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446 : 1997
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Grout for prestressing |
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tendons |
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Grouting procedures |
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The European Standard EN 446 : 1996 has the status of a |
British Standard |
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ICS 91.100.10;91.100.30 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN 446 : 1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural
use of concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented:

Association of Consulting Engineers

British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate)
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Steel Reinforcement Commission

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 November 1997

BSI 1997
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/525/2
Draft for comment 91/10646 DC

ISBN 0 580 28316 X

 BS EN 446 : 1997

National foreword

This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the English
language version of EN 446 : 1996 Grout for prestressing tendons Grouting
procedures published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
EN 446 was produced as a result of European discussions in which the UK took an
active part. The UK voted against this standard at the CEN Formal Vote stage because
UK industry considered the standard to be insufficient in providing suitable
specification requirements for grouting materials and procedures, particularly for
highway bridges.
The UK conducted significant development work and subsequently published Concrete
Society Technical Report No. 47 Durable Bonded Post Tensioned Concrete Bridges,
prepared by a Concrete Society Working Party in collaboration with the Concrete
Bridge Development Group (September 1996), to which reference may be made.
At the CEN Formal Vote stage, however, the analysis of voting resulted in a positive
vote and in accordance with CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations Part 2 : Common
rules for standards work EN 446 was accepted as a European Standard.
Cross-reference
Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard
ENV 1992-1-1 : 1991 DD ENV 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures
Part 1-1 : 1992 General rules and rules for buildings
(together with United Kingdom National Application
Document)

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, an EN title
page, pages 2 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.

BSI 1997 i
ii blank
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 446
NORME EUROPEENNE
EUROPAISCHE NORM March 1996

ICS 91.100.30

Descriptors: Cables, ropes, prestressed concrete, grouting, tests, injection, quality control

English version

Grout for prestressing tendons Grouting procedures

Coulis pour cable de precontraintes Einpremortel fur Spannglieder

Procedures d'injection de coulis Einpreverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1994-10-28. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite Europeen de Normalisation
Europaisches Komitee fur Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members

Ref. No. EN 446 : 1996 E
Page 2
EN 446 : 1996

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, Concrete
Performance, production, placing and compliance Foreword 2
criteria, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. 0 Introduction 3
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 1 Scope 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 2 Normative references 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by
September 1996, and conflicting national standards 3 Definitions 3
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1996. 3.1 Grouting 3
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, 3.2 Post injection 3
the following countries are bound to implement this
3.3 Post grouting 3
European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, 4 Preliminary assessment 3
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, 5 Suitability assessment 3
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
5.1 General 3
5.2 Materials assessment 3
6 Equipment 3
6.1 General 3
6.2 Screen 3
6.3 Storage reservoir 4
6.4 Pump 4
6.5 Hoses 4
6.6 Inlet connections 4
6.7 Standby equipment 4
7 Grouting procedure 4
7.1 General 4
7.2 Personnel 4
7.3 Inlets and outlets 4
7.4 Precautions before grouting 5
7.5 Temperature at grouting 5
7.6 Grouting operations 5
7.7 Precautions after grouting 5
7.8 Post injection 5
7.9 Post grouting 5
8 Quality control 6
8.1 General 6
8.2 Materials 6
8.3 Equipment 6
8.4 Grout 6
8.5 Grouting 6

