Geometry For Drafting

5 Geometry for Drafting
Section 5.1
Applied Geometry for
Board Drafting
Section 5.2
Applied Geometry for
CAD Systems
Chapter Objectives
Identify geometric
shapes and construc-
tions used by drafters.
Construct various
geometric shapes.
Solve technical and
mathematical prob-
lems through geomet-
ric constructions using
drafting instruments.
Solve technical and
mathematical prob-
lems through geomet-
ric constructions using
a CAD system.
Use geometry to
reduce or enlarge a
drawing or to change
its proportions.
Defying Convention It
has been said that Zaha Hadid
has built a career on defying
conventionconventional ideas
of architectural space, and of
construction. What do you see
in the building shown here that
dees convention?
132
Drafting Career
Zaha Hadid, Architect
Architect Zaha Hadids designs for the Cincinnati

Contemporary Art Center were like a rollercoaster,
a little scary, but exhilarating, says Center direc-
tor Charles Desmarais. Critics said she was a paper
architect, someone who had great respect as a theo-
rist and as a thinker about architecture but who
hadn't had the opportunity to build.
She totally got what we were trying to do, said

Desmarais, which was to try and bridge that sort
of gap between the inside and the outside, between
the world and the museum. She certainly did. Zaha
Hadid is the rst woman in the world to design a
museum and to win the prestigious Pritzker Architec-
ture Prize.
Academic Skills and Abilities

Math
Computer sciences
Business management skills
Verbal and written communication skills
Organizing and planning skills
Career Pathways
There is a wealth of opportunities outside the
classroom for expanding your drafting knowledge.
Learn about annual drafting contests. Even if you
do not intend to apply, read about the projects.
Find groups such as the Solar-Powered Car Chal-
lenge; their ideas will inspire you.
Go to glencoe.com for this books OLC to learn more

about Zaha Hadid.
133
Zaha Hadid
5.1 Applied Geometry for Board
Drafting
Preview In this chapter, you will learn to construct geometric shapes using board drafting
techniques. Have you learned geometric terms and formulas in other courses?
Content Vocabulary
geometry vertex parallel circumscribe ellipse
geometric bisect polygon regular
construction perpendicular inscribe polygon
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects and
tests.
accurate methods
Graphic Organizer
Use a table like the one below to organize the major concepts about the types of geometric
constructions.
Bisect Construct Lines Construct

Go to glencoe.com for this
1. Arc 1. Triangle 1.
books OLC for a downloadable
2. 2. 2.
3. 3.
version of this graphic organizer.
4.
5.
6.
Academic Standards
NCTE National Council of
English Language Arts Teachers of English
Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts (NCTE) NCTM National Council
of Teachers of
Mathematics
Mathematics
Students recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas (NCTM)
134 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Geometry and Geometric
Constructions 5
What do you need to be able to understand

geometric constructions?
B
4 C
Geometry is the study of the size and
90 25
shape of objects, and of as the relationship 2 =
5
between straight and curved lines in draw- A
2
ing shapes. In ancient times, geometry 4 = 16
A2 + B2 = C 2
was used for measuring land and making 3 32 + 4 2 = C2
accurate right-angle, or 90-degree, corners 9 + 16 = 25
for constructing buildings and other proj-
32 = 9
ects. When building the great pyramids,
Ancient Egyptians formed right-angle cor- Figure 5-2
ners by using rope with marks or knots at
3-, 4-, and 5-space sections, and stretching The Pythagorean theorem shown graphically and
mathematically
the rope around carefully placed pegs driven
into the ground. (See Figure 5-1.)
In the sixth century BCE, the math- This method also works well for triangles
ematician Pythagoras studied this method that have the same proportions, such as 6, 8,
of forming right angles and proved the and 10 units:
theory that the 3-4-5 triangle makes a right
angle. This theorem (a2 + b2 = c2) or proof, 62 + 82 = 100
called the Pythagorean theorem, is shown in 36 + 64 = 100
Figure 5-2. 100 = 100
Figure 5-1
Egyptian rope-stretchers
used knots divided into
3-4-5 triangles to lay
out square corners for
buildings.
Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 135

180
STRAIGHT LINE POINT OF RIGHT
(SHORTEST DISTANCE INTERSECTION A ANGLE (90)
A
BETWEEN TWO POINTS)
B B
INTERSECTING LINES
COMPLEMENTARY SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES
PARALLEL LINES
ANGLES
HY
ALTITUDE
PO
SID
E
60 SI
SID
TE
DE
NU
SID
SE
60 60 90
E
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE BASE
SYMBOL FOR BASE
ALL SIDES EQUAL LENGTH ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
RIGHT ANGLE (90) SCALENE TRIANGLE
TWO SIDES EQUAL LENGTH
SEMI-CIRCLE TANGENT ARC

QUADRANT
(ONE-QUARTER
OF A CIRCLE)
CHORD
DIAMETER
POINT OF
TANGENCY
S
IU
D
RA
SECTOR
TANGENT LINE
SEGMENT ANGLE
RIGHT ANGLES
IN A SEMI-CIRCLE
5 SIDES 6 SIDES
PENTAGON HEXAGON
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES ECCENTRIC CIRCLES
EQUAL OPPOSITE SIDES 7 SIDES 8 SIDES

SIDES ARE EQUAL
90 ANGLES 90 ANGLES
HEPTAGON OCTAGON
SQUARE RECTANGLE
EQUAL SIDES OPPOSITE SIDES

ARE EQUAL 9 SIDES 10 SIDES
OPPOSITE
ANGLES OPPOSITE ANGLES
ARE EQUAL ARE EQUAL
RHOMBUS RHOMBOID NONAGON DECAGON
TWO SIDES 12 SIDES

NO TWO SIDES
ARE PARALLEL
ARE PARALLEL
TRAPEZOID TRAPEZIUM DODECAGON
Figure 5-3
Dictionary of drafting geometry

The units may be millimeters, meters, Illustrations made of individual lines and
inches, fractions of an inch, or any other unit points drawn in proper relationship to one
of measure. Geometric gures used in drafting another are known as geometric con-
include circles, squares, triangles, hexagons, structions. Drafters, surveyors, engineers,
and octagons. Many other shapes are shown architects, scientists, mathematicians, and
in Figure 5-3. designers use geometric constructions.
To understand geometric constructions,
A2 B2 C2 you must understand how to describe various
32 42 C2 lines, arcs, and other shapes. This chapter fol-
9 16 25 lows the identication rules used in geometry.
Geometry Formulas The diameter of a circle is 15. What is the

