Shear Force and | i Bending Moment | Learning objectives : The main objective of the subject matter included in this chapter a familiarize the reader with the 2 types of beams and loads 5 concept of shear force and bending moment 5 relation between load intensity, shear force and bending moment Si shear force and bending moment diagrams for standard cases 2 point of contraflexure in a loaded beam A beam is a structural member whose longitudinal dimension is large compared to ty transverse dimension. The beam is supported along its length and is acted upon by a systen of loads at right angles to its axis. Due to external loads and couples, shear force and bendy moment develop at any section of the beams. For the design of beams, information about te shear force and bending moment is desired. Accordingly, it is appropriate to learn about te variation of shear force and bending moment along the length of the beam 11.1. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT Consider a simply supported beam acted upon by different point loads as shown in Fig. 1! 30kN 20kN 10 KN Fig. 11.1 The loads are transferred to supports and for equilibrium conditions _— R,+R,=Wi+W,+W,= 30+ 20 + 20 = 60kN Also £M, (moments about support A) = 0. That gives R,x7=10x5+20x3+30x1= 140 fier 412Point load | Fig. 11.6 BETWI 43 RELATION EEN LOAD INTENSITY, SF AND BM | | | ier a beam subject to any type of tra: Cee ee ycamn an element of lene verse load of the general form shown in Fig. 11.7 ADs es shear force F on it: cree sen ar a a sm ie eae Sho osiokt side ie left side of the element and it changes to Saran ie as wkN/m “iE eeve Lex —>|dsx |» — M M+dM Ry R, Fig. 11.7 Taking moments about point C on the right side, IM, = 0: M~=(M + dM) +F x dx - (wx dx) x & =0 The ud] is considered to be acting at its CG 2 wax) _ 4 ee dM = F dx - The last term consists of the product of two differentials and can be neglected. s Pie aieor P= ae es the shear force is equal to the rate of change of bending moment with respect to x. “lying the condition EF, = 0 for equilibrium, we obtain F-wdx-(F+4F)=0 dF w= = dx the intensity of loading FORCE AND BENDING MOM | drawing shear force and bendi a i \ F\| | Bete N (ls is equal to rate of change of shear force with respect to x. ENT DIAGRAMS FOR AFI jing moment diagrams for a EW STANDARD CASES few standard casesBeam are generally classified as: a): A beam having its one end fixed or byiy Puilt-in * Cantilever beam (Fig. 11. Ieralfiee to \dleflect. flere Je no,deflection OF rotation at the fixed ens, "4th Ns ied beady’ (Rig 1seb) Arbeam having both of its ends fixed oy a i « simply supported beam (Fig. 11-5¢): A beam made to freely rest 2 may be knife edges or rollers. 7 exert only forces but no momen supports is called span. m (Fig. 11.5d): A beam having one or both ends exte eNdeq * Overhanging bea! supports. The end portion or portions extend in the form of cantileye, ,- eVEr be support/supports. « Continuous beam (Fig. 11.5e): A beam provided with more than two sy . 'PPor such a beam may or may not have overhang, the term ‘freely supported’ implies thay (PP ts on the beam. The horizontal] distan thes. Stance be, | Free Fixed End Ried End End Ea (a) () Suj ot eed pp Support | @ @ ( Fig. 11.5 through see ee load acts at a point on the beam. This point load is #7” ° eee fee ieee is evenly distributed over a part or the en " iu ee which 5 oo whose intensity varies linearly along the seg ay be loaded by a couple whose magnitude is expressed as Nm. A beam may cari ata time TY Any one of the above load system: sor $ Or combination of two OF : ee)‘Shear Foroe and Bending Moment are! : magnitude of BM has a faste er ariatio: as a "with x and accordingly its variation conforms sf and BM diagrams are shown in Fig. 119 ie en Supported Beam Subjected to Concentrated L jer a simply Supported beam AB with span / and fie At trated load Ppaint C that lies at distance a from the le 1 e ate he left and support A. god taking Moments about end support f Wo Rel=W,; 1 Wb , R-W-R=W s W(I-b) Wa 1 T Jet x be the distance of any section consiclered from the end support A, Then For portion AC (0 < x < a) Wo SF=R, = —- (constant) wo BM = R,x= ~~ * At x = 0 (left support) (linear variation) BM =0 wae ‘At x =a (under the load) BM = for portion CB (a < x (constant) wb ens -W(x-0) =—3- WE ai Heed ++ + (linear Varinlon) pe ta a Ry a (under the load) + wb Web: BM =—— xa-W(a-) =~] R (a Loed degre 1 I (right support): + “we fom Be Wb ae -Wa Pies xt-Wwd-4 je = Wb - Wb =0 as 1d. BM diagrams for the entire : wn in Fig, 1110. a » beam carries concentrated Joad at - L oe Jy SF and = ae accordingly (BMDI] 11.4.1. Cantilever subjected to concentrated load at free end Consider a cantilever of length I carrying weight W at its free end. eee At a section x-x at any distance x from the free end. a Shear force F = -W wk oa ‘Apparently the shear force oe negative as the left segment of the beam moves (4) Lond diagram downward. r (ii) does not vary with x and has a constant value | : (equal to load W) through-out the beam length | Bending moment BM = - Wx Apparently the bending moment (i) is negative as it tends to hog the beam (concave downward) - 7 (i) has a linear variation with distance x from the free end. ‘ (© BMD Atx=0 BM=0 Fig. 11.8 Atx=1 BM=-WI Thus bending moment diagram is a straight line which gives maximum value at the fxs end. The SF and BM diagrams are shown in Fig. 11.8 11.4.2. Cantilever subjected to ud/ over its entire span Consider a cantilever of length | carr length over the entire span. Ata section xx at any distance x from the free end |._,__, Shear force SF = - wx y Apparently the shear force (7) is negative as the left segment of the beam moves. (&#-————— | ying uniformly distributed load of intensity w/un | downward (a) Load diagram (1i) has a linear variation with distance x from the free end t At x See) cf At x =ISF =-wl + Thus the SF diagram is a straight line with max, value at the fixed end. eat Oe Bending moment BM = - wy x 2 =_ yy X2 udl is considered to be acting at its centre Apparently the bending moment (') is negative as its tends to hog the beam (concave oe downward) Fig. 11.9 (1) has a parabolic variation with distanci e x fi ; irom the free end.Shear ction in the value of BM bec Eee Shen Mate Mes faster a ariation conforms to convex pa, 5 x increases, and according! Parabola. Further, it i rdingly the bending an where shear force ard tv ot s occurs at the mi¢ ones Coments OCCUrS at the mid spa to be noted that maximum Damon in Fig, 11.12. “nt diagrams for the beam loaded and supported ie The line of action of the reaction wil] be si gtangles tothe roller base at end A. The reaction 10KN j an have two components acting in the A < | gte ond the vertical aaa cnet err z —s | Pieraonal external force acting on the beam, the Pte a | Mion at the hinged end B will be only in the " | jetcal direction. Ry | hye to symmetry of loading, Fig. 11.12 | 10+10 | R,=R,= —5— = 10kN shear force SF at A = 10kN SF just on left of C = 10kN SF just on right of C = 10 - 10 = 0 SF just on left of D SE just on right of D = 0 - 10 = -10kN SF just on left of B = -10kN SF just on right of B = ~10 + 10 =0 ending moment. Taking a section at distance x from end A and considering forces on left side. Portion AC: M=R,xx=10x (linear variation) Atr=0 M, = 0 Atx=15m : M, Portion CD: M =R,x x- 10 (x- 15) = 10x — 10x + 15 = 15 kNm 5 The bending moment remains constant at 15 kNm Acca} a wihin the portion CD. Portion DB: -10kN MR, x x— 10 (x - 1.5) - 10 (x - 3.5) 15 KN | =10r- 10x + 15 - 10x + 35 eae hy, x + 50 (linear variation) +ve 1335 m: A Cc D B "10x 3.5 + 50 = 15kNm Ee As Miese Fig Beals 50-0 rat for the entire length of the beam has ‘ung, Yatiation