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Modulación Por Ancho de Pulso (PWM) y Modulación Vectorial (SVM) - Una Introducción A Las Técnicas de PDF
Modulación Por Ancho de Pulso (PWM) y Modulación Vectorial (SVM) - Una Introducción A Las Técnicas de PDF
ISSN: 0121-0777
maquina@uao.edu.co
Universidad Autnoma de Occidente
Colombia
Resumen
Los conversores DC/AC
tienen por objetivo la trans-
formacin de tensin DC a
tensin AC de amplitud y/o
frecuencia variable depen-
diendo de la aplicacin. El
proceso de conversin de
voltaje se logra mediante la
implementacin de tcnicas
de modulacin, las cuales ac-
tan sobre un puente inver-
sor monofsico o trifsico.
Segn las caractersticas de
estas tcnicas, las propieda-
des de eficiencia en la con-
versin, contenido armnico
de la seal de salida y prdi-
das en el puente inversor
cambian. En el presente
artculo se da un repaso de di-
ferentes tcnicas de modula-
cin escalares (PWM) y vec-
toriales (SVM), enfatizando
en las vectoriales por ser las
ms utilizadas actualmente
en los sistemas drive para
motores de induccin y en
* Universidad Autnoma de Occidente. Departamento de Automtica y Electrnica. Grupo de Investigacin en Energas (GIEN). Lnea de investigacin en Mquinas
Elctricas y Electrnica de Potencia (LIMEEP). e-mail: jposada@uao.edu.co
Fecha de recepcin: 04/13/05, Fecha de aprobacin: 06/24/05
1. Introduccin
sistemas de alimentacin tri- Los circuitos de conversin DC/
fsica, a la vez que presenta AC tienen amplia aplicacin en la
las mejores caractersticas de industria. Son utilizados en varia-
desempeo que las tcnicas dores de velocidad, sistemas de ali-
de modulacin escalares o mentacin ininterrumpida, filtros
PWM (Modulacin por An- activos, etc. Los conversores DC/
cho de Pulso). AC se clasifican como inversores
Palabras clave: Hex- con fuente de voltaje (VSI) e inver-
gono de tensiones, modula- sores con fuente de corriente
cin vectorial, puente inver- (CSI).1,2 Los CSI se usan en siste-
sor trifsico. mas de alta potencia, los VSI se re-
servan para aplicaciones en baja y
Abstract
mediana potencia. Dentro de esta
Converters DC/AC ha- clasificacin existen varias configu-
ven by objective the transfor- raciones de conversores DC/AC que
mation of DC voltage to AC dependen de la aplicacin final y el
voltage of variable amplitu- nivel de voltaje o corriente de su
de and/or variable frequency salida. En el caso de los drive para
depending of the application. motores de baja y mediana poten-
The process of voltage con- cia, la topologa tpica es el medio
version is obtained by means puente inversor trifsico con fuente
of the implementation of de voltaje (Figura 1), formado por
modulation techniques which seis elementos de conmutacin
act on a single-phase or three- Mosfets, Transistores Bipolares de
phase inverter bridge. Accor- Compuerta Aislada (IGBT), Tiris-
ding to the characteristics of tores desactivados por Compuerta
these techniques, the proper- (GTO) o Tiristores Controlados por
ties of efficiency in the con- MOS (MCT).3,5
version, harmonic content of
the output signal and losses
in the inverter bridge chan- Discrete Input Discrete
Opto
or
ge. In the present paper a re- Discrete Output
I/o s Relay
Isolation
Figura 3. Diagrama en bloques del generador CB-SPWM. Las referencias estn desfasadas 120
entre s.
(a) (b)
Figura 5. Sistema generador SPWM+ZSS. (a) Formas de onda SPWM + 3er Armnica. (b) Diagrama de bloques generador SPWM + 3er Armnico
donde (9)
Figura 6. a) Combinaciones de conmutacin del puente inversor. b) Hexgono de tensiones o campo de estados.
Im Im
U2 U2
U2 T2
U U
/3=60
/6= /3=60
/3
Re Re
(a) U1 U1 T1 (b) U1
Figura 7. (a) Representacin de vector referencia, (flecha punteada), en el sector 1). (b) Descompo-
sicin del vector de referencia sobre los vectores U1 y U2
Figura 8. Secuencia de conmutacin en el modo Alt-Rev para minimizar conmutaciones en el puente inversor. y con vector nulo V7 sector 1. El estado de
los interruptores se lee de arriba hacia abajo, S1 = 100 significa S1 en ON, SW2 y SW3 en OFF.
Figura 9. a) Symmetrical placement of zero vectors (SVPWM). b) Symmetric Sequence, c) The bus campled sequence.
Fundamental (60Hz) = 346.5 THD= 61.24% Fundamental (60Hz) = 400 THD= 46.37% Fundamental (60Hz) = 395.6 THD= 47.74%
0.8
1.0 1
1 1.0
0.87
0.8
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6
Mag
0.6
Mag
Mag
0.03
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.28
0.05 0.24 0.4
0.2 0.16 0.12 0.21 0.17
0.14 0.2 0.2 0.15
0.13 0.07 0.09
0.02
0 0 0
0 900 1800 2700 3600 4800 0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 60 900 1800 2700 3600 4500
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Figura 11. Referencias de tcnicas de modulacin simuladas en Matlab-Simulink y espectro de frecuencias. (a), (b). CB-SPWM. (c), (d). CB-SPWM+3er
Armnico. (e), (f) SVM.
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