Curso de Verano : 21 al 25 de Julio 2003. Gijn. http://www.construccion.uniovi.

es
Aplicacin de los E.F. en la construccin : Programa ANSYS-CivilFem

Introduccin al mtodo de los elementos finitos

-1-


 


 

  !#"%$&  '$()!*+$,-$,"%$, .*+/-0  !*

$,1$,2.3 34$5*
!
67
8698:58<;<6
=> ;<6?9@8 ACB@D5:&89@> B@D5;EB=
FE> =
G@B@D

KI H J
LNM OQPSR!PJ
PCTVU<W
X
YZ [ \0]V^K_ _ ` \Y a
b%c \ [ dN^Ve f _ ` \Y-gh YKh [ f ei]Kh eijK[ \ kVe h d3f@h e f l Z ` _ \ m
a2n,\K]Kh e ` o f _ ` \Y p
m2
` l _ [ h Z ` o f _ ` \Y q
r%c \ [ dN^Ve f _ ` \Y-d3f Z [ ` _ ` f ei]Vh esjK[ \ kVe h d3f 
t u v%w@x y z { |} ~  { ~ Q} ~ z
xuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v v
t u #w@x y z { |} ~<} ~  z
x { uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
t u #w@x y z { |  y { y y { x5uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
t u s z ~ { } ~ VVz {  { { E} ~ Q0z x x sC{ z y x ~ -uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
t u t#w@x y z { |} ~z { { } ~ |E ~ y z ~ Q} ~ ~ z | x i } x ~ i~ { x ~ y ~ uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
p2
h l ^Kd)h Y)]Vhe f l<Z f jsf lE]Kh eif Y f e ` l ` lE]Kh@^VYKfNh l Z [ ^V_ Z ^K[ fNji\ [
h eid h Z \K]K\N]Kh@e \l<h e h d)h YZ \lsYK` Z \l+ q
q%n,\K]Kh e \l<h l Z [ ^K_ Z ^0[ f e h l 
u v%Qx z z x<xy z x { uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
u #Qx z z x<x ~ { Xuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu?v
u #s x y { { } x }
{ } { <~  { x uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
u Q { }
} ~z ~  { 2uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
u t#s x x s x x ,uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
c ^KYV_ ` \YVh lE]Kh@ \ [ d3fNC a
u v%s ~ <~ y QKx z x { x -uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
u #s ~ <~ y Q ~ z ~ }K { y iuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu. v
u #s ~ <~ y i { } { <~  { x ~ )uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
u s ~ <~ y i { } { <~  { x ~ uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
u t#s ~ <~ y iy z { } { E~  { x ~ Suuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu.
2c ^KYV_ ` \YVh lE]Kh@ \ [ d3fN m
u v%s ~ <~ y < { } { E~  { x uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!
u #s ~ <~ y < { <~  { x 0z ~ y x x zXuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!v
 @
YZ h [ ji\e f _ ` \Y-` l \ jVf [ f d h Z [ ` _ f mb
v u v3s ~ <~ y <{ x z x )~ y z { <} ~y ~  {
x x<} ~< } Cuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!


YZ h g [ f _ ` \Y&Y0^Vd h [ ` _ f mr
 b 
h 0^K` l ` Z \l<]Kh@e \l<h e h d3h YZ \ljsf [ f3e fN_ \Y0h [ gh YV_ ` f3]Kh@e fNl \e ^K_ ` \Y mp
v u v3sz ~ x<} ~ x<x z ~ x uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!
v u &s } { { } ~ { <{ E < ~ y 5uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!
v u &s } { { } ~~ y x { { } x }0uV y ~ z x {
z ~ }  { } x+uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!
v u 5Cz } ~ } ~< ~ z ~  { x&uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu!
 CQ i&iCsCC

NV V K E K  3V s V 3- 0V V NK@ N  V  

@ iEK@  - N  V  -K@ 3  sK  
 s Q  !
 s Q 
  < E .
 s i
KK
 i i 0 < .
 s s  <  @ V EE   .
@V V K <Ks E V @ i 
E < @ 0- E  i < i .
s  i  KE .
-
 < V < .
E < @  < .

  

 
 

   
  !  " "
 "# "    $ $ %  &  " @ 
  ! '  
 ( "Q  (
" )   *
 +
< " Q ,   $! "- ,  "- "# .   !/ 
(
"     ! E  "  "  "
 ,  "0%  " !  1
 /2$3Q4  !  "  "C  % " @
 +
 "0 "
 "0  " $! $ %    3 !  "0
  "
 .
  ! "#  5  "  $ ! #  !  1   @ ) ! 
 .
  ! %   E !  " "  " 26 7  ! "Q  "  "- " *

 " 
 ""  !   " (   "  " ( 1   " (  " (  &   "K 8 + &  ! " ( .
" !  7 "i  8  " (  " "
01
 " ( 2
  %    N !  "
  C "  .
  ! "  #  !  1  $ "0 .
 
 . &   ! ($  "  1 ! (K 1  )! 
%  &    ! $ "
 ( ! @

  ! ' @ !  "    "< $
( !  "    " ! "   ! " ( !
 
  %  ( 2 9  ! # 0 $!  /   Q" "   <  !  '  : ""   !  ,
 "# 0
  
 !  '  ! 
"

    5    26 ! :
! " !  ",  "; <)6-= > "C  ! "   "0#
5  " $
   5   - !    

 "
 $ ,  "%  "Q !  1
   !V   (

  5     !  " "  "-    ". &  "   " % :   " ( 


0   ,  E 0%  "i 0!  1
 /(
  "
  <"  #  !  1   4 5  "  "  < :"  " ) ! % 1   N $
  ""   !
  " )
0   !    E 
 %   " 2

a) Presa b) Lminas

d) Placa
c) Puente

=  % ? @6/7  ! "Q  "
 " 
 "

A B C DE F G H I JB KL M K M C G F N M F O C B P F M DGM F JG Q R I H B S

TVU$WX-Y[Z$\ ]0^_W` acbda$dX]\4e$d0\4fXWg)\ d0Yh]hd0\-]` i/j_ ^W

kKM Q R M0H E C Q B
l K B QF I DI R G C M DB Q-G F
M Q R E
N I BN M F/D4JM R B N BN M0F B QM F M DM K R B Qm K I R B Q-G O F I H G N BGM Q R C E
H R E C G QM F JG Q R I H G QnM K
H B K
N I H I B K M QN MH G C L GM Q R
JG R I H G o
k FO C B P F M DGpGC M Q B F q M CQ M C
JG lO
B CF BpR G K R B
l-F GpN M R M C DI K
G H I JB KrN M)F GC M Q O E M Q R G4s N M Q O F G t G DI M K R B Q l-R M K
Q I B K M Qn
N M u B C DG H I B K M Q vN M0E K$Q JB F I N BM F JG Q R I H B
l w E MB H E O
GE Kq B F E DM K$x0l GE K
GQ M C I M0N M0Q B F I H I R G H I B K M Q o y G C Gw E MF GQ B F E
H I JB K
Q M GqJG F I N G l-JM Q R Gz
G P C
 JG N Mq M C I m
H G C-F G QQ I L E I M K R M QH B K
N I H I B K M Q {

t T

y
X u

x
z

A I L E C G| {}JB F I N BM F JG Q R I H BR C I N I DM K
Q I B K
G F

kw E I F I P C I B~ / ~r
p
B DO
G R I P I F I N G N~ ~
|p
B DO
B C R G D I M K R B~ / ~r
~ M K)
K N I H I B K M QN MH B K R B C K B~ h
B

l H B K) /~rM F H B K R B C K BN Mx
~ M K)/
n$N B K
N M
p ~q M H R B CN M Q O F G t G DI M K R B
l N MH B DO
B K M K R M Q l
/ /
n

M K$H B B C N M K
G N G -
Q H G C R M Q I G
K G QC M H R G K L E F G C M Q
p ~DG R C I tN MN M u B C DG H I B K M Q l N MH B DO
B K M K R M Q0 F G Q0N M u B C DG H I B K M QE K I R G C I G Q o B KpQ E
Q0Q M I QH B  D O
B K M K R M Q
I K
N M O
M K
N I M K R M Qu B C 
D G DB Q-M F/q M H R B CN MN M u B C DG H I B K M Q
~ | | |
K Q I JB K l
N MH B DO
B K M K R M Q o B )
p ~DG R C I tN MR M
K Q E

Q Q M I QH B DO
B K M K R M QI K
N M O
M K
N I M K R M Qu B C DG DB QM F q M H R B C
N MR M K
Q I B K M Q
~

p ~q M H R B CN Mu E M C t G QO
B CE K I N G N$N M0q B F E DM K
p ~q M H R B C-R C G H H I JB K)Q B P C ME K$O F G K BN MK B C DG F/
~:
G QC M F G H I B K M Q0N MM w E I F I P C I B$n)H B DO
G R I P I F I N G N$O
M C DI R M K)M Q H C I P I C0F G 
Q M H
E G H I B K M QN MM w E I F I P C I BM K)u E K
H I JB KN MF G Q
H B DO
B K M K R M QN M F q M H R B CN M Q O F G t G DI M K R B
r ~ ~

|
/ ~ 
|
H B K$F Bw E 0
M M/
F O C B P F M DGGC M Q B F q M CQ M

C JG s u B C DE F G H I JB K$N MG q I M C v
   

t T

y
X u
x
z

$
 - r
- p

)

- 
)/

   $   $
  0  /) p 0
0 )

    ) 

)  

0 $   -
  
 
 
 
 
 0
 - $ 
 0      0 




 0 
 
-  
)  

           

$
   - -  
 $ 
/ /  -

  
 
 

p

-

)



4 0
/ 0   
 -  
  
  $
    
 p 
0 
 

 
0   $   
    0 $     

$  



  $      0 
 
  
 
  
     " # !

$% & ' ( ) * + , ) -% . /

0214365 798 : ;< =9:6>3 ?

@A+CB % D EF ( + , ) -% .G& ' ( H D % I ( ' EJ+C' ( -+ K L ) , %MK 'N+O& ' K + D D % ( ( + & %CH+ D +CF .PK -% ( ) & %OL D ) & ) E' .K ) % .+ ( Q9H% D( %SR F '' (
T ' , L % D
& ' K H ( + * + E) ' . L %O' .P, + & +CH F . L %PU T ' , L % D) .,A-% V . ) L + WJL ) ' . 'L D ' K, % EH% . ' . L ' K XZYF .R F 'C( + KJ' K L D F, L F D + KJ, % . L ) . F+ K
K % . ) . N ' D ' . L ' E6' . L ' L D ) & ) E6' .K ) % .+ ( ' K Q ' .+ ( V F . % K9, + K % KK F , % EH% D L + E) ' . L %6H F ' & '& ' K , D ) I ) D K ' + & ' , F+ & + E6' . L ' H% D
E6' & ) % & 'E6% & ' ( % KF . )[%JI ) & ) E6' .K ) % .+ ( ' KU E6% & ' ( ) * + , ) -% .W X \[. ' K L % K
, + K % K Q' ([& % E6) . ) %]^& % .& 'N+ .& '6T ' D ) _, + D K '
( + K
' , F+ , ) % . ' K
& 'J' R F ) ( ) I D ) %H+ K ++ K ' D F . )[% I ) & ) E6' .K ) % .+ ( QA` ' ([T ' , L % D& ' K H ( + * + E) ' . L % H+ K ++L ' . ' D F .+%& % K
, % E6H% . ' . L ' K Q D ' & F, ) ' - .& % K '
+ K a - L + . L %( +, % EH ( ' b ) & + && ' (AH D % I ( ' EJ+, % E6%' (A.
-F E' D %6& ' ) .,A-% V . ) L + K XcYP, % . L ) . F+ , ) -% .
K '9) .& ) , + .( % KE6% & ' ( % KF . )"`JI ) & ) E' .K ) % .+ ( ' KEM-+ KB D ' , F ' . L ' K X

3D. Solucin tridimensional exacta de las

ecuaciones de equilibrio (muy difcil,
cuando existe)

APROXIMACIONES
(hiptesis sobre u, e,
)

Indeformabilidad Deformabilidad
slidos rgidos
(mecnica general)

Estructuras Casos especiales

3D

Estados
1D 2D Axisimetra
planos
- 1 dimensin mucho mayor -1 dimensin, comparada con (geometra y carga)
que las otras dos las otras dos, es:
- cables, hilos -slidos de revolucin
- deformacin
- barras muy inferior - espesor muy grande, -slidos 3D
- vigas pequea carga uniforme -cscaras
- tirantes
-placas delgadas -placas semigruesas perpendicular al espesor
(L/b>10)
-cscaras -cscaras semigrueas
-membranas (a/h<20)
- tensin
(a/h>20)
- espesor muy pequeo,
carga en la direccin del
espesor

dA) V F D +e f[$% & ' ( ) * + , ) -% .Afcg[+ K %6& 'e hP+6i hj6-% e h^+Jk h
l9m n o p q r m s t o m v u w x

y{zj| }A~[[| 
~9|

v w t v n6 q r q w q v n w tq n r p o r p to v w w tCo t p t q r q p m w t t [ tCo t 9 q v n v q t v v pJq q v
o v v w p v q Jt m m 6q w n m v w t At n v o m v u w q p v q Jto v w n m n r m put v p v r t w r v cq w t p t m n r p m o m v u w q
q n t s t m q w r v n[ q q p m  q w t ncq o t o m v w q nc qq m m p m v v p t t n v p[q "[Gn v p qq  v m w m v m m q w n m v w t
o v w w r t q w r qo v w t nAo v w m o m v w q nA qo v w r v p w v o v p p q n v w m q w r q n " w t p t n qctp q p q n q w r t v t m n r p m o m v u w
n o t t q w t6 q
t no v v w q w r q n q c q n t s t  m q w r v c
u(x,y)

u
Y
Y

X X

u (e) (x,y)
u (e) (x,y)