of shear force and bending mome! L dicted in Fig, 11.13. OEEwodl/2 _ W. De eee Wx1/2x1/2 _ WI 11.4.4. Simply Supported Beam Subjected to udi over its Entire Span Consider a simply supported beam of span / carrying uniformly distributeq load fin Tag, w/unit length over the entire span. Because of symmetrical loading each vertical reaction equals half the total load og span. That is wl R,=R,= At a section at distance x from the left and support A, Shear force SF = R, - wx = = — wx (linear variation) At x=0; At x=1; wl -wl Apparently the shear force changes uniformly from <~ at end A to ——~ at end 8 1 Further, the shear force will be zero at x = > (mid span). a Bending moment BM =R,x - wr x ~ = & gm eS 2 . The udl is considered to be acting at its CG. At x=0; BM=0 (parabolic variation) Re Hyg | cel? wl 2 eee} 8 wl wl? x13 (b) SFD = () BMD Fig. 14.113 m (linea, 3 » SG aenn ae) : bg Fo =3) oe ‘qhe shear force and the bending moment for A cae nes Le 11.3 eer! eam are shown in Fig. 11.15 srruct the shear force and bending moment di own in ie 11-16. ution: For shear force calculations ‘grams for the cai for portion AB, jue section at distance x from end WkN 20k gf =~ 10 - 10x (linear variation) ee 7 TKN/m i SP = -10kN Kovonm DEORE At jm (just to left of point B) ; ely Je ca f $f =-10 - 10 = ~ 20kN m——+ for portion BC, again we consider a section at Fig. 11.16 digance x from the end A, Meiers (linear variation) At x= 1m (just to left of point B); SF =-10 - 20 - 10 = -40kN a B At x =3m (fixed end) ; SF =-10 - 20 ~ 10 x 3 = -60kN The shear force diagram indicating the values of shear force at salient points is as shown in Fig, 11.17 (b) For bending moment for portion AB, take section at distance x from the free end A. Fig. 11.17 BM =~ 10x ~ 10x x > The ud! is taken to be acting at its CG Atx=0; BM =0 (parabolic variation) 1 Atr=1m;BM =-10 x1-10x1x > =-15kNm or portion BC, again we consider a section at distance x from the end A x BM =~ 10x - 20 (x - 1) - 10x x 5 1 AtUx=1m :BM =~ 10 - 20 (1 - 1)-10 x 1x 5 =-15kNm ' 3 c Att =3m (fixed end) : Z vit i M=-10%3-20 3-1) -10x3*2 15kNm *=30 ~ 40 - 45 = -115 kNm é ending moment diagram indicating the value o| 115kNm ft it at salient points is as shown in Fig. 11.18. Fig. 11.18ee SN d bending moment diagrain for the cantileye: y—~ Construct the shear force an et bean logy shown in Fig. 11.14. ag 5kN 4KkN 3kN \ | | “ 4 ! a Bt P A 2 1 m+ 2 m i - 1m- Fig. 11.14 7 Solution: For shear force calculations, consider any section at distance x from the g At x=0 SF = -5kN ey The shear force is being taken - ve because it tends to move the left portion do, Why with respect to the right portion. At x=1m just left of B: SF=-5kN just right of B: SF = -5 -4 = -okn At x=3m just left of C: SF=-9KN just right of C : SF = =-12kN Bending moment Portion AB: Imagine a section between A and B, and at distance x from end A Then M, =—-5 x (linear variation) Atxr=0 : M,=0 Atx=1m: M,=-5x1=-5kNm Portion BC: Consider the section to be between B and C, and at distance x from end, Then M, =-5x-4(x-1) (linear variation) Atx=1m: M,=-5x1-(1- 1) = -5 kNm as calculated above Atx=3m: M,=-5 x 3-4 (3-1) =-23kNm A B c D 5kN -ve 9kN SFD 12kN A E 2 fs 5kNm -ve BMD 23kNm 35 kNm Fig. 11.15qe shear force and bending moment ¢; : ia 4 song with position of points of contraflexiurg. °* (Ne entire beam are shown in Fig. 11.20 5.25 5.25 Fig. 11.20 EXAMPLE 11.5 ‘A cantilever beam has been loaded as shown in Fig. 11.21. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams, and locate the position of the point of contraflexture. 20kNm 10 kN on E 4 A c ‘ -}— 2m 2m Fig. 11.21 Soliion: Consider any section at distance x from the free end Shear force: Portion AC : The shear force is zero in this section. iati Portion CB :SF = 10 + 4 (x - 2) (linear variation) Atx=2m : SF=10KN x=4m SF =10 +4 (4-2) = 18KN es Jue of 20 KNm Portion AC: The bending moment has a constant f 2 = 0 Portion CB: M, = 20 - 10 (x-2)- 48-2) * 3 2 (2-2) _ 99 kNm tee Atr=2m: mM, =20-10(2-2 cEXAMPLE 11.4 hear force and bending momen, 5 mae ct the shea % Moment Determine the reactions and constr MI ‘tind the point of contraflestyy Bt the beam loaded as shown in Fig. fogn 2 2kN/m \ c B i A aoe Gus 2 f 9, ae _ 4m ———>s— 4m + Ime in R, Fig. 11.19 Solution: A point of contraflexture is a point where bending moment is zero. Frorg condi, of static equilibrium (ZV = 0 and =M = 0), we have Ria Ry=2\x 2 + 10+ 2 = 16 -2x 2% 10+R,x9-10x5+R,*1=0; 9R, + R, = 90 The udl is considered to be concentrated at its CG. From expression (i) and (ii) : R, = 9.25kN and R, = 6.75 kN Shear Force: AtD=0 Just left of A = -2 x 2 =-4 kN,Just right of A = -4 + 9.25 = 5.25 kN Just left of C = 5.25 kN ; Just right of C = 5.25 - 10 = -4.75kN Just left of B = -4.75 kN ; Just right of B = - 4.75 + 6.75 = 2kN Just left of E = 2kN ; Just right of E -2=0kN Bending moment Mp = 0 At distance x from D (within portion DA) M, = 2x x 5 =-27 . M (at x = Im) = 1 and M (at x = 2m) = -4 M, = -4kNm Mc =-2x2x5+9.25 x 4=-20+37=17kNm ; Apparently there is a point of contraflexture between A and C as bending moment chat sign between 4 and C. Bending moment at x between A and C with x measured from D M, = -4(x - 1) + 9.25 (x - 2) = 5.25 x- 145 5.25x - 14.5 = 0 for point of contraflexture : 14.5 That =s = at gives x = => = 2.76m te My =~2x 1=-2kNm (considering the segment EB from right hand st ince bens i i : : pete Pending moment at Cis + ve and at B is - ve, there is also a point of cota Bending moment at distance x measured from end E towards left, M, = ~ 2x + 6.75 (x - 1) = 4.75x ~ 6.75 4.75x - 6.75 = 0 for point of contraflexture. a 75 That = ae gives x 175 142 mcharges sign at point E and its location with respect to poing g 5 _ 15 rey 1-25y=15yi Y dat distance x = 2 + 2- The shear force BE. EC 2.5m 4.5m from point 4 The point E is thus locates Bending moment at point E 1 -2 x 45 + 4.5(45 - 2) - o = —9 + 11.25 - 3.125 = - 0.875 kNm =2)2 M, ) EXAMPLE 11.7 Draw shear force and bending moment diagram for the cantilever beam loaded as shoy, in Fig, 11.25. 15KN | _-10kKN/m | -10kKNm ‘de i" peak tf coool fA B c D k = 05m —e}=— 05m —>}=— 0.5m —>1=— 05m Fig, 11.25 Solution ; Consider any section of distance » from end A. Shear Force (i) Portion AC At A: SF =-15KN This shear force is taken —ve because it tends to move the left point downward wit respect to right portion. Since there is no load on the beam in the portion AC, the shear force is constant at - 15k\ from A to B. (i) Portion CD SF = -15 - 10 x (x - 1) At point C (x= 1) : SF =-15-10(1- 1) =-15kN At point D (x = 1.5): SF =-15- 10(15- 1) =-20kN Since there is udl in the regi ly for —15kN to -20 KN in span CD of the Beak be mee ccs re hanes Tee (iii) Portion DE Since there is no load on the beam in the portion DE, the shear force is constant at -20 from D to E. There shear force for the beam will then plot as shown in Fig. 11.26. A B c - i 15kN a KN 20kN 6 Fig. 11.26Shear Force and Bending Moment ment: Considering any section at g OM at dist endinB ee orion ‘ance x from end A 2x ° (linear variation with x) 4kNm BES Gm) oe - 2) 4 1) 5, ¥=2 =-2x +45 (x Bye apy a ) am: M,=-2%2=-4kNm ee M,=-2x 6 +4.5(6~2)-1(6_o2 2 =-12-18-8=-2kNm pue to udl, the bending moment variation between B and C will be parabolic petween C and D Myx ~2x + 45(x~2)~ 2(x-2)' 4350-6) when x= 6m: M,=-2%6+45(6-2)-5 (6-27 +356 -6 ey Saidlgieontiniounden i x=8m: M,=-2x 8 + 4.5 (8 - 2) - 56-2) + 35(8 - 6) -16 + 27-18+7=0 Due to udl, the bending moment variation between C and D will be parabolic. The shear force and bending moment for the entire beam are shown in Fig. 11.24. 