Nuguid, Jeremiah L.
CRS 1-2 GE-BIOL111
HUMAN SKIN
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Protection against skin abrasion and
sunlight
Regulation of body temperature
Excretion of waste materials
Conversion of sunlight into vitamin
D COMPONENTS
Reception of environmental stimuli
Locomotion
Movement of nutrients and gases
Protection against harmful
substances and microorganisms
Reduction of water loss
Produces vitamin D precursors
Provides information about
temperature, pressure, and pain
INTEGUMENT
The enveloping membrane of the
body including the dermis,
epidermis, hair, nails, and
sebaceous, sweat, and mammary
glands.
Latin integumentum, meaning
cover or enclosure
In animals and plants, an integument
is any natural outer covering, such
as skin, shell, membrane, or husk
Protects, nourishes, insulates, and
cushions.
Without it, an individual would be
subject to immediate attack by
bacteria and die from water and heat
loss
Integumentary system is primarily
composed of skin and accessory
structures
Largest organ in the body
Average 2 m2 per adult
~7% of body weight (5/73 kg)
1-2mm thick
6mm thick on palms and soles
Apocrine sweat glands
Sweat glands primarily
located in the armpits and
genital areas
Arrector pili muscle
Smooth muscle attached to
a hair follicle
Causes hair to stand upright
Dermal papillae
Finger-like projections
extending upward from the
dermis
Contains blood capillaries
providing nutrients to the
lower layer of the epidermis
Form the characteristic
ridges on the skin surfaces
on the hands (fingerprints)
and feet.
Dermis
Thick inner layer of the skin
Eccrine sweat glands
The most numerous sweat
glands
Produce water sweat to
maintain body temperature
Epidermis
Thin outer layer of the skin
Epithelial tissue
Covers the internal and
external surfaces of the
body
Forms glandular organs
Integument
In animals and plants, any
natural outer covering such
as skin, shell, membrane, or
husk
 Multicellular
invertebrates

Keratin
Tough fibrous water-
resistant protein Cuticles
Forms outer layers of hair, Arthropods
calluses, and nails Epidermis a few cell layers
Coats the surface of the skin thick/shell
Lunula Cnidarians
White crescent-shaped area Tegument
of the nail bed near the nail Worms
root Crustacean cuticle:
Melanocyte Epicuticle
Cell found in the lower Endocuticle
epidermis Pigmented layer
Produces the protein Calcified layer
pigment melanin Uncalcified layer
Organ Epidermis
Any part of the body forms Basement membrane
of two or more tissues that Insect cuticle:
performs a specialized Epicuticle
function Procuticle
Sebaceous gland Exocuticle
Exocrine gland in the Endocuticle
dermis Epideemis
Produces sebum Basement membrane
Sebum
Mixture of oily substances VERTEBRATE INTEGUMENTARY
and fragmented cells SYSTEMS
secreted by sebaceous Skin
glands Largest organ
Squamous cells Two main layers:
Cells that are flat and scale- Epidermis
like Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Tissues between the dermis EPIDERMIS
and the muscles Made of stratified squamous
epithelial tissue
INVERTEBRATE INTEGUMENTARY
Thin outer layer
SYSTEMS
Composed of many layers of this,
Forms of body covering:
flattened cells that fit closely
Plasma membrane
together and are able to withstand a
Unicellular
good deal of abuse or friction.
