Ring Documentation, Release 1.

ring_vm_funcregister("tan",ring_vm_math_tan);
ring_vm_funcregister("asin",ring_vm_math_asin);
ring_vm_funcregister("acos",ring_vm_math_acos);
ring_vm_funcregister("atan",ring_vm_math_atan);
ring_vm_funcregister("atan2",ring_vm_math_atan2);
ring_vm_funcregister("sinh",ring_vm_math_sinh);
ring_vm_funcregister("cosh",ring_vm_math_cosh);
ring_vm_funcregister("tanh",ring_vm_math_tanh);
ring_vm_funcregister("exp",ring_vm_math_exp);
ring_vm_funcregister("log",ring_vm_math_log);
ring_vm_funcregister("log10",ring_vm_math_log10);
ring_vm_funcregister("ceil",ring_vm_math_ceil);
ring_vm_funcregister("floor",ring_vm_math_floor);
ring_vm_funcregister("fabs",ring_vm_math_fabs);
ring_vm_funcregister("pow",ring_vm_math_pow);
ring_vm_funcregister("sqrt",ring_vm_math_sqrt);
ring_vm_funcregister("unsigned",ring_vm_math_unsigned);
ring_vm_funcregister("decimals",ring_vm_math_decimals);
ring_vm_funcregister("murmur3hash",ring_vm_math_murmur3hash);
}

Tip: Remember that the function ring_vm_math_loadfunctions() will be called by the ring_vm_extension() function
(in the ring_ext.c file).

60.4 Function Structure

Each module function may contains the next steps

1 - Check Parameters Count
2 - Check Parameters Type
3 - Get Parameters Values
4 - Execute Code/Call Functions
5 - Return Value
The structure is very similar to any function (Input - Process - Output) But here we will use the Ring API for the steps
1,2,3 and 5.

60.5 Check Parameters Count

We can check the parameters count using the RING_API_PARACOUNT macro.

We can compare RING_API_PARACOUNT with any numeric value using == or != operators.
Example:
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
/* code */
}

Example:

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if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT == 1 ) {
/* code */
}

60.6 Display Error Message

We can display error messages using the RING_API_ERROR() function.

The function will display the error and end the execution of the program.

Note: the behaviour of this function can be changed by the Ring code using Try/Catch/Done statements, so in your C
code, use Return after this function.

Syntax:
RING_API_ERROR(const char *cErrorMsg);

The Ring API comes with some of predefined error messages that we can use
#define RING_API_MISS1PARA "Bad parameters count, the function expect one parameter"
#define RING_API_MISS2PARA "Bad parameters count, the function expect two parameters"
#define RING_API_MISS3PARA "Bad parameters count, the function expect three parameters"
#define RING_API_MISS4PARA "Bad parameters count, the function expect four parameters"
#define RING_API_BADPARATYPE "Bad parameter type!"
#define RING_API_BADPARACOUNT "Bad parameters count!"
#define RING_API_BADPARARANGE "Bad parameters value, error in range!"
#define RING_API_NOTPOINTER "Error in parameter, not pointer!"
#define RING_API_NULLPOINTER "Error in parameter, NULL pointer!"
#define RING_API_EMPTYLIST "Bad parameter, empty list!"

60.7 Check Parameters Type

We can check the parameter type using the next functions

int RING_API_ISNUMBER(int nParameterNumber);
int RING_API_ISSTRING(int nParameterNumber);
int RING_API_ISLIST(int nParameterNumber);
int RING_API_ISPOINTER(int nParameterNumber);

The output of these functions will be 1 (True) or 0 (False).

60.8 Get Parameters Values

We can get paramters values using the next functions

double RING_API_GETNUMBER(int nParameterNumber);
const char *RING_API_GETSTRING(int nParameterNumber);
int RING_API_GETSTRINGSIZE(int nParameterNumber);
List *RING_API_GETLIST(int nParameterNumber);
void *RING_API_GETCPOINTER(int nParameterNumber, const char *cPoinerType);
int RING_API_GETPOINTERTYPE(int nParameterNumber);

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60.9 Return Value

We can return values from our function using the next functions.
RING_API_RETNUMBER(double nValue);
RING_API_RETSTRING(const char *cString);
RING_API_RETSTRING2(const char *cString,int nStringSize);
RING_API_RETLIST(List *pList);
RING_API_RETCPOINTER(void *pValue,const char *cPointerType);

