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Caritas hospital which was selected as case study in this project contains four
levels, basement level, ground level, first level, and second level. Ground level and first
.level are chosen to study because those levels contain the main activities in the hospital
This hospital belongs to nursing faculty in Bethlehem city, thus there are exam
.rooms, school section and classrooms for the students, and there is a section for patients
2
.Accountant room.10
.Nurse room.11
.Reception.12
.X-ray room.24
.Ultrasound room.25
.Dark room.26
.Equipment room.29
.Another bathroom.30
Playroom.32
.Physiotherapy.33
3
.Two rooms for treatment discharge.35
.bedrooms 9.1
.Laundry room.4
.Lobby.5
.Dirty utility.7
.Janitor room.8
4
.(Doctors' offices+ conference room. (Premature section.18
The climate of Bethlehem is pleasant in the most of the time in the year; winter
extends three months from mid December to mid March and may be severe, during the
rest of year the climate is temperate. However, the hottest months are July and August.
The summer is eased by breezes that are coming from Mediterranean Sea. In addition, in
the summer season the climate is hot in daytime and fairly cool at night. The sunshine in
summer is thirteen hours during a day, but in winter the sunshine is seven hours during a
[day. [1
5
Solar radiation is renewable energy that comes from the sun as a result of a
.nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun
The radiation reaches to the earth on the shape of waves, about half of these waves are
invisible (short-waves) these waves have an electromagnetic energy .The temperature of
.solar radiation reaches to 5800K
Solar water heaters also called solar domestic hot water systems can be a cost-
effective way to generate hot water for the homes. They can be used in any climate, and
.the fuel they use is sun shine and it is free
Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. There are “
two types of solar water heating systems: active, which have circulating pumps and
[controls, and passive, which don't.” [2
Most solar water heaters require a well-insulated storage tank. Solar storage“
tanks have an additional outlet and inlet connected to and from the collector. In two-tank
systems, the solar water heater preheats water before it enters the conventional water
heater. In one-tank systems, the back-up heater is combined with the solar storage in one
[tank.” [2
Chapter 2
.HVAC Load Analysis
Introduction 2.1
6
The main aim of the (HVAC) systems is to create comfort condition for the
people inside spaces, and these conditions can be achieved by controlling the
(temperature, humidity and solar gains) in the interest space. Hospitals are one of the
most important spaces that must be conditioned in order to provide the best service for all
.patients
The most important thing that must be available in hospitals is the air
conditioning which include cooling, heating and filtration of the space, nowadays it
becomes one of the most important thing that must be provided in any hospitals specially
when we are talking about surgery rooms or intensive care rooms where the climate in
.these rooms must be kept steady on a specific comfort condition
In our case we are to design an air conditioning system for (Bethlehem) hospital,
we need to find how much power must be used to accomplish this task, heating and
cooling loads must be calculated, since they help in the selection of the air conditioning
equipment needed for this project. The calculations of the heating and cooling load are
based on the climate information that is available about Jerusalem region since there are
nearly the same climate between Bethlehem and Jerusalem. When calculating the
heating needed for the project the main load that was taken into perspective was the
.transmission load, since this load takes a large space when considering cooling in winter
The hospital buildings have a proper design shape and there service that must be
provided. Technical systems must be designed and adjusted to meet the requirements and
needs of each individual environment. Most countries have regulations that outline how
these requirements may be fulfilled, through proper design and operation of technical
systems and the building it self. This is mainly accomplished by regulation for thermal
.insulation, ventilation, lighting, and indoor temperature and humidity levels
7
Indoor temperature in hospitals is usually (1-4) C° higher than other natural
building. A typical temperature for patient’s rooms is (22-23) C°. This minimum value
.should be maintained during the colder part of the year
8
mild illness symptoms during periods of occupancy. More serious pollutant problems
.may result in long-term or permanent ill-health effects
9
operating characteristics. A zone may or may not be an enclosed space, or it may consist
of many partitioned rooms. It could be a conditioned space or a space that is not air
conditioned. A conditioned zone is always equipped with an individual control system. A
control zone is the basic unit of control. To determine heating load for a specific building
[the following factors must be considered. [3
Ventilation 2.5.2
Ventilation is the building service most associated with controlling the indoor air
quality to provide a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. In large buildings
ventilation is normally supplied through mechanical systems, but in smaller buildings
such as single-family homes it is principally supplied by leakage through the building
.(envelope (i.e., infiltration
All structures have some air leakage or infiltration. Heat loss--because the cold
dry outdoor air must be heated to inside design temperature and moisture must be add to
[the designed humidity. So the heat losses include Sensible and Latent Heat. [4
Infiltration 2.5.3
Infiltration is the process of air flowing in (or out) of leaks in the building
envelope, thereby providing ventilation in an uncontrolled manner. All buildings are
subject to infiltration, but it is more important in smaller buildings. In larger buildings
there is less surface area to leak for a given amount of building volume, so the same
10
leakage matters less. More important, the pressures in larger buildings are usually
dominated by the mechanical ventilation system and the leaks in the building envelope
have only a secondary impact on the ventilation rate. However, infiltration in larger
.buildings may affect thermal comfort, control, and system balance
11
Internal Cooling Loads 2.6.2
These loads are formed by the release of sensible and latent heat from the heat
:sources inside the conditioned space. These sources contribute internal cooling loads
People .1
Electric lights .2
Equipment and appliances .3
If moisture transfers from the building structures and the furnishings are excluded,
only infiltrated air, occupants, equipment, and appliances have both sensible and latent
cooling loads. The remaining components have only sensible cooling loads. All sensible
.heat gains entering the conditioned space represent radiative heat and convective
:Where
.(X: Thickness of wall (m
K: Thermal conductivity of the wall. Wm.˚C
Ro : Thermal Resistivity of the outside m2.˚CW
Ri : Thermal Resistivity of the inside m2.˚CW
12
(A: Area of plane. (m2
(To: Outdoor Temperature. (ºC
(Ti: Indoor Temperature. (ºC
[Ventilation [3 2.8.2
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin) (2.4
( (2.5 ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin)
.qS: sensible heat gain from ventilation
.qL : latent heat gain from ventilation
(Vv: volume flow rate of outside air. (L/s
.(wo: humidity ratio of outdoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
.(wi: humidity ratio of indoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
[Infiltration [3 2.8.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin) (2.6
( (2.7 ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin)
Cooling load2.9
Ventilation 2.9.2
13
( (2.9 qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin)
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin) (2.10
.qS: sensible heat gain from ventilation
.qL : latent heat gain from ventilation
(Vv: volume flow rate of outside air. (L/s
.(wo: humidity ratio of outdoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
.(wi: humidity ratio of indoor temperature. (kgwater/kgair
Infiltration 2.9.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin) (2.11
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin) (2.12
14
Lighting Heat Gain2.9.6
Sample calculation2.10
Overall heat transfer coefficient2.10.1
.By taking the heat transfer coefficient of external walls as an example
15
Figure (2.3): Construction of the external wall
Table (2.1): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each
.constructed material of external wall
℃.U=10.97=1.03 Wm2
16
F
ig
u
re
(
2.