Am p t [lq n t s t 6m q w r v6 q w q c v m w m v
[ t w r v Sut nn q w o m t n q t t q v 6q r p u t q  v m w m v qn o v w r v p w v cSut nn q w o m v p q n r t p"Jut q p q n v q p
tq o t o m v u w m q p q w o m t O[n r v q tt t m q t q m m m pq  v m w m v q w w tn q p m q q v 6m w m v no v wO q v 6q r p u t n
n q w o m t n [ qJr t 6t w q p t qn O w m v u w p q p v s o t qJ t v p JtMut nt p v m Jt t v n m q [n r t n
p q m v w q n
Sut n
n q w o m t n[n q
q w v 6m w t w 6 [c [ w q o t n v q w v m w m v m m 6q w n m v w t r q w p"ut w6 v p 6t q
o t p m ut r q p v n
v r p m ut w v n mcq [ v 6m w m v n qt6 v q t v o v v w m m 6q w n m w t r q w put w v p 6tJ q u w q t n m[n q tJo v w n m q p t v
r p m m 6q w n m v w t v p 6t6 q
q t q p v n v r q r p t q p v n

Modelo unidimensional Elementos lnea

Elementos cuadrilteros y
Modelo bidimensional
rectngulos

Elementos hexadricos y
Modelo tridimensional
tetradricos

Am p t [lm n r m w r v nr m v n q
q q q w r v n

lqq n r t6t w q p t t n t p q v n"tp q n v q p"q p v q Jtn v p q w t9n q p m q q v m w m v An n m q n c v Ap v r t w r v tq o t o m v u w
q [So v w n nco v p p q n v w m q w r q nAo v w m o m v w q nc qo v w r v p w v t
q t w r q t p n qn v p qo t t w v q v cn q q 6q w r v nA w m r v n

9



A6  "  " C " [ " " "
[ S
 6
9     6    6 
 6    6
9
c c  
 [ 
 
A
     [

c
 6
 9  [ 
6 [  c


6 [[ 6  6  " 6 J 
9  " J
6 J 6 
9


6  9 6 9 
A J6

 6 J 

J  
9  A J     J 6  J 6 JS
c  9  c 6 [     9 6


  J   J 6[
M " 6 A  " 6  6  [ "
6 9 "
 9   6


C  
JO O  S 6O  O 6O O 
 6   M   J  J  SA
  A [ c  c  


    A
        6

M O

u (e) (x,y)
u(x,y) solucin exacta

(e)

u (e) (x,y)
aproximacin lineal

A    [ J
6  J J J A    9 9

J   6 6  9   c 6
    J    6 [ 
  
 
c   
          
       9    9 9  JJ 6 9
6 6 6 J 6 "  
J

           ! " #
$ 4
3

2
1

%& ' (  ) *,+.-  / "  !  (0 1   -     ! -  "   -

2   -  '  / ! 3 ( " 1      4 (0  ! " 1   ' ( " 1 ! '   1 !5    -.1   5 -    /  "  !
6 7 8 9.: ; <3=?> @ 90A3BC> A ; A3B
> D 90A ;BC> E 90; A3B
> F 9 ;B
> G 9B
> H ;B
> I
 ! " - !KJ (  L0 - "        M- ! 3N  - !   31  !  O !  ! "    "    L "          / ! 3- ! 3N  - !   3 "!  O !" ! 1 !  P
4 7 3

8 6

2
1 5

%& ' (  Q *.+,-  / "  !  (0 1   -     !  (0 1 0    !

M   R !  / L  -  -  '  M -&'   1 ! 1 - 1      4 (0  ! "  "   1  -  / "  ! L J (  1 S T  1 !  - " ( /  ! 1  " ! 1 !  P

Polinomio grado 1 Polinomio grado 2

1 2 2
1D 1

U V U V W
3

3 4 3
U 3
4
8 3

5 5
2D 2 6 7

1 2

W
1 1 2 4 1 6 2

U 3
5
8

6
7
3 X 7 6 5
16
8 15

6
14
7

13 19
8 17 20
4 10

Y
4 18
4 11
3D 4
3 2 12 3
9 5 10
2 1 2 1 9 2
1 1

&%  ' (  Z *,M    "  ! 3  50! M1  -  / "  ! 
[& R (    \ LM\ L] ] ]       / Pp  O0 
R ( "   ! "  " N   ! " "  " 1  1 @   50A ! - K -     ! " ! 1 " ! - " 1   !   4 !_(0 ^  ` ! a0" b c 1 d Ka0e 1 f_  g 5 e-  c a0 h /e i  j  "d k l ! b  c Jmd an( dKO ^  ` / a ! b cd a O e f O g! ePK^ q d eKi oh i l l h lj d ik d
h l a h u dKg/ e3^ ` O a  b / c d a e f g1 e  h e i 1 oc a0 l g  l - f rMa0-  dK g  e /c a0 b, md s  a0c h ' l  fg  e k -Mj0i 1 d  t - k e o l 4 P -  /K -      L3 (? - (0     K   - 
! ! ! " ! " 5 " " ! " 5 ! ! ! ! "v5 50! ! " !
1      4 (0  ! " 1   1 ( " 1 -  M ! / 50! "  "   M1  -&N    ! M1   5 -    /  "  !8 '   1 ! 1 -  40    1 < P3+ "  - /v  ! 1 ! 1 - ! 
 -  / "  ! ,S "   !  L   1 ( " 1 M    31      4 (0  ! "  3  w 5     8 1 R !  / 5  ! w  /K 1  <  " R ( "   ! " 1  (KN  - ! , " - ! 
" -.! 11 !   P,- x  !  M/- !      "  ! L  &(0  ! - " ! (    / ! ( 3- ! MP1 M 5 -       /R    " /K !  3L 1 -  (! /1 !  3 - !   "  ! -,1 !1 M1   - ' 1      1    -     ! " 4 L -  50/K! 1   /  ! M ! " !    L
   " 1 !C5 y  - " ( " /!   ! " 1 '  J  1 ! 5 1 " -  ! 40    1C "  ! 1  " ! 1 ! " L3| { !  - ! " ( /  ! " 1 !  "" ! 1 !  Pn+ 5 " ! - _S ' (  
 8 /yK( z  {  < 
}~  ~ ~
K  ~ _ .    ~ 0   ~ ~
 ~  
  ~ 0  ~ 
    K3      0 
 ~   &v
0    M  ~  ~   ~  ~
 K ~ K, ~ ~  ~ ~ _  ~  ~   ~ 
~  ~  ~ ~  ~ K   0 ~ 0  ~  K  ~ & 
 ~ 

u 4 (x,y)
u 3 (x,y)

4 3
u 1(x,y) u 2 (x,y)
u 1 2
A A
y
(a) (b)
x exacta
exacta aproximada

(c)
&~   ~ ~ K  ~
K ~       0 
~  . 3 ~ M
  K &  0
3 M .,  CCK, 
  3     3 &  0 &    K

 0 M ?p  M K CC 3
0 &  ,  0   0    3 0&  & K  
 3 0  0  M  ,  3
0  & 3  &     3 0 0 M . M &  ? 0v  M 
 M0 0  3 .   0K    M 0   K 
 0       
0 M ? M K C M

3 &

   

  , 
,K  K   & M  
0  M 0 
    
 &   . 3  &       . M 0  &  0
_  0    0  0 0    ! 
 " # $ #! $ # % ' &  " # $ # $ #! %   ( &  " # $ # $ # %   ?  & ) " # $ #! $ #! %  ))
 " # $ #! $ # % ' &  " # $ # $ #! %   ( &  " # $ # $ # %   ?  & ) " # $ #! $ #! %  )
 " # $ #! $ # % ' &  " # $ # $ #! %   ( &  " # $ # $ # %   ?  & ) " # $ #! $ #! %  
*& 3 3 ,    K &   
+::  
::   . ;;
::  ;;
::   ;;
 & 1020 & 3040 5&) 060 ::   ;;
 ,+-  ./ ,+- 008& 0 7& 08 0 & 90 0 &) 0 :::   ;;; ' < =!> ? @
1020 &  060 & ) ./ :: ;;
:: ;;
:: ) ;;
::  ) ;;
-  ) ;;
/
0 <   BADC E F G HJI K L M N!O G P N!K Q I KRL P F ADC < = > ? @ BS K O E P FJI KJI K Q T!U C H C AG K N!E P QJN!P I C U K Q 
 0&  3  V&  _ 0, K 0    K   
 K  M<  ,  3 &*    3 0 M   3  & 0
  K 
.
0 K %   0   K &  .      0  C= > ? @ K X" W
C ?   ,? M  C  0   0, M K < 0&  0 
0 ,  3 Y  v   M  0 M  
Z[ \ ] Z [< \ ] ) `Z = [ >) \ ? ] @ 
> ^ _ @ > ^ _!> ^ _ @ @ > > ^ _ @ _ @
a b cedXf g h i j k lk l m n h oBf p i n q r st
u f r g nDv foBf g h i j wxp n oDnl vy l p g n hz!{ | }~  l v l rXk i y i k i h ~ lJl rp f f ~ b
z { | }
X
w e

w `

w z { | }

z { | }
k n r!k lJv fDp f fwRp n h h l ~ !n r!k i l r g l f vr n k n!y i l r l k f k f!n h

wX 
3
~ i l r!k n v fXm  r!p i n q r'k lBm n h oBfXf ~ n p i f k fXf vr n k n (v 3 f ~Dp f f ~z { | } f h  !f rv n ~k l ~ v f j f oDi l r g n ~ i r!pn q r i g f ~
f ~ n p i f k n ~f vr n k n

z { | }
b
l l ~ g fm n h oDf !n k l on ~l ~ p h i i h

{ } Xw R z { | }
{ } { }
 

 R
n on l oDn ~ l v i p f k nf r g l h i n h oDl r g l g n k f ~ v f ~ oDf g h i p l ~  l f !f h l p l rDl rBv f l h l ~ i n q rBk l v u !f rk ll ~ p h i i h ~ l
l r m  r!p i n q rDk lv n ~Rk l ~ v f j f oDi l r g n ~ b'p n r g i r !f p i n q r !~ p f h l oDn ~v fh l v f p i n q r l r g h ll v y l p g n h k l m n h oDf p i n q rDJ l v y l p g n h
k l ~ v f j f oi l r g n bR rDl vp f ~ n o'f q ~ l r l h f v l rB v f ~p n oD!n r l r g l ~ k l v!y l p g n hk l m n h oBf p i n q rDl ~ g!f q rDh l v f p i n r!f k f ~ p n r
v f ~p n o!n r l r g l ~ k l vy l p g n hk l ~ v f j f oi l r g n!n hoDl k i nBk lJv f ~h l v f p i n r l ~k l p n o!f g i i v i k f k
c 
Bl h l ~!f q r!k n v nl rm n h oBf oBf g h i p i f v 



c  R

c c

~ i l r!k n J l vn !l h f k n hv i r l f vf ~ q k l r i k n! b
i!f p l oDn ~!~ nBk lJv f oBf g h i j wxk l r i k fl rl vf !f h g f k nDf r g l h i n h
 R wXz ' z { | }
k n r!k l oDf g h i jXk lk l m n h oBf p i n q rk l vl v l oDl r g n!h l v f p i n r!fXl vy l p g n hBk l m n h oBf p i n q rp n rl vy l p g n hBk l ~ v f j f oi l r g n ~
r n k f v l ~ b l h l ~ i n q r~ l hf q !n hv ng f r g n



4 8 4 2 6
24 84 2
4




 eX !




  
 
    

  
    

   
    

     
  

  
  
 
 
      

   


  
  

  
 


  
  
  
     
 
  
         
 D !   ! !  " D  # $%  ' & ( ' ")   " *+ ' D  , (- 
% &  R .0/ # 1324  ' & ( 3   !,   ( +# !   ! & ) R   5+6 7 8 + +3& $%932 !,!
: ;  % < B & B '= !!, #  "> ? D @ & ( '  ! !  3 !D 3AB

A 5 67 8
C DBE F CDEF  CDEF
6 G H+I 8;J 6 G H+6 K H L 8 8 6 6 K H L 8 H+I 8
M  + ( !D 3 3 < D & 4 X ?
5 Q6 7 8  
A(QRA!S !
A T U
5 S6 7 8 
N 
JPO 
5 T6 7 8
+ B   ? (A!V
WXX 
 [ Z
\ _ ``
XX
Z  ``
XX   ]
Z ``
A V X ^
!
Z 
Z  `
J  
Z [
 
Z
Y 
Z 
  Z a
 ] 
M 3 !< D
 # ,!  D "
*
N b c d L A!V 5 V6 7 8
CDEF CDEF CDEF
6 G H+I 8 J I 6 G H K 8 6 K H+I 8
e"f gihkj l m n oqp;rs%t l n l  u l n vj
 ! % J ! ' w , 3,!
x N A!5 6 7 8
 + " 3B 3 ', ,   "! ; & (JzDy J@ y !
 {  |z & 3) " { %} 4 w  ! ! < D  N ~ 1( ! !   x~ #
! & y ! 3,! D
x - N3N ~ / x ~ - A!5 6 7 8 N ~ / x ~
 @)  #  x + ;|& =Jz y !,! !1 #,!J@ (y  ( +# 2z !  ' & (  *     31{$
 ')  3 ( *+  B  B  +#  3 ( ! 3 ( 'B %1 '} D  0 ! &
! D
A 5 67 8
C Dx E F C D E F  C D E F  C D E F
6 G H+I 8 J6 G y H G 8 6 G H+6 K H L 8 8 6 6 K H L 8 H+I 8
  4  + ( ' ; + % +

0%% ;  ;(| % %
" ( % q % ;
+ ' ! + ' ! ! % '  ; 3 ;+   " 0 ' (
  3q +   +  " + (%0

+; |  q +; 4 @ "|; {

e q (e)
e

4  ! ( ' !  4
+ + ; + + '

+; |  "{ ; 4 " 4; %z

3 "  " "

3 + !
 " z ; ( 
( 3

;  "{  z

; + | ( '
(  +  3
+;  " ; "{ 

" ik q  ;@" q % ; %  ;{ "%  ;

4 + ! 4  4 3 3 !4 0 {
( ! 3  % ! + 3 '  +
+ %   0  + 0 % (  + ' (
z "
0! 0 '  " ; %

0 + +
4   "  
4! 

 | 
3 
  
 
   

           

        !#"$  



    &% ' ($)+*,-/. 0 
 ! 10 
' 
         2 
   4  6   4  7   4  *  
   !3 5
 8 

   !