2.5kN 2kN A B i . : 15kN 2kN A z : : 0.875kNm 2kNm 4kNm Fig. 11.24 ilx=4m: M,=20-10(4-2)-4* =20-20-4x2=-8kNm nding moment changes in contr r 10kN — 9) contraflexture can be determined by setting a expression (i) equal to zero. That is a 20 - 10 (x - 2)-2(x- 27 =0 Upon simplification, we get xe +x-16=0 -12 174 2 53 m Thus the point of con-traflexture is located at 3.53 m distance from the free end. 353m ———__ The variation of shear force and bending moment for the entire length of the beam has Fig. 11.22 been depicted in Fig. 11.22. Ly EXAMPLE 11.6 Draw the shear force and bendin| shown in Fig. 11.23. 2kN a 1kN/m ig moment diagram for the beam loaded and supponei, C 4m lo > eae. | Fig, 11.23 = Solution : From conditions of equilibrium (EV = 0 and EM = 0), we have Ry +R, =2+(4+2)x1=8 Taking moments about end point A (clockwise moments Positive), oR, x2 + 6x (2+3)-R.x6=0 The udl is considered to be concentrated at its CG R, + 3R, = 15 Solving expression (i) and (i), R, = 45kN e Shear force gees ook At pointA : SF =-2kN- Just left of B : SF =-2 kN Just right of B: SF =-2445-254N Just left fC: SF = 25-4 x12 15 pny Just right of C: SF =-15+35=24N AtpointD : SF=2-2x1=9Shear Force and Bending Moment | | Moment pendinB 0 M, = —15 x 05 - 10 = 17 54n, M:=-15 x 1-10 = <954N ross-section xx in ii atany © Portion CD and at distance x from end A M, = - 15x - 10 - 10(x — 1) x X=1 ~ 15x - 10 ~ 5(x - 12 peace xt 10, 5 (tony ei My =-15x 15-10-5115 -1y == 225 - 10 - 1.25 = -33.75 kN 43.75 Fig. 11.27 Due to udl, the variation of bending moment in portion CD of the beam will be parabolic M, = -15 x 2-10 ~ 10 x 0.5 x 0.75 =30 - 10 - 3.75 = - 43.75 KN Since there is no load on the beam in portion DE, the bending moment will vary linearly ftom -33.75 kN at point D to - 43.75 KN at point E The bending moment for the entire beam will then plot as sh SAMPLE 11.8 Asimply supported beam is loaded and supported as sh own in Fig. 11.27. own in the figure given below : 30kN Fig. 11.28 : ne the shear force and bending moment diagrams, and determine the magnitude and tion of maximum bending moment. ye considering equilibrium of beam oR R= 20 5 + 90,= 190 is ae Taking moments about point A (clockwise + 5 DR, x8 430-x7+20%5% 9Shear Force and Bending Moment 725KN en B rel | fav 575kN \.1125 kNm 1 > 57.5 kNm (Ce oo, Fig. 11.29 {AMPLE 11.9 ssinply supported beam with 8 m span is loaded as shown in the figure given below 12kN —6kN/m , E 1m Fig. 11.30 Daw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Also determine the magnitude and position of maximum bending moment on the beam. Solution Considering equilibrium of beam TF, R, +R, =(9 x3) + 12 + 6 x3) = 57 KN Taking moments about end point A (clockwise moments +ve) 27 x 15 +12 x 4 +18 x 65-R,x8=9 The udl is considered to be concentrated at CG. 8 40.54 484117 _ 95,69 KN e 8 R, =57- 25.69 = 31.31 KN a and Portion AB : Consider any section at distance x from end support A i ee near vari SF = 3131 - 9x At point A, x= 0 and SF=3131 kN eae At poi = a 6p=3131-9*3=* i ein Ree e432 KN between B and just left of C. remains constant 1 — 12 = 7.69 kN 69 kN between Pork a BCD : The shear force te tight of CD; SF = 4.3 ar force remains constant at 7. and just left of D. - am210+250 _ or = eee and R, = 130 — 57.5 = 72.5 oa Consider any section at distance ¥ from end A. Shear Force Portion AC : SF =R,- wx= 72.5 — 20x (uae a At point A, x= 0 and SF = 72.5 a i _ i = 72.5 - 20 x At t x=5 and SF = 72. ae = — 27.5 kN Portion CD : Since there is no load between CD, the shear force remains constant at ~z just upto left of point D. SF just on right side of D = - 27.5 - 30 = - 57.5 kN Portion DB : Since there is no load between DB, the shear force remains constant at 57, Ky just upto left of point B. SF just on right side of support B = - 57.5 + 57.5 = 0 The point of zero shear force as measured from end A and lying between AB canbe yay out form the relation Shy 725 725 -20x=0; x= Go = 3.625 m Bending Moment : a Portion AC: BM =R,x~ = 72.5x ~ 10x2 (Parabolic vari At point A, x= 0 and BM =0 At point B, x=5 and BM =725x 5-10 x 52 = 1125 kNm The bending moment will be maximum at x = 3.625 m where shear force is zero Maximum bending moment = 72.5 x 3.625 — 10 x 3.6252 = 262.81 ~ 131.41 =1314kKNm Portion CD : As there is no loading in thi i i Po ‘ in this section, th ae variation and at point D (x = 7), it will have the value. ee rasa 20 x55 x (342) = 57.5 kNm eee ae B a ie & no loading in this section, the bending moment will have 2! seep tomuey > “NivadpoineD to zero at support point P mesa : a e variations in shear force and bending moment for the entire beam are shown in ig”rom point C at distance x {t 1) x 12 y section 4+18-@ 26 - 12x Portion AB : Consider an} SF = aty= 4am ide of B, Ley SF just on lett 6-124 The shear force will be zero atx = 7p i ‘ ing s section, the shear force remains Portion BD: As there is no loading in this Bs Ho i u . ate ised emains constant at just upto left of D and just to right of D, the shear Toes e " 16 = 16= Bending Moment : Portion CA : BM at point C = 0 BM at point A =- 4x 1=-4kNm ‘The bending moment from 0 at A and ~ 4 kKNm at B will have linear variation as there, loading in this segment. Portion AB : Consider any section at distance x from the end point C. BM =~ 4x + 18(x - 1) - 12(x - 1) x = =— 4x + 18x ~ 18 - 6(x - 1)? =14x-18- 6(x - 1)? At point A, x=1m and BM =14x 1-18-6(1- 1)?}=-4kNm The bending moment at x = 2.166 m (point E) = 14 x 2.166 — 18 - 6 (2.166 - 1) At point B, x=4m and BM =14x 4-18 - 6(4-1) =- 16 kNm The variation of bendi - be parabolic as there ma dees ag Ab ino apele Portion BD ; As there is no loading in this secti i i vaiaion nd wil ue tom WEN at poor Be ewe ae a The variations is shear force and bending moment for the entire beam are shown in Fig Hee 2 ee bending Moment is zero at the points of contraflexure: contralocure con be SEC eee ein Portion. AB, :the location of the pois © rmined by setting expression (i) equal to zero. That is lax - 18 - 6(x - 12 = 0 Upon simplification ; 3x? - 13x + 12 = 0 The solution of this quadratic equation gives )? ~4x3x12 2x3 1345 = "5 =3m and 133m5343kNm _-=5774kNm > 50.05 kNm B c D Fig. 11.31 EXAMPLE 11.10 25.69 KN fphin clearly the terms shearing force and bending moment for a beam, Daw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported overhanging jum shown in the figure given below : 4k ‘ 7 12KN/m dae A a cu yo _tp am— -+}e-1m-+| | fermi Fig. 11.52 ‘Also locate the position of the points of contraflexure, if any ialon : Considering equilibrium of beam Beh +R, =4 + 12 «3 + 16 = 56 KN M=0: Taking moments about point A (clockwis 3 ee sac x8 1 1tin ex gir hehe? ise +ve) or Ry = SEAS = 36 aN and R,= 56 - 38 = 18 KN = 4 KN and it remains constant upto j ‘Segment. ot ch right side of An 4 + 18 144N 1 CA: At point C, eae ust left of point A because there is no loading ressec een DE and at distance x from DE : Consider any section between aie ee SF = 31.31-9x 3-12-(x-5)x6 PPort 4 2.31 — 6x m 31-6 x 5 = 7.69 kN x At point D, and SF At just left of point E, x = 8m and SF = 22.31 - 6 x 8 = 25.69 kN At point E, SF = 25.69 - 25.69 = 0 Bending Moment : Portion AB : Consider any section between AB at distance x from the end Support 4 - P; BM =3131x -9 = (Parabolic vari, At point A, x =0 and BM =0 At point B, = x=3m 2 BM =3131 x3 ~ 2 = 53.43 kN m and Portion BCD : At point C, BM =R, x 4~ (9 x 2) x (1.5 +1) = 3131 x 4-675 =57.74 kN m At point D, BM =R, x 5 - (9 x 3) x (1.5 + 2) = 3131 x 5-945 - 12 = 50.05 kN m Portion DE : Consider any section within DE at distance x from the end support A. BM =3131x — (9'x 3) x (x15) - 12 x (x - 4) — 6x (x -5) x =31.31x - 27 x (x - 1.5) -12 (x - 4) -3 (x-5)2 BM at D (at x = 5) S131 x 5 — 2745-15) 12 6 - 4) ~ 3 (5 — 572 = 50.05 kN m BM at E (at x = 8) +3131 x 8 - 27 (8 - 1.5) 12 (8 - 4)-3 (8-52 =0 