60.10 Function Prototype

When we define new function to be used for RingVM extension, we use the next prototype
void my_function_name( void *pPointer );

or we can use the RING_FUNC() Macro

RING_FUNC(my_function_name);

60.11 Sin() Function Implementation

The next code represents the sin() function implementation using the Ring API and the sin() C function.
void ring_vm_math_sin ( void *pPointer )
{
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISNUMBER(1) ) {
RING_API_RETNUMBER(sin(RING_API_GETNUMBER(1)));
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}

60.12 Fopen() and Fclose() Functions Implementation

The next code represents the fopen() function implementation using the Ring API and the fopen() C Function.
The function takes two parameters, the first parameter is the file name as string. The second parameter is the mode as
string.
In the file ring_vmfile.h we have some constants to use as the pointer type like
#define RING_VM_POINTER_FILE "file"
#define RING_VM_POINTER_FILEPOS "filepos"

The function implementation in ring_vmfile.c

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void ring_vm_file_fopen ( void *pPointer )

{
FILE *fp ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 2 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS2PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISSTRING(1) && RING_API_ISSTRING(2) ) {
fp = fopen(RING_API_GETSTRING(1),RING_API_GETSTRING(2));
RING_API_RETCPOINTER(fp,RING_VM_POINTER_FILE);
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}

The next code represents the fclose() function implementation

void ring_vm_file_fclose ( void *pPointer )
{
FILE *fp ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISPOINTER(1) ) {
fp = (FILE *) RING_API_GETCPOINTER(1,RING_VM_POINTER_FILE) ;
if ( fp != NULL ) {
RING_API_RETNUMBER(fclose(fp));
RING_API_SETNULLPOINTER(1);
}
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}

From fopen() and fclose() implementation we learned

1 - how to return C pointer using RING_API_RETCPOINTER() function
2 - how to check if the parameter is a pointer using the RING_API_ISPOINTER() function
3 - how to get C pointer value using the RING_API_GETCPOINTER() function
4 - how to set the C pointer variable (in RingVM) to NULL using the RING_API_SETNULLPOINTER() function

60.13 Ring API - List Functions

In this section we will learn about the list functions provided by the Ring API to create new lists and manipulate the
list items.
List * ring_list_new ( int nSize ) ;
void ring_list_newitem ( List *pList ) ;
Item * ring_list_getitem ( List *pList,int index ) ;
List * ring_list_delete ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_deleteitem ( List *pList,int index ) ;
void ring_list_print ( List *pList ) ;
int ring_list_gettype ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setint ( List *pList, int index ,int number ) ;

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void ring_list_addint ( List *pList,int x ) ;

void ring_list_setpointer ( List *pList, int index ,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_addpointer ( List *pList,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_setfuncpointer ( List *pList, int index ,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
void ring_list_addfuncpointer ( List *pList,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
int ring_list_isfuncpointer ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setdouble ( List *pList, int index ,double number ) ;
void ring_list_adddouble ( List *pList,double x ) ;
void ring_list_setstring ( List *pList, int index ,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_setstring2 ( List *pList, int index ,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_list_addstring ( List *pList,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_addstring2 ( List *pList,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
List * ring_list_newlist ( List *pList ) ;
List * ring_list_getlist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setlist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_setactiveitem ( List *pList, Items *pItems, int index ) ;
void ring_list_copy ( List *pNewList, List *pList ) ;
int ring_list_isnumber ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_isstring ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_islist ( List *pList, int index ) ;
int ring_list_ispointer ( List *pList, int index ) ;
void ring_list_deleteallitems ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_insertitem ( List *pList,int x ) ;
void ring_list_insertint ( List *pList,int nPos,int x ) ;
void ring_list_insertdouble ( List *pList,int nPos,double x ) ;
void ring_list_insertpointer ( List *pList,int nPos,void *pValue ) ;
void ring_list_insertstring ( List *pList,int nPos,const char *str ) ;
void ring_list_insertstring2 ( List *pList,int nPos,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_list_insertfuncpointer ( List *pList,int nPos,void (*pFunc)(void *) ) ;
List * ring_list_insertlist ( List *pList,int nPos ) ;
int ring_list_isiteminsidelist ( List *pList,Item *pItem ) ;
int ring_list_findstring ( List *pList,const char *str,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_finddouble ( List *pList,double nNum1,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_sortnum ( List *pList,int left,int right,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_sortstr ( List *pList,int left,int right,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_binarysearchnum ( List *pList,double nNum1,int nColumn ) ;
int ring_list_binarysearchstr ( List *pList,const char *cFind,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_swap ( List *pList,int x,int y ) ;
double ring_list_getdoublecolumn ( List *pList,int nIndex,int nColumn ) ;
char * ring_list_getstringcolumn ( List *pList,int nIndex,int nColumn ) ;
void ring_list_genarray ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_deletearray ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_genhashtable ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_genhashtable2 ( List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_refcopy ( List *pNewList, List *pList ) ;
void ring_list_clear ( List *pList ) ;
/* Macro */
ring_list_isdouble(pList,index)
ring_list_isint(pList,index)
ring_list_deletelastitem(x)
ring_list_gethashtable(x)
ring_list_getint(pList,index)
ring_list_getpointer(pList,index)
ring_list_getfuncpointer(pList,index)
ring_list_callfuncpointer(pList,index,x)
ring_list_getdouble(pList,index)
ring_list_getstring(pList,index)
ring_list_getstringobject(pList,index)

