The importance, processes ,

characteristics and ethics of

research

Agustin,Leira May

Guasch,Antoinette Bianca

Gaon,Royce Joceph

Pasay,Sean Kyle

Pena,Christian
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research comprises creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to

increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society,

and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. It is used to establish

or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems,

support theorems, or develop new theories.

Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to

QUESTIONS.

SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will

follow. There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order

to get the most accurate results.

ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a

planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.

FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis

or even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes

the answer is no, but it is still an answer.

QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no

use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a

question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

Research helps you take your project to the next level and can even take you to the

next stage of your career. It is capable of solving existing issues and it plays a crucial

role in the decision making process of each individual. By researching all the facts and

figures, we are better equipped to fully understand the issue we are trying to solve and

thus are more capable of making the best decision to reach our goals.

5 REASONS WHY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT:

1. A Tool for Building Knowledge

2. Means to Understand Various Issues

3. A Way to Prove Lies and to Support Truths

4. A Seed to Love Reading, Writing, Analyzing, and Sharing Valuable Information

5. Nourishment and Exercise for the Mind

Indeed, research and doing research encourage people to explore possibilities, to

understand existing issues, and to disclose truths and fabricated ones. Without

research, technological advancement and other developments could have remained a

fantasy. Reading, writing, observing, analyzing, and interacting with others facilitate an

inquisitive mind's quest for knowledge. Research serves as an instrument to achieve

that goal.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

*EMPIRICAL-research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

*LOGICAL-research is based on valid procedures and principles.

*CYCLICAL-research that starts and ends with a problem.

*ANALYTICAL-research that utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data,

whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.

*CRITICAL-research that exhibits careful and precise judgment.

*METHODICAL-research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.

*REPLICABILITY-research design and procedures are repeated to enable the

researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS:

Scientific research involves a systematic process that focuses on being objective and

gathering a multitude of information for analysis so that the researcher can come to a

conclusion. This process is used in all research and evaluation projects, regardless of

the research method. The process focuses on testing hunches or ideas in a park and

recreation setting through a systematic process. The scientific research process is a

multiple-step process where the steps are interlinked with the other steps in the

process.
Step 1: Identify the Problem

The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a research question.

Step 2: Review the Literature

Now that the problem has been identified, the researcher must learn more about the

topic under investigation. To do this, the researcher must review the literature related to

the research problem. This step provides foundational knowledge about the problem

area.

Step 3: Clarify the Problem

This can only be done after the literature has been reviewed. The knowledge gained

through the review of literature guides the researcher in clarifying and narrowing the

research project.

Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts

Terms and concepts are words or phrases used in the purpose statement of the study or the

description of the study. These items need to be specifically defined as they apply to the study.

Step 5: Define the Population

Research projects can focus on a specific group of people, facilities, park development,

employee evaluations, programs, financial statDefining the population assists the researcher in

several ways. First, it narrows the scope of the study from a very large population to one that is

manageable. Second, the population identifies the group that the researchers efforts will be

focused on within the study.

This helps ensure that the researcher stays on the right path during the study. Finally, by

defining the population, the researcher identifies the group that the results will apply to at the

conclusion of the study.us, marketing efforts, or the integration of technology into the

operations.

Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan

The plan for the study is referred to as the instrumentation plan. The instrumentation

plan serves as the road map for the entire study, specifying who will participate in the

study; how, when, and where data will be collected; and the content of the program.

Step 7: Collect Data

Once the instrumentation plan is completed, the actual study begins with the collection

of data. The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed to

answer the research question.

Step 8: Analyze the Data

The results of this analysis are then reviewed and summarized in a manner directly

related to the research questions.

Ethical Issues

There are a number of key phrases that describe the system of ethical protections that

the contemporary social and medical research establishment have created to try to

protect better the rights of their research participants. The principle of voluntary

participation requires that people not be coerced into participating in research. This is

especially relevant where researchers had previously relied on 'captive audiences' for

their subjects -- prisons, universities, and places like that. Closely related to the notion

of voluntary participation is the requirement of informed consent. Essentially, this means

that prospective research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and

risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate. Ethical standards

also require that researchers not put participants in a situation where they might be at

risk of harm as a result of their participation. Harm can be defined as both physical and
psychological. There are two standards that are applied in order to help protect the

privacy of research participants. Almost all research guarantees the participants

confidentiality -- they are assured that identifying information will not be made available

to anyone who is not directly involved in the study. The stricter standard is the principle

of anonymity which essentially means that the participant will remain anonymous

throughout the study -- even to the researchers themselves. Clearly, the anonymity

standard is a stronger guarantee of privacy, but it is sometimes difficult to accomplish,

especially in situations where participants have to be measured at multiple time points ..

Increasingly, researchers have had to deal with the ethical issue of a person's right to

service. Good research practice often requires the use of a no-treatment control group -

- a group of participants who do not get the treatment or program that is being studied.

But when that treatment or program may have beneficial effects, persons assigned to

the no-treatment control may feel their rights to equal access to services are being

curtailed.