           2   

     &% '(8)9*$,+: ; . 0 

 6    < % ' ( ) *$=; . 0 

 7    &% ' (8><*+? @. 0 

 *   % A (B > * ?8D C . E 

 
 !
   !

          
 F

"/

( 1
       2  
       2   

  G
1H +H   
/


2   I  1/  
J     +K    H 
F   L
M
H ( 1 
(  
 HM
 ! 
/
H   

              
N    + /I  L !/I+ 
   F (
1  
  F  
 
  I

   
O 
10/

I  1 +     2  $
 
  1/
!  P I  
  "  
 
1H

-HT * W XX
    &% ' (HQRRS -/? U ? *? ,[Z -HT\-/U]? ? ?^-/V _$. 0 
Y
-/V *

-HT * ,+-HT`-HT * ,+-/Ua? ? ?5-HT * ,+-/V W XX

&% '(HQRRS -/U * ? ? ,+? -HT`-/U * ,+-/Ua? ? ?5-/U * ,+-/V . 0
? ? ?b? ? ?c? ? ? Y 
-/V *$,+-HT\-/V *$,+-/U]? ? ?^-/V *$,+-/V

-HT * ,+: ; W XX
( QRRS -/U $* ? ? ,+? :
     &% '  ; .0
Y 
-/V * ,+: ;

-HT * = ; W XX
( QRRS -/U ? * ? =?
 6    & % '  ; .0
Y 
-/V * = ;
d e dgf9h i j k lm nj k o k m n lpq n r i s j n tm nu v n j l h tw s m h x n tn y v k q h x n w i n t z{

9 $
| \
} ~  &  + $
& ~
+ $

9 
| } ~  & + 
& ~
+ 
nn t i h tn r vh r k s w n t v n m nm n w k j t nx hh i j k l } ~  y v nj n x h r k s whx s tw s m s t!pHHm n x8n x n Hn w i sr s /s

}~
 }  }   ~
}  }  } 
p n x$q n r i s jm 
 n u v n j l h t!n y v k q h x n w i n tr s j j n t s wm k n w i nh x8w s m sHm n x8n x n /n w i sHr s / s
| } ~  | } ~  | } ~
 | } ~  | } ~  & +
H ~  !  ~ ~ ~
~ 3
}   }  } }   }   }   }   }  
 H 9         /    8# H   H 

!+9 /9 ! 998!+9/Ma +

+ [ /+ 
 H H H H  H   M  & 9 3   H  M  M   # 9
H    H  //  H   + $  /
! 9 $/  $
! 9 $   / 9 H  /  
  /  / + /H H  / 
! /  / H  /H   H 8    
9 !& 8
 



  

!& 8

     8
    
    
  !

" ! / /  /  M   +  /  / / H 
    8     / /   / #

$ %
& ' &(

   )    / *    ! H  H
+ ,+ H H      $   H    +  -
 +  H   $M! / / H H  ! / 
 
$3
./
0 1  /  / / !     /   H #
 2$ ' 3
H  2
$
M     + 8 +  H H   H9  H
 H  /     H   83   54<   H   H
 H      +       9  H $  + 
+ H  + H   +    
6
7 8 9 : 7 ;9 ; < = >@? < > = A : 9 ; BC
D EHGJI
KML GNOKMNPQRSPR
QTL KMN
F
UV WYX[Z\ \ Z]Z^ \ Z__`ba c
dA = = A8 9: 7 e f g < >@8
h%; 7 iJ9 < g 8 AJA> e@Aj > 9 = k Al@7 => e g 8 A 8
8 9: 7 e f g < >@8
m n op q r
A> es; g ; < 9 iJAJ8 9j > 9 = k A ;l > e < >@A : 9 ;tJu
A l : g ? A 8 A ;9 eJv
l > e < 7 ;8 g j 9 = 9 e < 9 ;ou
w
b(x)

X1
L

xg f > = A
y z {dA = = AA< = A ? ? g |7 e
6
7 8 9 : 7J> e g 8 g i9 e@; g 7 e@A : }
~ ~
b(x)
A
X1 X2 x,u
L

xg f > = Ay  {6

7 8 9 : 7> e g 8 g iJ9 e@; g 7 e@A :8 95@A = = AA< = A ? ? g |7 e

2 % 2% O%
s
e
? A 8 A9 : 9 iJ9 e < 7 M  @ M
@ 
 
 o oJ2

b(x)
q (e)

L (e)

xg f > = A
y @{: 9 i9 e < 7J8 95se 7 8 7 ;8 95@A = = AA< = A ? ? g |7 e
: 9 iJ9 e < 7? 7 e
se 7 8 7 ; {



}}}




x > e@? g 7 e 9 ;M8 9? : A ; 9 5

  

  
 [ ]5
@  5  M JM @ s 2  M 5@   5 
     
q P

M
z,w
y,v

x, u
L


M 
J  @
z, w

t
x,u

Centro de gravedad: O
Area: A
L Inercia: I


 J  @  

 
  

        



$ * +"* ., -0/ 1 ) ",.-0/M 2 354 2 :;

        "! #  &(')
 %
6 ) * +"* ,7-98 -3
3 ) * +"* ,7-(3 ) , <>=@?

$ EE 0 - /M 2 F 354 2 F : ;
 A"# B C D  #   % &  G G -  H H -98 - EE -
2 F3
EI G -I G H -I E H -8 > < =KJ =KLM 2 F

$ E E -9Q  E E :;
N5   #   % P
& O G G - H H -98 - O EE ->/UTU V O E E 2
E G O - G H O - E H -98 0 < =KR =KSTM
O O O

W # # B !    "! #.X Y -9QZ Y -9Q ) STM -

Y ,
= M M LM
[  J ]\
^ N ^ _.^ ` UaUTU bc d e f l9n f o.p q r g p q r t
2 _ -9U ic d e j k 32 m
J gCh R hs
u v wyx{z | | zz~} 

q
q (e)

L (e)

 | z u .  m m ~ z  z z

 ~ >  5   C "

  m  C
5






.z | z~ m  | z
v
vv






y   {  z 5

a 
C . {  {
C
~ ~ m 
 y{ ~ "

" C    ~   """

    
m  C
   
  
  
!  


 
   "
 
 
  

  

 & &'{ (  ) ( 
&& (  )(
m #  $ %    

* *+9 , ,+ 


  (  ) (
5
 
"
- & *+ - * ,. / - & ,.(  ) (
0   .1 2 - &," 243


 &' & 9~ & &'{ 9'(  ) ( 

&& 0>?> @ & & ( A89'B (  ) (
6     87 * *+ , ,+ 

 7 &,"  = C > @ 7 & , ( A8:'A+D - &  ,E


"
7 7
& *' * ,+ / & ,.: - & , ; 7 ;<3 7
7 7 7

F  m4 $ C
.G H 9'BI

 J:+A<"LK 8H
3 ;3 3 243
M 0N O ~ P Qm R TSU U VU WYXZX[X V X U VU
6 (  ( 86 9
\ ] ^ _ ` 24acb ; d4] ^ _ ` 2434acb ;3

q
q (e)

L (e)

e f g Lh i jM P Qm R O +k f 'f g l
M P Qm R LN O l j
qrr t +u y zz
rr  u v zz
rr t .w zz
rr  w v zz
m n o p  rs z

t .x {
 x v

t~ u  t~ w  t~ x 
|}!
 ~ uv  ~ wv  ~ x v " e g 4 N l<O N P l F+
bbb

t ( ~ u) ( t ( ~ w ) ( t
( ~ x ) (
! ( ~ 
)u (  ~ 
( ~ w )(  ~ 
( ~ x ) (  ~ [
/  mn o p
3
u v
w v bbb
x v " 243 3
  L ? 4 4 4

 c
. [. . . .
4 ?  + c 4 ' 8 4 < L ' 4 L .
4 L  ? 4 < + ? L
? 4 c ' <  L' ? 4 + c L + <  4 .
4 04 4 0 <40 L ' ? 4 L 4 + +?4 0 ? + +  0
4
? '   c
? 4
4 4 <4 c ? ? 4 c 4 ? ?'4 5 L c ? ?  c

4  + ? ?
+  
' ? ' + ' 4
4 
' ' + < < + L ' 4< <  4

b
b

a a
a) b)

 c  L  < 4 c 4 4<. L L 4

c  ? 4 4

b b t=1

y, v a t a

a) b)

 ? c  ? 4 4  <
4 L 4 4<< c 4


 
!

4 c




 4 4 4 L


'
+  4  

c
L 


+ < 4 4 4 
+ 
 


. 
.

                     

()) ,-- 8 ))
) ,. . 9 , - - AB
*
!" #%$ & ' #%" $ ) , / /  0
  1
  
   
2  
       )) = ; < ? 3 @> , . .
+) ,- . ) ,- .
, . /354 6 ,- /7354 :

*
( 4 AB 8 9
C ' D0E' F G H DI& " #JG ' + K 3?@M> L N NOL N P 4     
L 4Q
P NOL 4 P P :
L RR
( AB58 9 ) ( 3 \ SM\ N \ UJV ] AB ` 8 )9
* + @> L N N 3 3 L P P 3T S * 3
35X N UJV W    Z I2    6 )+ >[@ L N N 3 L P P 3 N ^%V ] N V UJP V ] )  b  c    Z 2   
L N P L 3T PN S LNN :=Y L N P L P 3_ N S L N N N UJV :?a
L R R
Md   e   0   NgUJV W f L R R N UJV W

h ! h ih j?klkmk nMo p q r s tIu < i 3 kmk v%o p q r s tIu < G 3 ! h ih x
L Lw
    
M
! h iyh x 3 l
k k v o p q r z1tIu { G o p q r zytdu G $ i
L w}|~ L | |
N
v , V
i i
t
by
u i, U i
bx
y, v nodo i

x,u

% c   M  0   0         J2    

M  0     I#    
A ``
>[[ N ``
[[ N ``
M 3 [[  P ``
[[  P B`
[@

4 4 4
3      1      C
4N 4P uuu 4
N P
AB
4
4
3?>@I N 4  P 4  uuu 4 4 6 s 3 
N P
N  N  P P

 1   

y  77 y 7J 
  1  d 0 I M  I   y0 1 I    7 e
   J
z, w

r,u

 1   
0      y

z, w

Seccin meridional

r,u

0 0    % M 0 e 

   J  m

  y } 
}

e  } }

e 





         
  ! ""
 J I  %          

#
 
  

    5    5  
  
   ! ""
$ % %  


  

%
   5%   5

& % #
%  % 
% %
% % % +
*- + +/+0 ! ""
 /
+ + 
'   J ( * ,+ ) *.- +  +0*- + *- +  #
 21  3 

4 d e 0
5 6 798; : < = > ;?> @BA @ C ; < DFE = ; : G HFI

JK L.K MNK OPPP QSR T U V W XZY [\ M^]_PP `R T UFP,a b V W XdY [fe \ g \ h_]
i jkPP `R T U V W XZY [fe \ h_]lL.K MNK m
c
n = @ GF> ;
y z S
{ | z
L.K MfK moK ]
i j PP ` R T U V p X Y q e \ hlrsi jkt ` R T U V p X Y u e \ vrxw V }~ X ~ e

t
r

Vi

b Ui

= D A i 7FN < @ o@ G ;o = > = k@ GFn = ; GF <> @n ; : < = > ;o> @BA @ C ; < DFE = ; : G
< @ o@ G ;?E ; GZG ; > ; n |
|


}S f] 6 a a
6
w
| w
] | a Y Y Y w D GFE = ; G @ n> @kE < n @ c
| a w
Z e | e e
| a
] | e |  e a F Y Y Y w e w  W?]ld}

9 e aa F9 a e ww 9 w e
 N N F
f SS,. S.S

 FB F .F S F F F f F .l 
N o .  F Z ok S N ? N F ok f
F d k F
y,v

t
z,w
Plano medio

x,u

 k SN F
Z o F F
y,v

espesor t

z,w b

x,u

 k NZ o F F F
  B o F  f dZ S
           "!   ( ) 12
o
     
 #       $ %    &! 
 
  /.0  "!  
    '   *+-, &! 