In addition to solving drafting problems circumference?
using geometric constructions, drafters often
To nd the circumference
need to be able to calculate various aspects of
of a circle, multiply pi () times the diam-
geometric constructions. While hundreds of
eter of the circle. The approximate decimal
these formulas exist, a few are given here as
equivalent of pi is 3.1416.
examples.
What is the area of triangle A where the base is Example:
10 and the height is 7? Circumference = d
Circumference = 3.1416 2.50
To nd the area of any tri- Circumference = 7.85
angle, multiply the base (b) times the height
(h) and divide by two. DIAMETER (d) = 2.50
Example:
Area = bh/2
Area = 2 6/2
Area = 6 square inches
ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"
For help with this math activity, go
to the Math Appendix at the back of
6"
this book.
Academic Standards
Mathematics
Measurement Apply appropriate techniques, tools,
and formulas to determine measurements (NCTM)

Lines and arcs are described using their end- A B
B
points. Therefore, line AB is a line segment LINE AB

ARC AB
that extends from point A to point B. Arc AB A
is an arc whose endpoints are A and B. Angles
A
are described using three points: both end-
points and the vertex, or the point at which B A
the two arms of the angle meet. Angle ABC
C
is an angle whose endpoints are A and C and ANGLE ABC CIRCLE A
whose vertex is at point B. Circles are usually
specied using their center points, so circle Figure 5-4
A is a circle whose center is at point A. See
Identication of lines, angles, arcs, and circles
Figure 5-4.
Explain How is the Pythagorean theorem

used in geometry?
Bisect a Line, an Arc, or 2. With points A and B as centers and any

radius R greater than one-half of AB,
an Angle draw arcs to intersect, or cross, line AB
Bisect means to divide into two equal parts. as in Figure 5-5B. The radius is the dis-
tance from the center of an arc or circle
to any point on the arc or circle. The two
Bisect a Line or an Arc places where the arcs intersect create
Follow these steps to bisect a straight line points C and D.
or an arc. 3. Draw line EF through points C and D
1. Draw a line AB and arc AB as shown in (Figure 5-5C).
Figure 5-5A.
E
A A R A R
C C
R R
Figure 5-5 D D
B B B
F
Bisecting a straight line, B B E B
an arc, and an angle C C
R R
D D
A A R R
A F
A B C

Bisect an Angle 3. With C and D as centers and any radius
R2 more than one- half the radius of arc
This construction demonstrates a method
CD, draw two arcs to intersect, locating
for bisecting a given angle. Refer to Figure 5-6.
point E. (Figure 5-6C).
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-6A). 4. Draw a line through points O and E to
2. With point O as the center and any con- bisect angle AOB (Figure 5-6C).
venient radius R1, draw an arc to inter-
sect AO and OB to locate points C and D
(Figure 5-6B).
A A A
GIVEN ANGLE
C C
R2
E
O O O
R1 R1
R2
D D
B B AOE = EOB B
A B C
Figure 5-6
Bisecting an angle
1. Construct a line of any length at A per-

Divide a Line into Any pendicular to line AB, as in Figure 5-7A.
Number of Equal Parts Lines are perpendicular when they cross
Two methods of dividing a line into equal at 90 angles.
parts are described next. Try both methods. 2. Position the scale, placing zero on line AC
Can you think of situations in which you would at such an angle that the scale touches
need to use one method instead of the other? point B, as in Figure 5-7B. Keeping
zero on line AC, adjust the angle of the
Divide a Line into Equal Parts scale until any eight equal divisions are
This method can be applied to create any included between line AC and point B (in
number of equal divisions. In this construc- this case, at 8). Mark the divisions.
tion, you will divide a straight line into eight 3. Draw lines parallel to AC through the
equal parts. Refer to Figure 5-7 and follow division marks to intersect line AB Figure
these steps: 5-7C. Two lines are parallel when they
are always the same distance apart.
B
A B A A B
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
C C C
A B C
Figure 5-7
Dividing a straight line into any number of equal parts

Divide a Line into Five 3. Draw a line connecting point A and the
last point on line BC (Figure 5-8C.)
Equal Parts Draw lines through each point on BC
Follow these instructions to divide a line parallel to this line as shown.
into ve equal parts.
1. Draw line BC from point B at any conve-
nient angle and length (Figure 5-8A).
2. Use dividers or a scale to step off ve
Summarize Explain how to bisect a line
equal spaces on line BC beginning at
using board drafting techniques.
point B (Figure 5-8B).
A B A B A B
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 C 4
C C 5 5
A B C
Figure 5-8
Dividing a straight line into ve equal parts
1. Draw line AB and point O (Figure 5-9A).

Construct a 2. With O as the center and any conve-
Perpendicular Line nient radius R1, construct an arc inter-
Each one of the many procedures to con- secting line AB, locating points C and D
struct a line perpendicular to another line (Figure 5-9B).
is useful in certain drafting situations. Four 3. With C and D as centers and any radius
methods are discussed below. R2 larger than OC, draw arcs intersecting
at point E (Figure 5-9C).
Method 1 4. Draw a line connecting points E and O to
Figure 5-9A shows the given line AB and form the perpendicular line (Figure 5-9C).
point O that lies on line AB. Follow these steps
to draw a line at point O on line AB so that the
two lines are perpendicular.
R2
D B D B
B
O R2
O
O
C R1 C R1
A A A
A B C
Figure 5-9
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line (Method 1)

Method 2 passing through line AB to locate point
D (Figure 5-10B).
Use this method when the given point
3. Construct a line through points D and
through which a perpendicular line is drawn
C, extending it through the arc to locate
lies near one end of the line.
point E (Figure 5-10C).
1. Construct given line AB and point O 4. Connect points E and O to form the per-
(Figure 5-10A). pendicular line (Figure 5-10C).
2. From any point C above line AB, con-
struct an arc using CO as the radius and
C C
O B O B
O B
R
A D A D
A
A B C
Figure 5-10
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line
Method 3 2. Place the T-square and triangle (Figure