Since there is udl in the segment DE, the Variation in bending moment is parabolic Fie Matty ae a heat ptcanclibending moment for the entire beam are 25 SO" ‘ig 11.31.Thus the left support is 255m from A and the right support is (4 ~ 2.55) Shear force: (0 400)= 380 955 m a= = 14g Sting, SF at A = -40KN SF just on left side of C = - 40 ~ 8 x — 60.40 kN SF just on right side of C = ~ 60.40 + 90 = 29.60 kN SF just on left side of D = 29.60 - 8 x 6 = - 18.40 kN SF just on right side of D = - 18.40 + 90 = 71.60 kN SF just on left side of B = 71.60 8 x 1.45 = 60kN SF just on right side of B = 60 - 60 = 0 The point of zero shear stress as measured from end and lying between CD ca out from the equation. In be woes 0 yp Got ax 20: x22 = 625m Bending moment: BM at A =0 BM at C =-40 x 2.55 - (8 x 2.55) x 22 = -128kNm BM at D =-40 x 8.55 - (8 x 8.55) x ae +90 x 6 =-—342 - 292.4 + 540 = -944kNm 71.6 kN 94.4 kKNm——_—— 3 m—_____, -16kNm Fig. 11.33 Thus the points of contraflexure are located at 1.33 m and 3 m from the end point C SXAMPLE 11.11 Ahorizontal beam 10 m long carries a uniformly distributed load of 8 KN/m together with conentrated loads of 40 kN at the left end and 60 kN at the right end. The beam is supported ittwo points 6m, so chosen that reaction is the same at the each support. Determine the of props and show the variation of shear force and bending moment over the entire length of the beam. Solution: Refer Fig. 11.34 for the beam loaded and supported as per the statement. Let the Bag ee distance a from end A. 40 kN 60 kN Fig. 11.34 D is at distance (4 - a) from end B. ‘the beam = 40 + 60 + (10 x 8) = 180 KN. Since reaction is the same at eachnue 11.13 eee eRe et 40 m long rests on two su fe airy istabuted load of 20 Ee with equal overh; j angs on either side and entire length. Calc poi Te th. Calculate the o ment dia Pace diagran u o e susiforraum bending moment, positive or i ba woes the shear force and bending mo . Refer to Fig. 11.38 for the s ti jas been indicated as a overhangs if “e, is to be as small as possible. Proceed grams for the arrangement m of the loaded girder. The o a 10m Fig. 11.38 Due to symmetrical arrangement, the total load on the beam will be the two supports. shared y between 2010 = Ry = ee = LOO LN the maximum positive moment would occur at the mid span (point E) 2 regative would occur at the supports. Since these moments are stated to be equal in ma we have: R : = 100 (5 ~ a) ~ (20 x 5) x Simplication gives : a? + 10a ~ 25 = 0 -10+/10? -4x1x(-25) ee = 2.07 m Shear force: SF at A = 0 SF just on left of C = -2.07 x 20 = - 4140 kN SF just on right of C = ~ 41.40 + 100 = + 58.60 kN SF at mid span (point E) = 58.60 - 20 (5 - 2.07) = iaats moment: Taking a section at distance x from end A and considering forces on left band side. Portion AC: (parabolic variation) ~ (20 x x) x . +R, (e-4) (parabolic variation) =~ 10x? + 100 (x - 2.07) M, = =10 x (2.077 + 100 (2.07 - 2.07) = - 42.64 kNm | = -10 x 5? + 100 (5 - 2.07) = 43kNm400 - 160x + 1000 = 0; x=3.75m g moment: Considering any section at distance x from end A, Bendin; Portion AC: M, =~400x - 160x x 5 = - 400 x - 80x? when x =0:M, = 0 x =1m: M, = - 400 - 80 = - 480 Nm Between C and D M, = 400x ~ 160x x 5 + R, (x - 1) —400x - 80x? + 1000 (x - 1). when x =1m : M, = -400 x 1-80 x 1? + 1000 (1 - 1) = ~480 Nm x =3.75m - 400 x 3.75 - 80 x 3.752 + 1000 (3.75 - 1) = 125 Nm x =5m: M, = ~400 x 5 — 80 x 52 + 1000 (5 - 1) =0 x = 7m: M, = ~400 x 7 ~ 80 x 77 + 1000 (7 - 1) = ~720 Nm Between D and B: M, =~400x - 80x? + 1000 x (x - 1) + 1000 (x - 7) At x = 7m: M,=~400 x 7 - 80 x 7? + 1000 x (7 - 1) + 1000 (7 - 7) = -720n, x = 10m : M,= - 400 x 10 ~ 80 x 10? + 1000 (10 - 1) + 1000 (10 - 7) ra 4000 - 8000 + 9000 + 3000 = 0. The shear force and bending moment for the entire beam are shown in Fig. 11.37. 440N 480NShear Force and Bending Moment guiata distance of 6.25 m from A, =~ 40 x 6.25 ~ (8 x 6.25) x 9:25 +90 x (6.25 ~ 2 ==250 — 156.25 + 333 - 2 ( 55) : -73.25 kNm variation of shear force and bending De 36. 'ng Moment length of the beam has been depicted afi 1 qanece 11-12 ks B 5 at Be oF ee Ses a uniformly distributed load of intensity 160 N/ pind 2 Pol © 1eft end A. The beam is supported at a point C which ae fom A Buea which is on the right half of the beam. If the point of contraflexture jgat the mui pein Rea letermine the distance of support at D from the end B of ihebeam. Proce’ to draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the arrangement. : 400 N solution: 8 mn 5 mm pases 10 m+} Fig. 11.36 The bending moment is zero at the point of contraflexture. Therefore 5 == 400 x 5-160 x5x>+R.x4 (left half of beam) The udl is taken to be acting at its CG or 4 R, = 2000 + 2000 ; R. = 1000 N Applying the condition ZF, = 0 for equilibrium of beam, we have R. + R, = 400 + 160 x 10 = 2000 R, = 2000 — R, = 2000 - 1000 = 1000 N Again taking moments about the point of contraflexture E, bee M, =0=-R,x (5-2) +160x5% > (right half of beam) 1000 x (5 - 2) = 2000 ; z= 3m Thus the support D is at a distance of 3m from end B. Force Portion Ac: At A: SP = 400 N Just left of C; $F = -400 - 160 x 1 = -560N | lust right of C: SF = - 560 + 1000 = + 440 N ust left of D: SF = 440 - 160 x 6 = ~520N ‘Wstright of D: se = —520 + 1000 = 480 N Et : ree cha es en i section CD. The location of the point of zero inges sign bet fhe 6 obtained from the relations: _Rectilinear a Curvilinear Moti me ject matter presented in this chapter is to f kinematics aming objectives : The main objective of the sub spake the reader familiar with following aspects of Srectilinear and curvilinear motion J displacement, velocity, acceleration and raphical representation of their interrelationshi Asquation of rectilinear motion with uniform acceleration and motion under gravity ce A motion along a curved path, normal and tangential components of inoue J relative velocity When a body changes its position with respect to other bodies, then the body is said to be inmotion. Thus, a relative change in the position of a body is its motion. Motion involves both space and time. Trajectory is a path followed by a body during its motion. It may be a straight line or a cuye. Straight line path is observed in rectilinear motion, whereas curved path is observed in arvilinear motion. If the curved path lies in a plane, its is called plane curvilinear motion. Rotary srcircular motion is a special case of curvilinear motion where all particles of a body move in concentric circle. 131. DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION Displacement: “The change of position of a particle or a body with respect to a certain fixed reference bpd see ovement |< —— Displacement ———>! Consider a body that moves along a curved path A ‘ad takes time ¢ to move from position A to B. The e covered by the body along the path psoag ‘alled distance and the linear (shortest) fun, Petween the two positions is called ome Pee aoe = Se from reference point O to _ 0 +ve then from A to position B. ~“° = | -x)——+}+ "1 — | le: 3 Fig 13.2 lacement of body =~ *2_ travelled by the particle = 469 Bot Sh 242.84 kKNm Fig. 11.39 The slight variation in the magnitude of bending, moment at the support (point B) and the centre (point £) is due to rounding off. For locating the position of the point of contraflexture, we have 10x2 + 100 (x - 2.07) = 0 x? - 10x + 20.7 = 0 10 + 10? - 4 x 20.7 See o7miand 7.07 m ee 2 The shear force and the bending moment diagrams for the entire span of the girder ae shown in Fig. 11.33. Note: The SF and BM for the right half has been drawn making use of symmetry EXAMPLE 11.14 Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the overhanging beam loaded ® shown in the figure given below. 