66  "7  !   8 &! 8 ( 6666

66
$ $&7 # ! 9  8 &!  8 )   12  A B  C 12 K
? 3 4  5     666 : :&;7< /
 0 . $$  J.  A A B $ C B
6 =  $"' !  ">? # ! @. "A  B C $ 6 +FE
66 0
 A A
6 = $ +HGE I  A B
 A B C $
A A
= $ :7< D =  :7< *

66 M  ( 66
66 66)
$M $ M   12   12
. %   
L 
66
66
:M :&7< 66
6
/
 0 . M $$ /.0%P $ $ Q?R S 
8

M  $ 6 F
+ N M $ +OGN I P $ T 8 N  U
$ 
: 7
 < D  &
: '
 < * P RS
M M
V W XZY\[ ] ^ ] _\` [ ] a] _ bc

z| '
j t
d"e fhge i j k f@l m nj ep qo r7s7t?uv t/sxw | z
r@s7t? u v t?9s
y z{?| } ~   z
} O
Y] ]h^ ] ]h [ 9 a -
u  r s uh r j s
 \ /  %  \ w

_ a

A (e) q (e)

nodo i

% ] V \
[ h a @ & ` [] ^ " ] ` [ ] a]h [ ] ]

[ 9 a @^ a n a _


y ~
 
y ~
&
}

s

y " ~ }

\  y ~
& W }


" WW



y ~

 y  ~
&
"
s
} } } a^ a _ h^ [ ] _ d

 \ {@ \ \

 {9 
 
 {9 %  %

s
   \  \  \    
    %  %
} \ } } %
}  }  }  } } % } 

_ a u9s W

 Z\ \ 

  &  & @  %



 
 
  

        
    
      %&
@  @ 

 
  
 

   
 


       
 ! #"$  
  
 


 
  

 + -, , /

 .    01    % ==
**  + 2,  , 
.
 
 0 3 * **  ; " ;   == %&
@ ' (  ) %  * * 4 5
4 -
6  * ; 7  
;; < < < < < < & >"$ :@< < ? <= =
* 7  5
 -
,
 . ,
 ,  . ,  

 

  0 1  0  3  #
 : ;$ 7  4 
** 7   4545 / 8        /       9  ** 74 : A
7      *

  0  1 % ==
";;    0  3 == B %&
=
B ;;;;    0  1    0  3  & == >$" :@< < ? <
: ;$  <  < < C< <  <  B
    D  : A
 
F    %=
** F   ** ";; FF   === %& %&/M
E % %  * F 4 F 45 - 6 * ;;; < F< <  <  < < & == "$ G8< < ? < B /HDI J K "$ < G< ?< N PO2GQ ?

&
* F  4 * #G ;$ F  4  G L IJK 
G QA R
** F  4  ** F 4 GA GA

% &

VU ==
% = %& 
* ; "
S 9 (    * $" G< < ? < ;;$ T < < ?< < < < & $" :@< < ? < **
** G GA U :A T
:  **
W A
T
Z 6 %&
YDX Z  "$CZ [ [ 6 9 PO ^_ `
6 ^
6
?  X K 6] [\[ 6  X DZ K  ^ A R 
T T
; " B VU % ===
B B B 9 B ;;$ T < < ? < < < < & 9 B a 9 B '
G : U B T ? X b T ? T A T A
T T
A
TM Mq
c8d Eed fd g>HhHhH ij k l m < fo /HhH p j k l mB < B 2Eed fd
:n G : G [
r s tvuw x y x z{ w x |@x z }~

A (e) q (e)

nodo i

 xN 
w N | 5{ w x y x+{ w x |@xN w x x
w | y |D| z
 5

e


 8

ss
e


N +
N
+ _N  |@y | ze +y w x z +5
N ]_+
@


 
 
   

5P8  e
N
8


 e+


e
+

 e+]
 ]e+ e
 8 5 N5 @
Ce ehC> No
@ C + N N C + 8 @ 8 + N NeN@ N 8 82 e N
  8 8
N@ @ N  @ N @ @ + DN +5 N N e N   @  @5 N N e 

8 5e  @ @ @   +  @
 + NN 5@ 5 +  @@ 8 88 5 @  @ N8 5

+ e + @  N 8@ 8 N @ 
 



     

 N + @ 8 8 @ e N N @ D  8 C @ @ 8 @ 8 +
5 
8 - D D @  C  @ /
@ D
 @  @ @ D N 
N   N @ N e @
5 +@ + @ + 8  N
  ! "#$"&%' (*)+-,.*/ ,%.*0 ,%(*)
  N55 N + 8 N  @ @ @   e
 8 + 2 55@  8 @ @ e    @ 5  N @
@  8 N @ @  1
 @ + - +

5   
 2 8 @  @  
e+ + 1@ @ @   8
+@ C +   @ e 5 N N @ @ 8 @  N  @ 8
  3@ @ @ 5  4   5   N - 41625 8 @
   > >
7 8   *    9?9:     9:9:  ; ; &&< < < < < <   9:9:   =  -  9:9?   >  &&< << << <   9: 9:   >
  =  
2 8 @ >

7 8    @   D*E  - 9?9?  A
A  B A  C AF
@  8 e 8 N  e 5  N @  8 @ 8 5N e @
C N 1 N @ @  @ D N + D @  @  +  N  @  8 @ G
N e  5 N @ @ 8 D @ + e e @ H C @ @ 8  @ @
 7    @  + 5  J C     5 7 K   + 1 LD C
 + @I C 5 N +  N  

   M7 I  *7 K  N
2 C N N @ @ @  N  N D @  @  N N  @ 
e@ 5  + @ @ e @ e 5 @ H   ?:OC @ @ e
 N @ @    
  & O  M7 I   7 K  * 7 P 

Q R SUT*V W XW Y Z [ \H] W ^ W Y`_b a c d Z [ \ ef

g
4 7 3

8
6

1 5 2

h d i j ^ kS l mT*V W XW Y Z [\ W ^ W Y`_b a c d Z [ c V k Y [1_ W-QY [ _ [ \

no prqs tu$t&vw x*y{zHt&| tv} ~  w x*y
k[ Z W Y` d a[ Y_ WHV k \ j Y` d [ Y W \*_ WH [ ^ Xk_ WHV [ \W V W XW Y Z [ \] W ^ W Y`_&b a c d Z [ \Y [ c j W _ WH`k W ^ \ WZ k Y\ d \ Z W XMk a Z d k XW Y Z WH [ X[
W Y:W VH k \ [?_ W1V [ \ k i ^ k Y i d k Y [ \ R?*[ X[?W W X c V [` c ^ W \ W Y Z k ^ W X[ \k? [ Y Z d Y j k d a[ YW VW V W XW Y Z [ \ d _ d XW Y`\ d [ Y`k VH_ W1Q
Y [ _ [ \ W V W XW Y Z [- j k _ ^`k a Z d [`RT*\ Z W c ^ [ W \ [ c [ _ W X[ \W Z W Y`_ W ^ V [-k j k V j d W ^*[ Z ^ [W V W XW Y Z [ \* j WHY [-\ W k k i ^ k Y i d k Y [`R
k \* j Y` d [ Y W \_ W [ ^ Xk-_ WV [ \Y [ _ [ \ d Y Z W ^ XW _ d [ \*W Y1V [ \*V k _ [ \\ W[ Z d W Y W_ W [ ^ X1k d Y XW _ d k Z k- [ X[ c ^ [ _ j Z [_ W
Yj c [ V d Y [ X d [1_ W k i ^ k Y i W_ W-\ W i j Y`_ [ i ^ k _ [-W Y1 [ c [ ^H[ Z ^ [_ W c ^ d XW ^ i ^ k _ [-W Y1: [ R \ b a [ X[1\ W WW YV k
i j ^ k V k j Y` d a[ Y?_ W [ ^ Xk_ W VY [ _ [Q\ W ^`k a m

 S H * H

(1- 2 )
4 7
3
1/2(1- )

1

8 6

1 5 2

h d i j ^ k m h j Y` d a[ Y?_ W [ ^ Xk_ W j YY [ _ [V k Z W ^ k V

k ^ kV [ \-Y [ _ [ \-W \ j d Y`kY [:W \ c [ \ d V W?k _ [ c Z k ^-V k?X d \ X1kW \ Z ^ k Z W i d k c j W \-W V c ^ [ _ j Z [_ W1V [ \_ [ \ c [ V d Y [ X d [ \
Yj d _ d XW Y`\ d [ Y`k V W \- j k _ ^&k a Z d [ \ j W1 [ ^ ^ W \ c [ Y`_ W Y{k1V [ \V k _ [ \- j W1 [ Y` j ^ ^ W Y:W Y j YW a ^ Z d W_ k ^ b a k j Y k V [ ^Y j V [W Y
W V W Y Z ^ [:_ W VW V W XW Y Z [`* [ YV [: j W1W Y_ d [ c j Y Z [:V k:\ j X1k?_ WV k \- j Y` d [ Y W \_ W1 [ ^ X1kY [\ W ^ b a kV k j Y d _ k _&R [ ^
[ Y`\ d i j d W Y Z W `k 1 j W-k _ [ c Z k ^ j Y c ^ [ W _ d X d W Y Z [1_ d \ Z d Y Z [1 j W-\ W^ W \ j XWW YV k \W Z k c k \H\ d i j d W Y Z W \ m
{ ? ] W[ Z d W Y WV k j Y` d a[ Y_ W [ ^ Xk j W [ ^ ^ W \ c [ Y`_ W ^ b a kk VY [ _ [1W \ j d Y`kW Y j W \ Z d a[ Y\ dc W ^ Z W Y W d W ^ k1k
j YW V W XW Y Z [V d Y W k V* W YW \ Z W- k \ [` _ W- j k Z ^ [Y [ _ [ \ R*\ b a c [ ^HW W X c V [` c k ^ kW V&Y [ _ [ Z W Y W X[ \

? H 
T\ Z k j Y` d a[ Y:_ W [ ^ X1k k V W j Y [1W Y?W V Y [ _ [1W \ j d Y`k? W ^ [W Y?V [ \H^ W \ Z k Y Z W \HY [ _ [ \ [ Y?W W c d a[ Y:_ WV [ \_ [ \
k _ k W Y Z W \k VY [ _ [ [ Y`\ d _ W ^ k _ [`R
 U*  H ` &

{ { :  : ` M ?  : : { ?   * `  ?
1  - 1 & H  - `   1   ` - H? 1 `
` `

: : $ 
{  *  `  `   ` -   ` - ` ` 1 
  ` - ` & H H    ` `  - 1 ` H - 1 ` ?  1
H

: $  $ -
*- H ` - 1 ? ` {    ` -  ` : H ` -
`       ` ?   


(-1,1) (1,1)
4 7 3

8 9 6

1 2
(-1,-1) 5 (1,-1)

 ` ?  1    `

`  - -    ` H -  -   M H  *
 `  1 `   H `  1 
 U*    ` ` `


  
 


 
 

 
 

     ! "# $  % 
  
  


 
  


  
 
1 2
1 +1

& ' (  ) **    ` ` &

+-, . / 013254) //
+76 . / 01328)
  9:   ! "#; <% =
>% ? $ ; "
3
1 +1

& ' (  **    ` ` @ ` (! A @

+7, . / 01 4 )2 / . 254 / 0
++7B . / 706 1C. / 0. 13)2 / /0 .. 28 // 00
254 258
D E FHGI J K7J L M N OP Q R Q K7J L!O Q N L!S I J O T!U
VfgW UXZg hYi[ j\k ]l\
k m!^n _ o`nap qbr cmds!c t]j r \
p^j qa mc `k r ^j e[ \a

2 (0,1)

(1,0)
3

u Q v w x S7y F!zGI J K7J L M N7M x Q S L v w I S xI Q L J S I

(0,0) 1

{ {7| }} ~~  ~
{ } ~  C5#~#
fg Ug :ij k lk m!n on p q r ms!tj r p tr pr n q o

2 (0,1)

5
6
(1,0)
3

u Q v w x S-y zGI J K7J L M N7M x Q S L v w I S x5 w!S R x!S M Q N

(0,0) 4 1

{{- | }} ~~  CC}} 7~ ~ {{7 }} ~~   FF ~

} 5~
{ } ~  C} } 5~#  } 5~ {7 } ~   F ~ } 5~
 H 7  7 ! !

    ! # 
 
7 3  5
 5 5
3 5 
3  

(-1,1) (1,1)
4 3

1 2
(1,-1)

7  - ! - -
(-1,-1)

    ! # 
   
!


7  5 5 5 7 C 5 5
3  5 7 C  
3   7 C 5 
3 5  7 C 5 
(-1,1)

(1,1)
4 7 3

8 6

1 2
5 (1,-1)

7  - ! - 7
(-1,-1)
 H 7  7 ! ! !
  :  ! # 
    


 


  

  
      


 
 
   
  
 
  
   

 

 

   
 
   
      


 
 
  
 
   !
  
 
 
 
"
  # 
  
 

$
(-1,1) (1,1)
4 7 3

8 9 6

1 2
5 (1,-1)

 - ! - 7
(-1,-1)

% & ' ( ) * ,+ ' ( - ( .