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ring_list_getstringsize(pList,index)
ring_list_getsize(x) (x->nSize)

60.14 Ring API - String Functions

In this section we will learn about the string functions provided by the Ring API to create new string and manipulate
the string content.
String * ring_string_new ( const char *str ) ;
String * ring_string_new2 ( const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
String * ring_string_delete ( String *pString ) ;
int ring_string_size ( String *pString ) ;
void ring_string_set ( String *pString,const char *str ) ;
void ring_string_set2 ( String *pString,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_string_add ( String *pString,const char *str ) ;
void ring_string_add2 ( String *pString,const char *str,int nStrSize ) ;
void ring_string_print ( String *pString ) ;
void ring_string_setfromint ( String *pString,int x ) ;
char * ring_string_lower ( char *cStr ) ;
char * ring_string_upper ( char *cStr ) ;
char * ring_string_lower2 ( char *cStr,int nStrSize ) ;
char * ring_string_upper2 ( char *cStr,int nStrSize ) ;
char * ring_string_find ( char *cStr1,char *cStr2 ) ;
char * ring_string_find2 ( char *cStr1,int nStrSize1,char *cStr2,int nStrSize2 ) ;
/* Macro */
ring_string_tolower(x)
ring_string_toupper(x)
ring_string_get(x)

60.15 MySQL_Columns() Function Implementation

The next code presents the MySQL_Columns() function implementation.

This function returns table columns information.
void ring_vm_mysql_columns ( void *pPointer )
{
MYSQL *con ;
MYSQL_RES *result ;
int nColumns,x ;
MYSQL_ROW row ;
MYSQL_FIELD *field ;
List *pList, *pList2 ;
if ( RING_API_PARACOUNT != 1 ) {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_MISS1PARA);
return ;
}
if ( RING_API_ISPOINTER(1) ) {
con = (MYSQL *) RING_API_GETCPOINTER(1,RING_VM_POINTER_MYSQL) ;
if ( con == NULL ) {
return ;
}
result = mysql_store_result(con);
if ( result == NULL ) {

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RING_API_RETNUMBER(0);
return ;
}
pList = RING_API_NEWLIST ;
nColumns = mysql_num_fields(result);
if ( row = mysql_fetch_row(result) ) {
while ( field = mysql_fetch_field(result) ) {
pList2 = ring_list_newlist(pList);
ring_list_addstring(pList2,field->name);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->length);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->type);
ring_list_adddouble(pList2,field->flags);
}
}
mysql_free_result(result);
RING_API_RETLIST(pList);
} else {
RING_API_ERROR(RING_API_BADPARATYPE);
}
}

Lists are of type List, in the previoud function we declared two pointers of type List using List *pList, *pList2;

Note: The function uses RING_API_NEWLIST to create new list instead of ring_list_new() to create the list in
Temp. Memory related to the function scope. This way we can return the list from the function. Also we dont delete
the list, if its stored in a variable by Ring Code it will be saved, if not it will be automatically deleted by RingVM.