5-11B).
This construction demonstrates another
3. Slide the triangle along the T-square until
way to draw a line perpendicular to a given
the edge aligns with point O on line AB
line through a given point on the line. Follow
(Figure 5-11C).
the steps to create a line at O that is perpen-
4. Draw a perpendicular line through point
dicular to line AB. Refer to Figure 5-11.
O (Figure 5-11C).
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-11A).
C
B B
O O
B
O
A A
D
A
A B C
Figure 5-11
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point on the line

Method 4 3. With C and D as centers and CO and DO
as radii, draw arcs to intersect, locating
Figure 5-12A shows another given line AB
point E (Figure 5-12C).
and point O that is not on the line. Follow the
4. Connect points O and E to form the per-
steps to practice another way to draw a line
pendicular line (Figure 5-12C).
perpendicular to a given line through a point
that is not on the line.
1. Construct given line AB and point O
(Figure 5-12A).
2. Construct lines from point O to any two Identify What are perpendicular lines?
points on line AB, locating points C and
D (Figure 5-12B).
O O O
B B B
D D
C C
A A A
A B C E
Figure 5-12
Constructing a line perpendicular to a given line through a point that is not one the given line
intersecting line AB to locate point C

Draw a Parallel Line (Figure 5-13B).
The following construction methods create
3. With point C as the center and the same
a line that is parallel to another line. Recall
radius R1, draw an arc through point
that lines are parallel when they are always
P and line AB to locate point D (Figure
the same distance apart.
5-13B).
Method 1 4. With C as the center and radius R2 equal
to chord PD, draw an arc to locate point
This construction allows you to place a line
E. A chord is a straight line between two
parallel to a given line. Refer to Figure 5-13.
points on a circle (Figure 5-13C).
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure 5. Draw a line through points P and E. Line
5-13A). PE is parallel to line AB (Figure 5-13C).
2. With point P as the center and any
convenient radius R1, draw an arc
P P P R2
B R1 B R1 B
R1 C R1 C
A A D A D
A B C
Figure 5-13
Using a compass to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point

Method 2 2. Place the T-square and triangle (Figure
5-14B).
The following steps demonstrate another
3. Slide the triangle until the edge aligns
way to construct a line parallel to another line
with point P (Figure 5-14C).
through a given point. Refer to Figure 5-14.
4. Draw a parallel line through point P. See
1. Draw given line AB and point P (Figure (Figure 5-14C).
5-14A).
B B B
P P P D
A A
A
C
A B C
Figure 5-14
Using a triangle and T-square to construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point
Method 3 3. Draw a parallel line CD tangent to the

arcs. Recall that a line is tangent to an arc
Use this method to construct a line parallel to
or circle when it touches the arc or circle
a given line at a specied distance from the given
at one point only (Figure 5-15C).
line. Refer to Figure 5-15. Note: See Construct
a Tangent Line to a Circle later in this chapter
for instructions on creating a tangent line.
1. Draw given line AB (Figure 5-15A).
2. Draw two arcs with centers anywhere along Explain What is a chord?
line AB. The arcs should have a radius R
equal to the specied distance between the
two parallel lines (Figure 5-15B).
R R D
A A A
R R
B B B
A B C
Figure 5-15
Constructing a line parallel to a given line at a specied distance from the given line

BO and AO at C and D and A1O1 at D1.
Copy an Angle Refer again to Figure 5-16B.
4. With D1 as the center and radius R2 equal
of copying a given angle to a new location
to chord DC, draw an arc to locate point
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-16.
C1 at the intersection of the two arcs
1. Draw given angle AOB (Figure 5-16A). (Figure 5-16C).
2. Draw one side O1A1 in the new position 5. Draw a line through points O1 and C1
(Figure 5-16B). to complete the angle. Refer again to
3. With O and O1 as centers and any conve- Figure 5-16C.
nient radius R1, construct arcs to intersect
D D
O A O A O A
GIVEN
GIVEN POSITION R2
POSITION GIVEN R1
B POSITION C B CHORD C B
GIVEN ANGLE O1 O1
D1 D1
A A1 A1
R1 NEW R2 NEW
POSITION POSITION
C1
B C
Figure 5-16
Copying an angle
1. Draw base line AB (Figure 5-17A).

Construct a Triangle 2. With points A and B as centers and a
A triangle is a polygon, or closed gure,
radius R equal to the length of the two
with three sides. The following constructions
sides you want, draw intersecting arcs
show methods for drawing various types of
to locate the third vertex of the triangle
triangles.
(Figure 5-17B). The other two vertices
(plural of vertex) are at the endpoints of
Method 1 the base line.
This method constructs an isosceles triangle, 3. Draw lines through point A and the ver-
which has two sides that are of equal length. tex and through point B and the vertex
Refer to Figure 5-17. to complete the triangle (Figure 5-17C).
VERTEX
R R Figure 5-17
BASE Constructing an
A B A B A B isosceles triangle
A B EQUAL SIDES OF
DESIRED LENGTH
C

Method 2 draw intersecting arcs to locate the third
vertex Refer again to Figure 5-18B.
This method constructs an equilateral trian-
3. Draw lines through point A and the
gle. An equilateral triangle is one in which all
vertex and through point B and the ver-
three sides are of equal length and all three
tex to complete the triangle (Figure
angles are equal. Refer to Figure 5-18.
5-18C).
1. Draw base line AB as in Figure 5-18A.
2. With points A and B as centers and a
radius R equal to the length of line AB,
VERTEX
60
60 60
BASE
A B A B A B
R
A B C
Figure 5-18
Constructing an equilateral triangle
Method 3 2. Draw a line perpendicular to AB at B

equal to BC. Note: Construct the perpen-
Construct a right triangle using this method
dicular line using the method in Figure
when you know the length of two sides of the
5-11 or Figure 5-12.
triangle. A right triangle is one that has a right
3. Draw a line connecting points A and C
(90) angle at one of its vertices. Given sides
to complete the right triangle (Figure
AB and BC are shown in Figure 5-19A.
5-19C).
1. Draw side AB in the desired position
(Figure 5-19B).
C C
A B
B C
A B A B
A B C
Figure 5-19
Constructing a right
triangle given the
lengths of two sides