/ 0 132
4 5 65 7 8 9 :8 ; < = < 6>5 7: < 9 7? 4 5 : @BA

C D EGFH IKJLIBMN O
PN Q R SR JLIBMP R O
MTUH IKP


VKW XBW Y[Z\ ] ^_] `a ba ] a c 
d e] fBc g h b_\ g `U] d \

i j k l m nBm o pqrl

is k l m nBm o pqrn
it k l m nBm o pquo
i v k l m nBm o pq#wxl xnx_o

(0,1,0)
2

(0,0,0) (1,0,0)

4
1
(0,0,1)
3

y < z { ; ?| } ~U2
4 5 65 7 8 98 5 8 ; ?U5 = ; < 94 < 7 5 ? 4

VKW XBW Z\ ] ^_] `a ba ] a c de] fBc g h b_h Ud fBc
ed a g h b

i j k l m nBm o pq#k l xrw p l

> i k l m nBm o pqr l n
is k l m nBm o pq#k nxrw p n i k l m nBm o
 pqr n o
it k l m nBm o pq#k o xrw p o i k l m nBm o
 pqr l o
i v k l m nBm o pq#k >xw p i k l m nBm o
 pqr l
: < 5 7= 9 q#wxl xnx_o i k l m nBm o
 pqr n
i>j k l m nBm o pq o

(0,1,0)
2

5
9
6 (0,0,0) (1,0,0)
8
10 4
1
7
(0,0,1)
3

y < z { ; ? ~U2
4 5 65 7 8 98 5 8 ; ?U5 = ; < 9 {? = ;? 8 < 9

 3
  >   

(-1,1,-1) 5
6

8 7

1 2

4 3 (1,-1,1)

 U
  U 

K B  _  U K B _ U

 B    _  B    

 B    _  B    

 B    _  B    

B    _  B    

 3
  >   

K B  _  U K B _ U B
K UBU B K  B

(-1,1,-1) 4 11 3

20
7 19
8 15
10
12
16 14
1 9 2
17
18
5
13 6 (1,-1,1)

 
U >     



                             
            !        "  

 !      #   $                  %  &         $    "  !     

'      #   $    $        $    %             !   $     
             $         $    %  !             "   !    

 (                 $       $)  %  '           !        $) 

*      #   $        $)      $)  %          $    "  !    $) 

+      #    $     $    $)    $  $)  %  (           !   $    $) 

,             $     $     $  ) $   %  *             "   !    $) 
  +             "     ! 
  ,         $    "     ! 
           $    $     ! 
 ! &             $     ! 
- . / 0 1 2 / 3 45 376 2 8 9;: < = >@?

ACBEDGFGH"I JF;K"LNMEKPO J QSRUTWVNX

Y 0 2 / Z 1 / .@: 0 1 [2 /E4 3
\ 8 3 4 3 / Z :] :3 ^ \ 8 3 4 1 [2 /E5 3 ] : 46 . /@0 1 2 / 3 4"5 3 6 2 8 9:5 3;_S] : 4 3 <
=7\@: 8 : 3 ] 3 9 3 / Z 2 4. / 1 5 1 9 3 /@4 1 2 /@: ] 3 4
`a 1 5 1 9 3 /@4 1 2 /@: ] 3 4 bcS]\ 8 1 93 8 25 3G3 4 Z 2 4
3 ] 3 93 / Z 2 4 3 4 Z@G[: 1 /@5 1 0 : 5 2\@: 8 :G3 ]9 2 5 3 ] : 5 25 3;\ 8 2 a ] 3 9: 4 5 3Gd 3 ^ 1 [2 /)5 3
e 1 f : 4"5 3 ] f : 5 : 4 g ` 3 ]S4 3 f . /@5 2\@: 8 :\ ] : 0 : 4\ ] : /@: 4"5 3 ] f : 5 : 4 bc4 Z 2 43 ] 3 93 / Z 2 4Z 1 3 / 3 /E] :\@: 8 Z 1 0 . ] : 8 1 5 : 5G5 3 h . 3 g \@: 8 :
1 / Z 3 8 \@2 ] : 8] :d 3 0 i@: g. Z 1 ] 1 j : /k0 2 92f 8 : 5 2 45 3E] 1 a 3 8 Z : 5)Z : / Z 2] :d 3 0 i@:3 /l] 2 4 / .@5 2 4;0 2 924 .@4;0 2 8 8 3 4 \@2 /@5 1 3 / Z 3 4
5 3 8 1 e : 5 : 4 g 0 2 /G3 ]m /E5 371 9 \@2 / 3 8] :0 2 / Z 1 / . 1 5 : 5g@: 5 3 9n[: 45 3
3 /G] :
d 3 0 i@: g 3 /G4 .E5 3 8 1 e : 5 :;o p q rs t q r@u q s q
v w;q v xw y u t z w {
|}: 46 . /@0 1 2 / 3 45 376 2 8 9;:
\ 8 3 4 3 / Z : /G] : 44 1 f . 1 3 / Z 3 40 : 8 : 0 Z 3 8 ~ [ 4 Z 1 0 : 4 
 2 /G\@2 ] 1 / 2 91 2 40[. a 1 0 2 4 b
 . e : ] 2 8S3 4 X 3 / 3 ] / .@5 2 ` f 8 : 5 2
5 3] 1 a 3 8 Z : 5 0 2 8 8 3 4 \@2 /@5 1 3 / Z 3 ` 3 /3 ] 8 3 4 Z 2
5 3] 2 4/ .@5 2 4 ` f 8 : 5 2 45 3"] 1 a 3 8 Z : 5b
}: ]0 2 924 3
1 /@5 1 0 : g Z 2 5 : 4] : 46 . /@0 1 2 / 3 45 376 2 8 9;:
3 4 Z@[: /E5 3 m / 1 5 : 43 /E0 2 2 8 5 3 /@: 5 : 4S/@: Z . 8 : ] 3 42 1 / Z 8 ~ [ /@4 3 0 : 44 2 a 8 3
] :7f 3 2 9 3 Z 8 ~ [ :
/ 2 8 9;: ] 1 j : 5 : g \@3 8 2 3 /G: ] f . /@: 45 373 ] ] : 4S1 / Z 3 8 e 1 3 / 3 /G] : 45 1 93 /@4 1 2 / 3 48 3 : ] 3 45 3 ]3 ] 3 9 3 / Z 2@g Z : ] ` 0 2 9 24 3
e 3 8@[: b
 G } "" " " S"

1 2 1 2
x
=1 =+1
L (e)
N 1 ()
1

45
N 1 ()

b)

-}1 f . 8 :7 c] 3 93 / Z 2
. / 1 5 1 93 /@4 1 2 /@: ]}5 370 ] : 4 37<
= bS: S73 2 93 Z 8 ~ [ :72 8 1 f 1 /@: ] b a 73 2 93 Z 8 ~ [ :"3 /G0 2 2 8 5 3 /@: 5 : 4/@: Z . 8 : ] 3 4 b
- . / 0 1 2 / 3 45 376 2 8 9;: = `# =

= o S= = o o S=
o E o o

5 2 /@5 3
= X o 7 = N
 o X 7

X o 7
E N  o X 
 S @ @  }

 G } " " S" }@ "S" 

4 5
w3
4 3 (w/x) 3
(w/y) 3 1 2
(-1,-1)
b

1 2
y
a N1
1

N1
45

45
N1

a) b)

; @
  G ; ;
;
" ; @ @77   ) @ "@

 7 ; G 

@ @

@


@

#  #
   l "l  l ) 
# #
  " l "  l ) 

# G E #
" l l
# #
 l
l
l 
    
 
  

     


!#" $&%('#) *' +#

$&$,-) ' %$

. / 0    1 (/ 

1  
   #  
 1 
 
 

  1
/ 
# 32  4
   &0 5
       67S#0

 8  

  9  &2  #
: 1   3    3
  ; 0  1  <  1 (    0  3=      >  671  
9  1  <  1 

?    ( 0 1
  
 0 @1    
   ?  ## 1  #A 2 0
 9 0 5!1  / :   ; 0  1        ! 0 1
 1  

/   1   1 #B 9 2  #
: &  8
( #; 0  (C !1 A  1   / 0    1 / 
# 6DE   0    #<
   

  / 
#
(   (/ 
#   #  >  ( @/ 
#      6&73 
 9 !  > #  !1  
A 2 0
 9

  1 #0 ?1   
 #   0 1
  
 3
 2     9 1 A  1   ?      !F GH I J 9 1 A 
# 0 
  / 
#    ?1  /
9 1
 
/ 
##; 0 7  1       &  < 


0 ! 0 1
 1 #1 &  1 
B& ?      !F K H L J 6

P P M N O
x =x 3 ( , )

3 2

P P MN O
1
x =x 2 (, ) 2

y M N O
x=x ( , )
1

2
x

 / 
#   
Q 2 0
R S TU
  3   
 4
   31 1          0 1
  
 
V  C
  / 

    ?     &  #
  / 

   
   
 4
   6D   
  
    

    
W
1  1  ( 
    5?  (  
1  1    0
   !0 

 1  0   9    1  (1   # 9
  
# 
 2  #
: &1   # #&

1 (     9 0    X   1   3  
 3/ 0    1 / 
#; 0 (
 &
     
1
  1     X  #   6D( : 9  
  / 
#    ?
; 0 1 1 A  1 

Y[Z=\]Y]^ _ `

  1 #acb d e0 ?<  
(  ?    
1  1  S  1   1    67 
  / 
#   

C#1 &
8  0 : <    6
7
   1 &; 0  &1   1  1   

 2  
: 0 &
     
1 (# 
2
 1 ; 0 ( 0    X  1 &

  31     X  #   9   #  0 #f gh i j k l m n o f pl g?q r s k n j n t=pi h j f o n 637
   & 

 9  (
      # (   
  #
q r k i j k n j n t=pi h j f o n 63u  
     
2  4
  &     9 0
  1 
 # 7
  / 
#& ?0
  1 
 6u 
 0 1
    &
1 2
 1 # 0 
 
9  1  
  / 


 ?    #1 &
/
  &  #   0
<   :   6
.#/ 
0      !   
 4
  
#
 8 > 
( @      ?1 #  
1  1   0
   9 @ 3 0   1    
 #  3    #  9
5  #
 7      
 / 0    31 / 
# 6.( 2
   
  
 
1 A 

  

  1 
 2  1 X5
  <  
1 / 0
X    < 
    8 ?       #1 &  
1  1  S 0
   6
Dv   0    9 5@  #
> #  9<
#  31  

   
1 0 @   
   
 4
  
 0 1
    ?1   
    637
  1  # ## 2 0 

 0  ; 0 

   
1       #  
6
w x y w*z3{ | }| ~    }4|   |& | ~ ~? { ~# |&~  

 ? v 3(  (= ( 3 ( ((E((3

| | }#  |!| {( | }# ~ 4 = ! |! {  {
{ }# }#  ~ ~ |
?| }
! ! ~  |  { # {
| }#| 
c{  | { } | ~  yc # ~ | ~  | | | | } { ! | }#|  ? ?| ~ | { | }| ~  !  } | 
}| ~ ~ {&  ( |&{  | ~ 3?|&
| ~  }

?-



 
| ~ {  
~ ~ | ( | }
 |  | ~?| 
{   # y y y

g
4 7 7
4 3

8 3
8
6
6
y
5 1
1 5 2
2
x
& 3z{ | }#| ~  #  }4|   | | ~ ~? { ~# |&~

z3  |  ~ |  | { ~ ~{ 3 | ~   | ~  | ~# ~  &&{ ~  { | y( ( | { ~# | |
| ~ 
{ !  {3 | |
}# { |# || {3 |  | } ~ ~  |# |{ #}
 # ~
| {
 ~ }
~! |
#
| ~ 3
&}
 & |& | ~ |}=  | { ~  | |  | ~ # ~  ~  || ~? #| {| { | }#| ~  y
|  ~ |  ~  | | | }#  | ~&  | ~ | {  | { ~| ~  |3{  |  |3{  ~ ~ |  |3 }
 ~& | | 
{    | }#  | | ~
&

!






#| ~? }#}#  {    

 



  &
=(


 ~ |( | { (}
  ~  & }# { | }| ~  || { ~  |{  ~ }# ~ |( | ~ ~  { |
  | ~ y {  ~  
 
  

 
w !
(

~ | | | { |  | }# ~ ~  |& | { ~ y
z { |  | } ~ ~  |( | { ~ 
 |#}  |( } | ~#| | 3| { | | ~ { |@ | | ~? | ~ ~  { | 3 }




 *3 
 
  
  
  

  
 
 

        
  
    
  
     &     
   
 
  

          
%) %)
 $% # ( * + ,  % -  $% # /( * + ,  % - 
"!  +.! +
&' &'


0 
% %
#$% 78 8 9; :  % 8 8 9; : < % >
132 4 5 ! 8 9:  8 8 9= : <
&6' 8 =
?     
@ 6  
  

   
 A ? #
      
 6 

 33
6  
      A


B C D E D FG C H D I C/J K  A@ L

 M &       
  
0    &     
   
 

      
 NO
   
-VU U
132 4 5 !QPR S T!   !WPR S T
   3 # #
X Y D E D FG C H D I C/J K   L?

