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Abstract- Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular modulation/multiplexing scheme offers high dataratesIt is
considered as multicarrier transmission scheme supports future generation wireless as well as wireline communication systems.OFDM
frequently suffers from high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which eventually increases the Analogue to Digital and Digital to Analogue
converters complexity levels and reduces HPA (RF) efficiency. Various Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes have been
proposed in the past and companding is the popular PAPR reduction which is inserted after modulation in the OFDM system. Although
companding scheme provides better results but simultaneously its presence as extra operation increases the bit error rate. In this paper, a
novel piecewise linear companding scheme is implemented to reduce the PAPR impact and control the commanding distortion in the OFDM
system. The piecewise linear companding scheme reduces the peak to average power ratio by clipping the amplitudes over the
compounded peak amplitude. Finally, the simulation result yields the better spectral efficiency and batters BER performance while mitigating
the companding distortion better way the PAPR is reduced in an accurate way.
came into reality in 1971 and this initial reservation approach is to design a reliable system to
implementation of OFDM consists of demodulators control the PAPR impact on the OFDM transmitter
(which are coherent in nature) and oscillators in side.
large numbers. In the late 1971 two noted
researchers Weinstein and Ebert develop the OFDM The important factors used to mitigate PAPR
mechanism with modulators and demodulators impact in OFDM modulation scheme are reserved
along with the DFT and after this work, a drawback tones locations, complexity levels, reserved tones
is observed namely interferences [7]. Interferences power and number of reserved tones. The beauty of
are successfully resolved to some extent after the tone reservation approach is controlling the large
inserting the cyclic prefix guard interval in order to amount of PAPR using small stones which decrease
maintain the orthogonally by Peled&Ruiz[8] in the runtime complexity and increases performance
year 1980. drastically [15]. In traditional schemes, additional
operations and information need to include at the
II.LITERATURE SURVEY receiver end while in the tone reservation approach
no side information and no additional operation are
A.PAPR Reduction Techniques required at the receiver end. The design of tone
The mainly two modes are available to reduce the reservation approach is based on the data block
PAPR in OFDM are summation and signal in terms of time domain [16].
The data block helps in minimizing high PAPR
1. Partial Transmit Sequence based on an original multi-carrier signal and note
that data block which is used in this approach are
Diminishing the PAPR to improve the efficiency at termed as the depended block signal.
the transmitter end has been considered as the
concerned area from two decades. Partial transmit III. PROPOSED METHOD
sequence (PTS) is a popular and most efficient PAPR
reduction scheme which is designed to diminish the Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
PAPR impact from OFDM system. (OFDM) is a modulation scheme specially designed
to offer high-speed wireless communications for
The design behind the partial transmits scheme is supporting a wide range of applications ranging
based how efficiently the sub-block division is from ultra-short range to ultra-high range. Wireless
performed from the original OFDM signal. Another communications are changing with great pace with
new thing implemented in this approach is phase technological advancements and OFDM to suffer
rotation which helps the candidate to choose the from drawbacks like Peak to average power ratio
signal with the lowest PAPR[13]. Original OFDM (PAPR), Delay, Interferences and fading effect.
sequences are divided into disjoint symbol
subsequence by using the partition process and in The PAPR reduction is a concerned area in
the latter step, each subsequent subcarrier is applied OFDM modulation scheme and various PAPR
by IFFT and another process named distinct rotating reduction algorithms have reported in the literature
vectors is used to make the sum of all blocks after but the majority of the algorithms focus on the PAPR
multiplied by using the rotating vectors in an reduction only a few works focus on the PAPR
efficient way. reduction with distortion but none can meet the
desired results. PAPR reduction by companding
2. Tone Reservation Approach technique is most successful and in the proposed
method a new piecewise linear companding scheme
PAPR reduction approaches have been proposed in
is presented which deals with the companding
the literature but the majority of the schemes are
distortion mitigation along with the PAPR
approximate while tone reservation approach is an
reduction.
accurate scheme proposed to reduce PAPR in an
effective manner [14]. The theme behind the tone
The companding distortion mitigation is the technique is to avoid the unnecessary compressions
primary aim of piecewise linear companding. in peak power reduction and control the large
Initially investigation of companding distortion signals expansion with respect to the small
effects is characterized in a theoretical way based on amplitude increments. The proposed piecewise
the bit error rate (BER) analysis. Bit error rate (BER) linear companding transform is initialized to clip
performance is improved gradually by reducing the peak amplitudes of companding signal to reduce the
companding distortion based on the commanding impact of the companding distortion in an effective
expressions and the main motto of the companding way.
n
Output De- P/S FFT De- rn A/D
bit S/p
Interleaving Companding
and De-
mapping
The amplitudes of the OFDM signal plays an In the above equation, different factors are taken
important role in assessing the signal quality if into consideration as follows
the amplitudes of the signal increases beyond
the threshold limit then it results in peak to Th term X represents X=[
average power ratio (PAPR). The proposed
piecewise linear commanding design ] represents OFDM input signal vector
implementation depends on the two important and the symbols which are going to insert in the
factors (1) linear transform scaling design and input signal vector needs modulated in a linear
(2) commanding peak amplitude design. Finally, way. The modulation process makes the carriers
experimental results examined that piecewise to accept the symbols in reliable way. Here each
linear companding achieves better bit error rate individual symbol are modulated by QAM or
(BER) than conventional companding schemes QPSK modulation schemes.