4
):
C
o
n
st
r
u
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
C
oncrete Partition
Table (2.2): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each
.constructed material of Concrete Partition
17
.Figure (2.5): Construction of the Exposed Roof
Table (2.3): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each
.constructed material of Roof
18
.Figure (2.6): Construction of the Roof
Table (2.4): The thickness, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance for each constructed
.material of Exposed Roof
Thickness(m
(Roof(other floor ( (K(W/m.˚C (R(m.˚C/W
(Ceramic( karmica 0.01 1.05 0.01
Cement mortar 0.025 1.75 0.01
Sand and gravel 0.2 0.7 0.29
Concrete baking 0.08 1.75 0.05
Hollow bricks and concerts baking 0.2 0.95 0.21
Cement plaster 0.02 0.72 0.03
0.59 =U 1.68
19
Heating Load Sample Calculation 2.10.2
:Design conditions
To=5 °C
Tin =22 °C
ωo =0.0160 Kg moisture/kg dry air
ωin = 0.0080 Kg moisture/kg dry air
This calculation for EXAM ROOM.5 in ground level in the base case
Ventilation 2.10.2.2
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin
(Vv=[ No.of person xCFMPerson ] [CFM] (2.16
20
Infiltration 2.10.2.3
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin
(Vi= (Volume of the room)*(Air change/hr)*(1000/3600) (L/s) (2.18
(Δω= ωO-ωin humidity difference (2.19
:(Substituting in equation (2.17
Vi =105[m3] x ( 10003600 ) = 29 L/s
21
External walls 1.03 18 17 315
Concrete partition 1 5.89 8.3 0 0
Concrete partition 2 5.89 18 0 0
Roof 1.68 15 0 0
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 5.70 2.2 17 213
Doors 3.00 2 0 0
528
(Q ventilation (W of person # cfm/person V Q
L/s W
10 10 47.2 2120
(Q infiltration(W Volume Air changes V Q
m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 1310
(Grand total (W 3950
(Grand total (Kcal/hr 3403
:Design conditions
To =33 °C
Tin =22 °C
ωo =0.0028 Kg moisture/kg dry air
ωin =0.0082 Kg moisture/kg dry air
22
Transmission Load 2.10.3.1
(q=U×A×(To-Tin
qwindows = 5.7 [W m2.℃ ] x 2.2 [m2] x 11[˚C] = 138 W
External walls -
q=U×A×CLTDadj
q total = 528 W
Glass -
q=SHGF ×A ×SC ×CLF
q = 25 x15=375 W
Occupants -
q = (# of Persons) x (q sensible +q latent )
((2.20
Machines -
Heat gain due to the machines = (q sensible + q latent) = 305 W
23
Ventilation 2.10.3.3
(qs=1.23×Vv×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vv×(ωo-ωin
(Vv=[ No.of person xCFMPerson ] (CFM
Infiltration 2.10.3.4
(qs=1.23×Vi×(To-Tin
(ql=3000×Vi×(ωo-ωin
Vi= (Volume of the room)*(Air change/hr)*(1000/3600)
((L/s
Δω= ωO-ωin humidity difference
Vi =105 [m3]*(1000/3600) = 29 L/s
qs =1.23x29 [L/s] x 11[˚C] = 395 W
24
(.q total = 1.4(ton ref
q sensible,total = 3230 W
For the supply of air inside the room the sensible ventilation load is
subtracted from the total sensible load, since it consumes on the fan of
:the fan coil then the new supply air flow rate is
(qtotal sensible= m Cp (Troom-Tsupply
(m= qtotal sensibleCp(Troom-Tsupply
m = (25921004x(22-13)) = 0.287 Kg/s
Supply air flow rate = (0.287) [Kg/s] * (1765.83) = 507 CFM
25
To = 33
Floor # : Ground =ωo 0.0028 (°(C
Tin = 22
room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.0082 (°(C
Specifications U A (To-Tin) Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 5.7 2.2 11 138
Doors 3 2 0 0
Concrete partition 1 5.89 8.3 0 0
Concrete partition 2 5.89 18 0 0
(Sum (W 138
External walls U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
E 1.03 18 22.5 417
S 1.03 0 19 0
W 1.03 0 27 0
N/ Shaded 1.03 8 12 111
(Sum (W 528
Glass SHGF A SC Q
(m²) (W)
E 690 0 0.95 0
N 120 2.2 0.95 251
S 350 0 0.95 0
W 690 0 0.95 0
(Sum (W 251
Exposed roof U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
0 0 15 0
Intesity Area
Light W/m² 25 15
(q (W 375
of # q/person Q
Occupants person W/person (W)
q/sensible 60
10 q/latent 40 1000
Kcal/hr (Q (W
q sensible 262 305
Machines q latent 0 0
sum 305
of person # cfm/person V Q
26
Domestic Hot Water Load Calculation2.11
Domestic hot water is used in several fields in the hospitals, in laundry to clean the
clothes, and in the kitchen to clean the dishes and preparing the food, in water cycles or
in baths for cleaning and washing, and may be used in washing the cars, and for the
machines that are used for hot drinks like coffee and tea, etc. and there are many
.applications for the domestic hot water
The temperature of domestic hot water that is reaching to the desired place often
ranges 50-60 ºC. But for kitchens the temperature of water is usually 65 ºC according to
the hygienic standards. In addition to, for kindergartens the temperature of water is
.between 40 and 50 ºC that is for safety reasons
Basic elements of solar water system are flat plate collector, storage tank, pump,
.connecting pipes and valves
Water circulation in the storage tank and collector can be either by natural
circulation or by forced circulation where a pump is activated by means of temperature
.differential controller
The evaluation of hot water consumption is based on the fact that the occupants
.and visitors need no more than cleaning and lavatory use
27
For Medical and educational center staff , the average daily consumption of hot