 M (   3  
  
0  3   3    
   
 3

     
<Z O N + [  /  
88 `; 88 ;a 88 ;b -gU h U U U U U U
132 4 5 !]\^_ 88 `= 88 a= 88 =b f !  < Z !ji i + [ 3
1 2 4 5
88 `c 88 ac 88 cb d e
k
  
@
@  l 
      
 M/m  
A n
 

o    
"  
     
   
qp @
    

     3      r 
   
0  M    ? 
  
@   

 M    
   l  0  A
 
&     Am     

8 9: ; t = 88 a= 8 8 9;j: u 88 ;a 8 8 9= : %
8 R ` T 8 96: ; t = %
ps ! \^_ 8 ` 8 
9 : 8 ` 8 
9 :
% y %f
: u v 88 8a; ; 8 8 98 =w:= fd e ! i 1 2 4 5 i _\ xy
8 9: ; t = 8 968: R a ; t = T fd e ! i 1 2 4 5 i \^_ u 88 `= 8 8 9;Q: v 88 `; 8 8 9= : u 88 8 a= = 8 8 98;j;Q

8 Ra T 8 R` T
x d
z    
q
q
  & o    
 M?    q ?    l   0  @

!     @   {     #

   &         A

   {   /
   6
  

      &
@

          


U U ) ) U U ) U U
| s 2 } 4 5 !Q~~ 6 ps 6.p}  < !Q~ ' ~ ' ps * + , .p} * + , i 1 2 4 5 i + !W~ ' ~ ' s } * + , 1 2 4 5 +
' ' ' '/ i i
     & o    
  
0  
?  
 6 {   

   
   
 3 + M   

0   6    A 6  
  
 
  3?



    (

   
 
  ?   {
M
#
 &  
   m
 M  {    
     &
  
 | s 2 } 4 5 
 l  M      
n  

 A {    
# 
   
  . /

6 3 3 ? 
  A A 3  ?   3 A  3
   Q
j

/ @6"@
6 6    A . /  6 6   
@    . 
A A/ q
  ?  A 
 3

 
    @  " W  3 6  

    /. A  
 .  @    .  @ 
      6 . 6  A



6    A /  A  A     
  3 ?  q   q  ?  
    ? @   A 



   3 3   A  A ? ? 
A      /   .      

 6      A   
W



A





  A 3 


  A     A

   

  A W     A
 
     
 

 
6 @ A "
 . 6  .  "  /  A  
      
           


A    . 6 "  . 6 / 
     
/             

     ! " # $ " % $  & ' ! " %(*) + )$ ), " ' -  + .  '*,  )# /$ ) " $ *,  0" ' 1*2

3 46587:9;=< >?< @BA>DC=7FE A>D7/E 7/GH7:I@BA>KJML/N?LOE LOPAI
Q7:NBR7:IMP:< LOCM7FE LH>A
E ;MP:<%
SA I

T)) ( + " U  &) ,  0" ' # M $  & ' ! " V '  ! " #  W* ) !  X ) ,  +
,   + ! )
, " '*#  ,  " ' 
  M. ) + ) ' !  ,  '   )=&
 #  # )Y  = 
 !  $  ,  'M&Z0) % $  &
 ' ! " %(*) + )&
" #  $ ) +% '*) ! + *, !  + )$ )
" $ *,  0" 'M ) ( + " U  &)/&Z0) )$ ) U ) , ! ) [
\ , " ' !  ' *) ,  0" '
-  +  &" ?$ ) , " '*#  ,  " '  ?  '*,  ) $  %  /]*) '=# ,  &
( $  +%$ " #  !  ' ! " %!  (*" # / $  & ' ! " ?(*) + )$ )
, " ' -  + .  '*,  )# /$ )
" $ *,  0" '[
^`_ " '*#  ,  0" 'M# , " ' !  '   # ) #a[
b?$a, ) &
(*"# /#  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! " ?]*)# /  +%, " ' !  '  "8d e=d f*g e h d i g j i%# /, ) # )/ $  & ' ! "*[Bb? ! ), " '*#  ,  ' : ) !  X ) , 
)  ! " &Z) 0 !  , ) & ' ! ) $a !  $  c ) +:) ( + " U  &) ,  " '  ?(*" $  ':0" & , ) %(*) + ) $B, ) &
(*"
# #  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! " [
^`_ " '*#  ,  0" 'M# #  +  - ) W  $  # ) #a[
T)) ( + " U  &) ,  0" 'M(*" $  ':0" & , )
]*)#   +/#  +  - ) W $ ) $&
 ' " :]*) ! )
 $B" + #  '# $ ) :#  +  - ) # ) :  ) (*) +  ,  'M '
$ ) % ' !  . + ) $  #  $( + " W $  &)k lB[ m/[ n[ o [
^`_ " '*#  ,  0" '# ? ' !  . + ) W  $  # ) #a[T) *X  '*,  " '  # ?X " + &
)#  W* '# %  +a! ) $    B$ ) * ' !  . + ) $  a# ?$ )% U ( +   0" '/# ?$ "
! + ) W*) p " a-  + ! *) $  a!  ' . ) 'X  '*,  0" '( +  & !  - ) [Bb?#  ,  + q   ' $ rs:t) (*) +  ,  '#  +  - ) # ) # %$ " #  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! "
# :" + #  '=uq #  , ] " ?#  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! " q v(*" +%, " '*  .    ' ! $ ) ?X  '*,  " '  ?# :X " + &
)/ !  $  c ) # ) B(*) + )/) ( + " U  &) + $ " q
#  W* '=!  '  +:, " ' !  '   # ) #M# , $ ) /wxyz [
^`_ " '*#  ,  0" 'Z# =, " &(*) !  W  $  # ) #a[ZTa"  $  & ' ! "
#  W* 'Z  +, " &(*) !  W $  [{b? ! " &( $  , )Y  M$ "
&" -  &  ' ! "
, ) + ) , !  + | 0 !  , " #  $( + " W $  &
)#  W* '# 
 +/, " ' !  '  "  ' ! +  $  & ' ! " [/b?/#  ,  + q ' "M#  W* U  !  + ) $ ! "  ' ! + 
$ " B- ) $ " +  ?# :#  , ] " ?#  ( $ ) c ) &
  ' ! " ?):$ "$ ) + . "# $ " B$ ) # " B", ) + ) ?, " & '  B ' ! +  $  & ' ! " [BTa" B $  & ' ! "
  = ) !  X ) ,  '  ! ), " '*#  ,  0" ' =#  ' " & '*) '~} j u: h g f d jY} j e j i u
d [ b% !*Y0) #  &
" ! + ) # "  = : M !  $  c )
 ' !  . + ) ,  0" 'Y U ) , ! )=(*) + )=! " # ) $ ) &) ! +  ,  v`-  , ! " +  qB$ "  $  & ' ! " , " ' X " + & , " ' -  + .  '`   &( + =#  # 
" $ *,  " ' 
& 0) + | 0 .  # )
  $ )Y U ) , ! ) [Ta"
 $  & ' ! "
' " , " ' X " + &

(   #  'q/  'Z &W*) + . "*q:  +-0) $  # "
v
, " ' -  + .  +/)
$ ) " $ *,  0" ', " + +  , ! )
?) $B+  V '*) +:( + " . +   - ) & ' ! $ )&
) $ $ )#  ) (*) +  , $ ) '*, " &(*) !  W  $  # ) #=v= 
, " '*  .    / $a $  &
 ' ! "
+  ( + " #  c , ) 'M ! ) # "# #  X " + &
) ,  0" 'M, " '* ! ) ' !  [
 %  :a::~ ~:B a
%)]  &" & '*,  " '*) # "   = U  !  '{ $  &
 ' ! " ' " , " ' X " + &
   Y, " ' -  + .  'Z)Y$ )` " $ *,  0" 'Z U ) , ! ) [' "Z# =$ "
( + " ,  #  &  ' ! " B&Z0) ?  '*,  $ $ " B(*) + )/#  !  + & '*) +? )/, " ' -  + .  '*,  ): B $*#  ' " & '*) # ", +  !  +  "# :$ )/(*) + ,  $ ) [b?$ & 0 ! " # "
W*) )M '  $  , ,  " '*) + ' , " ' p  ' ! "*q?"=(*) + ,  $ ) q?# M $  &
 ' ! " v`) ( $  , ) + '`$ " ' " # " #  $:, " ' ! " + ' "# $ )=(*) + ,  $ )
&
" -  &  ' ! " /( +  , +  ! " /, " + +  (*" '*#   ' !  ) '`, ) &(*"# #  ( $ ) c ) &
  ' ! " :( +  V p ) # "=vY, " ' " ,  # "M 'Y! " # ) $ $ ) [ 
#  ,  ' ! " '*,  /   $B $  & ' ! "= ) !  X ) ,  $?, +  !  +  "=# $ )(*) + ,  $ ) q*$ "=  
. ) + ) ' !  c ) Y, " ' -  + .  '*,  ) q* B$ ) " $ *,  0" '
" W !  '  # )/(*) + )/$ " %#  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! " ?v$ ) %#  X " + &) ,  " '  B ' $* ' !  +  " +# :$ )(*) + ,  $ ), "  '*,  # /, " '
$ )  / /#  # *,  + | 0 )
) '*) $ | 0 !  , ) &
 ' ! #  $, ) &(*"# #  ( $ ) c ) &
  ' ! " %, " ' " ,  # "*[
 $, +   +  "# /$ )(*) + ,  $ ) #  # *,  '=# " % &(*" + ! ) ' !  , " '*#  ,  " '  %(*) + )$ ), " ' -  + .  '*,  )#  $ $  &
 ' ! "*[
a * *B * =B Y * ` *B *
\ & #  # )  :$ ):&) $ $ )#  $  & ' ! " BV '  ! " ? +  V '*) q $ ) ?, " '*#  ,  " '  ?#  ' ! + "# :, ) # ): $  & ' ! " /) ( + " U  &
) +a0) '&Z0)
)$ ) /# 
 ' ! ) # "=# #  X " + &) ,  0" ', " '* ! ) ' !  [l" +/$ "M! ) ' ! "*q*! " # "M $  & ' ! "M]*)M# 
 +, ) (*) c
# 
+  ( + " # *,  +#  , ] "
 ! ) # "
(*) + ). ) + ) ' !  c ) +$ ), " ' -  + .  '*,  ) '= $$ | 0 &
 !  [b? ! )
, " '*#  ,  0" '=, " + +  (*" '*#  + | 0 ))$ )
) ( $  , ) ,  0" '=#  $B, +  !  +  "# 
$ )(*) + ,  $ ), " 'M '=, ) &
(*"# #  ( $ ) c ) &  ' ! " %( +  , +  ! "
  /( + " #  c , ) 'M ! ) # "# #  X " + &) ,  0" 'M, " '* ! ) ' !  [
a * *B * =B* B= B
\ $B " & !  +/)
 '= $  & ' ! "*q*")
 '*)
(*) + ,  $ )
#  $  &
 ' ! " q*)
 ', ) &(*"M# &" -  &  ' ! " ( +  , +  ! "  ' , " ' ! " + ' "
, " + +  (*" '*#   ' ! /) 'M&" -  &  ' ! "
#  $, " ' p  ' ! "
, " &"
*0" $  # "+ | 0 .  # "*q #  W*/" W !  '  + / ' ! ) # "
# #  X " + &) ,  0" ''  $ )
 '  ' !  +  " + *' "X   + )) | 0 q #  , ] " $  & ' ! "(   # /' "
 +) #  , *) # "(*) + )/+  ( + " # *,  +? ! ) # " %# #  X " + &) ,  0" '
&Z0)
, " &
( $  p " [/T), " '*#  ,  0" '# 
0" $  # "+ | 0 .  # "
(*) + ) ' $  &
 ' ! "M)  $ ) # "  ) !  X ) ,    &( + v=, *) '*# "$ )  &
)M# $ )
X  '*,  " '  # /X " + &) '=, *) $     +%(  ' ! "#  $a $  & ' ! "- ) $ . )$ ) '  # ) #a[
 ? * M /*

a

% Y?:: a? D:{? :? ~a?: a

:  */*  
 : D * :  ? B  ? **    /
* M /  a/

/  %  %*  %  % M * %
  *
Y  
*

* ?
  * ?
  *
Y 
* a
*

* ?
  * ?
  *
Y 

*

* B
  * 
  *
?


 ?  * : =*
M  *  * /   B

 / % B B  ? **
   * * ?  *  / ? */ 

=   =
 ?  *?Y  
 * 
/ * 
M
* 
a/ 
/
% * %  a* 

  % a
*
      

   *     /
*
:  ** = B M 
:  * * * 
= ?