organisms
Avascular
Integument consisting of a
single layer of epithelial Five strata:
cells Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
 Stratum spinosum Sebaceous glands
Stratum basale Contains blood vessels and nerve
fibers
Nourished by the blood and oxygen
provided by these blood vessels
Cells are living
4 types of cells: Upper layer has finger-like
keratinocyte projections called dermal papillae
melanocyte
Contain blood capillaries that
Langerhans cell
provide nutrients for the basal cells
Merkel cell
in the epidermis
EPIDERMAL STRATA Composed of a strong connective
Corneum tissue containing collagen and
elastic fibers
25-30 rows of dead, flat
keratinocytes composed Upper layer of the dermis has
mostly of keratin finger-like projections (dermal
Constant exposure to papillae)
friction, callus formation Exhibits flexibility
Lucidum Two layers:
3 rows of clear, flat, dead Papillary
keratinocytes with a large Reticular
amount of keratin Regions:
Granulosum Papillary
3-5 rows of keratinocytes Superficial region
Organelles are beginning to Consists of areolar
degenerate connective tissue
Spinosum with thin and fine
8-10 rows of flattened elastic fibers
keratinocytes Contain dermal
bundles of tonofilaments ridges, Meissners
(intermediate filament) corpuscles
Basale (corpuscles of
Deepest layer touch), and free
Single row of cuboidal nerve endings
columnay keratinocytes Reticular
Contain tonofilaments Deeper portion
Consist of dense
DERMIS irregular connective
Thicker inner layer tissue with bundles
Second layer of the skin of thick collagen
Lies between the epidermis and the and coarse elastic
fiber
subcutaneous layer
In some areas
Beneath the dermis lies the
contain adipose
subcutaneous tissue, composed of
fibers, hair follicles,
adipose or fatty tissue
sebaceous glands,
Contains accessory skin structures: and sudoriferous
Hair glands.
Sweat glands
 Contains Pacinian Dermis containing
corpuscle mucous and serous
glands and
HYPODERMIS pigmentation cells
Aka subcutaneous tissue Contains keratin
Lies below the dermis
Composed of loose connective
tissue including adipose tissue
SKIN
Agantha
Have very thick skin
Parts:
Parts:
Epidermis
Cuticle
Dermis
Small mucous cell
Pigment
Large mucous cell
layer
Granule cell
Basal
Basement
membrane
membrane
Mucous
Dermis
gland
Hypodermis
Serous
Fat cell
gland
Chondrichthyes (sharks)
Loose
Multilayered skin that
fibers
contains mucous and
Dense fibers
sensory cells
Layers: Reptilia
Denticle Epidermis
Thick
Enamel
Lacks glands
Dentine
Modified into
Pulp
keratinized scales
Epidermis
Scutes
Pigment cells
Loose dermis Beaks
Compact dermis Rattles
Osteichthyes (bony fishes) Claws
Contains scales composed Plaques
of dermal bone Spiny crests
Permeable and functions in Dermis
gas exchange Contains blood and
Parts: lymphatic vessels,
Epidermis nerves, and
Dermal scale epidermally derived
Dermis sensory bodies
Hypodermis Aves
Amphibia Epidermis
Layers: Usually thin, 2-3
Stratified epidermis cell layers thick
 Uropygial/preen Secretes waste through
epidermal gland perspiration
Has feathers Types:
Dermis Eccrine
Contains blood Apocrine
vessels and Sebaceous gland
lymphatic vessels, Secretes oil/sebum
nerves, and Sebum
epidermally derived Permeability barrier
sensory bodies Emollient and
protective agent
against
microorganisms

Mammalia
Features
Presence of hair
Greater variety in MODIFIED STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
epidermal glands Hair
than other Cylindrical, keratinized,
vertebrates often pigmented filaments
Highly stratified, Characteristically grow
cornified epidermis from the epidermis of a
Composition mammal
Stratified squamous Nails
epithelium Horn-like envelope
Several layers of covering the dorsal aspect
variety cells of the terminal phalanges
Anatomy Horns
Hair shaft Pointed projection of skin
Epidermis on the head of various
Dermal papilla animals
Free nerve ending Consist of a covering of
Capillary keratin surrounding a core
Sebaceous gland of living bone
Sweat gland Baleen plates
Dermis Filtering structure in the
mouth of most whales
Arrector pili muscle
Used to feed by sieving
Hair follicle
small animals from large
Sensory receptor mouthfuls of water
Hypodermis
Nerve DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Artery Digestion
Vein The chemical and/or
Adipose tissue mechanical breakdown of
food into particles that the
SKIN GLANDS individual cells of an animal
Sudoriferous gland can absorb.
