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CLCULO VECTORIAL
CAPTULO I
Definicin
DERIVADA DE UN FUNCIN r : I n
VECTORIAL
r( t + h ) r ( t )
n r (t ) = lim
r :I h 0 h

S el lmite existe

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h es un valor pequeo y positivo

Notacin
r (t + h) r (t ), h > 0

r
= Dt [ r (t )]
dr
r (t ) =
dt
h)
t+
r(

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r( t + h ) r( t ) h es un valor pequeo y r( t + h ) r( t )
r (t ) = lim positivo
Interpretacin geomtrica
r (t ) = lim
h 0 h h 0 h

1
[r (t + h ) r (t )] r r (t )
h
r
h)
t+
r(

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Teorema Propiedades

r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ),L, xn (t ) ) n
r ,u : I n : J
1. Dt [r (t ) u(t )]= r' (t ) u' (t )

r' (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ), L , xn (t ) ) 2. Dt [ (t ) r (t )] = (t ) r (t ) + (t ) r' (t )

3. Dt [r (t ) u(t )]= r' (t ) u (t ) + r (t ) u' (t )

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Propiedades EJEMPLO 1
r ,u : I n :J Considerando
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]
4. Dt [r ( (t ) ) ]= r' ( (t )) (t )
Calcule

5. Dt [r (t ) u (t ) ]= r' (t ) u (t ) + r (t ) u' (t ) ; en 3 a) r (t)

b) r (t)
r (t ) r' (t )
6. Dt r (t ) = ; r (t ) 0 c) r (t) x r (t)
r (t )

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Solucin Solucin
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]
i j k
r' (t ) x r' ' (t ) = 4 sent 4 cos t 4sent
r' (t ) = ( 4 sent, 4 cos t , 4sent ) 4 cos t 4sent 4 cos t

r'' (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t )

r' (t ) x r' ' (t ) = ( 16, 0, 16) = 16( 1, 0,1)

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 24/03/2013

Solucin: interpretacin geomtrica Solucin x = 4 cos t

C : y = 4 sent t [0, 2 ]
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2] z = 4 cos t

S1 : x 2 + y 2 = 16 Cilindro
x = 4 cos t

C : y = 4sent t [0, 2 ]
S2 : z = x Plano
z = 4 cos t

La curva C resulta de la interseccin del
Cilindro y Plano.

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x = 4 cos t
r' (t ) x r'' (t ) = 16( 1, 0,1)
C : y = 4 sent t [0, 2 ]
z = 4 cos t
EJEMPLO 2

CURVA PLANA
Determine la derivada de la funcin vectorial
8

r (t ) = (e 2 t cos t , e 2 t sen t , e 2 t )
6

2
Z

-2

-4
4
2 5
Calcule r' ( / 2)
0 0
-2 -5
-4 -10
Y X
CurvaPlana1
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Solucin Solucin

r' (t ) = e 2t (2 cos t sent , 2 sent + cos t , 2)

r (t ) = (e cos t , e 2t 2t
sen t , e 2t
)

r' (t ) = e 2t (2 cos t sent , 2 sent + cos t , 2)

r' = e ( 1, 2, 2 )
2

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 24/03/2013

Curva Regular en [a, b] Ejemplo 3

C : r (t ) = ( t 2 1)i + (2t + 3) j + ( t 2 4t )k ; t

La C : r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ) , x3 (t ) )
3

es regular o suave en [a, b] si

x1 , x 2 , x3 continuas en [a, b ] y

r' (t ) 0 para todo t [ a, b]

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Ejemplo 4
EJEMPLO 5: CURVA NO REGULAR
r (t ) = (cos t + t sen t ) i + ( sen t t cos t ) j + 3 k

x = t2 2

C : y = t3 2 t 2

z = t + 1
4

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CURVA NO REGULAR EJEMPLO 6: C = C1 U C2

CUR VA N O REGULAR EN ( - 2, 0, 1 )

90
80 x =t

C1 : y = 4 t 2 t [ 2, 2]
70

60

50 2
z =2t
Z

40

30 2
20 cuspide

10

0
x = [1 + cos( t 2 )] cos( t 2 )

40

C 2 : y = sen (t 2 ) t [2, 2 + ]
20
0

z=0
6 7
-20 4 5
3

1 2
-40 -1 0
-2
Y
X

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CURVA NO REGULAR Aplicaciones

CURVA NO SUAVE EN (2,0,0)
Velocidad
2

0
v (t ) = r (t )
5

CUSPIDE
z

4
Rapidez
3

1
v(t ) = r (t )
2.5
2
1.5
0 1
0.5
y 0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1 -2
-2.5 x

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EJEMPLO 7 Solucin
Considerando
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent, 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]
r (t ) = ( 4 cos t , 4 sent , 4 cos t ) ; t [0, 2]
Calcule VELOCIDAD
a) Velocidad v(t )
v (t ) = r' (t ) = ( 4 sent, 4 cos t , 4sent )
b) Rapidez v(t)

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INCREMENTO DE UNA FUNCIN

Solucin VECTORIAL

v (t ) = r' (t ) = ( 4 sent, 4 cos t , 4sent ) r : [ a, b ] n

t r (t )
RAPIDEZ r (t ) = ( x1 (t ), x2 (t ) ,........, xn (t ) )

v(t ) = r' (t ) = 16 1 + sen 2t = 4 1 + sen 2t ( ) r = r (t + h) r (t )

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Interpretacin para n = 3 Incremento r = r (t + h) r (t )

r = r (t + h) r (t )
Aproximacin de la derivada para h
r muy pequeo
r
r (t )
r (t + h) r (t )
r' (t )
h
r (t +
h)
h es el incremento en t y se denota por: t = dt

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r (t + h ) r (t ) r (t ) h r' (t ) 0
r' (t )
h

h r' (t ) r (t + h) r (t ) (t , h) = r (t ) h r' (t )
h r' (t ) r (t )
r (t ) h r' (t ) 0 r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t , h)

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r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h ) Aproximacin del incremento

lim (t , h) = 0
h 0
r (t + h) r (t )
lim[ r (t + h) r (t ) ]= lim h + lim (t , h)
h 0 h 0 h h 0
r (t ) = h r' (t ) + (t, h)
lim (t, h) = 0
r (t ) h r' (t )
h 0

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 24/03/2013

Definicin de Diferencial APROXIMACIN DEL INCREMENTO

dr (t ) = h r' (t )
r (t ) h r' (t )
d r (t) es un vector paralelo al vector r (t)

haciendo h = d t r (t ) d r (t )
d r (t ) = (x1 (t ), x2 (t ), L xn (t ) ) dt

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INTERPRETACIN dr (t ) = h r' (t )
INTERPRETACION
(t, h) = r (t) - d r (t)

r (t) = d r (t) + (t, h) dr

r
)
r (t

(t ,

(t, h) = r (t) - d r (t)

h )

h)
r (t +

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Ejemplo: Solucin
Dada la siguiente funcin
dt = t = 0.1
( ) (
r (t ) = t 2 1 i + (2t + 3) j + t 2 4t k ; ) t
a) d r (0) = r (0) d t = (0; 0.2; - 0.4)
y para t = 0 , t = 0.1. Calcular:

a) d r (0) b) r (0) = r (0 + t) r (0) = (0.01; 0.2; 0.39)

b) r (0)
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 24/03/2013

Propiedades del diferencial: Propiedades del diferencial:

1. d (r u ) = dr du 4. d (r o ) = d (r o ) d

2. d (r u) = r du + dr u
5. d ( u) = du + ( d ) u
3. d (r x u) = r x du + dr x u solo en R3

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