.water assumed as 35 L/Person
The daily hot water demand can be calculated by using the following equation
The daily hot water demand = Average personal demand × # person
As the heating load of building varies during the year, depending on the
.temperature outside and the building will be under service all over the year season
The heat load of the system can be calculated by the following equation
(QD.H.W=mD.H.W x Cpw x ∆T (2.22
:Where
(mD.H.W : Hot water flow rate (kg/s
ΔT: temperature difference between required temperature hot water supply &
.(inlet water temperature (oC
CP : specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ/kg.K
.(Q : heat load of system (kW
28
From weather data Palestinian information, the January has the lowest ambient
.temperature which will be our design temperature for cold water supply
Tin = 5 °C
Tout = 60 °C
29
.Total pipe length 70 m
[From (ASHRAE handbook, HVAC Application) [6
Heat losses in insulated piping system =30 W/m
Pipe losses=70 x 30 1000=2.1 Kw
[ Table (2.8): Technical data for heating boiler from Catalog Appendix[C
Length L mm 1505
Flue nozzle Φ out side A mm 250
Flow and returntapping Φ outside B inches 1/2 ''2
D mm 235
E mm 1427
Water contact liters 366
Water resistance for ∆t =15 K mbar 17
Diameter mm 530
Combustion Chamber Width mm 638
Length mm 1183
Volume m^3 0.31
Flue ways volume m^3 0.563
Flue gas weight Oil kg/h 650
Natural
gas kg/h 700
Combustion Chamber resistance mbar 1.1
Section number 8
Weight kg 1470
The selection of Burner was from De Dietrich FUEL OIL BURNERS Products
.Catalog
[Table (2.9): Technical data for burner from Catalog Appendix[C
MODEL M 42-1S
30
Number of stages 2
Burner output kW 285-515/*185
Fuel oil flow rate kg/h 15,6/24,1-43,5
Preset output kW 450/*280
Can be fitted to boilers GT 309,408
GTE 507
Recommended nozzle
for these boilers
Max. absorbed power W 1100
Motor power W 650
Power supply mono/50Hz~230
Noise level at 1m (dB (A 69 ≈
Net weight kg/h 51
ΔT = TS - Tr =15 ºC
Where
TS = supply hot water temperature = 70ºC
Tr = return water temperature = 55º C
m= 3794.18×15= 6 Kg/sec
.To select the hot water pump the flow rate and the head must be known
.The flow rate was calculated and it is equal → mD.H.W= 6 Kg/sec
31
Calculating the head friction losses
To find the friction factor from Moody chart the Reynolds number and relative
.roughness must be known
At flow rate equals to 6 L/s and diameter equal 56 mm
V = 2.5 m/s
[The kinematic viscosity of water is 0.45x10-6 m²/s. [7
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.0560.45x10-6=3.1 x105
:Where
. ΔZ = elevation between the boiler and the highest point in the system
hf=fxlxV22xgxD=0.041x67x2.522x9.81x0.056=15.62 m
32
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
selection at total head = 27 m and flow rate =22 m3h , the model is
(SH 25 – SH 32 series) ( 32-200/30)
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. Appendix (C
(Vexp=2Vwv1v0-1pap0-pap1 (2.26
:Where
.(Vw = Volume of water in the system (gallon, liter
.(v0 = Specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature ( m3/kg
.(v1 = Specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (m3/kg
.(pa = Atmospheric pressure (psia
.(p0 = System initial pressure - Cold pressure (psia
.(p1 = System operating pressure - Hot pressure (psia
(Volume of water in the boiler = 366 L (From the catalog
Volume of water in the heating coil = 200 L
Volume of water in the piping = Total length of pipe × area
x π4 x0.01905 2+ 50 x π4 x0.0508 2+ 10 x π4 x0.0635 2=207 L 260=
33
Volume of water in the supply tank = 2000 L
.Total volume of water in the system = 2773 Liter
Vexp=2 x 2773x0.0010260.001
-1101.380-101.3700
L 129 =
34
Chilled Water Pump Selection 2.12.6
.The total cooling load =555 kW
m=Total Load kwCp x ∆T
:Where
ΔT = TS - Tr =15
Ts=8 ˚C
Tr=23 ˚C
m=555 4.18 x 15=8.852 Kgs
At Tavg=8+232=15.5 ˚C ρwater=998 Kgm3
Q= mρwater= 8.852 998=0.008869 m3s
Set the velocity of water =2.5m/s
Area = Water flow rate( m3s)Velocity ms
A=0.0088692.5=3.55 x10-3 m2
’’D= 0.0672 m , D= 3
.To select Chilled Water pump flow rate and head must be known
hp = hf +hm + ΔZ
:Where
. ΔZ = elevation between the boiler and the highest point in the system
35
Re=VDρµ=VDv=2.5 x 0.06721.005x10-6=167 164
hp = 12+2.6 +8 = 22.6 m
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
(selection at total head = 22.6 m and flow rate = 31.87 m3h, the model is (SH40series
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. Appendix(C , ( 40-160/40)
[ Table (2.11): Technical data for D.H.W Boiler from Catalog Appendix[C
36
Pump selection for DHW 2.12.8
.The total load for domestic hot water = 50 kW
m=Total Load kwCp x ∆T
:Where
ΔT = TSupply – Tfeed =55
Tsupply=60 ˚C
(Tfeed=5˚C ( The worst temperature in winter
m=50 4.18 x 55=0.2175 Kgs
At Tavg=5+602=32.5 ˚C ρwater=995 Kgm3
Q= mρwater= 0.2175995=2.186 x 10-4 m3s
(Set the velocity of water =1.5 m/s Appendix (A
Area = Water flow rate( m3s)Velocity ms
. ΔZ = elevation between the boiler and the highest point in the system
37
.hm = head minor losses in m
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