M *  :
/ B  B * = `
 =B%
Y * M M * = B* 
/  : % ? ?/
? *
     B%? / * 

 / 
/
*   ?*
 * % * % B *


a
 / %
% Y?:: a? D:{ B: :B= ? ? Ba? D ::a :




 Y
= *
/ Y M *?B M  *  / * % B/ 
 :  /
?B  M  *




= 
* ? * % * % * a */ 
:

% /*   a
* * :
?  * 
 *  ? M *  *   %
% /
*
 =  * %
: 

  % %  =    *


B

   B
M  *  
  * * * * :

  * M   %
%  
* 

*  = /
 M * *  * = = B

% : * : :    *
M   * : 


*  * : * *    
/ 
M
% ` =  Y = *   * M   /  ` M  M *
* *
% ` :8:{a?
%a ?:a
    = B :   
 % *
     

 
  = /   * * M %  *M / M  
 % a  a*

*
M  * =    % % M %    :  %
* 
=   
?  M*

* /*   : /   : / Y /
 
? *
* 
* : % /
  %* ? M
? ?  ~ ?
!   ! "  $#  %  * * :

? :
 & !! $# " % / * * :  
/  &  '  M& %  * M *
( ) * +-,. / 0 1/ 02 3 1 4 0 . 5 0 12 6 7 89

; : <;$= > ? BC D @ E +

;: <; = @ ?A BC C DF ) E @ EG
H 3 .
I 3J 7 1 J 3
; : G C + ; = @ ? <K; = > ? E F L
M 0 N01 3 J 7 . O 0P Q 0R S!T U R S V DWX O 6 5 1 6 Y2 7!P Q 0I 3 O
0 . . 3 . 0 O
O 3 1Z . 3 Z3 . 2 6 3 17 I 0 O7 DW$X 2 Q7 1/ 3 D \ * H 7 . 7Q 1
4 7 I 3 .
Y 1 6 J 3/ 0 D$^ I 70 2 Q7 2 6 3 _ 17 1 J 0 . 6 3 > .
0 O`O 3 _ I 37 Z . 3 a 6 b7 / 7 c I 70 a 7 2 J 6 J Q// 0I 7!7 Z . 3 a 6 b7 2 > 6 3 _ 1/ 0 Z0 1/ 0<[]
/ 0I 7. 0 I 7 2 6 3 _ 1
/ 0 D 7J 3 / 7!I 7. 0 5 6 3 _ 1O 3 I Q2 6 3 _ 1$*
de fg h i j k l m h e f j g
g e n k jm e o!pl q h n h r h i l isj t u h r h n k h ei jr l!g e r um h e v f wx
yz|{~}!  }}!`}  ` 
} }! `!} 
lg e r um h e v fi j!j r j oj f q e g f h q e gj gg h j op k jl p k e h ol i l spe kr eq l f q ej fK j f j k l rf eg l q h g l m j!r e gk j t u h g h q e gi j
j t u h r h n k h esKm e opl q h n h r h i l iKt u jg j k v l fj h h n r j glr lg e r um h e v fKj l m q l !g v $l rj j m q ul ku fl fl v r h g h gpe kj r j o!j f q e g
f h q e g
j fm e f q k l k j o!e g
ug ul r o!j f q j l u ft u jg j `vu fj rq h pei jj r j o!j f q e g
p u j i jl nj k`j m j pm h e f j g
t u j
`$K K  K 
 K 
g q ej g qlKv l k l f q h l i eKg h j o!p k jt u jr ll p k e h ol m h e v f
j g m e h i lpl k lj r$m l opei ji j g p r l l o!h j f q e g`g j l!m e f q h f ul m e o!ej g
j r$m l g ei jr e g
pe r h f e oh e g
`$   K       
r eKr e g!j r j oj f q e g!m e o!pl q h n r j g
em e f e k oj gp k j g j f q l f
m e o!pl q h n h r h i l ij f
r e g!m e f q e k f e gj r j o!j f q l r j g K h f
j o!nl k em e o!e j o!e g!g j f l r l i e
l f q j k h e k oj f q j r e gj r j o!j f q e gf em e f e k o!j gg e f! r h i e g` jh fm r ug el j m j gp k e pe k m h e fl f!o!j e k j gk j g u r q l i e gt u j
r e g`m e f e k oj g
g h j o!p k jt u jr l!m e o!pl q h n h r h i l ig j!g l q h g l l!l rh k`k j fl fi er l!ol r r l!p k e k j g h l o!j f q j
`$   
 ` !
 e gf e i e g$g e fr e gp u f q e gi j
m e f j h e v fj f q k jr e gj r j oj f q e g
sj fj r r e g
j h h o!e g`t u jg j j k h t u jr l!m e f q h f u h i l ii ji j g p r l l oh j f q e g`lr l e k l!i jj fg l o!n r l k
`
 K ` !     !    e k`r loh g olk l $e v fKt u j!j fj rm l g e
l f q j k h e k l r e k ol kj rg h g q j ol r e nl ri j!j m ul m h e f j g`j fj rj fg l on r l j h o!pe f j o!e gj fj t u h r h n k h ei j u j k l g`s
oe o!j f q e g
j fr e g
f ui e g K

!            l gq j fg h e f j g
j fr e gf e i e g
g je n q h j f j fj fm l i l
j r j o!j f q elpl k q h ki j`r e g l r e k j gi j
r e gi j g p r l l oh j f q e g$j fg ug$f e i e g epe kj q k l pe r l m h e v f!i j`r e g l r e k j gi j
r e g
p u f q e g
i jl ug gi jm l i lj r j o!j f q e g $e kr eq l f q e r l gq j fg h e f j gj fu ff e i e!m e ovu fl l k h e gj r j oj f q e gq e ol f
l r e k j g
i h j k j f q j g
g j `vu fg j lj rj r j o!j f q e!lpl k q h k`i j r$t u jg jm l r m u r l f$g q l l r q li jj t u h r h n k h ei jr l gq j fg h e f j g
j gm e fg j m u j fm h li jr l e k ou r l m h e v fj fi j g p r l l oh j f q e g
u q h r h l i l i e fi jr lm e f q h f u h i l ig jj h jj fj rm l o!pe
i ji j g p r l l o!h j f q e g p ui h j fi eg j ki h g m e f q h f ul gg ugp k h oj k l gi j k h l i l g! i j e k ol m h e f j g `s pe kr eq l f q er l g
q j fg h e f j g de o!em e fg j m u j fm h li j!j g q l! l r q li j!j t u h r h n k h e p u j i j!e ng j k l k g jt u j!g hg j!m l r m u r l fr l g`q j fg h e f j g
j fr e g
ne k i j g
r h n k j g g ug
l r e k j g
f eg e fm j k e l u ft u ji j nj fg j kg j fg h n r j o!j f q jh f j k h e k j g
l!r l g
q j fg h e f j g
j fj r
h f q j k h e ki jr l!ol r r l
`$     K K  K      l!g e r um h e v fi jj r j oj f q e g
f h q e g
g je n q h j f j
lpl k q h k!i ju fll p k e h ol m h e v fKi j r
$pe kr eq l f q er l gj m ul m h e f j gi jj t u h r h n k h eh f q j k f ej fKq j fg h e f j gg j
g l q h g l m j fK j f j k l r oj f q ji j! e k oll p k e h ol i l `flj m j pm h e v fli h m lk j r lg e fKr e gj r j oj f q e gnl g l i e g`j f
m l o!pe gi ji j g p r l l o!h j f q e gr h f j l r j g $m e o!ej ri jr lnl k k li ji e gf e i e g j rq k h l v f u r ei jq k j gej rq j q k l j i k e
i jm ul q k e`fq e i e g`j g q e g`j r j o!j f q e g j rm l o!pei j!i j g p r l l oh j f q e g
j g`r h f j l r r l g`q j fg h e f j g`si j e k ol m h e f j g
m e fg q l f q j gs pe kr eq l f q er l gj m ul m h e f j gi jj t u h r h n k h eh f q j k f ej fKr l gt u jh f q j k h j f j fKr l gi j k h l i l gi jr l g
q j fg h e f j gg jg l q h g l m j fi j e k oll u q e ol v q h m l
y|~ }!`}! }! `!}  }! }!
j n h i elt u jj roj v q ei ji jr e gj r j o!j f q e g f h q e gj gu foj v q e i e!l p k e h ol i e r lg e r um h e v fj g qlv l j m q l i lpe k
i h g q h f q l g
u j f q j gi jj k k e k  m e f q h f ul m h e v fl fl r h l k j o!e gr e g
q h pe g`i jj k k e k`ol v g
ug ul r j g
`     $

g q jj k k e k`j g
h f j k j f q jl rm l kl v m q j k
pe r h fe v oh m ei jr ll p k e h ol m h e v fi jj r j o!j f q e g
f h q e g
r$j k k e kl g e m h l i eli h m l
l p k e h ol m h e v fp u j i jj g q h ol k g j!m e opl k l fi ej r$pe r h f e oh em e op r j q ei jol s e k` k l i em e f q j f h i ej fr l g` u fm h e f j g`i j
e k olm e fj ri j g l k k e r r e!j fg j k h j!i j!$l s r e k`i jr lg e r um h e v fj l m q l h m ej k k e k`j g`i j r$e k i j fi j r$p k h oj kq j v k oh f ei j r
i j g l k k e r r ei j$l s r e kf eKm e f q j f h i ej f
j r
pe r h f e oh eKm e o!p r j q eKo!j fm h e fl i ef
p k e n r j ol gu f h i h o!j fg h e fl r j gj g q j
j k k e k`p u j i jj l r ul k g jm e oe

`  
   

   
i e fi jj r$g v one r e  
k j p k j g j f q l!j r$ l r e k
ol v h oei jr l!i j k h l i lg e n k jq e i ej r$j r j oj f q e j g
u flm e fg q l f q j
t u j!i j pj fi j!i j r$q h pei jj r j o!j f q er li h oj fg h e v fol v h oli j r$j r j oj f q eK j
r lr e f h q uij fj r j oj f q e g`nl k k l
s
j r k l i ei j r$ol s e k`pe r h f e o!h em e o!p r j q em e f q j f h i ej fr l u fm h e v fi j e k ol
           !" #  $ %& (' )   !" *  + $  ,-
. " / * "     /  $ %0/    1# "2 1  34/  !  2 1 "5768' &   9   :     %:;"<=" ' :/  ' 1#  $ %8 / *  $ %0 #  *    / 3
' :#  % 9   )  %# " "' &/  ' 1#  $ %8 / *:$ )    % * >    3 1  / * 82 1  '    ?*  % :&#   &# 1 % :' &@ #  '*  !:% A &  '
 '  !" % * 
B / + $ 3  %& '#  / " (1 %& '  ! % * " (C   *   # #  $ %: %&1 %!: ' ' 1 % D   ! ! % * ( /  #   
E?F=GHI H J HL
/M  #  3   ? / * ? '  ! % *  '      /     #  % ' 'I ) K     % * ( (  D   !: #  %  /N *  %/  %  / O P ' *  % * 3
  C ! /"1 * ' >  "1 %=#  *   Q % )  %   '  Q/  '  # #  % "*  !" R  /" 8 '  !" % *  /!" %    / %
>  % / %
'  /:2 1 8/ 
 /    %!: 6    /)     % *  / ?  D   !" #  %  /MN #  %#  % *   #  $ %" *  %/  %  / O P  '#  % *    3  %">  % / %"'  /M2 1 
/ ? /    %&#  ! /M1 % D   ! /   D   !" #  %  / 1    %&1 * ' >   / ( '  ! % *  /M!" 6    / 
S % &/ 2 1   (9     '*  !"% A & '  / '  !" % *  / 3  1      1#  / ( '    ?    % :*  $  !" %  /M ' %? $ !" #  / 
!: 6  M)    "'  /MD 1 %#  %  / D   !" 3 %#   !" % * $ %  / ( / + $  '4   %  % * ?;
/ *  /M  /M!T $ *    /M     1# M '4     3 C /    /1 % " ( ' '  / %:  U %    )   / 9  ! % * ' !" ' ' 6: '4 *   %
% #   ! % *  M '4)    " (' D 1 %#  %  / D   !""/   %  ! % %: %&' ' *    * 1  !T $ *    / G 6;&  /  # * 9  !" % *  
V :     /  $ %0  '     % *    ( /(9 $ '  :  " 'M#  / 8 "1 %:!" ' ' &1 % D   !"  S ' &!" ' ' : / *:$ D   !:  : 
 '  !" % *  /  / * % *  /*  !:% A  / 3 6 % '#  / (  * # 1 '   M1 %(C   ? / #   * >   (#  % '  ! % *  /' %   '  / *  !"% A 
 D    % * "/  !" *  ":#   ) "   ' 3  '    ? %8 '%   "W:  C  &"' "     !: #  $ %8  '  ! % *  /U % *  /?9  %    
 