60 KN/m 20 KN B c E tn 2m ——p}— tm —of— 1m > Fig. 11.40 Indicate values at salient poi daatallevaudany nt points of the beam. Locate the position Solution: From conditions of static equilbrium. (2Fy = 0 and =M = 0), we have sat of the pat i R,+ Ry = (5260) +20 = 80PFAPH (et Curve placement of the boy is plone ee displacement x livy “ee ma fg taken along, abseina, "inate y= dx/di, the slope of x- + curve at any it & box cate the pee the body at that instant et ‘Avstime ty, the curve hav 0 positive slope dingly the velocity is positive locity implics that the dkplacce i ing and that the body is moving to the right of origin. If the slope is positive and constant, the displacement would increase by equal amount in equal intervals of tim ie, the body would be moving, with a uniform velocit Time - locity. Fig, 13.4 (ij Attime 2, the slope is zero and so is the velocity. The displacement is then not changing with time and the body is at rest, i) At time 3, the slope is negative and so is the velocity. v dv. ' 1122 Velocity-time graph (v-t curve) qt 3 of the body is plotted as a function of © | a = dvft, the slope of the vt curve atany | the acceleration of the body at that instant. | dt t Jax = feat (- x) = foar (13.5) ve identity implies that area under the vt curve corresponding to a given time in displacement or the distance travelled by the body during the same |It is to be noted that tance covered from the particle from the Tele, ee a. Displacement is tl point. (i) Displaceme 2 ; i ) Displacement has both magn} i s kG A quantity since it has only magnitude. position of a body with the shortest dist e to the right of reference point and negative tS it nt is taken positiv' : ion and so is a vector quanti ty. 7 Distng, respect to time is called velocity, Velocity: The rate of change of yi With reference to Fig. 13.3, the position apie Pig at distance xfromy ——~e ~~ oO A of a body at time x the reference point (origin O). At time (b+ ‘a, the body shifts to position B which is at a distance (x + Ax) from O. Then average velocity of the body over time interval Af 1s Ax Pav = AF The velocity at a particul time interval Af and the displacement far instant of time is called instantaneous velocity. Choos t Ax to be very very small, a ; pestis ix SN dx et ac = lim & = @ Instantaneous velocity 0 Keo A dt It is to be noted that velocity of a body is a measure of the rate of change of its positi a particular direction, and hence is a vector quantity. Speed is defined as rate afta position of the body (with respect to its surroundi v ; ied pei ly Pi oundings) irrespective of direction; speed is a sai The units of velocity or speed for defining their magnitude are taken as m/s or km/hr Accel The rate of change of velocity of a body with respect to time is called acceleatin ie ae Deny a the body at any time f, and let it become (v + Af) at a later ge acceleration of the body over time interval Af is Average acceleration a = 42 At If the ti ii ii ‘ime interval Af and the change in velocity Av are chosen to be very very smal te acceleration a = lim 4% _ #% ato0 At dt The units for defining th e magni : may be paseo tes ee Foes of acceleration are m/s? or km/hr2, The accelet# a a aaa is called as Pree fe ply referred to as acceleration” Acceleration is positive if the velocity i eleration. positive directio : velocity is increasi ; int When ike a negative acceleration implies ane ae Baa 2 orn al moves wii wn in the motion o! with constant velocity (i.e. when acceleration is zero) the body * to have uniform moti ion. The moti as uniformly accelerated end of a body moving with constant acceleration is 13.2. GRAPHICAL, REPRESENTATION The motion of the bodies i lies is often 8raphically rey Presented by the following plots:Rectinear i Oneal it 4 p-u =at 1 ve travelled = average velocity x fe y e pe ut sate Metta 7* a (-v=u+at) at) (sel icatgs auerativelY dx Hear dx = vdt = (u + at) dt integration Upon : ' dx ={(u+at)dt assu = J J ming x = 0 at f=Qand x=satt=! i or $= ut+—at? 2 ip Distance = average velocity x time uto urv xt= s= 2 N (139) Alternatively: ¢ ~ dt dx or adx =vdv Upon integration ep afde = fodo assuming that v = u at x = 0 ds e g and svatx=s a as =|—— 4 3) Oe aad (Distance covered in n seconds, Distance covered in (n - 1) seconds 1 a(n? +1-2n) fae un 1) + 500-9? = u(n- D495 "Distance covered in nth second, Snth = $n ~ §n-1 oan(a) the velocity increases linearly with time Since the v -f curve has a a velocity increases ; with a constant acceleration. At the start (when f = 0), the body has a ¢, sy The v- ¢ curve depicted in Fig. 13.6 (a) thus corresponds to a body ae jnitial velocity and is moving with a constant acceleration ) ) the body has a finite initial velocity. With passage of time, the velocity with time and finally becomes zero, i-c., the body comes to rest. The p — t curve depicted in Fig, 13.6 (b) thus corresponds to a body which initial velocity and is moving with a constant retardation (negative slope att (c) the slope of the velocity-time graph is different at different times. The bod Bap have a uniform acceleration as its velocity is not changing at constant tae os 43.2.3. Acceleration-time Graph (a- f curve) ‘ The acceleration of the body is plotted as function of time py equal amounts at equal intervals of time. The body nt Shy, 5 5 they 4 en ek ite ve Tay reas dv Since a = 47, we have Jac = faae or 0-2 = fadt Acceleration (13.6) Thus the area under a — t curve corresponding toa given |_-___4__ time interval gives the change in velocity of the body during BL Saal the some time interval. Time —+ Fig. 13.7 13.3. EQUATIONS OF RECTILINEAR MOTION When a body moves in a straight line with uniform acceleration, the equations of motin= t ae ut + > at? 2 veutat; P-w =2as; and the distance travelled in nth second is a s, =" +5(2n-1) where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, a is the acceleration of the body a represents the distance travelled in time t. (i) acceleration a = rate of change of velocity change of velocity = v-u time v-u=at .v=utat Alternatively: do a db dv =adt Integrating both sides within the limit v = u at t = 0 and v= vatt=' 2 af: Jao = afat u 0Bectinear and Gurainoar toon 13 qotal distance covered = 4 4 9 gE. 13.4 gars A and B move at 54 km/hr in the om we is accelerate 2 white eherection as wae aN acer dat 6 mvs? wht ee eA and the car B is 300 m ahead of car wi Meiaiate the time taken by. cara haee ‘ar B continues to move with the same aio speed of cars A and B= 54 km/py tke car B. 4 « 1000 soo = 18 m/s the cars A and B meet at location C after time = qvering distances s, and s, respectively es Fig 32 : ‘Then 5, = 5, + 300 1 15t +> (6)1? = 15! + 300 3H? = 300; t= J100 = 105 EXAMPLE 13.5 ; Aparticle moves with uniform acceleration along a straight line ABC. The speeds of the particle at positions A and C are 5 cm/s and 25 cm/s respectively. If the point B lies midway hetween A and C, what will be the ratio of times taken by the particle to travel distances AB and BC? ‘h 3 if Solution; Refer Fig. 13.9 Invoking the relation v? - as where ais the uniform *—— /2—>s— 12 aceleration F zy é - s v, V2 -V? = 2al ; Fig, 13.9 300 25? — 5? = 2al or a = ~~ 300 Wee V2~=2al/2; Ve —5? = 24" x1/2 = 300 Vy= J325 = 18m/s z The times ¢, and t, to cover distances AB and BC are given by Vaev, gi8zo) 13 ae a Thea, p05 rGo20l2 ainay 3% a ds a s ase = motorist diving + end the vehicle is brought to abet : ; s . Pete ies the prsform rate of deceleration and the child. Make brakes were applied. re hes child on the road 50 m ahead. He1 i(n? +1-2n = un an —u(n-1)- re + ) 1 1 1.2 -=an? -<=atan Blunt an ~untun> 2 +an = ee PANE ea ther along a straight road. First half of the ggg tion to ano! A car travels from one stat fi ered with velocity 9 Nn A ated with velocity 60knv/hr and the second half is cov ax agp 200 = 18u, + 1620 ing identities (i) and (i), we get u,=861m/s and a = 0.278 m/s? , Considering motion from B to C and using the relation s = ut + Lat? 2 1 100= (u, x 8) + G x0 aot) = Buy, + 8.896 100 — 8.896 _ 4 Considering motion from O to A and using the relation v? ~ - Velocity of car at mark B, u, pataga es p = 2s u2 uj = 2as 861? - 0? =2 x 0.278 xs Distance of mark A from the starting point 0, 8.617 peel 13 tome ~*°™ s | AMPLE: 13.9 ‘vdide having rectilinear motion is moving with a velocity of 36 km/hr and accelerates ‘imly 972 km/hr over a distance of 200 m. Calculate the acceleration and the time taken. ‘uch distance will be covered by the vehicle in the 5th second? 