 Nutrition Principal negative ion in
Includes all of the processes extracellular fluid
by which an animal takes in, Important in acid-base and
digests, absorbs, stores, and fluid balance
uses food (nutrients) to meet Needed to produce stomach
its metabolic needs HCl
Nutrients Magnesium (Mg)
Substances needed for Component of many
growth, metabolism, and coenzymes
other body functions. Needed for normal neuron
Macronutrients and muscle function, as well
Proteins as carbohydrate and protein
Carbohydrates metabolism
Lipids Potassium (K)
Micronutrients Major component of bones,
Organic vitamins blood, and blood plasma
Inorganic vitamins Needed for energy
metabolism
Functions
Provide energy
Carbohydrates Phosphorus (P)
Proteins Major positive ion in cells
Influences muscle
Lipids (fats and
contraction and neuron
oils)
excitability
Promote growth and
Part of DNA, RNA, ATP,
development
and energy metabolism
Proteins
Sodium (Na)
Lipids
Principal positive ion in
Vitamins
extracellular fluid
Minerals Important in fluid balance
Water Essential for conduction of
Regulate body functions action potentials and active
Proteins transport
Lipids Sulfur (S)
Vitamins Protein structure
Minerals Detoxification reactions
Water Other metabolic activity
Cobalt (Co)
MICRONUTIENTS Component of vitamin B12
Calcium (Ca) Essential for red blood cell
Component of bone and production
teeth Copper (Cu)
Essential for normal blood Component of many
clotting enzymes
Needed for normal muscle, Essential for melanin and
neuron, and cellular hemoglobin synthesis
function Part of cytochromes
Chlorine (Cl) Fluorine (F)
 Component of bone and through the water and
teeth settled to the bottom
Prevents tooth decay Predation
Iodine (I) The interaction between
Component of thyroid populations in which one
hormones organism (the predator)
Iron (Fe) consumes another (the prey)
Component of hemoglobin Types:
myoglobin, enzymes, and Mobile stalkers
cytochromes Lurking predators
Manganese (Mn) Sessile opportunist
Activates many enzymes Grazers
Essential for urea formation Herbivory
and parts of the Krebs cycle Consumption of
Molybdenum (Mo) macroscopic plants
Constituent for some Requires the ability to bite
enzymes and chew
Selenium (Se) Large pieces of plant matter
Needed for fat metabolism Fluid
Organisms that feed on the
fluid of other organisms
Zinc (Zn)
Component of at least 70 DIGESTIVE STRUCTURES
enzymes Invertebrates
Needed for wound healing Hydra
and fertilization Tentacles
DIGESTION Mouth
Intracellular Gastrovascular
Extracellular cavity
Gland cell
FEEDING STRATEGIES Pseudopod
Continuous Food particle
Slow-moving or completely Food vacuole
senile animals Planaria
Constantly feeds Eyespot
Discontinuous Pharynx opening
Tend to be active, Pharynx
sometimes mobile, animals Mouth
Suspension Gastrovascular
Animals that feed on small cavity
particles suspended in water Insect
Particles may be minute Mouth
living plants or animals, or
Esophagus
products of excretion or
Crop
decay from larger organisms
Gastric caeca
Deposit
Animals that feed on small Stomach
specks of organic matter Intestine
that have drifted down Rectum
 Anus Ileum
Nematode Cecum
Mouth Appendix
Pharynx Ascending colon
Anus Goat (ruminant herbivore)
Vertebrates Esophagus
Digestive tract Rumen
Buccal cavity Recticulum
Pharynx Omasum
Esophagus Abomasum
Stomach Small intestine
Small intestine Cecum
Large intestine Large intestine
Rectum Human
Anus/cloaca Teeth
Fish Tongue
Pharynx Salivary gland
Duct to swim Pharynx
bladder Esophagus
Stomach Stomach
Gallbladder Pyloric sphincter
Pyloric cloaca Gall bladder
Intestine Liver
Anus Pancreas
Duodenum
Frog Small intestine
Pharynx Cecum
Esophagus Appendix
Stomach Large intestine
Pylorus Rectum
Duodenum Anus
Liver
Gallbladder HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Small intestine Digestive tract
Bladder Buccal cavity
Cloaca Lined with oral
Pigeon mucosa (type of
Esophagus epithelium)
Crop Lips = labia
Gizzard Labial frenulum
Pancreas Hard and soft
Liver palates form roof
Small intestine of mouth
Rectum Tongue skeletal