selection at total head = 49.75 m and flow rate = 0.786 m3h, the model is (SH25
- SH 32 series) (32-200/40 ) ,Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50
(Hz, 2 Poles. Appendix (C
38
[Table (2.12): Technical data for D.H.W Expansion Tank from Catalog Appendix[C
39
FCU could be used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. The most
.important characteristic of fan coil system is that it does not have any ductwork
re Figu
.(2.8): Schematic diagram for the cycle of the fan coil
FCU work by receiving hot or cold water from a central plant by pipes and add or
.removes heat from air in the limited space using fan to move the air through the coil
(The selected fan coils is selected from Petra Catalogue See Appendix (C
40
Pressure drop in straight ducts and fittings is calculated or selected based on -
.recommended velocities
Components of a duct system
.a) Straight sections
.(b) Fittings (Bends, Branches … etc
.c) Dampers
d) Terminal units and air outlets as grills, diffusers, register …
.(etc
.e) Heating coil
.f) Filters
41
Determine the air quantity required for each zone to cover the cooling load (since the -1
cooling load is more critical than the heating load. So the duct design must depend on the
.(cooling load
.Locating the supply diffusers on the plane -2
.(take the main duct velocity 7 m/sec (From velocity recommended for the buildings-3
;And by using the ductilator
:We can determine the remaining unknown values
(Pressure Friction (Pa/m✔
(Rectangular Duct Dimensions (Width X Depth✔
Grill Selection 2.12.13
Supply Grill
The grills selected is from Anemostat Catalogue
The selected grills are shown in plans of duct distribution for the project
(See Appendix ( C
Supply grill
Return air
42
All return grills are located in the corridors and we added door grills for each
room in order to allow return air to pass through these door grills to return grills exists in
(corridors. The grills selected is from Anemostat Catalogue See Appendix ( C
Return grill
43
Those improvements are done by providing procedures for
improving such as lighting system by using control system on lights in
the buildings, which no need to keep the lights switching on if there is
no body in the space in the building and using the lights with low
energy consumption per unit time, and using a specific types of lights
that give us a lower effect on the cooling load and more efficient in
lighting, also more efficient in consuming electrical power from the
source. Furthermore, using a specific kind of shading such as internal
.shading or external shading like roller blades is also affect on the load
44
(.Exposed Roof (U-Value = 1.39 W/m².K
(Insulation thickness, 1 cm (Extruded Polystyrene
Improved Case
(.External walls (U-Value = 0.84 W/m².K
(Insulation thickness, 3 cm (Extruded Polystyrene
.Figure (3.1): cross section shows the main construction of the wall
45
Shading Coefficient 3.2.2
The shading coefficient is defined as the ratio of solar heat gain of a glazing
assembly of specific construction and shading devices at summer design solar intensity
and outdoor and indoor temperatures, to the solar heat gain of a reference glass at the
.same solar intensity and outdoor and indoor temperatures
The shading coefficient SC is an indication of the characteristics of a glazing and
the associated shading devices. The data below shows the values for base case and
[improvement for SC value. [4
Base Case
Shading coefficient
With no shading 0.95
Improved Case
Shading coefficient
Dark roller shads with double glass regular shade
.0.6
Lighting 3.2.3
For electric lights installed inside the conditioned space, such as Light fixtures
hung below the ceiling, the sensible heat gain released from the electric lights, the
emitting element, and light fixtures is equal to the sensible heat released to the
conditioned Space, both depend mainly on the criteria of illumination and the type and
.efficiency of electric lights
Base Case
( Incandescent light bulb ( 60 W
Intensity 25Wm2
Improved Case
( Compact fluorescent ( 15 W
46
.Figure (3.2): Compact Florescent
:There are two types of lights that are used in the project
Incandescent – that are used in the base case, they have relatively short lives.1
(typically 1000 to 2000 hours of use) and are the lowest efficient of common light
sources. In fact, only about 15 percent of the energy they use as light – the rest
.becomes heat
Compact Fluorescent Lamps – that are used in the improved case , this type is.2
similar in operation to standard fluorescent lamps but it is manufactured to
produce colors similar to incandescent lamps. They are available in a range of
types and sizes to meet most applications including down lighting, ambience, task
and general space lighting. Compact Fluorescent Lamps are about four times as
efficient as incandescent and last up to 10 times longer. CFL’s combinations that
replace incandescent in standard fixtures are substantially more expensive than
[their incandescent counterparts.[8
Figure (3.3): The comparison between base and improved cases for the previous three
.factors
47
Improved Case Load Calculations 3.3
388
(Q ventilation (W of person # CFM/perso V Q