36 x 1000 Bo m/s ne 4 =36 km/hr = 3600 0 =72km/hr = am = 20m/s (be aceleraton and ¢ is the time taken, then using the relations - w? = 2as and We pet 400-100 _ 9.75 mis? 2% 200 W1=mx 200; 4 20-10 _ 43335 2104075; 1 = “975Engineering Mechanics 54 x 1000 Solution: Speed of vehicle u = 54km/hr = —GZy— = 15m/s 50-5= 45m; v=0 (9 Invoking the relation v ~ u? = 2as = 5 ete Sia (retardation) Boe 2x45 (i) Applying the relation » = u + at v-u _ 0-15 See BG's (-2.5) EXAMPLE 13.7 a a traffi A motorist is driving his car at 60 km/hr when he observes that ght 250m anny turns red. The traffic light is timed to remain red for 20 seconds before it turns green a motorist wishes to pass the traffic lights without stopping to wait for it to turn Breen, I, E calculations for (a) the required uniform acceleration of the car, and (b) the speed ofthe, as it passes the traffic light. 60 x 1000 Solution: Speed of car w = 60 km/hr = — > — = 16.67 m/s s = 250m and t = 20s (a) Applying the relation s = ut + zat? 250 = 16.67 x 20 + 3a(20)? 250 — 333.34 a= —{——— = - 0.417 m/s? (retardation) 2 729) (0) Using the relation v = u + at v = 16.67 + (- 0.417) x 20 = 8.33 m/s _ 8.33 x 3600 op = 30 km/hr EXAMPLE 13.8 Three marks A, B and C spaced at a distance of 100 m are made along a straight road. AC! the ae or yscat and accelerating uniformly passes the mark A and takes 10 seconds 1% ark B, ani further 8 seconds to reach the mark C. Make calculations for (a) the magnitude of the acceleration of the cay (b) the velocity of the car at A ‘ (©) the velocity of the car at B, and (@) the distance of the piled mark A from the ie A B Solution: Refer Fig. 8.10 for the posit; “ae ma 100 m -*} Starting point O and the marks 4 penis ae see 10 I 5 ig. 13.1 3D x BDtan0 AE x AB + 5 BL 1 12 (xu) + SExtxa = ube oa AB + EC u+o w+ v= ; (iti) s = area ABCE SK AE = Mears = = tetsu vw -u2 a) v? — u? = 2as EXAMPLE 13.19) ———_________________ Train A starts with uniform acceleration of 0.25 m/s*, attains a speed of 45 kph ig i subsequently remains constant. One minute after the start of train A, another train j i, off on a parallel track with uniform acceleration of 0.45 m/s®. If the maximum speed gyi by train is 60 km/hr, how much time does it take for the train B to overtake train 4)" Solution : Let the train B overtake train A after t seconds from the start of train A Since ty train B starts 60 seconds after the start of train A, it also implies that the train B will ashe with train A at the end of (t - 60) seconds after its own start. , Motion of train A: Initial velocity u = 0; acceleration a = 0.25 m/s? Final velocity v = 45 km/hr = — = 12.5 m/s | Time taken to attain speed of 12.5 m/s, =u _ 125-0 =o". = 50 sec a 0.25 For 50 seconds of its travel, the train is having accelerated motion. Distance travelli | during this period is ik 1 5, = ut, +—at? = —at? (eeO) 2 2 = 510550? =312.5m __ Subsequently the train moves with uniform velocity of 12.5 m/s for (t ~ 50) seconds W it is overtaken. Distance travelled during this period is 5 = uniform velocity x time = 12.5 (t - 50) *. Distance covered by train A before it is overtaken by train B =3125 + 12.5(t - 50) Motion of train B: u=0, a= 045 m/s? _ 601000 3 £ = 16.67 m/s Time taken to attain speed of 16.67 m/s,on B with a uniform dece AS petermine the total time 1, (1 this journey between th, eee ne Maximum velocity attained py the setipie using the course of motion ic & leration ‘equired given fim als: a st | OF ies Fig. 13.13 which represents : for the Eitimnobile: The ie ae Vs h area under eyrame graph represents the distance ed. ol Bs, + S, +S, 1 ) afd )e (1 aio = (3«12%:, (2xt)+(Saaxt considering the acceleration period (A to C) Veutat; 12=0+121 ty = 10s considering the deceleration period (D to B) B=U+at; 0=124+(-15)xt, t= 8 Sasituting f, = 10s and 1, = 85 in expression (i), we get 3600 = 6 x 10 + 12t, +6 x8 _ 3600 ~ 60~ 48 a + Total time taken to cover the distance = 10 + 291 + 8 = 309s Fig. 13.13 Gt, + 12, + 6; (i) = 291s SAMPLE 13.12 Sublish the equations of linear motion by refering to velocity-time diagram. Presume that ‘temotion is with uniform acceleration. ‘ilation: Refer Fig. 13.14 for the velocity-time diagram. At t = 0, the velocity has a finite value “adit becomes v at time f. Since the acceleration is uniform, the velocity has a linear variation ‘ethe slope of the curve is constant. ‘celeration a = slope of the diagram cD =tan@ = —— BD _ CE-DE AE CE-BA _ v-u qa FG i Fig. 13.14 Dear under he vel i led Tieates under the velocity time graph represents the distance tava area ABCE = area of rectan; 4 jangle BDC gle ABDE + area of tn 1 Bap. Ap + 52Dx? aa ie ich ms ned the a) 1, = 1867-0 27045 1 = =x 0.45 x (37.04 2 ently the train moves with uniform vel ertakes train A. Distance travelled ato! = 16.67 x (t ~ 97.04) = 37.04 sec avelled during this period of ance 2 accelerated motion 308.69 m. vered by train B when it overtake: covered by train akes train A Distanc = 308.69 + 16.67 (1 whe Tae 125 + (t - 50) x 125 3125 + 12.51 ~ 62 ‘hat gives en the train B overtakes train A, the distance 97.04) 308.69 + (t ~ 97.04) x 16.67 08.69 + 16.67 t - 1617.6 5 ~ 308.69 +1617.6 16.67 - 12.5 Rectilinear and Curvilinear Motion it 3 locity of 16.67 m/s for [1 — 6 67 m/s for [t ~ 60 ~ 37.04] sec during this period is” | covered by both the trains will be equal —* = 238.95 sec The solution can be obtained easily from velocity-time graphs for trains A and B shown infig. 13.15 maximum speed of train t bn B V, = maximum speed attained by train A = 12.5 m/s time taken by train A to attain speed of 12.5 m/s = 50sec 60 km/hr = 16.67 m/s time taken by train B to attain speed of 16.67 m/s = 37.04 sec the time of overtake, the distance travelled by both train A and B is same. The distance i is given by the area under velocity time graph. Accordingly om area for car A (Fig, 13.15) Ja xv,t(t-hMe - 2; : $asox25 9(1 -50)«125 " " ” 1 a7 x16? +t 2 97,04 - 60) x 16.67That gives the displacement-time relationship as Se erage a resteance wnica Ge F 1 tance which 'a particle moving in a straight line is subjected to a resis| produc A parti . and kis aiconstant. Show that » and the time a: of ke where o is the velocity ; terms of x (the distance) by the equations upon integration: |- + or ~ 1+ kux Further 7 = ce and therefore (1 + kux)dx = udt is kux? Upon integration: x Dividing throughout by u, we get Oe ee A rea a 2 resisting medium at x = 0 with an initial velocity Vp . ‘ore coming to rest. The velocity of the projectile varies W projectile to ae 0.08 m into the resisting medium. v7 '4m/s and V = 0 at x = 0.1. Accordingly from the given relation V ="? 