E(X Y GZ N  YQ[ O\ I4] J < G  H \ MM< < [ [ ] \ I` J <=a a a
IK ] ^?_ ^_ IK `^?_
  %  G  / '4*  !:% A "  '4 '  ! % * 6 [ G  '*  !"% A "  '4 '  ! % * "  6  #  % *  3 #  !""/ !1  / *   %&' U ) 1   
j
b
h ah

c ) 1   d e'  !" % *  / C     6  #  % *  /M  D    % * *  !"% A 
S    1#  '      /  $ %& % *    2 1   1 %!" ' ' 1 % D   !:N  OM '4    M /  '4    %8  3 !  % *   /
2 1 / / ?1 * ' >  %& '  ! % *  /M (*  !:% A  /!1 6: D    % *  /(N [8X g  O/ ( C * [" % f (1 %&!" 6  M     (    % G G  H .  2 1+ $ / 
   1# ' #  % 9  %  %# ( (2 1 '  /#  !C  / %"' ()   !" *  + $ ( '  / '  !" % *  /M/   %")    1 '  / 3 6"2 1 ?  C? ? 9 *   / 
#  '  #  1 %& '  !" % * " 2 1  % "#  % * ) 1 :1 % ")   %  
P  ? 9  ' 1  '     %"1 %:   C '  !:( %&  / ! %/  %  / 3  /   # / @ #  1/   '4  /     ' ' ( %:/   ( ?h 6 '  
 %: '4 % *   % " (1 %& 1 % * 8N Ki j O
J N K < G i j < G O X J N Ki j O<lk G I J <Tm I J <   o k G HI H J H <Q G m I4p <Tm H I H J H <=a a a
I K I jn IK I K4I j Ij n
  %  J  /M' /  ' 1#  $ %&   # * 6 G 6&m&/  %&1 %!   "  '*  !"% A :  ' '  !" % * " %&'  / Z  # #  %  / K  j 
P1   "  !" / *    / 2 1  %0 '  !" % *  /?C  ! %/  % '  /?' %   '  / 34#  !": '*   $ % ) 1 ' &  %    / 3 '    ? /?   q
  #  % ' '*  $  !" % :/ 1 C   6   :  '/  ) 1 % :!"  !C  : ' "     /  $ %8 % *      . % 1  9 " 1    %#  % *    / 2 1 
'  //  ) 1 %  /M   9    /M  # @ *  $  ! %  / * $ %&  '  #  %   /   # *  !" % * #  %:'  /)     % *  /M   D   !: #  %  /?N  
*  %/  %  / O  B / + $ 3 / 4'  /  D   !: #  %  //  %8#  %/ *  % *  / 3  '4    M /M!1 6: 2 1  % A ""#   
r  6&2 1 /  %A  '  ?2 1  '*  $  !" % :      1        /   / ( %&D 1 %#  $ %8  '#  #  % * "N s O  . # @ :#  #  % *  /1 %
!"   ( '  / ! %/  %  /  '  * 9  /  '  '  ! % * ?6/ #  %  # #  !"u v w x y z | { }8~ v | u "x P t  1 % '  !" % * ( 2 1 '  $ *   
 # @ 8#  #  % * &  C  + $ &/   4 $  !"8&' &1 %   4 S %Q !C  ) 3  :1 %Q '  ! % * 8*   % ) 1 '  '   ) 8/   + $ :)   %  
 %    ' !" % * ( /M!  !: % *  %  '   '  #  $ %8 (D   !"  $  !""' 1 %   4
4 & 
?? 4? 74 l? 474 
M/@ C * 1 '2 1 ('  /#  % *   %  / (1 % / *  1# * 1  C 4*   !" %/  % '/   %:# 1  9  / %8 ' ) 1 %  /M#  /  / / / C ' 2 1 
' " # 1 #  $ %Q : # @  /#  % *   %  /? 1   &/       /   " %0D 1 %#  %  /( ' %? $ !" #  / 34' 82 1 "  ! * :/ 1Q      1# #  $ %
   # * M1 * ' >  % ?1 %MD   !1 '  #  $ %(   !T $ *  # M ' M)   ! *  + $  P   %!1# @  /#  /  /% ? / / C ' 1 %?  / #  4#  $ %
 ' %? $ ! # "  '#  % *   % 3  %# ' 1/ :  / #  %  #  !" /M/ 1&     /  $ %& % ' + $ * # 6:/ $ ' : /  %  !" /M ' "/ * 1 #  $ %& (1 %
   M & 4 "  M  " 4
     &      8  &
  
:  "  
?0 " " "  8
  ? &"   &   "  
  " &   4

4 & 
44" 4? ? T   ? 47
 Q
( 0= :  T 8 "  M (4 T 8 " 8 &
"
 ( " (      : 4 (  " (  " ( " ( " ( ? (
   :  (   8 M &  &  : 4 8   
 ( 4  = & M  (  M :
 M " ( & (    M "  M  
& &   & 4 
" ( M  " 
 " & = Q " :   0  ? T 0
      "  (       "  & 8  "  : 4M "
 "
?   ( "   :    "    (       (? 4 M & : &  "
&  
4 &    ?  l?  ?4 ?
? 8  ( 8 0 0 = 8 
 "T

Q = = : M     T " 
 ?   : (  
 
  ? ( M8"=      : 
  M   ? ?  ( M "  M      ?    M (
: "     ( 0( "  : " ?  
" :     &     
M : :
   ? " " M      :      
"    M   ? 4   (  M  
  M   &  "  &  (   & (  ( 8  : 
4  ( "  
M  & M "  M &( 
:  "  4" M       : M  
: &   ( Q     : 8   ( &  0
 
  M  ? 
" M  M 4 ( ( 
 :  8(         "         
   M       
   T  4( "     ? : T
 &  & 
"(  : 4 ( 4 M 
  ?    ? :   ? &  
(  : :  :  :   : "  " 
( & & ? M M (
 (  : &  ?&:=  Q  ? 
  (  4( " "   &   ( : 
 MM
   4 M M 4 M  M "  "   "
 " Q ( " & " ?  ?  "  8 
 :
   
   

      


       !" # $&% '


   (
) &

 " * +
 -,  "  
  -.      
 
/. 

012 !" # $&%( ( 


   
 

* -  3    3 45
,    ) .

& 
  . )    0
      
, 
   ? 

 "  
 

& $6   - . 
8

7
7  
&   

*   58
 0. 9

0 ,  -  : 

   - "
5. 7 
;< => ? @ A B C D ? < = A >E BGC F D H ? D C >5> < I B AA JK/L M9L N OP

Q-RTSVUWXY Z[9\]-^9Y UW[9X`_\*-a] ^(bY ^5]-XcXUd\[e[f/gih jVh k

lm(n lpo qVr9s tqVtGu(v wxGy{ z u}|9tsq~Gzt v { | { |9ts { tGs tqVtGu(v {* u9y v {
< >(E B < B C C > H ? J ? C @ < >(EC B C-A JDGC F J D J <E< B5A J A A = H < >( = ? H < >5D < E B A =@ A =H B A >( = ? @ C @ A >5I9C F > ? D C >5@ ? > H ? = H C >
/    5  =D ? F< =A > A =D ? C JGA >(J C? = H B < @ D D ? F< =@ A@ C H < >
/   (  =D ? F< =E B ? =D ? EC J A >J C5 < B C D ? F< =@ A5J C >C H B ? D A >A J A A = H C J A >-J C9> < J D ? F< =@ A(J C >A D C D ? < = A >
/9  G  5 A B ? H A? E B ? ? B ? > C J ? C B D < I ? =C B5B A > J H C @ < >
C >( =D ? < = A >5@ A-D C @ C- = <@ AA J J < >5> A-B A > A =A =J C B C> ? ? A = H A L

INICIO FIN
CALCULISTA

DEFINICION DEL ANALISIS Y DECISIONES

MODELIZACION
PROBLEMA SOBRE EL DISEO

PREPROCESADOR PROCESADOR POSTPROCESADOR

* generacin de las funciones * impresin, dibujo, visualizacin

* lectura de parmetros de
de interpolacin de los parmetros fsicos del
control
porblema
CODIGO DE CALCULO

* lectura de coordenas nodales * formacin de las ecuaciones

* matrices de transformacin * operaciones secundarias:
* lectura de datos de cada
* transformacin de ecuaciones combinacin, etc.
elemento
a los eje globales * mdulos especiales de
* lectura de datos del material
* ensamblaje anlisis: fatiga, optimizacin,
* lectura de las condiciones de
* aplicacin de las condiciones etc.
contorno
de contorno
* resolucin
* clculos: desplazamientos,
deformaciones, tensiones, etc.

N? B C- KF< @ J < >5@ A =E B < B C C-@ A-A J A A = H < >( = ? H < >
M=A J5A B D C @ </A ? > H A =@ ? A B > < >DGF< @ ? < >@ A&D J D J <&9599 (95 9-(9  ( -K ;5 9 5 9-
;5 K* K& ;9 A H D L(;(C @ C = <@ AA J J < >(C> ? @ <@ A > C B B < J J C @ <E< B5 =A ? E<@ AC H A C F H ? D < > F > ? D < > ? = A = ? A B < >
A? = < B C F H ? D < >5 A-> A< D ECC @ A C F >5@ A-> C = H A = ? ? A = H <C D H C J ? C D ? F< =L(;(C @ CDF< @ ? <D < E B A =@ A A =E B ? =D ? E ? <
D < >5D ? A = H < >5@ A? J A >9@ A? => H B D D ? < = A > A = A B C J A = H A9A =&N 5 9-L
lm(n { u y |9tG wxGy { u9t / { ttGsqVws s w| {
C@ ? > E< > ? D ? F< =@ AJ < >(= @ < >(@ AJ CC J J C-A > HCF D < =@ ? D ? < =C @ C-A =E B ? A B(J C B(E< B(J C >? B B A J C B ? @ C @ A >A =J C- A < A H B F C
@ A J(E B < I J A C - C B ? C D ? < = A >-@ AA > EA > < B A = H C J J C >  = ? < = A > A H D L /A =2> A =@ <&J C B-E< B-J CIF > A @ C&@ AJ CC < B
B A J C B ? @ C @&E< > ? I J AA =*J C < B C@ AJ < >9A J A A = H < >  C AJ < >9A J A A = H < >-@ ? > H < B > ? < =C @ < > D < =*B A J C D ? < = A >9A = H B A> >
@ ? > H ? = H C >5@ ? A => ? < = A >(C < B A >(@ A (E B A > A = H C =C H B ? D A >5@ AB ? ? @ A C JD < =@ ? D ? < =C @ C > L
   ( 9 G

5     & 9 ( 5  ( 9  - & 5  5
(  &  /    -   &  2       9
 5        5     - 5 5    -
 -  -  G-  ( -    -   -  G- 
  -  G   & &  *     *      -  
   - 5 & -    - *           9 -
 &   &              &  -
- ( (    -       -  (  ( - 
(       9             
 - 9     G  G       G    
-  G 
  -   (   G 5    G 
      - -  -   -  2   ( 
   - &    & - 9  5   

Uno de los nodos de las

fronteras adyacentes no est
conectado. Debe de utilizarse
un elemento de transicin

-   5  
/   (     ( -- 

a) b)

  (  G
   G  9599  (     ( 5 5 5   
 5 - 
59 *  -  &    9   & 9 -  
  5 (  & 5 
5G (  ( 5  ( (  5   5 &   
 (   (    - -      
( ( 5     -  (
5G 9    9  9 9 9   & &  
    /  9 2   * &   
 &     G         * * 9 
   
9    -    9  9   9     
  9   5  5 -  -  5 
   - 
     


                       
      9 G         
                5      5               
   - 
   5    
 *     
 
              ! " "# 2 &   
  5 $  
  $  
%'&( )+*-,./0 1.,2./30 13415 61("78 92/: 5 < ; 1=
>
? @'? >BA$C DE F G H"I'C J EK E F LE"M'NO P H F QRC Q"C NG C$I'O S G F O TMV U I'ES H T'F C J HS NHIHS IC JC J C QRC NG HS
W"X 
       $      
 

p 1/2pL 1/2pL

Y 
  Z[(    -
-  G         \]
W"X          $        

1/4pA 1/4pA
p

1/4pA
^Area A 1/4pA

Y 
  \ Z[5    -
-        ]_ 
W"X        $          
2/3pL

p 1/6pL 1/6pL

Y 
  Z[(    -
-  G         ]
W"X          $      &    
` a b ced fg h i f i j k l m n p o j!q i]r n fi k s t o l r u v

-1/12pA 1/3pA
p -1/12pA

1/3pA 1/3pA
-1/12pA -1/12pA
1/3pA
Area A

w n x y s la cz{i gl s k p q i]m l s x l]i j!i h'm yl q s n h ol k i s p q i |]j p q p r

}'~ 2 '2 ' 3 2  

j$i hm l r p fol rx i j i s l h

y
y

P uy
x

ux x

MODELADO DE LA MITAD DE LA ESTRUCTURA SI:

*SIMETRIA: u x=0; y =0; z=0 en P del plano de

simetra

*ANTISIMETRIA: u y
=0; u z=0; x =0 en P del plano
de simetra

w n x y s l a a z'd fg h i f i k l m n p o j q i]r n f i k s t o l]!l j k n r n f i k s t o l

m p j k n j yl m n p o j$ i s i f p rl h x y j p ri i fg h p r z

v=0

en el borde y = 0
x = 0
z z

O y O y
x
v

x x

w n x y s l a zh l j p q i]r n fi k s t o l]] i j$y j!g h l m l

 e  ! ]  

z z
u=0
en el borde x = 0

y

y = 0
O O
y y
x v

x u
v=0
x = 0
en el borde y = 0
x

  ]  ]] $ ] ! !

z
y z
y
O O

x = 0
w
en el borde y = 0
0

  ] !  ]

z
y z
y
O O

w = 0
en el borde y = 0
x 0

  ] !  ]

F1
F2 FS FS FA
-F A
+
P1 P2
=
P1 P2 P1
P2

con F S =(F 1 +F 2)/2

F A =(F 1 -F 2 )/2

Condiciones de Condiciones de
F1 simetra antisimetra
F2 FS FA

= +
P1 P2 P1 P1

SOLUCION = SOLUCION CASO SIMETRICO + SOLUCION CASO ANTISIMETRICO

  ] R   R '          
 '! ] 
 e  ! ] 

y
F
F/4 CS F/4 CS F/4 F/4 CA F/4 F/4
F/4 CA F/4

= CS + CA + CS + CA
x

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

(CS= condiciones de simetra;
CA=condiciones de antisimetra)

  ] R   R '  ] 
 
     
 '
   ] 
Curso de Verano : 8 al 12 de Julio 2002. Gijn. http://www.construccion.uniovi.es
Aplicacin de los E.F. en la construccin : Programa ANSYS-CivilFem

INDICE

1. Introduccin
2. Formulacin del problema elstico
3. Modelizacin
4. Discretizacin
5. Formulacin matricial del problema
6. Resumen de las etapas del anlisis de una estructura por el MEF
7. Modelos estructurales
8. Funciones de forma C0
9. Funciones de forma C1
10. Interpolacin isoparamtrica
11. Integracin numrica
12. Requisitos de los elementos para la convergencia de la solucin
13. consideraciones sobre compatibilidad y equilibrio de la solucin
14. Tipos de error en la solucin de elementos finitos
15. Consideraciones prcticas sobre el M.E.F.

-2-