n L/s W
10 10 47 2120
(Q infiltration(W Volume Air changes V Q
m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 1310
(Grand total (W 3818
(Grand total (Kcal/hr 3283
48
Cooling Load Calculations 3.3.2
Table (3.3): Cooling load calculation for EXAM RM.5 room in ground level
To = 33
Floor # : Ground =ωo 0.0028 (°(C
Tin = 22
room : EXAM RM.5 =ωin 0.0082 (°(C
Specifications U A (To-Tin) Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (°C) (W)
Floor 1.68 15 0 0
Windows 3.5 2.2 11 85
Doors 3 2 0 0
Concrete partition 1 5.89 8.3 0 0
Concrete partition 2 5.89 18 0 0
(Sum (W 85
External walls U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
E 0.84 18 22.5 340
S 0.84 0 20.5 0
W 0.84 0 28.5 0
N/ Shaded 0.84 8 13.5 91
(Sum (W 431
Glass SHGF A SC Q
(m²) (W)
E 690 0 0.6 0
N 120 2.2 0.6 158
S 350 0 0.6 0
W 690 0 0.6 0
(Sum (W 158
Exposed roof U A CLTD Q
(W/m².C) (m²) (W)
0
q lamps Fu Fb CLF
49
Light 225 1.2 1 1
(q (W 270
of # q/person Q
Occupants person W/person (W)
q/sensible 60
10 q/latent 40 1000
Kcal/hr (Q (W
q sensible 262 305
Machines q latent 0 0
sum 305
of person # CFM/person V Q
(Q ventilation (W L/s W
10 10 47 1403
Volume Air changes V Q
(Q infiltration(W m³ hr/ L/s W
52.5 2 29 867
(TOTAL (W 4474
(TOTAL (Btu/hr 15266
(.TOTAL (ton ref 1.27
TOTAL q/sensible 2198
Mass flow rate m 0.243
(TOTAL (CFM 430
Table (3.4) Total heating and cooling load in base and improved case
Level (Heating Load (Kw (Cooling Load (Kw
Ground 169 237
First 157 195
Total 326 432
50
Saving Energy=Total load in base case –Total load improved case Total load in base %
case
For the percentage saving energy in cooling load is
51
. Figure (3.5 ) : The percentage saving energy in Cooling load
52
And each type divided into other individual types, in this chapter we will focus on the flat
.plate and evacuated tube collectors which will be used in our project
53
Figure (3.7) :Flat plate solar collectors
that circulates through the collector in tubes. In an air- based collector the
.circulating fluid is air, whereas in a liquid-based collector it is usually water
Flat-plate collectors heat the circulating fluid to a temperature considerably less than that
of the boiling point of water and are best suited to applications where the demand
temperature is 30-70°C (86-158°F) and/or for applications that require heat during the
.winter months
54
9000
7000
6000
(W.H/M2)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MONTH
[Figure (3.8 ) Monthly average daily solar radiation for Bethlehem regions. [10
Flat collectors can be mounted in a variety of ways, depending on the type of building,
application, and size of collector. Options include mounting on a roof, in the roof it self,
.or free standing
55
Evacuated Figure (3.9):
tube solar collectors
An evacuated-tube collector consists of parallel rows of glass tubes connected to
a header pipe. Each tube has the air removed from it to eliminate heat loss through
.convection and radiation. Evacuated-tube collectors fall into two main groups
After calculating the water heating load, this equals to the useful heat from the
collectors, the collectors was selected from AMCOR COMPANY and the effective
.absorber area for single glazing collector = 1.32 m2
o o
Bethlehem city is located at 31.5 latitude Northern hemispheres and 35
:longitude and the following condition must be satisfied for water heating system design
.Collectors must be oriented to the south➢
56
.Collector's inclination angle calculated as follows➢
(Latitude + 15 o (National energy research center, Amman, Jordan➢
o
to make use of solar radiation at winter seasons, but for easier 46.5 = 15 +31.5 =
.designed it was taken as 45 o
:Where
.η col : collector efficiency
.( I : solar radiation falling on the tilted collector (W/ m2
.(Q u : useful heat (W
.(A : collector area (m2
:In May month, by the following procedure the collectors area could be found
A=Qtotη × I
The value I= 900 W/m2 is the average solar radiation value falling on the tilted collector.
[[5
A=495900.45×900 =122.44 m2
Number of collectors needed = AAabsorber= 122.441.32=92.7
Number of collectors = 93
In order to determine the distance between the collectors to avoid shading effect,
:the following equation are used
D = L cos β + (L sin β cos α)tan Φ
D = 3.45 m
57
F
igure (3.10) : The distance between the collectors to avoid shading effect
Evacuated Tube Solar system
By the same procedures and calculations that were used in base case, the water
.heating load calculations and the heat losses estimation calculated for the improved case
Q tot = heat load + piping losses
Q tot = 48.09 + 1.5 = 49.59 kW
System Design3.9.1
After calculating the water heating load, this equals to the useful heat from the
collectors, the collectors was selected from AMCOR COMPANY and the effective
.absorber area for single glazing collector = 2.5 m2
o o
Bethlehem city is located at 31.5 latitude Northern hemispheres and 35
:longitude and the following condition must be satisfied for water heating system design
.Collectors must be oriented to the south➢
.Collector's inclination angle calculated as follows➢