Cloaca muscle
Rabbit (nonruminant Lingual frenulum
herbivore) Salivary glands
three pairs
 Teeth Reabsorbs water
Fauces opening to and maintains fluid
pharynx balance of the body
Pharynx Parts:
Fibromuscular Cecum
passageway, Ascending
commonly called colon
the thoat Transverse
Extends from the colon
base of the skull to Descending
the level of the sixth colon
cervical vertebra
Sigmoid
Serves both
colon
respiratory and
Rectum
digestive functions
Esophagus Anal canal
Lined with Anus
noncornified Accessory digestive organs
stratified squamous Teeth
epithelium Used for
Food boluses mastication
propelled by Salivary glands
peristalsis of both Secrete saliva
skeletal and smooth Types
muscle (also Parotid
gravity) Sublingual
Hiatus, lower Submandib
esophageal ular
sphincter Liver
Produces bile

Small intestine
Longest part of the
alimentary canal
Almost all
absorption of Gall bladder
nutrients Small, thin-walled
Sections: green sac
Duodenum Snuggles in
Jejunum shallow fossa in the
Ileum inferior surface of
Large intestine the liver
Extends from Pancreas
ileocecal junction to Soft, pink,
the anus triangular gland
~1.5m long Extends across the
abdomen from the
 spleen to the
duodenum RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Produces a wide Exchange of gases
spectrum of Oxidation of food molecules
enzymes that break Main organs for respiration:
down all categories Direct surfaces
of digestible food Gills
Lungs
MAMALLIAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion and absorption of ORGANS/COMPONENTS
nutrients Nose and mouth
Ingestion Respiration begins with
Peristalsis taking in air
Segmentation Pharynx (throat)
Secretion
Larynx
Digestion
Absorption Where vocal chords are
Defecation Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi (singular, bronchus)
EXCRETORY SYSTEM Passes air from trachea to
Eliminates waste products from the lungs
body Bronchioles
Waste products: Each bronchus in the lungs
Heat branches out into
bronchioles
Carbon dioxide ( C O2 )
Alveoli
Water ( H 2 O ) Sacs at the end of
Mineral Salts bronchioles where oxygen
Bile salts and carbon dioxide are
Urea exchanged
Diaphragm
ORGANS/COMPONENTS Muscle that enables you to
Kidneys breathe
Help maintain homeostasis
by filtering blood to remove CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
waste Transports oxygen, nutrients, and
Nephron hormones to cells
Tiny filters that make up the Fights infections
kidney (millions) Removes cell waste
Ureters
Regulates body temperature and pH
Tubes connecting the
Types of circulatory systems
kidneys to the bladder
Open type
Urinary bladder
Closed type
Smooth muscle bag that
Blood vascular
stores a solution of wastes
(urine) Lymphatic
Urethra
ORGANS/COMPONENTS
Tube where urine passes out
of the body Heart
Skin
 Pump that keeps blood Tough band of tissue
flowing through the body attaching one bone to
Blood vessels another
Blood
Red blood cells Tendons
(erythrocytes) Thick bands of tissue
Platelets (thrombocytes) connecting muscle to bone
White blood cells
(leukocytes) MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Eosinophil Produces voluntary movement
Neutrophil Circulates blood
Basophil Moves food through digestive
Lymphocyte system
Monocyte
ORGANS/COMPONENTS
SKELETAL SYSTEM Cardiac muscle
Supports the body Makes up the heart
Protects internal organs Adapted to generate and
Allows movement conduct electrical pulses
Stores mineral reserves Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle
Provides blood cell formation
Attach to and moves bones
Smooth muscle
ORGANS/COMPONENTS
Involuntary muscle
Bones
Found on walls of internal
Produce blood cells
organs and blood vessels
Red marrow
Produce red and
INTERACTIONS
white blood cells Skeletal system
Yellow marrow
Moves skeleton to create
Consists of stored
movement
fat
Circulatory system
Joints
Brings O 2 to muscles
Site where two bones meet
Brings away waste such as
Cartilage
lactic acid
Surrounds the ends of bones
Nervous system
to prevent grinding on other
bones Controls the muscles, makes
muscles contract
Ligaments