Optically

p y Stimulated Luminescence
(OSL) dosimetry in radiotherapy

Joanna E.Cygler
yg 1 and Eduardo Yukihara2

The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Canada

1

2Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma

The Ottawa LHopital

Hospital d
dOttawa
Ottawa
Regional Cancer Centre
 Disclosure

The authors have received research

support from Landauer Inc.
Inc
 Outline
Principles of OSL dosimetry
OSL readers and stimulation methods
Optically Simulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLDs)
Dosimetric characteristics of Al2O3:C OSLDs for
radiotherapy applications
Environmental corrections
Linearity of dose response
Dose-rate dependence
Energy dependence
Directional dependence
Fading
g
Advantages and disadvantages
Clinical dosimetry applications
Summary
 OSL dosimetry - Introduction

OSL known for more than 50 years

Widely used in luminescence dating

Highly sensitive Al2O3:C introduced in 90s

Developed for personal dosimetry at

Oklahoma State University
 OSL dosimetry - Introduction
Used in the LuxelTM and
InLightTM dosimetry systems
(Landauer Inc.)
>1.5 million users (25% of world
market)
Used in space by NASA
Starting
g to be adopted
p in
radiotherapy and diagnostic LuxelTM (Landauer Inc.)
radiology
Introduction to luminescence
dosimetry
EXPOSURE

Radiation

Radiation sensor
\
(insulating crystal)
Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry

STORAGE
Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry

READOUT

Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)

Thermal
stimulation
ti l ti
(heating)
Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry

READOUT

Light
stimulation
(e.g., green)
Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)
 Introduction to luminescence
d i t
dosimetry

READOUT

Light
Optically Stimulated stimulation
Luminescence detectors (e.g., green)
(OSLD )
(OSLDs): Light emission
(e.g., blue, UV)
Al2O3:C (TLD500)

Thermoluminescence detectors Thermal

(TLDs): stimulation
ti l ti
LiF:Mg,Ti, CaF2 (heating)
 OSL readout system

Light source
PMT

Detection filters

Stimulation OSL
filters
Dosimeter
(OSLD)
 Methods of OSL stimulation

CW-OSL ((continuous wave OSL))

POSL (pulsed
( ls d OSL)

LM-OSL (linearly modulated OSL)

 CW-
CW-OSL readout method

400
units)

300
constant
arbitratry u

200
W-OSL (a

100
CW

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
 POSL readout method
on intensity
Stimulatio

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

on
State
Gate S

off
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

Time (s)
Commercial OSL dosimetry systems
(L d
(Landauer I
Inc.))
InLightTM

One manufacturer
MicroStarTM
Two types of readers
CW- stimulation readout
Detectors
D t t from
f L
Landauer
d
Inc. only

www.Landauer.com, www.osldosimetry.com
OSL dosimeters

Dot nanoDot
Characteristics of Al2O3:C OSLDs
for radiotherapy applications
Ideal detector
Small size
Good reproducibility
None
None or well defined environmental corrections
Dose linearity
Dose
D rate
t independence
i d d
Energy independence
No directional dependence -isotropic response to
radiation
 OSLD reproducibility

40

35

30

25
% number

20

15

10

0
0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
Relative sensitivity
y

Courtesy of C. Yahnke
 Environmental corrections

Temperature dependence
During irradiation
During readout
OSL temperature dependence
during irradiation

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

Temperature effect during OSL
stimulation
ti l ti ((readout)
d t)

Andersen et al, Radiation Measurements, 43, 948 9532008

OSLD dose linearity, 6 MV
1200

y units) 1000

800
g (arbitrary

600
Rdg

400

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Dose / cGy

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

 OSL dose supralinearity at
hi h doses
higher d

Schembri V and Heijmen BJM. Med. Phys. 2007; 34:2113-2118.