(Latitude + 15 o (National energy research center, Amman, Jordan➢
58
o
to make use of solar radiation at winter seasons, but for easier 46.5 = 15 +31.5 =
.designed it was taken as 45 o
:Where
.η col : collector efficiency
.( I : solar radiation falling on the tilted collector (W/ m2
.(Q u : useful heat (W
.(A : collector area (m2
:In May month, by the following procedure the collectors area could be found
A=Qtotη × I➢
A=495900.56×900 = 98.39 m2➢
➢
Number of collectors needed = A2.5= 98.392.5 = 39.35
Number of collectors = 40
[The value 900 W/m2 is the average solar radiation value falling on the tilted collector. [5
59
…………F=1.029Y-0.065X-0.245Y²+0.0018X²+0.0215Y³
[ ]
Χ = FRU L × ( F ' R / FR ) × (Tref − Ta ) × ∆t × AC / L × [ (11.6 + 1.18TW + 3.86Tm − 2.32Ta ) ]
Y = FR (τ α) n × ( F ' R / FR ) × (τ α) av / (τ α) n × H T × N × AC / L
:Where
[
F ' R / FR = 1 + ( AC × FR × U L ) / ( m × c p ) × (1 / η HX ) ] −1
(τ α) av / (τ α) n = ( 0.096 − 0.94)
°Ambient temperature, C :
Ta
60
Factor of intersection of collector efficiency curve with y-axis :
FR (τ α) n
The value of F-factor equals to zero (when total consumed load covered by the
.(auxiliary heating), and one (when total load covered by solar collectors
61
.(Area: solar collector area, (m²
.(Tank area: storage tank surface area, (m²
.(U tank: storage tank heat transfer coefficient, (W/m²
.HX eff: heat exchanger efficiency
Efficiency: average to normal when solar radiation is perpendicular to
τα τα τα
62
Figure(3.12) The number of evacuated collectors using F-chart program
From the previous F-chart figures we see that the total utilizing of water heating is
39% of all months in the year , The other 61% of hot water will depend on the auxiliary
system such as boiler
The evacuated tube will give a bout 48 % utilizing of water heating is of all
months in the year The other 52 % of hot water will depend on the auxiliary system such
. as boiler
System and Equipment Selections of the improved case 3.5
Boiler Selection for heating load 5.1 .3
Total Heating load for first and ground level =326 KW
63
Piping system (steel pipes, schedule 40) with insulation of type VEEDO FLEX
.insulator with low thermal conductivity K=0.027 W/m.K
.Total pipe length 70 m
( From (ASHRAE handbook , HVAC Application
Heat losses in insulated piping system =30 W/m
m= Total loadCpx ∆T
ΔT = TS - Tr =15 ºC
64
Where
TS = supply hot water temperature = 70ºC
Tr = return water temperature = 55º C
m= 3264.18×15= 5.2 Kg/sec
'' D=2
.To select the hot water pump the flow rate and the head must be known
.The flow rate was calculated and it is equal → = 5.2 Kg/sec
•
mw
65
.Head minor losses
The equivalent length of the pipes within fittings, elbows and valves in this building
.about 70 m
hm=fxlequ.xV22xgxD=0.040x14.5x2.522x9.81x0.0519=3.56 m
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
(selection at total head = 28 m and flow rate =19 m3h , the model is (SH25 – 32Series
(Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles. See Appendix (C
(Vexp=2Vwv1v0-1pap0-pap1 (3.1
:Where
.(Vw = Volume of water in the system (gallon, liter
.(v0 = Specific volume of water at initial (cold) temperature ( m3/kg
.(v1 = Specific volume of water at operating (hot) temperature (m3/kg
.(pa = Atmospheric pressure (psia
66
.(p0 = System initial pressure - Cold pressure (psia
.(p1 = System operating pressure - Hot pressure (psia
(Volume of water in the boiler =350 L (From the catalog
Volume of water in the heating coil = 200 L
Volume of water in the piping = Total length of pipe × area
x π4 x0.01905 2+ 50 x π4 x0.0508 260=
2+ 10 x π4 x0.0635 2=207 L
Volume of water in the supply tank =1500 L
Total volume of water in the system = 2257
.Liter
From the Bell and Gosset Catalog in the Appendix [C ] ITT Industries , the Model #
(is HFT-60V, thus the volume of the expansion tank is 121.1 L See Appendix (C
67
.Using Petra Catalog the type of chiller is PSC 125
(Figure (3.15): Technical Data for chiller selected from Petra catalog. (See Appendix C
L
W
T
:
L
.eaving water Temperature = 5˚C
(CAP: Total Cooling Capacity (TR
Cooling System Pump Selection 3.5.6
.The total cooling load = 432 kW
:Where
ΔT = TS - Tr =15
Ts=8 ˚C
Tr=23 ˚C
, At Tavg=8+232=15.5 ˚C
Then the density of water is: ρwater=998 Kgm3–
: The flow rate of water–
Q= mρwater= 5.98 998=0.005999 m3s
.Set the velocity of water =2.5m/s–
Area = Water flow rate( m3s)Velocity ms
A=0.0059992.5=2.396 x10-3 m2
D=24 x Aπ = 24 x 2.396 x10-3 π=0.05552 m
'' D=2.5
68
.To select Chilled Water pump flow rate and head must be known–
hp = hf +hm + ΔZ
:Where
. ΔZ = elevation between the boiler and the highest point in the system
The selection of the Pump was from LOWARA Products Catalog, the pump
selection at total head = 26.23 m and flow rate =Q=21.6 m3h, the pump selected is
.(SH25-SH32 series) (32 -160/15) , Operating characteristics at 2900 rpm 50 Hz , 2 Poles
69
Boiler Selection for DHW 3.5.7
The boiler used to provide hot water in winter is the same as the base case boiler
of 50 KW. The capacity of boiler that used in Domestic hot water is 50 Kw. From De-
Dietrich Thermique S. A. Niederbronn, FRANCE .The type selected is DTG 120-10.