Method 4 3. With point A as the center and a radius
equal to side AB, draw an arc to intersect
Use this method to construct a right triangle
the semicircle to locate point B (Figure
when you know the length of one side and the
5-20C).
length of the hypotenuse. See Figure 5-20A
4. Draw line AB and then draw a line to
for the given side AB and hypotenuse AC.
connect B and C to complete the triangle
1. Draw the hypotenuse AC in the desired (Figure 5-20C).
location (Figure 5-20B).
2. Draw a semicircle on AC using AC as
the radius. Refer again to Figure 5-20B.
Figure 5-20
B
Constructing a right
A B
triangle given the
SIDE 1 length of one side
2
AC
A
HYPOTENUSE
C A C A C and the length of the
hypotenuse.
A B C
Method 5 3. Connect both ends of line AB with point

C to complete the triangle (Figure
You can use this method to construct a tri-
5-21C).
angle when you know the lengths of all three
sides. This method is useful for constructing
scalene triangles, which have three different
angles and sides of three different lengths.
Figure 5-21A shows given triangle sides AB, Compare What is the dierence between
BC, and AC. an isosceles triangle and an equilateral
1. Draw base line AB in the desired location. triangle?
2. Construct arcs from the ends of line AB
with radii equal to lines BC and AC to
locate point C (Figure 5-21B).
C C
R = AC
A B
R = BC
B C
A C A B A B
A B C
Figure 5-21
Constructing a triangle given the lengths of all three sides

2. Draw perpendicular bisectors of AB
Construct a Circle and BC to intersect at point O (Figure
This construction describes a method for
5-22B).
creating a circle given three points that lie on
3. Draw the required circle with point O as
the circle. Refer to Figure 5-22.
the center and radius R = OA = OB =
1. Given points A, B, and C, draw lines AB OC (Figure 5-22C).
and BC (Figure 5-22A).
B B B
Figure 5-22
A A A
Constructing a circle given
C O C O C three points that lie on the
A B circle
2. Draw a line perpendicular to line OA at P

Construct Lines Tangent (Figure 5-23B). The perpendicular line
to a Circle is the tangent line.
The constructions that follow present A A
methods of creating lines tangent to a circle.
As you may recall, a line that touches a circle P P
at one point only is said to be tangent to the
circle.
O O
Method 1
Use this method to construct a line tangent
to a given point on a circle without using a
triangle or T-square. Refer to Figure 5-23.
A B
1. Given a circle with center point O and
tangent point P (Figure 5-23A), draw Figure 5-23
line OA from the center of the circle to Constructing a line tangent to a circle through a
extend beyond the circle through point P. given point on the circle (Method 1)
Method 2
O
to a given point on a circle using a 30-60 tri-
FIRST POSITION
angle and a T-square. See Figure 5-24. P
1. Given a circle with center point O and tan-

gent point P, place a T-square and triangle SECOND POSITION
so that you can construct the hypotenuse
of the triangle through points P and O. Figure 5-24
2. Hold the T-square, turn the triangle to Constructing a line tangent to a given point on a
the second position at point P, and draw circle (Method 2)
the tangent line.

Method 3 3. Draw a circle with center A and radius
R = AP = AO to locate tangent points T1
This method creates lines tangent to a circle
and T2 (Figure 5-25B).
from a given point outside the circle. See
4. Draw lines PT1 and PT2 (Figure 5-25C).
Figure 5-25.
These lines are tangent to the circle.
1. Draw a circle with center point O and
point P outside the circle (Figure 5-25A).
2. Draw line OP and bisect it to locate point
A (Figure 5-25B).
P T1 P T1 P
A A
O O O
T2 T2
A B C
Figure 5-25
Constructing a line tangent to a circle from a given point outside the circle (Method 3)
Method 4 2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius

R, where R = R1 R2. Refer again to Figure
5-26A.
to the exterior of two circles. Refer to Figure
3. From center point O2, draw a tangent O2T
5-26.
to the circle of radius (Figure 5-26B).
1. Draw the two given circles with centers 4. Draw radius O1T as shown in Figure
O1 and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure 5-26B, and extend it to locate point T1.
5-26A). 5. Draw the needed tangent T1T2 parallel to
TO2 (Figure 5-26C).
T1 T1
T T
T2 T2
O2 O1 O2 O1 O2 O1
R R
R2 R1
A B C
Figure 5-26
Constructing an exterior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 4)

Method 5 4. Draw radius O1T to locate point T1 (Figure
5-27B).
Use this method to construct a line tangent to
5. Draw O2T2 parallel to O1T.
the interior of two circles. Refer to Figure 5-27.
6. Draw the needed tangent T1T2 parallel to
1. Draw the two given circles with centers O1 TO2 (Figure 5-27C).
and O2 and radii R1 and R2 (Figure 5-27A).
2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius
R, where R = R1 + R2. Refer again to Figure
5-27A.
3. From center point O2, draw a tangent O2T Identify What two tools are used in some of
the methods described in Section 5.1?
to the circle of radius R (Figure 5-27B).
T T
T1 T1
R2 R
O2 O1 O2 O1 O1
R1 O2
T2 T2
A B C
Figure 5-27
Constructing an interior common tangent to two circles of unequal radii (Method 5)
1. Given lines AB and CD (Figure 5-28A),

Construct Arcs Tangent draw lines parallel to AB and CD at a dis-
to Straight Lines and tance R from them on the inside of the
angle. The intersection O will be the cen-
Other Arcs ter of the arc you need.
The following are methods for drawing arcs 2. Draw perpendicular lines from O to AB
tangent to other geometric gures, such as and CD to locate the points of tangency
straight lines and other arcs. T (Figure 5-28B).
3. With O as the center and radius R, draw
Construct an Arc Tangent to the needed arc (Figure 5-28C).
Two Straight Lines
The technique is shown for two lines at
an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and a right
angle. Refer to Figure 5-28.

