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EI w = 0
w(0) = w(0) = w(h) = 0, and w(h) = u
z
1
Bending beam Equation
Note:
Moment (M) = - EI w
Shear force = M = - EI w
3
Ahmed Elgamal
30
Bracing
Building is supported laterally by:
w 30 30 20
m= = = 46.63 lb-sec2/in = 0.04663 kip-sec2/in
g 386.4
2
First version: September 18, 2002 (2010 update) Ahmed Elgamal
30
Es = 29,000 ksi (Steel Youngs Modulus)
h = 12
Ix = 82.8 in4 a a a a
Iy = 18.3 in4
Note that Iy is much smaller than Ix x
y
Brace (1 in diameter circular bar)
East-West Direction (EW)
Cross sectional area A = 0.785 in2 North-South direction (NS)
In NS-direction
12EI
k NS = 4 3 x = 4
12 29x10 3 (82.8) ( )
= 38.58 kips in
h (12x12 )3 5
3
In EW-direction
12EI y
k EW = 4 3 = 4
(
12 29x10 3 (18.3)
= 8.52
) kips in
h (12x12 )3
As can be seen, lateral stiffness of the columns in the EW direction is much lower
than that in the NS direction. The braces will change this situation dramatically.
Thus, we will rely on brace stiffness since column stiffness is relatively small
and not intended for lateral support (only to carry vertical load).
Laterally, fs = kbrace u , or kbrace = fs / u
and
0.785 29 10 3
k brace =
( )
(0.8575)2 = 59.8 kips in
23.3 12
Braces are slender in this case, and therefore only provide added stiffness when
subjected to tensile force (the braces sag or buckle when in compression. As such,
only two braces will be providing lateral stiffness at any given time. As such,
k EW (bracing) = 2 59.8 = 119.6 kips in
Since the stiffness due to bracing is much larger than that due to the 4 columns, we
will only rely on the bracing for stiffness in this direction:
( )
m(&u&EW + &u&EWg ) + cu& EW + kEW uEW = 0 or, &u&EW + &u&EWg + 2z EW wEW u& EW + wEWwEW uEW = 0
4
Question: Will all 4 braces in the frame be effective at the same time?
Euler Buckling Load http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling :
p 2 EI , Lk = k L = Effective Buckling Length
Ncr =
L2k
r 4 (0.5")
4
I= I= = 0.049 in 4
4 4
1
L k = (23.3ft ) = 23.3ft = 279.6 in
1
p 2 (29000ksi)(0.049in 4 )
N cr = = 0.179 kips = 179lbs
(279.6in )(279.6in )
http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/un
categorized/brb_02.jpg
5
Bracing Systems (a) Diagonal, b) Chevron, and c) V-Braced
11
Ahmed Elgamal
12
6
Ahmed Elgamal
Testing
http://peer.berkeley.edu/~yang/NEESZipper/Summary.html
http://nees.buffalo.edu/projects/zipperframes/CollaboratoryResearchGT-UCB-UCB-UB-USF.pdf
7
Energy Dissipation
Devices
Viscous Dampers