.The burner selection is same as base case
Assume that L = 3D = 6R
:Where
.(L = storage tank length. (m
.(D = storage tank base diameter (m
.(R = Storage tank base radius (m
70
:Storage tank volume can be estimated using the following equation
V=π R2 × L = 6π×R3
:Where
.(V = storage tank volume (m3
.R = ( V6π ) 1/3 = 0.884 m
.D = 1.767 m
.L = 5.304 m
1 fQ 1
=
R Aθ (t avg − t a )
:Where
.R: thermal resistivity of insulation, m2· K / W
f : specified fraction of stored energy that can be
.lost in time θ
.(Q : stored energy, (J
.( A : exposed surface area of storage unit, (m2
.(θ : given time period, (s
(tavg: average temperature in storage unit, (°C
ta : ambient temperature surrounding storage unit during season when it will be
.(heated, (°C
71
:Where
t avg = 55 °C
t a = 15 °C
(R = 3.66 (m2· K/w
(R = 0.273 (w/ m2· K/1
fQ/AӨ) = 10.9)
But R = L / k
:Where
.(L : insulation thickness (m
(k : thermal conductivity (W/m.K
[From Palestinian energy efficient building code, page 112). [5)
;For extruded polystyrene as insulator
(k = 0.028 (w/m.K
.L = k × R = 0.028 × 3.66 = 0.1025 m = 10.25 cm
U = thermal transmittance (W/ m2· K) = 1/R
U = 0.273 W/ m2· K
72
A VRV uses the same principle as every airconditioner;A compressor compresses
the refrigerant (gas phase) to high pressure / high temperature, Then gas condensate in
the condenser and it give the heat to the outside air, then lower the pressure by use of an
expansion valve to get low pressure / low temperature liquid, This liquid passes then to
.the indoor where it takes on heat by evaporating to gas again, And the cycle restarts
The difference with a simple split is that, with VRV, there is an expansion valve
in the indoors , every indoor can be controlled individually (of course this means another
control algorithm than split, Separate rooms with different heat loads and different
required room temperatures
The presence of people in a room will increase heat production in the room, so the
temperature will start to rise. When the temperature sensor feels this it will react by
increasing the opening of the expansion valve. This will increase the refrigerant flow
.through the indoor unit and so increase his capacity
When the refrigerant flow through an indoor unit is increased, this effect the
pressure the main line which will go down. The compressor will react to this by
.increasing his rotation speed and so increasing refrigerant flow
73
VRV systems represent the only capital project applications that genuinely
operate on the direct expansion principle. VRV systems enable a single outdoor unit to
operate in conjunction with as many as 30 indoor units, each of which can be controlled
individually. The major difference between VRV and conventional split (SRA)
applications is that in the latter, every indoor unit must be piped directly to the outdoor
unit. The latest VRV systems however, link indoor and outdoor units in much the same
.way that computers are connected to a network
In a VRV system, the heat absorbed from a room is exhausted directly to the
outside air without the intervention of any other medium. The system is therefore, the
most energy efficient today for capital project applications. The drawing shows clearly,
.the impact made by a VRV system on a typical building
74
Figure (3.20): Indoor unit used in VRV system. Figure(3.21 ) : refnet
joint
Material List
[Table (3.7): the devices that are used in VRV system in base case [See Appendix D
Chapter 4
Economic Analysis
Base Case Cost Analysis 4.1
In determining the base case cost; the effected equipments and elements only will
be compared because the other equipments and elements are constant by size and cost
.and will not change in the total cost of the project
75
: Fixed cost analysis for base case 4.1.1
.Table below shows the details of fixed cost of the equipment and devices
.Table (4.1) Fixed cost base analysis: this is shown in table below
Manufactu
rer Quanti Total Price
Equipment ((Company Features ty Unit $ Price ( $) US
Boiler (heating)
Capacity De-detritch (KW (327601 kcal/hr 381 1 .No 9100 9,100
Expansion tank
(heating) Volume ITT L 234 1 .No 260 260
Chiller Capacity Petra (KW(159 TR 555 1 .No 180,000 180,000
H.W.Pump Lowara H =27 m , Q= 22 m³⁄h 1 .No 198000 198,000
C.W. Pump Lowara H=22.6 ,31.87 m³⁄h 2 .No 2250 4,500
Boiler (DHW)
Capacity De-detritch (KW (42992 kcal/hr 50 2 .No 2000 4,000
DHW Pump Lowara H=49.75 m , Q= 0.786 m³⁄h 1 .No 2200 2,200
Expansion tank
((DHW ITT L 28.7 1 .No 50 50
Fan Coils price Petra 0
DC6 KW 4 20 .No 300 6,000
DC8 KW 5 5 .No 360 1,800
DC10 KW 6 15 .No 450 6,750
DC12 KW 8 9 .No 570 5,130
DC14 KW 9 8 .No 650 5,200
DC18 KW 10 1 .No 720 720
DC20 KW 11 2 .No 800 1,600
DC24 KW 14 2 .No 1000 2,000
DC30 KW 19 2 .No 1360 2,720
Storage tank price
((DHW - m³ 9 1 .No 1200 1,200
Insulated Air Ducts - m² 650 650 .No 25 16,250
Non- insulated Air
Duct - (m² (Area 630 630 .No 16 10,080
Ceiling Mounted
(Diffuser (Square - 220 m2 100 22,000
Ceiling Return Grill - 150 m2 10 1,500
Fuel Tank (Heating Fitz-
and DHW), Weekly Sommons
consumption Systems 4000L 1 .No 2560 2,560
Fuel Pipes - mm copper fuel pipes 16 10 m 8 80
External Walls
Insulation - cm thickness 2 1340 m2 1 1,340
Exposed roof
Insulation - cm thickness 1 1200 m2 0.75 900
76
Glass price - single U = 5.7 200 m2 8.5 1,700
SOLER &
Exhaust Fan PALAU Q=5400CFM 3 .No 3000 9,000
Lighting lamps cost Incandescent 800 .No 1 800
( $ Total of Mechanical Bill ( Us 497,440
77
Boiler operating cost = (burner capacity) × (operating period) × (diesel
(price
Lh x 4368 hryr x 1.5 $L=45,864 $yr 7=
78
:Chilled water Pump Operating Cost
[ Average electrical pump capacity = 4 KW [see Appendix C
79
Electric (kWh) price = 0.7 NISkWh = 0.175 $kWh
Pump operating cost = (Burner capacity Kwunit) x (operating period
([hryr] ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
KW x4368 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=165 $yr 0.215 =
80
DC20 KW 11 2 .No 800 1,600
DC24 KW 14 1 .No 1000 1,000
DC30 KW 19 1 .No 1360 1,360
Storage tank price
((DHW m3 9 1 .No 1200 1,200
Insulated Air Ducts (m² (Area
500 500 m2 25 12,500
Non- insulated Air Duct (m²(Area 630 630 m2 17 10,710
Ceiling Mounted
(Diffuser (Square 200 .No 100 20,000