A D A D A D
R
R
O O O
T T R
B T
B B T
C C C
ACUTE ANGLE
D
D D
R
R
O
O O
R
T T
A B C A T B C A T BC
OBTUSE ANGLE
D C T D C T D
A A A
R R
T T
O O O
R
B B B
RIGHT ANGLE
A B C
Figure 5-28
Constructing an arc tangent to two straight lines at an acute angle, an obtuse angle, and a right angle
Construct an Arc Tangent to 2. Draw an arc with center O1 and radius =

R + R1, where R is the radius of the
Two Given Arcs desired tangent arc. See Figure 5-29B.
Refer to Figure 5-29 for the steps in con-
The intersection O is the center of the
structing this arc.
tangent arc.
1. Draw two arcs having radii R1 and R2 3. Draw lines O1O and O2O to locate tan-
(Figure 5-29A). The radii R1 and R2 may gent points T1 and T2 (Figure 5-29C).
be equal or unequal. 4. With point O as the center and radius R,
draw the tangent arc needed.
RADIUS OF
TANGENT ARC
O1 O2 O1 O2 O1 O2
R1 R2
T1 T2
R
A B R+R1 R+R2
C
O O
Figure 5-29
Constructing an arc tangent to two given arcs

Construct an Arc Tangent to a 4. Draw a line from O1 perpendicular to AB
to locate tangent point T.
Line and an Arc 5. Draw a line from O to O1 to locate tan-
Use this method to construct an arc tangent point T1 on CD (Figure 5-30C).
gent to a line and an arc, given the line, the 6. With point O1 as the center and radius R,
arc, and the radius R of the desired tangent draw the tangent arc.
arc. Refer to Figure 5-30.
1. Draw given line AB and arc CD as shown
in Figure 5-30A.
Recall What three types of angles do you
2. Draw a line parallel to line AB, at dis-
create constructing an arc tangent to two lines?
tance R, toward arc CD. (Figure 5-30B).
3. Use radius R1 + R to locate point O1. Refer
again to Figure 5-30B.
T T B
A B A B O A O
C O C
T1
R + R1 R1
R1
D D D
O1 O1
A A A
RADIUS R
O1 O1
T T
R1
B B B
R + R1 T1
R1 C C
C
O O D O D
D
A B C
Figure 5-30
Constructing an arc tangent to line and an arc
3. Complete the square by drawing perpen-

Construct a Square dicular lines at each end of line AB to
A square is a rectangle with all four sides
intersect the diagonals. Draw the last line
equal. You can construct a square in several
from the intersection of the diagonal and
ways. The method you choose depends on the
the vertical lines. Draw the lines in the
other geometry in the drawing.
order shown by the numbered arrows.
Construct a Square When the
Length of One Side Is Known
3
Use this method to construct a square
when you know the length of a side. Refer to Figure 5-31
Figure 5-31.
1 2
Constructing a
1. Given the length of the side AB, draw square given the
line AB. length of a side
2. Construct 45 diagonals from the ends of
line AB. Refer again to Figure 5-31. A B

Construct a Square Inscribed in A B
a Circle
A square or other polygon is inscribed in
O
a circle when its four corners are tangent to
the circle. Refer to Figure 5-32.
1. Draw the given circle with center point O. D C
2. Draw 45 diagonals through the center
point O to locate points A, B, C, and D.
Refer again to Figure 5-32. Figure 5-32
3. Connect points A and B, B and C, C and Constructing a square inscribed within a circle
D, and D and A to complete the square.
Construct a Square
Circumscribed in a Circle
A square or other polygon is circumscribed
O
about a circle when the square fully encloses
the circle and the circle is tangent to the square
on all four sides. Refer to Figure 5-33.
1. Draw the given circle with center point O.
2. Draw 45 diagonals through the center
Figure 5-33
point O.
3. Draw sides tangent to the circle, inter- Constructing a square circumscribed about a
circle
secting at the 45 diagonals, to complete
the square.
2. Draw line BC and extend it to make line

Construct a Pentagon CD equal to AC. Refer to Figure 5-34A
A pentagon is a ve-sided polygon. When its
for steps 1 and 2.
ve sides are exactly the same length and all
3. With radius AD and points A and B as
of its angles are equal, it is called a regular
centers, draw intersecting arcs to locate
polygon. The following methods demon-
point O (Figure 5-34B).
strate the construction of regular pentagons.
4. With the same radius and O as the cen-
Regular Pentagon When the ter, draw a circle.
5. Step off AB as a chord to locate points E,
Length of One Side Is Known F, and G. Connect the points to complete
To use this method, refer to Figure 5-34. the pentagon (Figure 5-34C).
1. Given line AB, construct a perpendicular
line AC equal to one-half of the length of
AB.
F
Figure 5-34
G E Constructing a
D D O O regular pentagon
C C given the length
of one side
A B A B A B
A B C

Inscribe a Pentagon within a 4. With C as center and radius CE, draw an
arc to locate point F.
Circle 5. Draw chord CF. This chord is one side of
Refer to Figure 5-35 for this method. the pentagon.
1. Draw the given circle with diameter AB 6. Step off chord CF around the circle
and radius OC (Figure 5-35A). The to locate points G, H, and J. Draw
diameter of a circle is the distance across the chords to complete the pentagon
the circle through its center point. (The (Figure 5-35C).
symbol for diameter is .)
2. Bisect radius OB to locate point D (Figure
5-35B).
3. With D as center and radius DC, draw an
Explain What is a regular polygon?
arc to locate point E.
C C C
F F G
O E O D O
A B A B A B
R
J H
A B C
Figure 5-35
Inscribing a regular pentagon within a circle
Construct a Hexagon 2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle,

draw the tangents in the order shown in
A hexagon is a six-sided polygon. The fol-
lowing methods demonstrate construction for Figure 5-36.
regular hexagons, which have six sides of equal
length, six internal angles of equal size, and
six external angles of equal size. 1
Construct a Regular Hexagon 5 4
When the Distance across the DISTANCE

ACROSS FLATS
Flats Is Known 3
6
This method constructs a regular hexagon
when you know the distance across the 2
ats, or sides. The distance across the ats is
the distance from the midpoint of one side
through the center point to the midpoint Figure 5-36
of the opposite side of the polygon. Refer to Constructing a regular hexagon given the
Figure 5-36. distance across the ats
1. Given the distance across the ats of a
regular hexagon, draw centerlines and a
circle with a diameter equal to the dis-
tance across the ats.