0=04-kx01 ; c=4Rectiinear and Curvilinear Motion 13 tion and beginning of retardation, 1¢ ee rica al to each - Tf the accelerati umerically equa’ | other, mak, "ration and ret: z | simi Refer to Fig 13.17 for the calculations for een ate both oem | sot gtime graph. : ' lope of velocity-time | ls acletion ee | fe acceleration and retardation are ra | aay equal t each other, we have tan@, =tan®,; 6, = | | \ 36km/hr ne) pviously the triangles OAD and BCE 0 | le oe | ge similar 10 all respects. That gives ier lee ye ate acs De OD =EC, ie, t,=1, Fig. 13.17 qhe total travel time from start to stop is given to be 6 tht =01 o 24+4,=01 Ga eee era fhe area of the velocity-time graph gives the distance travelled during any time interval. Tus 1 = 5, + 5) + 53 = ~x36xt, +36xt, +436 xt 2 2 ea 2.5 =18t, + 36t, + 18f, = 36t, + 36t ( ; t, + f, = 0.0694 From expressions (i) and (i), 2, + (0.0694 - t,) = 0.1; ft; = 0.1 - 0.0694 = 0.0306 hr From the triangle OAD representing accelerating motion, acceleration a = rate of change of velocity _V,-V, _ 36-0 Resi’ 010306 Since retardation is stated to be numerically equal to acceleration, the magnitude of retardation 8 also 1176.47 km/hr?. SUAPLE 13.16 : Aputcle starts with velocity v, and the acceleration-vel *+fo where k is a constant. Set up an expression th (ii) = 1176.47 km/hr? Jocity relationship is prescribed as a at prescribes the displacement-time for the particle. Me ity or (ee [ht eae Mv 0 Siemingttt lerilog <= hg, cath oo ‘ % Wither y . at ae pes therefore ss . ; x -Kigt 2 dx =0,e# oF fe =», ¢EXAMPLE 13.15 An electric train run, from start to stop. ne rae two stations which are 2.5 km apart and takes 6 a in has a constant running speed of 36 km/hr betwee? the ® bios w Ine ee eo 16.67t — 1617.66 312.5 - 625 - 308.73 + 161 ee 16.67 -12.5 238.95 se, Hence car B will overtake car A at ! = 238.95 sec EXAMPLE 13.14 ‘A train takes 2/3 hour while going from station A to station B and also from © The distance between stations A and B is 25 km and, the stations B ang Staion > ae 4 hy apart. Calculat (a) the velocity of train at station: (b) the magnitude of acceleration with Assume that the acceleration is uniform. Solution : Refer to Fig 13.16 for the velocity-time 2 graph g The area of the velocity-time graph gives the 5 distance travelled during any time interval. Thus, = area of trapezium OABE s A and C, and which the train is running. s 1 D> Te} i x sum of parallel sides x altitude ieee lie ee Fig. 13.16 1 = et Mts where V, and V, are the velocities of the running train as it pas: 5 y,and V, g passes stations A and B respecte 1 2 25 Fea a HA, 71V,+ V, = 75 Likewise : 1 2 40 = Bet VexS ; V,+V, = 120 Subtracting expression (i) from expression (ii), V, - V, =45 ¢ 1 Further, 5, +5, = >(V,+V.)*(4 +t) a 24M =(Y,+V.)x= 5 2 3 Adding expressions (iii) and (iv), we get 2V, = 142.5; V, = 71.25 km/hr V, =71.25 — 45 = 26.25k : = 26.25 km/hr (b) Acceleration a = rate of change of velocity Vi=V, _ 71.25 - 26.25 htt, 2/3+2/3 = 33.75 km/hr? inl ddlEXAM Roe? ‘raight track such that the distance travelled ig irectly A train travels along a st avels 480m during the first mint*“"Y Pray > time interval. If it tr: Mute, ge, Pon; to the cube of the te nd acceleration 15 seconds after the start. ter i id i ment, velocity an‘ Bae ae sauek Since the distance travelled is directly proportional to cube o¢ time iny, olution : inte, es xf; x=cf? where c is constant fata : x = 480m at f = 1 min = 60 sec bstituting the given data ‘ oat 480 =c x 603; c= 2.22 x 10-3 Thus the relationship between displacement and time is x =2.22 x 10°38 Differentiating with respect to time f, ee = 2.22 x 10-3 x (3f) = 6.66 x 10 dt and differentiating once again, wis aces = a = 6.66 x 10-9 x (2t) = 13.32 x 10-3¢ at dt The expressions for the displacement, velocity and acceleration are, therefor Displacement x = 2.22 x 10-3 ; velocity o x 10-3¢ Substituting t = 15 seconds after the start x =2.22 x 10-3 x (15)3 = 7.492 m v = 6.66 x 10-3 x (15)? = 1.4985 m/s a = 13.32 x 10-3 x (15) = 0.1998 m/s? * and acceleration ¢ - EXAMPLE 13.21 A particle moves along a straight line and its motion is represented by the equsiit s = 16t + 4f? - 33 where s is in metres and t is in seconds. Determine : (a) displacement, velocity and acceleration 2 seconds after start (0) displacement and acceleration when velocity is zero (9) displacement and velocity when acceleration is zero Solution : 5 = 16t + 4f - 3/3 Differentiating with respect to t, ds Gpeney Bt70i; v= 16 + 8 - 972 Again differentiating with respect to 1, te eo + @=8- 18 (a) when t = 2, ie. 2 seconds after start So 16x24 4x 22-3 x 299 = 324 16-24 = 24m Dee? 9x 0)? 46 ¢ 16 = 96 = 4 misV =0.4 Rectilinear and Curvilinear ‘Motion i 3 a lav dx Eee ee tear ei A yo WR hare dV =-4dt Vv inegrating both sides within the prescribed limite v dV = =4 far 4 0 Va =-4 Pe er Vin. =-4' + 10g,V-top 04-4 log, V =~ 4t + log, 0.4 = 41 o.916 At x =0.08m, V= 04-4 04 y. x 08 = 0.02 Ss Jog,(0.02) = - 4t - 0.916 ” 4 =3.912 =-4t - 0.916 ; t= 0.749 sec a? | iw-cestlinear motion of a motor car starting from rest is prescribe is where a is the acceleration in m/s? aie and V is the velocity in m/s. Calculate the | tine taken and distance covered by the motor car to attain the velocity of 6 m/s. lution: Using the relation a = dV/dt, the given equation can be written as ave 6 dt 15V+2' Integrating both sides within the limits At t=0, V=0 and at ft = t, V = 6 m/s, we get d by the relation (1.5 V + 2)dV = 6dt fasve+nav = fat or 2 hs say 2 62 15x—+2x6 =6t; ¢ = 65sec 2. () Using the relation a = VdV/dx, the given equation can be written as dV, wee dx 15V+2 hhegrating both sides within the limits : *=0,V=0 and atx =X, Vv =6m/s fe or , (L5V2 + 2V) dV = 6dx vt ete el 3 6 f(asv24avyav = 3 2 feo: 16, '; x = 24m 2 the distance travelled by the motor car is 24m= dx/dt, equation (i) can be written as (p) Using the relation 0 = 24 2t - 18, 9) dx = A 3 ees 2 2421-185) Bie ft lest ect = 2 seconds, we have S54 Upon integration: x = J From the given condition x = 12m at f 3 2h 2 22-18.5x24+C, = 533-444 -37 +¢, Binet Bye 12) 89 rig Ait am, 49.67, - rn peels < S2 Hence when t = 5 seconds, the displacement of the particle from origin becomes +1? -18.5t + 43.67 4 53 SYS 452 18.5x5 + 43.67 to -+ Pande = 208.33 - 62.5 + 25 - 92.5 + 43.67 = 122m EXAMPLE 13.23 The acceleration of a particle is expressed as a = 10 - x. The pai velocity at the position x = le starts with 0. Determine (i) the velocity of the particle when y= 4." the position of the particle where the velocity is again zero, and (iii) the velocity ‘a particle when acceleration becomes zero. kt dx —, we have dv Solution: From the relation a = a and V It Vv ik Wy, dt dx dt dx VdV =adx = (10 - x)dx 2 2 upon integration: Y— = [us 2 =|. c = z The constant of integration C can be worked out from the condition that the particle stars from rest. That is Att=0, V=Oandx=0 That gives C =0 V2 = 20x-x? and a=10-x @ Velocity of the particle when x = 8m V? = 20 x 8-8 =96; V = 9.798 mis () Position of the particle when the velocity becomes zero V? = 20x - x2 = x (20 - x) = 0 x=0 and x= 20m (iti Velocity of the particle when acceleration is zero = 100 Je = 40m Ve= =20x 10-10? = 100; V=10m/s8-18 x2 i oo jy at condition of zero velocity Sa eae ¢ Dei16+ 892, \o, mr 7 8t~ 16 = 9 ae 4 - 4xOx | — S16) _ 8425. Je will h ‘ 18 will have zero vel . ee ve zero velocity at ¢ = 8425.3 85 a 185s | pplacement at 1.85 after star 18 : | = 16 x 1.85 +4 x (1.95)2 85)? — 3 j 29.6.+ 13.66 3 x (1.85) = 29.6 + 13.69 ~ 18.99 = 243 (1.85) acceleration at 1.855 after start 24.3m x1 8 3 m/s’ {9 Corresponding to zero acceleration 8-18f=0; t= 0.4445 pisplacement at 0.4445 after start = 16 x 0.444 + 4 x (0.444)? ~ 3 x (O.444)3 = 7.104 + 0.788 - 0.262 = 7.63 m | velocity at 0.444 s after start =16 + 8 x 0.444 - 9 x (0.444)? = 16 + 3.552 - 1.774 = 17.775 mis Itis worthwhile to remark that the particle will have maximum velocity when acceleration js zero. Thus Vinay = 17.775 m/s EXAMPLE 13.22 A particle moves al WP -3t + 2) where ait=3 seconds, and it is located 12 m to the the position and velocity of the particle after 5 seconds. Solution: From the relation a = dv/dt, we have do =adt = (4% - 3t + 2)dt 3 ong a straight line with an acceleration prescribed by the relation a ais in mV/s? and t is in seconds. The particle has a velocity of 10 m/s right of origin at t = 2 seconds. Determine +2r+C p= f(4t?