Ceiling Return Grill 130 .No 90 11,700
Fuel Tank (Heating and
DHW), Weekly 1000galon(3785
consumption (L 1 .No 2400 2,400
mm copper 16
Fuel Pipes fuel pipes 10 m 8 80
External Walls
Insulation cm thickness 3 1340 m2 1.5 2,010
Exposed roof Insulation cm thickness 2 1200 m2 1 1,200
Glass price Double U = 3.5 200 m2 18 3,600
Solar Collectors
( ( evacuated 40 .No 400 16,000
Exhaust Fan CBM/270/270 3 .No 3000 9,000
Lighting lamps cost Fluorescent 800 .No 13 10,400
( $ Total of Mechanical Bill ( Us 258,125
81
Boiler operating cost = (burner capacity) × (operating period) × (diesel
(price
Lhrx 1764 hryr x 1.5 $L=93,404 $yr 35.3=
82
These values refer to theory chapter as in catalog, see Appendix
Operating period=12 hrday x 7 dayweek x 21weekyr= 1764 hryr
Electric (kWh) price = 0.7 NISkWh = 0.175 $kWh
F.Cs operating cost = (F.C capacity x number of F.C Kwunit ) x
( (operating period $kWh ) x (unit energy cost $kWh
0.7Kwunit x 55 unit x1764 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=11,885 $yr =
83
Kwunit x 1unit x1680 hryr x 0.175 $kWh=1,176$yr 4 =
84
.Table(4.3) Summary of the operating cost in base case
Base Case
Equipment (Operating Cost ($/yr
(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating 109,292
(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW 46,029
Chiller Operating Cost 171,329
Fan Coils Operating Cost 13,690
( Pump Operating Cost (heating 1,852
Chilled water Pump Operating Cost 2,470
DHW Pump Operating Cost 3,058
Lighting Operating Cost 61,152
Total 408,872$
Improved Case
Equipment (Operating Cost ($/yr
(Boiler Operating Cost (Heating 93,589
(Boiler Operating Cost (DHW 17,805
Chiller Operating Cost 133,358
Fan Coils Operating Cost 5,094
( Pump Operating Cost ( heating 1,420
Chilled water Pump Operating Cost 1,852
DHW Pump Operating Cost 1,176
Lighting Operating Cost 15,288
Total 269,582$
85
For Base case
Amount of diesel early = 2000 (kJ/s) × 3600 (s/hr) × 1764 (hr/yr) / 36693
kg/year 346137 =
86
(kg/yr) × 1000(L/m³) / 850(kg/m³) 346137 =
L/year 407220 =
= 407220 × (6/4) $/L Cost of diesel yearly
year /$ 610,830 =
= Solar System Cost / cost of fuel saved Repair cost (Pay back period)
610,830 / 18,060 =
YEAR 0.029 =
The case study will be for outdoor units only for both
:systems
:VRV POWER INPUT 4.5.1
87
50% 4.61
88
(Cost=energy*price (NIS
(Energy=power*time (K.W.H
If we assume that the system will work for 12 hours a day, and seven days a week
;and 30 days in month, and price for KWH=0.7 NIS
(Energy=power*time=22.05 KW *12*30=7938 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=7938 KWH*0.7 NIS/KWH=5556 NIS
If we assume that the system will work for 12 hours a day, and five days a week
;and 30 days in month, and price for KWH=0.7 NIS
(Energy=power*time=23.6 KW *12*30 = 8496 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price= 8496 KWH*0.7NIS/KWH=5947 NIS
:WE HAVE IN THE PROJECTS THIS NUMBER OF OUTDOOR UNITS
RXYQ20P7W1B: ONE UNIT
RXYQ32P7W1B: TWO UNITS
RXYQ42P7W1B: ONE UNIT
RXYQ44P7W1B: ONE UNIT
89
NIS 4 = $ 1
Then
= ($) TOTAL CONSUPTION IN
NISmonth x 1 $4 NIS x 12 month1 22,828
year=86,484 $year
:Chiller System Calculation Electrical Power4.5.2
As we know from all catalogues of most types of Chiller systems, each one ton
cooling need 8 Ampere to work= 1.76 KW, and all know that the chiller system work
with just ON-OFF compressors (no capacity steps, no combination ratio), so these types
.can work only with 1.76 KWton or BY ZERO
.As for our project, 200 hp=160 ton of cooling need (160*1.76 KW) =281.6 KW
;As before, we calculate now the cost by
(Energy =power*time=281.6 KW*12*30 =101,376 K.W.H (FOR 30 DAYS
Cost=energy*price=101,376 KWh* 0.7 NIS/KHW= 70,963 NIS
NISmonth x 1 $4 NIS x 12 month1 year=212,889 $year 70,963
So we conclude that the owner will save
Chiller Operating Cost-VRV Operating Cost=
year - 86,484 $year=126,400 $year$ 212,889=
90
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION 5.1
In this project, the main goals that will be considered in the beginning of the
project will be achieved successfully in spite of performing them partially. The
improvement that is taking place in this project is performed by saving in the cost in each
.fixed cost and annual cost
Saving energy in the building was achieved by reducing the U-value of the
external walls and the roof, this reducing was by inserting Polyethylene layer in the
external walls construction and increasing hollow bricks thickness. Also the U-value of
the glass was changed by choosing shaded glass with different thickness. The solar
collectors save energy used for heating domestic hot water; this energy was consumed by
the boiler in the base case, the type of collectors that is chosen evacuated tube collectors,
since it is more efficient in maitainting on the temperature of water and it is more
.efficient in collecting the solar energy with area that is less than flat plate collector
In shading coefficient factor, the base case is without shading, and in improved
case with roller blades shading, and this is minimized the load, and thus minimizing in
the cost of the boiler. In lighting system, it is used Incandescent type in base case, and in
91
the improved case, it is used florescent type of lights. The florescent type of lighting is
.more efficient because the life of it is more than the incandescent
In VRV system, the annual operating cost is less than the annual operating cost in
fan coil system, and also in fixed cost, and the problems of VRV system is less then
.VWV system or fan coil system
Saving energy appears clearly in chapters of improved case and economic
analysis. And the results will be shown in figures as a comparison between the cases, and
. it is noted the saving cost is about 175,000 $ and that is good amount of saved money
:Recommendations 5.2
It is recommended that many factors should be taken in
consideration in any project that will be performed and designed, these
:factors are
The effect of insulation(1
,the effect of lighting (2
The effect of shading coefficient in HVAC system and its(3
effects on the load. Finally: choosing the system that has
good features from any other systems in the side of fixed
cost, operating cost, and choosing techniques to minimize the
.load
92
93
94
95