Construct a Regular Hexagon 3. Connect the points to complete the
hexagon.
When the Distance across the
Corners Is Known C D
Method 1
Use this method to construct a regular
A B
hexagon when you know the distance across
the corners. The distance across the corners
is the distance from one vertex through the
center point to the opposite vertex. Refer to F E
Figure 5-37. DISTANCE ACROSS
CORNERS
1. Given the distance AB across the corners,
draw a circle with AB as the diameter. Figure 5-37
2. With A and B as centers and the same Constructing a regular hexagon given the
radius, draw arcs to intersect the circle at distance across the corners (Method 1)
points C, D, E, and F.
Method 2 5
This construction demonstrates another 1 3

method of constructing a regular hexagon 60 30
A B
given the distance across the corners. Refer to
Figure 5-38. 4
30
1. Given the distance AB across the corners, 60 2
draw lines from points A and B at 30 to line

6
AB. The lines can be any convenient length.
2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle, Figure 5-38
draw the sides of the hexagon in the
Constructing a regular hexagon given the
order shown.
distance across the corners (Method 2)
Explain What is a at of a hexagon?
2. With the T-square and 45 triangle, draw

Construct an Octagon lines tangent to the circle in the order
An octagon is an eight-sided polygon. The
shown to complete the octagon.
following methods demonstrate the construc- 1
tion of regular octagons.
5 7
Construct an Octagon
3 4
Circumscribed about a Circle
Refer to Figure 5-39 as you follow the steps
8 6
in constructing an octagon circumscribed
2
about a circle.
1. Given the distance across the ats,
draw centerlines and a circle with a Figure 5-39
diameter equal to the distance across
Constructing a regular octagon circumscribed
the ats.
about a circle given the distance across the ats

Construct an Octagon Inscribed G
C
E
within a Circle
Refer to Figure 5-40 as you follow the 45
A B
steps for constructing an octagon inscribed
within a circle.
1. Given the distance across the corners, F H
draw centerlines AB and CD and a circle
D
with a diameter equal to the distance
across the corners.
2. With the T-square and 45 triangle, draw
Figure 5-40
diagonals EF and GH.
3. Connect the points to complete the Inscribing a regular octagon within a circle given
octagon. the distance across the corners of the octagon
C D
Construct an Octagon Inscribed
within a Square
Refer to Figure 5-41 as you follow the
O
steps to construct an octagon inscribed within
a square.
1. Given the distance across the flats, con-
struct a square having sides equal to
A B
AB.
2. Draw diagonals AD and BC with their
Figure 5-41
intersection at O. With A, B, C, and D as
centers and radius R = AO, draw arcs to Inscribing a regular octagon within a square
given the distance across the ats
intersect the sides of the square.
3. Connect the points to complete the
octagon.
Describe How many sides does an octagon

have?
(Figure 5-42A). The major axis AB and minor

Construct an Ellipse axis CD are given. They intersect at O.
An ellipse is a regular oval. It is sym-
metrical around two axes that form a right 1. With C as center and radius R = AO,
angle. The shorter axis is the minor axis, and draw an arc to locate points F1 and F2
the longer one is the major axis. This sec- (Figure 5-42A).
tion demonstrates methods for drawing an 2. Place pins at points F1, C, and F2 (Figure
ellipse. 5-42B).
3. Tie a string around the three pins and
Pin-and-String Method to remove pin C.
Construct an Ellipse 4. Put the point of a pencil in the loop and
draw the ellipse. Keep the string tight
This illustration demonstrates the use of the
when moving the pencil (Figure 5-42C).
pin-and-string method of drawing a large ellipse

C C C
O O O
A B A B A B
F1 R = AO F2 F1 F2
D D D
A B C
Figure 5-42
Constructing an ellipse by the pin-and-string method
Trammel Method to Construct 2. On the trammel, move point O along

minor axis CD and point D along major
an Ellipse axis AB and mark points at A (Figure
This method demonstrates the use of the 5-43B).
trammel to draw an ellipse. A trammel is a 3. Use a French curve or irregular curve to
piece of paper or plastic on which specic connect the points to draw the ellipse
distances have been marked off. Figure (Figure 5-43C).
5-43A shows the major axis AB and minor
axis CD, intersecting at O.
1. Cut a strip of paper or plastic to use as a
trammel. Mark off distances AO and OD
on the trammel (Figure 5-43A).
C C
a
FIRST
POSITION
A O A O B
o B
d
a o
o D
d
D D
SECOND
POSITION
A B C
a
Figure 5-43
Constructing an ellipse by the trammel method
Use of Major and Minor Axes to 1. Lay off OF and OG, each equal to AB
CD Refer again to Figure 5-44A.
Construct an Ellipse 2. Lay off OJ and OH, each equal to three-
This method constructs an approximate fourths of OF.
ellipse by using its major and minor axes. This 3. Draw and extend lines GJ, GH, FJ, and
method works when the minor axis is at least FH (Figure 5-44B).
two-thirds the size of the major axis. Figure
5-44A shows the major axis AB and minor
axis CD, intersecting at O.

4. Draw arcs with centers F and G and radii
FD and GC to the points of tangency
(Figure 5-44C).
Identify What tool is used with the trammel
5. Draw arcs with centers J and H and method?
radii JA and HB to complete the ellipse.
The points of tangency are marked T in
(Figure 5-44C).
C C C
T T
F F F
J H J H
J H
A B A B A B
O O O
G G T G T
D D D
A B C
Figure 5-44
Constructing an approximate ellipse when the minor axis is at least two-thirds the size of the major axis
Reduce or Enlarge a
Drawing
The following techniques reduce or enlarge
an existing drawing.
ENLARGED SIZE
Reduce or Enlarge a Square or E
F
Rectangular Drawing A
ORIGINAL SIZE B
If a drawing is square or rectangular, use a
REDUCED SIZE
diagonal line method to reduce or enlarge it.
Refer to Figure 5-45.
1. Draw a diagonal through corners D and B.
2. Measure the width or height you need D
G
C
along DC or DA (example: DG). DIAGONAL
3. Draw a perpendicular line from that point
(G) to the diagonal. Figure 5-45
4. Draw a line perpendicular to DE intersect- Reducing or enlarging a square or rectangular area
ing at point F.