 Dose-
Dose-rate dependence

6 MV

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

Absorbed dose energy dependence
f(Q) for Al2O3:C and LiF TLD
Energy Mean Energy F Q Q Ratio
(keV) Al 2O3 Co F
LiF Co Al 2 O3 /LiF
60Co gamma rays 1250 1.000 1.000 1.00

50 kV X-rays 29 3.219 0.3% 1.463 2.20

100 kV X-rays 60 2.861 0.3% 1.376 2.08

150 kV X-rays 105 1.607 0.3% 1.245 1.29

250 kV X-rays 170 1.449 0.3% 1.192 1.19

6 MV X
X-rays 2020 0 990 0.3%
0.990 0 3% 0 987
0.987 1.00
1 00

10 MV X-rays 3050 0.983 0.3% 0.976 1.00

15 MV X-rays 4180 0.980 0.3% 0.976 1.00

25 MV X-rays 6600 0.973 0.3% 0.976 1.00

Mobit et al. Radiat Prot Dosim 119, 497-499, 2006).

Absorbed dose sensitivity
y relative
to 6 MV photons as a function of
beam quality for Al2O3:C

OSLD 60Co: Viamonte et al

2008, Reft, 2009

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007 Yukihara et al, Phys Med Biol 53,
R351-R379, 2008
OSL LET dependence

Yukihara et al. 2006

OSL LET dependence in carbon
beam
beam

Reft, Med. Phys. 36(5), 1690-9, 2009

Directional dependence

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

 Fading of OSL signal
1.2

1.0

0 8
0.8
Q(t))/Q(1min)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time / min

Reft, Med. Phys. 36(5), 1690-9, 2009

Fading of signal with time

S ( t ) A B e kt

Jursinic, Med. Phys. 34(12), 4594-4604, 2007

 OSL dosimetry
Advantages
Ad t vs. disadvantages
di d t
Advantages Disadvantages
High sensitivity Sensitivity to light
High precision Non-tissue equivalent energy
Size d
dependence
d
Convenience Only 1 material currently
Readout flexibility available (only 1 provider)
Fast non-destructive
Fast, non destructive readout
Narrow stimulating beams may
could allow dose mapping
No significant fading - dose
storage
No need for annealing
Although it can be bleached
and re-used if needed*
Clinical dosimetry applications

In phantom
PDD
ROF
IMRT QA
In vivo
external beam (entrance, exit dose)
brachytherapy
60Co relative output factor

Viamonte et al Med. Phys. 35(4), 1261-6, 2008

 In vivo dosimetry
y

J Danzer* et al AAPM 2007

 The small Al2O3:C
C crystals

M Aznar,
M. Aznar Phys.
Phys Med.
Med Biol.
Biol 49,
49 1655
165569
69, 2004

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

Riso OSL-
OSL-optical fibre dosimetry
system
t

OSL c e t dt

OSL c e t dt

Both RL and OSL signals are seen

on the
th computer
t screen courtesy
t off C
C. Andersen,
A d Ri
Ris
M. Aznar, Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 165569, 2004
 In - vivo measurements for
a b
brachytherapy
h h patient
Cervix recurrence just above the vaginal wall
Treated in 15 needles OSL crystals in 2 needles
30 Gy delivered in 50 pulses over 50 hours

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

 Stability of the Ris system
OSL measured pulse dose between each pulse
RL signal
g integrated
g to give
g pulse
p dose
TPS with +/- 1 mm uncertainty

courtesy of C. Andersen, Ris

 Remote dosimetry application

Recently evaluated by Radiological Physics Center

(RPC) for remote dosimetry
y application
pp
OSL dosimeters were irradiated in an acrylic mini-
p
phantom
Results indicated that the precision of OSL
dosimeters is comparable to that provided by
TLDs used for remote dosimetry
 Summary
OSLD have linear dose response and good
reproducibility (screened) for standard clinical doses
Minimal energy dependence in megavoltage photon
beams
Suitable
bl for
f accurate d
dosimetric measurements
individual calibration factors
Can
C b be used
d in
i variety
i t of
f clinical
li i l applications
li ti
surface dose detectors
entrance
t and
d exit
it dose
d measurements
t
brachytherapy
dose mapping
Are suitable for remote dosimetry
 Acknowledgements

Claus Andersen, Ris National Laboratory

Cliff Yahnke, Landauer Inc.

Thank you
Energy dependence
Al2O3:C Zeff=10.2
water Zeff=7.2
 nits
LM-OSL arbitrary un
LM-
LM-OSL readout method

Time (s)