BSI 1997

0 Introduction
In post-tensioned prestressed concrete construction,
the grouting of tendons is an important operation. The
intention of this European Standard is to provide a
specification for grouting, compliance with which will
satisfy the recommendations in ENV 1992-1-1.
The main function of grouting is to fill the sheaths or
cable ducts as fully as possible with grout in order to
provide protection to the tendons against corrosion
and to provide bond between the tendons and the
sheaths.
1 Scope
This European Standard gives the procedures to be
used in grouting of post-tensioned prestressed concrete
with common grout. Other more specialized grouts
may require additional specification to that given
herein.
This standard also covers preliminary assessment,
suitability assessment and quality control procedures
for grouts and their component materials.
In this standard some values are specified which are
marked (+). These values may be varied depending
upon circumstances on site, provided that all the other
requirements of this standard are met.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the
appropriate places in the text and the publications are
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
amendments to or revisions of any of these
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For
undated references the latest edition of the publication
referred to applies.
EN 445 Grout for prestressing tendons
Test methods
EN 447 Grout for prestressing tendons
Specification for common grout
ENV 1992-1-1 : Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
1991 structures Part 1: General rules
and rules for buildings
3 Definitions
3.1 grouting
The injection into sheaths or tendon ducts with grout
in a continuous operation.
3.2 post injection
Complementary operation to grouting in order to
replace air or water voids by grout in the ducts before
the stiffening of the original grout.
3.3 post grouting
Complementary operation to grouting in order to
replace air or water voids by grout in the ducts after
the stiffening of the original grout.
BSI 1997
Page 3
EN 446 : 1996
4 Preliminary assessment
When undertaking this assessment care shall be taken
to ensure that the materials used shall be those which
are proposed for use. The materials shall be assessed
in a laboratory both separately and in the
combinations proposed for use.
NOTE. The combination for cement and admixture(s) is sensitive
and requires to be verified by preliminary assessment.
5 Suitability assessment
5.1 General
Prior to the start of a job a proposal covering
materials, equipment, grouting procedures and quality
control shall be assessed by the competent authority.
In certain circumstances, grouting trials on sheaths in
representative forms of a construction may be
required, e.g. when there is doubt about the ability to
grout a particular sheath successfully.
The properties of the grout, made with the materials,
and using the plant and personnel proposed for use on
site, shall be assessed for suitability for the intended
purpose sufficiently in advance of grouting operations,
to enable adjustments to be made in the use of the
materials or plant or personnel.
5.2 Materials assessment
The materials assessment shall consist of the
preparation of the grout, made with the materials, and
using the plant and personnel proposed for use on site,
and the testing of it in accordance with clause 5 of
EN 447 and EN 445. The preparation shall be carried
out under the conditions of temperature given in 7.5 of
this standard or expected on site.
The above requirement may be waived where the
results of earlier tests on grout made with materials
and on plant sensibly identical to that proposed for
use, are satisfactory. These test results shall date from
not more than two months before grouting.
6 Equipment
6.1 General
Grouting equipment shall consist of a mixer, a storage
reservoir and a pump with all the necessary
connection hoses, valves, measuring devices for water,
cement and admixtures and testing equipment.
The mixing equipment shall be capable of producing
grout which possesses an even distribution of cement,
an even dispersal of admixtures and a minimum
presence of cement lumps and accords with the
requirements of clause 5 of EN 447.
6.2 Screen
The grouting equipment shall contain a screen the