Reduce or Enlarge a Drawing 8
A
That Is Not Square or Rectangular 7
Use this method to reduce or enlarge a 6
drawing that is not square or rectangular. 5

Refer to Figure 5-46. 8 4
7
1. Draw a grid larger or smaller than the one 6 3
shown at B. The size of the grid depends 5
2
4
on the amount of enlargement or reduc- 3
2 1
tion needed. 1
2. Use dots to mark key points on the sec- 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ond grid corresponding to points on the B C
original drawing at A.
3. Connect the points and darken the lines Figure 5-46
to complete the new drawing. Reducing or enlarging a drawing of a sailboat
Multiply pi () times the diameter of

Section 5.1 Assessment the circle. The approximate decimal
After You Read equivalent of pi is 3.1416.
Circumference = d
Self-Check Circumference = 3.1416 2.50
1. List various geometric shapes and con- Circumference = 7.85
structions used by drafters.
2. Describe one method for constructing Drafting Practice
a geometric shape.
5. Draw the gasket shown in Figure 5-47.
3. Explain how to solve technical and
Before beginning, determine an appropriate
mathematical problems through geometric
scale and sheet size. Do not dimension.
constructions using drafting instruments.
Academic Integration 2x
64 R48
24
Mathematics R24
4. Calculate Circumference Calculate

the circumference of a circle with a dia-
meter of 2.50 inches.
178
Calculating Circumference
To nd the circumference of a circle:
METRIC
DIAMETER (d) = 2.50

Figure 5-47

books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.

5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Preview In this section, you will learn to construct geomteric shapes using CAD techniques.
Content Vocabulary
object snap
ogee curve
Academic Vocabulary
Learning these words while you read this section will also help you in your other subjects
and tests.
intervals specify
Graphic Organizer
Use a diagram like the one below to organize the CAD commands discussed in the section.

Inscribe a polygon books OLC for a downloadable
version of this graphic organizer.
POLYGON
Academic Standards
English Language Arts NCTE National Council of
Teachers of English
Students employ a wide rage of strategies as they write and use dierent writing process elements NCTM National Council
appropriately to communicate with dierent audiences for a variety of purposes (NCTE) of Teachers of
Use information resources to gather information and create and communicate knowledge (NCTE) Mathematics
Mathematics
Geometry Specify location and describe spatial relationships using coordinate geometry and other
representational systems (NCTM)
Section 5.2 Applied Geometry for CAD Systems 159

specify an object snap, type the rst three let-
Using Geometry with ters of its name.
CAD Systems
What do object snaps allow a drafter to do?
The techniques for creating geometry in Explain How do you specify an object snap?
AutoCAD and other CAD programs differ sig-
nicantly from board drafting techniques.
With CAD programs, the software creates the Bisect or Divide a Line,
geometry, but you must understand the geo-
metric principles before you can direct the an Arc, or an Angle
software to create the geometry to achieve What actions do the LINE, TRIM, and
the correct result. DIVIDE commands perform?
This section consists of a series of exam-
ple exercises in which you will use CAD Lines and arcs are usually bisected to nd a
techniques to create the same geometry beginning point for a new line or arc.
described in the rst section of this chapter.
You can also use the same techniques
Bisect a Line or an Arc
described in that section. However, drafters In AutoCAD, the point that lies at the
who use CAD systems usually take advan- exact middle of a line or arc is known as the
tage of the streamlined methods when the midpoint. Because AutoCAD has a Midpoint
software offers them. By working through object snap, bisecting a line or arcnding its
these constructions, you will begin to under- midpointis simply part of the construction
stand how to draw the basic geometry in of the new line or arc.
AutoCAD. 1. Draw a line and an arc (Figure 5-48A).
To work through the constructions, open 2. Enter the LINE command, but do not
a new drawing in AutoCAD. Use the tem- enter a rst point. Instead, type MID (for
plate specied by your instructor, or start midpoint) and press Enter.
a new drawing using AutoCADs default 3. At the of prompt, select the line you
acad.dwt template. Your instructor will advise drew in step 1. Depending on the version
you on how many constructions to include in of AutoCAD you are using, you may see
each drawing le. Be sure to save your work a yellow triangle appear at the midpoint
frequently. of the line. In any case, the rst point of
the new line you are creating begins at
Object Snaps the exact midpoint of the original line,
AutoCAD has a set of features known as shown as point C in Figure 5-48B.
object snaps that allow you to snap auto-
A A D
matically to important points on any Auto-
CAD object. Object snaps you will use in this
C
section include: SNAP TO
MIDPOINT
Midpoint Intersection B B
Nearest Quadrant B B
Endpoint Perpendicular C
Center Tangent
Specifying the Intersection object snap, for
example, allows you to snap to the intersec- A A D
tion of two existing lines or arcs. This can be A B

useful if you have used two arcs to locate the
beginning of a new line. Object snaps have Figure 5-48
many other uses, too, as you will see as you Bisecting a line or arc in AutoCAD
work through the following constructions. To

4. Pick another point anywhere in the sor to draw a radius similar to the one in
drawing area and press Enter to end the Figure Figure 5-49B.
LINE command. 3. Enter the TRIM command and press
5. Repeat steps 2 through 4, but this time Enter to select all of the objects on the
select the arc in step 3. This results in a line screen automatically. Then pick any
that starts at point C and bisects the arc point on the circle outside angle AOB.
(Figure 5-48B). This procedure trims away all of the cir-
cle except for an arc that extends from
Bisect an Angle one arm of angle AOB to the other. See
The CAD method for bisecting an angle is Figure 5-49C.
very similar to the board drafting method. 4. Enter the LINE command. Use the Inter-
Refer to Figure 5-49. section object snap to place the rst
point of the line at point O. Then use the
1. Use the LINE command to draw two con-
Midpoint object snap to place the second
nected line segments to create angle AOB
point of the line at the exact midpoint of
(Figure 5-49A).
the arc. Refer again to Figure 5-49C. This
2. Enter the CIRCLE command and specify
line bisects angle AOB.
point O as its center point. Use the cur-
A A A
C C
O O O
D D
B B B
A B C
Figure 5-49
Bisecting an angle in AutoCAD
Divide a Line into Eight Equal point style from the dialog box that appears.
See Figure 5-50B.
Parts
AutoCAD includes a DIVIDE command
that divides lines, arcs, and other geometry A B
into equal parts. The following procedure

divides a line into eight equal parts. Refer to
Figure 5-50. A B
1. Draw a line of any length as in Figure

5-50A. Figure 5-50
2. Enter the DIVIDE command.
Dividing a line into equal parts in AutoCAD
3. When prompted for the number of seg-
ments, type 8 and press Enter.
Markers appear at equal intervals along
the line to divide it into eight parts. If you
cannot see these markers, you will need to
change the point style. To do so, enter DDP- Explain Why might a line or arc need to be
TYPE at the keyboard and select a different bisected?