—3t + 2)dt = sh 35 3 seconds, we have From the given condition : v = 10 m/s at! 7 ees 4 2m bd Gry Bhar DR OsteGe se 3 2 : C, =10 - 36 + 135-6 -185 0} pot p 242-185 6 2 i artic! (When t = 5 seconds, the velocity of the P Beta 2 ereaer fos re byes 35 + 10- 18.5 = 120.67 m/s Je becomesMotion <—— oe 112m ————__} -—— 207m Motion Motion Fig. 13.18 From ¢ = 0 to t = 1.11, (dx/dt) is negative, hence the motion is towards the leg When f > 1.11; (dx/dt) is positive; hence the motion is towards right 7 112m + 2.057 + 112 = 116.114 m xB-5x# Atts4ix <. Total distance travelled EXAMPLE 13.25 The velocity-time graph for a motor car on a straight road is as shown in Fig. 1319 jy, will be the acceleration of the car ats = 25M (m/s) te and s = 73m? 1 . do _ do ds Solution : ea yn : Acceleration @ amie a Since ds/dt = v, we have do a=0 ds Further do/ds represents slope of v-s curve @ Ats =25m:0=5m/s and mee oe. gros 0) Oe o 5 50 7 10 acceleration a = 5 x 0.2 = 1 m/s? Fig. 13.19 do __0-5 (@) Ats=75m:0=5m/s and =-02 a ~ 100-75 ++ acceleration a = 5 x (-0.2) = -1 m/s? The negative sign implies that at s = 75 m, the motor car will be undergoing dec!" EXMAPLE 13.26 Se ; : + ted The 1320 ere acceleration with time for a particle undergoing motion is 25 ae “7 Ls Particle starts from rest and moves along a straight horizontal P2”. Zi rlocty ite and the displacement-time graphs. Proceed to calculate the ™ speed attain '€ maximum distance traversed by the particle.13.24 ice Metoves along horizontal divesa. sie mo ntal direction int and its position at any instant i is prescribed by seas zis in metres and t is in seconds ee: shti® © = calculations for the following para Mp displacement during f = 2sec tg sar rage velocity during ¢ = aes ty 1B t = 2sec to 5 sec and inst, wes stantaneous velocity at t = 2sec and ip average acceleration during Qsec and 5 sec. 9 distance travelled in the first four second gas «= 9 5 ig) Displacement during t = 2 sec to 5 sec Xs — X) =(3 x 53-5 x 5) # = 2 sec to 5 sec and instantaneous icceleration at f = intaneous accel Is (t = 0 to f = 4 sec), - (3x 29-5 x 22) = (375 ~ 125) - (24 - 20) = 246 m ()) Average velocity and instantaneous velocity Let subscripts f and i denote the final and initial values FF Upon differentiation of displacement x with respect to time f, one obtains the expression for instantaneous velocity. dx _d V = — = —(3t3 -5t?) = 917 - 10t dt dt Instantaneous velocity at f = 2 sec and t = 5sec then works out as V, =9 x 22=10 x 2 = 16 m/s 75 mls V; =9 x 5*- 10 x 5 Average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration Wied 2 1B=16 = 55 mis? 6-2 spect to time ft, one obtains the expression for _ Upon differentiation of velocity V with res} "lanlaneous acceleration : dV _ 4 (42 — 108) = 181-10 at es dt Wianianous aecelération at f= 2sec and ¢ = 5sec then works out as ay = 18 x 2-10 = 26 mist fig 218 x 5 10.- Some Distance travelled in the first 4 seconds : ee i 2 itis evident that upto certain A sgn pein = 2 in emma ; 9 tof = 0; 1 = 0,111 xat 111 =3 x (1.11)°-5* (1.11)? = - 2.057 m ———ttThus the work done on the object equals the change in kinetic energy of the objet Equation 18.19 represents the well-known work-energy principle in mechanicy, 18,7 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY vative force field, the work done in moving, an object from position 1 4g, In the conse! sends on a change in the potential eng 2 is independent of the path followed and dey end states only. That is Position 5 BY OF the (PE), ~ (PE), provided by the work-energy ¢ 5Y ation, Wi» Equating this expression for work done with that get (PE), = (PE)y = (KE), ~ (KE), or (PE + KE), = (PE + KE), = constant The above relation implies that the sum of PE and KE the object during its motion in the conservative force field The function (PE + KE), ic., the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of an objet called mechanical energy Equation 18.20 is referred to as the principle of conservation of mechanical energy In general, the law of conservation of energy may be stated a f “the total energy possessed by an object remains constant provided no energy is added to or subtracted from it’ (1829) sitions of ains constant for all pos Alternatively: “the energy can neither be created nor destroyed though it can be transformed form one form to another” Consider a body of mass m resting on the top of a tower of height h. At this position KE of body = zmo? =0 (: v=0) PE of body with respect to ground = mgh Total energy of the body at the top of tower is = KE + PE = 0 + mgh = mgh Energy at position 1: Let the body fall to position 1 which is at a distance fi from the top of the tower. The velo of the body at this location can be worked out from the kinematic equation v? ~ u? = 2as. That gives v7 ~ 0 = 2ghy; 0,2 = 2gh, KE of the body at position 1 = zm & ; PE of the body at position 1 = mg (h ~ hy) Total energy of the body at position 1 = mgh, + mg(h - hy) = mgh mx 2gh, = m gh, (i) Energy at position 2: ey when the body has the complete fall from the top of tower to ground level (position?) we have vy? - 0 = 2gh ; = 2gh 1 1 KE at ground level = 703 = 5mx2gh = mgh7, geground level = mg x 0 ~ Pe otal energy of the body above analysis does illustrate ionof gravity force (a conserva; Ean SUM of K, pe out the motion, their sum aly, fOr). Thus, thon © 8 body rema iif) ' nt always remains of OURh the KE and pets constant under 18.53 constant. individually change yj of 0 kg mass in travelling with a ye, ity of 500 mis, m i read - During it 40°Nm is released at the instant of a the same direction, it ma ae ion, v determine the Subsequent vel it splits into quivalent to locities of the 80 x 500 = (mV, V, + V, = 1000 Though conservation of energy, ay initial kinetic ener + mV.) = 40V, + 40V, "BY + Kinetic energy of explosion = final kinetic energy 1 2 a 3% 80%500? +15 x 108 = Fx40xV? +} 409? or 10 x 10° + 1.5 10° = 20 V? +202 or Vz +VP = 0.575 x 10° (ii) Solving expression (i) and (ii), we get v2 + (1000 - V,)? = 0.575 x 10° or V2 +1 x 10° + VP - 2000 VP = 0575 x 10° ot 2V? - 2000 V? + 0.425 x 10° = 0 {0002 = 4 x2 0.425 x10° —(-2000) + (= 2000)? - 4 x 2x 0.425 x 10! Vase. 2x2 200047746 _ 93.65 or 306.35 5 mi V, = 693.65 m/s and V, = 306.35 mis Thus node = 0.2) and is acted upon a 4 rough horizontal surface w A “MY of 5 kg mass is initially at rest O" 4 “20N pull applied horizontally. Galea ay seseiheoss the work done by the net fore ron onds. comment ‘ange in kinetic energy of the body i ae on the body: Refer Fig. 18.46 for the v: jous forces 2° ee the body on the results. Normal reaction R z ee Eo #305 N i 05 = 9: reset Bichon, = UR ee, = 10.19 N om "ce causing motion =20 4902 . Value of each interior angle = 3 ar hexagon is 52 0°, the angular position of these force A s 4 Since included angle of a regul, be as indicated in Fig. 2.25. ; : AX Resolving all the forces horizontally, #.¢-, ong “44 as pe EEF. =2+ V3 cos 30° + 5 cos 60° + V3 cos 90° + 2 cos 120 LF, =2+3 a 1 = \ =5N V3 oe 2} ols = 2418 x ag tae 5 ee |: 2) Resolving all the forces vertically, i.e., along AY EF, = V3 sin 30° + 5 sin 60° + v3 1 = Baoan apne et? * The magnitude of the resultant force is R= (SF)? +(2F,)* = /5* +(5V3)? = Ji00 = 10N and the inclination of the resultant with horizontal is =F we be eee a a = tan Fe = tan cet = tan! (J3) = 60° EXAMPLE 220. i ok