openings of which shall be 2 mm maximum, through
which the grout passes prior to its introduction into
the storage reservoir.
Page 4
EN 446 : 1996
6.3 Storage reservoir
The mixer shall have an additional storage reservoir
with an agitator to keep the grout moving continually
before it is pumped into the duct. During interruptions
in pumping, the grout shall be recirculated.
The capacity of the mixer and the storage reservoir
shall be such that the duct can be filled without
interruption and at the required speed.
6.4 Pump
The pump shall provide a continuous flow of grout and
shall maintain a pressure of at least 1 MPa; it shall be
equipped with a pressure gauge.
A pressure relief valve shall be incorporated to prevent
pressures above 2 MPa, or above any other value
determined by the chosen grouting procedure.
Limiting the grout pressure serves to:
prevent blow-outs of hoses, inlets and outlets;
prevent damage to the concrete structure;
protect the equipment and valves from damage;
protect the operators;
prevent segregation;
control the grout flow.
The use of compressed air for pumping shall not be
allowed. The pump shall be constructed in such a way
as to prevent introduction of air, oil or other foreign
substances into the grout. The capacity of the pump
shall be such that the duct can be adequately grouted.
The use of a pump with a variable output gives the
advantage that it can be adapted to the requirements of
ducts of different diameters.
6.5 Hoses
The diameter and rated pressure capacity of the grout
hoses shall be compatible with the pump output, the
assumed maximum pressure and the length needed.
Hose connectors shall normally not reduce the inside
clear diameter available in the hoses.
6.6 Inlet connections
The grout hoses shall be tightly connected to the inlets
of the duct. Clamps, bayonet or similar connections are
recommended. Narrow openings, through which the
grout must pass, shall be avoided, as the resulting
pressure build-up can lead to danger of blockage.
A pressure gauge shall normally be mounted at the
grout inlet.
NOTE. This should apply only where the hose length is greater
than 30 m ((+) see clause 1).
In the event of sudden and abnormal pressure
increases, an additional pressure gauge located at the
grout inlet will indicate whether the reason for the
pressure build-up lies within the tendon duct or in the
grout hoses.
6.7 Stand-by equipment
The arrangements for the provision of stand-by
equipment shall be decided in each case.
7 Grouting procedure
7.1 General
Prior to the start of grouting operations a proposal
concerning grouting procedure shall be provided by
the contractor and be assessed by the competent
authority. The procedure shall ensure that the sheaths
are properly filled with grout. In certain circumstances
grouting trials on sheaths in representative forms of
construction may be required, e.g. when there is a
doubt about the ability to grout a particular sheath
successfully.
NOTE. In some countries there are special requirements based on
the current knowledge and experience gained with particular
grouts, equipment and grouting procedures.
7.2 Personnel
Grouting operations shall be under the charge of a
person with appropriate knowledge, training and
experience in production, testing and control systems
who shall be responsible for the production and
injection of the grout. That person, or an appropriately
trained representative, shall be present during all
grouting procedures and shall be responsible for all
safety precautions relating to the preparatory and
grouting operations.
NOTE. In some countries there are special requirements regarding
standards of knowledge, training and experience for the different
tasks.
7.3 Inlets and outlets
The position of the inlets and outlets is related to the
type and geometry of the tendons as well as to the
procedure for grouting and post grouting the ducts.
Inlets and outlets are normally placed at the following
locations:
inlets or outlets at the anchorages and couplers;
outlets at or near the high points of the duct if the
difference between the highest and lowest point is
more than 0,5 m ((+) see clause 1);
inlets at the lowest points of strongly inclined,
vertical or loop tendons and at specific points when
grouting is to be carried out in stages.
BSI 1997

