lim (t, h)
h 0 h 0 h h 0

r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t , h) lim (t , h) = 0
h 0

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 20/03/2015

Aproximacin del incremento Diferencial

lim (t , h) = 0 r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h)

h 0

678
incremento de r ( t )

r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h) r (t ) h r' (t )

123
r (t ) h r' (t )
diferencia l de r ( t )
dr ( t )

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Definicin de Diferencial APROXIMACIN DEL INCREMENTO

dr (t ) = h r' (t )
r (t ) h r' (t )
dr(t) es un vector paralelo al vector r(t)

haciendo h = d t r (t ) d r (t )
d r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ), L xn (t ) ) dt

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INTERPRETACIN dr (t ) = h r' (t )
INTERPRETACION
(t, h) = r (t) - d r (t)
r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h)
dr

r (t) = d r (t) + (t, h) r

)
r (t

(t,
h)

(t, h) = r (t) - d r (t) r (t +

h)

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 20/03/2015

Ejemplo: Solucin
Dada la siguiente funcin
( ) (
r (t ) = t 2 1 i + (2t + 3) j + t 2 4t k ;) t

( ) ( )
r (t ) = t 2 1 i + (2t + 3) j + t 2 4t k ; t dt = t = 0.1

y para t = 0 , h=t = 0.1. Calcular: a) d r (0) = r (0) d t = (0; 0.2; - 0.4)

a) d r (0)
b) r (0) = r (0 + t) r (0) = (0.01; 0.2; 0.39)
b) r (0)
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Propiedades del diferencial: Propiedades del diferencial:

4. d ( u) = du + (d ) u
1. d (r u) = dr du

2. d (r u ) = r du + dr u 5. d (r o ) = d (r o ) d

3. d (r x u) = r x du + dr x u solo en R3

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