and enhanced power spectral density (PSD) in
the process of reducing the PAPR. Here two important aspects are important
namely sampling factor L and the number of
A. SYSTEM MODEL subcarriers N. Author have inspired from
central limit theory where the complex Gaussian
The above-demonstrated block diagram of
process of is estimated in approximated way
OFDM-Companding transform shows the
and the statistics are revealed once the N is large
inclusion of companding transform as an
enough. Subsequently the probability density
additional block of the original default OFDM
function (PDF) is used to know the
block diagram. The basic OFDM transmitted
amplitudes and has Rayleigh distribution as
signal in terms of discrete time is illustrated as
follows
follow equation
. | | x , (2)
Generally the term is defined as standard distortion based on the BER is the key factor in
deviation of variation factor and in above designing the companding transform. The
notation the term is used to represent the design of the companding transform require the
variance of . following factors as follows
The PAPR of OFDM signal represented in (1) is The companding signal can be expressed as
given by:
(4)
| |
PAPR= = [| | ]
(3)
Note that companding distortion has the
same phase as original OFDM signal .
B. COMPANDING TRANSFORM DESIGN
CRITERIA
| | | | | | (
{ | | , (6)
| |
( ( ) ( ))
[NOTE: is a Hermitian matrix represents
the companding operation while
( )) ( )
represents decompanding operation
respectively. Both perform compression and
enhancing operations respectively to reduce (8)
PAPR and mitigate distortion in effective way]
Here we observe the cost function in the form of
The proposed linear companding scheme is convex which plots the contour plot in the first
different from traditional PAPR reduction constraint of the above equation and
schemes and the design of linear companding consequently usage of the optimal parameter k
scheme is based on the peak amplitude is witnessed in the above equation which results
companding signal parameters as , and k. in the companding distortion in the form of mini
The reduction of the PAPR in the OFDM approach. Finally, this mini commanding
modulation scheme is done when the power approach is used for the determination of the
allocated to the carriers is goes beyond the
average power limit and according to the IV.SIMULATION RESULTS
definition of PAPR the peak power can be 0
CCDFs of original OFDM signal and companded signals
10
reduced can be achieved by peak amplitude original
EC d=1
in theoretical PAPR value. The preset PAPR Pset-4 dB
Pset-4.5 dB
| |
| | (7) 2 4 6 8 10
PAPR(dB)
12 14 16 18
The above equation modified into the quadratic Figure 4.1 CCDF of original OFDM Signal and
equation about k. The motto behind the Companded Signals.
implementation of the above equation is to keep
the average signal power in constant mode. The Analysis
constant K needs to be smaller than value 1 and
Comparative analysis has performed between
constant K is taken in the interval [0, 1]. To keep
the proposed method and traditional algorithms
the expanded signal peak amplitude not larger
with reference to the original signal. The
than Ac and in order to keep the limit constant
analysis is carried out between PAPR and CCDF
K should not be a real number.
in x and y-axis respectively. The proposed
D. SELECTION OF THE COMPANDING method (green color) yields better results in
TRANSFORM CRITERION
10 Proposed
Exponential
Original
0
BER
-2 -10
10
-20
Magnitude (dB)
-30
-40
-3 -50
10
-60
-70
-80
-4 -90
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Eb/N
Figure 4 .2 BER of AWGN channel with 4 QAM Figure 4.4 Magnitude Response
Analysis Analysis
Although lot of progress has been made in the The magnitude response figure shows spectral
literature to design the distortion less high data re-growth and performs the comparison among
rate communication by removing the commonly different companding schemes. To have a clear
erupting drawbacks but still the BER analysis in PSD comparison among these transforms, the
different transform based OFDM system and the PSDs are computed by means of period gram.
performance analysis of the by using Matlab as As observed, the proposed scheme with PAPR
source of medium in applications like LTE in the preset = 4.5dB can achieve about 4.3dB, 1.85dB,
Exponential companding based OFDM and and 1.8dB out-of-band interference EC schemes
Piecewise linear companding based OFDM at the normalized frequency of 0.5, respectively.
system model is still considered as concerned BER of SUI-4 channel with 4 QAM
-0.297
10
area in the field of high-speed communications. original
Pset-4 dB
0
BER of awgn channel with 16 QAM
10 -0.303
10
original
Pset-4 dB
Pset-4.5 dB
-0.305
-1 Pset-5 dB 10
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Eb/N
BER
-2
10
A new piecewise companding scheme proposed extension, ICASSP 03, IEEE International
for improving the BER performance by Conference., vol. 4, pp. 525528, Apr. 2003
mitigating the companding distortion in [8] X. Li and L. J. Cimini, Jr., Effects of clipping
optimum level. The companding scheme aims to and filtering on the performance of OFDM,
reduce the impact of the PAPR but results in the Vehicular Technology Conference, 1997,
companding distortion which dramatically IEEE 47th, vol. 3, pp. 16341638, May 1997.
decreases the bit error performance and [9] X. Wang, T. T. Tjhung, and C. S. Ng,
increases the complexity levels. A new Reduction of peak-to-average power ratio
Piecewise linear companding scheme is of OFDM system using a companding
designed to reduce PAPR and commanding technique, IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 45,
distortion mitigation in OFDM system by no. 3, pp. 303307, Sep. 1999.
avoiding the unnecessary compression and [10] T. Jiang, Y. Yang, and Y.-H. Song,
expand larger signals with smaller amplitude Exponential companding technique for
increments. The experimental results show PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, IEEE
better BER performance, enhanced power Trans. Broadcast., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 244248,
spectral density and better spectral efficiency. Jun. 2005
[11] S.-S. Jeng and J.-M. Chen, Efficient PAPR
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