7.4 Precautions before grouting
NOTE. Sheaths should be grouted as soon as possible after the
steel is tensioned. If the delay between inserting the tendons and
grouting the sheaths is likely to permit corrosion of the tendons,
consideration should be given to the possible use of protective
soluble oils on the steel or dry air in the sheath. These operations
should only proceed in accordance with the recommendations of
the supplier of the system and it should be verified that their use
will not have an adverse effect upon the tendons or the properties
of the grout or its bond with the tendons. Some countries require
the permission of authority for the use of some of these
procedures.
Depending upon the tendon installation method, it may
be necessary to ensure that the sheath, vents, inlets
and outlets are capable of accepting injection of the
grout. This shall be done by blowing through the
system with dry air.
Where there is water in the duct it shall be removed.
Outlets at the lowest points and compressed air may
be used for this purpose. The consequences of water
remaining in the duct must be considered in order to
choose the appropriate grouting procedure.
The injection procedure shall ensure that sheaths are
completely filled. Sheaths shall be grouted at a
continuous and steady rate which shall be slow
enough to prevent the segregation of the water from
the grout at points where flow is restricted.
Undulating ducts shall be grouted from the lowest
point if the maximum deflection is more than
1,5 m ((+) see clause 1).
7.5 Temperature at grouting
Records shall be kept of the maximum and minimum
air temperatures and the temperatures of the members
to be grouted.
Grout shall normally be injected when the air
temperature and the temperature of the members to be
grouted and the grout are within the ranges given in
table 1.
Table 1. Temperatures at grouting
Temperature Air Member Grout
C
Minimum 5 5 10
Maximum 30 25 25
When any of the temperatures are less than the
minimum or greater than the maximum given in
table 1 special precautions valid in the place of
grouting may be necessary which ensure that the
sheaths can be grouted successfully.
Tendons shall not be heated unless the general
temperature of the members to be grouted is also
raised by heating. Materials and equipment shall be
completely free of snow, frost and ice.
Notwithstanding the above requirements the
temperature of freshly mixed grout shall not
exceed 35 C.
BSI 1997
Page 5
EN 446 : 1996
7.6 Grouting operations
Non-retarded grout shall be used within 30 min after
mixing. The time limit is particularly important when
the grout includes an expanding admixture.
NOTE 1. The maximum length grouted in one operation should be
not more than 50 m ((+) see clause 1) unless additional injection
points are provided.
Normally the rate of grouting will vary
from 5 to 15 m/min ((+) see clause 1). In general the
ducts shall be grouted from the lowest inlet.
Grouting shall continue until the fluidity of the grout
flowing from the outlets is the same as the grout being
injected to within the limits specified in 5.2 of EN 447.
The outlets shall be successively closed as the filling of
the duct progresses.
After completion of grouting the unintended loss of
grout from the duct shall be prevented.
NOTE 2. This may be facilitated by maintaining a pressure
of 0,5 MPa for 1 min.
The outlets at high points shall be opened shortly after
grouting to allow bleed water to be displaced from the
ducts. Vertical ducts shall be grouted from the lowest
point using appropriate procedures.
Attention shall be given to anchorages, couplers and
high points especially in undulating tendons with
difference in level more than 0,5 m ((+) see clause 1)
and in strongly inclined or vertical tendons.
7.7 Precautions after grouting
Anchorages, vents and other metallic items that are to
remain permanently in place shall be protected against
corrosion and the ingress of water or other aggressive
agents prevented.
7.8 Post injection
Post injection shall normally be carried out with
freshly mixed grout.
NOTE. If tendons consist of prestressing strands, pressure
grouting may be applied. Directly after grouting, the post injection
of grout into the duct should be continued at gradually increasing
pressure to a maximum of not greater than 1 MPa. The anchorages
should be sealed in such a way that the ends of strands protrude
from the anchorages.
If tendons consist of prestressing bars, wires or strands the post
injection of grout may be carried out when most of the bleed
water is separated in the duct and just before the grout stiffens.
Pumping grout through inlets at various points may be needed in
order to expel bleed water through outlets.
7.9 Post grouting
When the grout in ducts is already stiffened and
control procedures at inlets and outlets show that
water or air voids are formed, post grouting shall be
carried out. These voids shall be filled with freshly
mixed grout. In some cases vacuum grouting may be
required.
Page 6
EN 446 : 1996
8 Quality control
8.1 General
Quality control consists of:
internal control conducted by the contractor
according to rules established by the client or by the
competent authority;
external control carried out by an independent
organization to verify the results of internal control.
Additional checking procedures may be required by
the client or the competent authority.
8.2 Materials
It has to be checked that only constituent materials are
used which comply with European Standards (see
EN 447, clause 4) or with European Technical
Approvals.
8.3 Equipment
The equipment shall be assessed as follows:
checking and approving grouting equipment and
qualifications of personnel by the competent
authority;
inspecting and approving grouting installations by
the competent authority.
8.4 Grout
Compliance shall be established when the grout
complies with requirements given in clause 5 of
EN 447. Consideration shall be given to the
environmental conditions on site. The testing of the
grout shall be carried out at least:
prior to the start of a job (a minimum of 24 h);
at the following minimum frequency of testing in
the course of the grouting.
Bleeding two tests per day. One sample is
to be taken at the mixer and one
sample at the duct outlet when
the grout there has a satisfactory
fluidity value.
Volume change one test per day.
Strength one test per seven days or a
minimum of two tests per job,
whichever is greater.
Fluidity three tests per 8 h.
when a significant change in the source of supply
of materials occurs.
8.5 Grouting
The effectiveness of grouting shall be checked by
appropriate means. At anchorages as well as at
intermediate inlets and outlets visual control shall be
carried out. In some cases a non-destructive
examination of ducts may be required.
BSI 1997
 BS EN 446 : 1997

List of references

See national foreword.

BSI 1997
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