The list can contains sub lists, we used the function ring_list_newlist() to create a sublist.
The function ring_list_addstring() is used to add string items to the list/sublist.
The function ring_list_adddouble() is used to add numeric items to the list/sublist.

Note: All numeric items in lists returned from RingVM extension functions must be of type double and added to the
list using ring_list_adddouble() function.

We return the list from the extension function using the RING_API_RETLIST() function.

60.16 Dynamic/Shared Libraries (DLL/So) and LoadLib() function

Instead of rebuilding the RingVM after writing new functions using C/C++ and the Ring API, we can create a DLL/So
file and dynamically use the functions provided by this file in the runtime using the LoadLib() function.
Dynamic library example in C
#include "ring.h"

RING_DLL __declspec(dllexport)

RING_FUNC(ring_ringlib_dlfunc)
{
printf("Message from dlfunc");
}

RING_DLL void ringlib_init(RingState *pRingState)

{

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ring_vm_funcregister("dlfunc",ring_ringlib_dlfunc);
}

the idea is to create the ringlib_init() function, this function will be called by the RingVM when we use the generated
DLL file though the LoadLib() function.
Inside the ringlib_init() function we can register the module function or call a function that do the registration process
for all of the module functions.
The next Ring code demonstrates how to use the DLL library during the runtime.
See "Dynamic DLL" + NL
LoadLib("ringlib.dll")
dlfunc()

Output:
Dynamic DLL
Message from dlfunc

60.16. Dynamic/Shared Libraries (DLL/So) and LoadLib() function 585

 CHAPTER

SIXTYONE

EMBEDDING RING LANGUAGE IN C/C++ PROGRAMS

We can use the Ring language from C/C++ programs using the next functions
RingState *ring_state_init();
ring_state_runcode(RingState *pState,const char *cCode);
ring_state_delete(RingState *pState);

61.1 Ring State

The idea is to use the ring_state_init() to create new state for the Ring Language then call the ring_state_runcode()
function to execut Ring code using the same state. When we are done, we call the ring_state_delete() to free the
memory.
Example:
#include "ring.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
RingState *pState = ring_state_init();
printf("welcome\n");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'hello world from the ring programming language'+nl");
ring_state_delete(pState);
}

Output:
welcome
hello world from the ring programming language

61.2 Ring State Functions

The Ring API comes with the next functions to create and delete the state. Also we have functions to create new
variables and get variables values.
RingState * ring_state_init ( void ) ;
RingState * ring_state_delete ( RingState *pRingState ) ;
void ring_state_runcode ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
List * ring_state_findvar ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
List * ring_state_newvar ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cStr ) ;
void ring_state_main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) ;

586
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void ring_state_runfile ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cFileName ) ;

void ring_state_runobjectfile ( RingState *pRingState,const char *cFileName ) ;

61.3 Ring State Variables

We can create more than one ring state in the same program and we can create and modify variable values.
To get the variable list we can use the ring_state_findvar() function.
To create new variable we can use the ring_state_newvar() function.
Example:
#include "ring.h"
#include "stdlib.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
List *pList;

RingState *pState = ring_state_init();

RingState *pState2 = ring_state_init();

printf("welcome\n");
ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'hello world from the ring programming language'+nl");

printf("Again from C we will call ring code\n");

ring_state_runcode(pState,"for x = 1 to 10 see x + nl next");

ring_state_runcode(pState2,"for x = 1 to 5 see x + nl next");

printf("Now we will display the x variable value from ring code\n");

ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'x value : ' + x + nl ");
ring_state_runcode(pState2,"see 'x value : ' + x + nl ");

pList = ring_state_findvar(pState,"x");

printf("Printing Ring variable value from C , %.0f\n",

ring_list_getdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE));

printf("now we will set the ring variable value from C\n");

ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,20);

ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'x value after update : ' + x + nl ");

pList = ring_state_newvar(pState,"v1");
ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,10);

pList = ring_state_newvar(pState,"v2");
ring_list_setdouble(pList,RING_VAR_VALUE,20);

ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'v1 + v2 = ' see v1+v2 see nl");

ring_state_runcode(pState,"see 'end of test' + nl");

ring_state_delete(pState);

61.3. Ring State Variables 587