3. Before specifying the second point of the
line, type PER to enter the Perpendicular
object snap. Then pick a point on line AB
and press Enter. The resulting line is per-
pendicular to line AB.
Presetting Object
Snaps Construct Lines Parallel to a
If you know that you will be using Given Line
certain object snaps frequently for a To create parallel lines in AutoCAD, use the
particular drawing, you can set OFFSET command. Refer to Figure 5-52.
AutoCAD to use them automatically,
without having to specify them each 1. Draw the line AB.
time you use them. Object snaps that 2. Enter the OFFSET command and enter
have been preset in this way are known an offset distance of 1. This will place the
as running object snaps. To set running second line 1 unit away from line AB.
object snaps, enter the OSNAP com- 3. When prompted to select the object to
mand. A dialog box appears. Pick the offset, pick line AB.
Object Snap tab of the dialog box to 4. When prompted for the side to offset,
see the available object snaps. Pick the pick a point anywhere above line AB. The
check boxes next to the object snaps parallel line CD appears.
you want to run automatically and pick
OK to close the dialog box. Notice that the OFFSET command is still
active. You can offset as many lines or arcs as
you want without reentering the command.
This can save time when you are working on a
technical drawing.
5. Press Enter to end the command.
Construct Lines with a
D
CAD System B B
Most CAD systems can construct a full vari- C
ety of lines. A A
Construct a Perpendicular Line Figure 5-52

Follow these steps to create a line perpen-
Creating a line parallel to a given line using the
dicular to a given line. Refer to Figure 5-51.
OFFSET command
1. Draw given line AB.
2. Reenter the LINE command and pick
point O as the rst point of the new line.
Construct a Polygon
AutoCAD provides a POLYGON command
to create regular polygons with 3 to 1,024
USE THE sides. Equilateral triangles and squares are
O
PERPENDICULAR examples of regular polygons that have three
OBJECT SNAP FOR
SECOND POINT and four sides, respectively. The constructions
B in this section use the following geometry:
square, or four-sided polygon
A pentagon, or ve-sided polygon
hexagon, or six-sided polygon
Figure 5-51
Creating a line perpendicular to a given line
Create a Square
through a point that does not lie on the given line Use this method to construct a polygon, in
this case a square, when you know the length

of one of its sides. It can be very useful when the center of the polygon to be. Instead of pick-
you need to construct a polygon that shares ing a point on the circle to dene the radius,
a line with other geometrical shapes in the enter a numerical value at the keyboard.
drawing.
1. Enter the POLYGON command, and
Circumscribe a Hexagon about
specify 4 as the number of sides. Press E a Circle
(Edge) and pick a point on the screen. This method circumscribes a hexagon
2. Either pick another point on the screen about a circle with a known center point and
for the second endpoint of the edge or radius. Refer to Figure 5-54.
use polar coordinates to specify where 1. Create the circle.
the endpoint should be. If you use polar 2. Enter the POLYGON command and
coordinates, the length of the line you specify 6 sides.
specify becomes the length of one side 3. Use the Center object snap to select the
of the square. The square appears on the center of the circle as the center point of
screen. the hexagon.
4. Enter C (Circumscribed) to circumscribe
Inscribe a Pentagon in a Circle the polygon about the circle. When
Use this method to inscribe a pentagon in prompted for the radius of the circle, use
a circle with a known center point and radius. the Nearest object snap to snap to a point
Refer to Figure 5-53. on the circle. The hexagon appears inside
1. Create the given circle. the circle, with the point you picked on
2. Enter the POLYGON command and spec- the circle as one of the vertices.
ify 5 sides.
3. Use the Center object snap to select the
center of the circle as the center point of
the pentagon.
4. Enter I (Inscribed) to inscribe the poly-
gon in the circle. When prompted for the
radius of the circle, use the Nearest object
snap to snap to a point on the circle. The
pentagon appears inside the circle with
the point you picked using the Nearest
object snap as one of the vertices.
Figure 5-54
Using the POLYGON command to circumscribe a
hexagon about a circle
You can use this method to circumscribe

a polygon about a circle even if the circle does
not exist. Follow the preceding four steps, but
for the center point, pick a point where you
Figure 5-53 want the center of the polygon to be. Instead
Using the POLYGON command to inscribe a of picking a point on the circle to dene the
regular pentagon within a circle radius, enter a numerical value at the keyboard.
You can use this method to inscribe a Construct an Ellipse

polygon in a circle even if the circle does not Of the two axes of an ellipse, the shorter
exist. Follow the preceding four steps, but for axis is the minor axis, and the longer one
the center point, pick a point where you want is the major axis. In AutoCAD, the ELLIPSE

command allows you to create ellipses FIRST AXIS
(MAJOR) THIRD
of any size by defining the axes. Refer to POINT
Figure 5-55. FIRST
POINT SECOND
1. Enter the ELLIPSE command and pick a POINT
point anywhere in the drawing area as
the rst endpoint of the rst axis.
2. Pick another point as the second end- SECOND AXIS
(MINOR)
point of the rst axis.
3. As the ellipse begins to appear on the Figure 5-55
screen, select a third point to specify the
Using the ELLIPSE command.
other axis.
Notice that you do not have to specify
two points for the second axis. When
you specify the third point, AutoCAD
calculates the last point automatically, so
that the second axis is at right angle to
the rst.
Note that you can control the orientation

Copy an Angle of the angle by entering a numerical value
for the angle of rotation instead of using the
of copying a given angle to a new location
cursor.
and orientation. Refer to Figure 5-56.
1. Draw the angle AOB (Figure 5-56A).
2. Enter the COPY command and use a
window to select both arms of the angle.
To do this, pick a point below and to the A B C
A A A
right of the angle, and then pick another
point above and to the left of the angle. O O ORIGINAL O ORIGINAL
The selected lines become dashed to
show that they are selected. Press Enter
B B B
to proceed to the next prompt.
C P
3. For the point of displacement, pick
point O.
P COPY
4. When asked for the second point of dis-
ROTATED
placement, pick another point anywhere COPY C
D
on the screen. An exact copy of angle D
AOB appears (Figure 5-56B). Press Enter

to end the COPY command. Figure 5-56
5. To change the orientation of the sec- Copying and changing the orientation of an angle
ond angle, enter the ROTATE command, in AutoCAD.
select both legs of the second angle, and
press Enter.
6. Specify a point anywhere on the angle
as the base point. This is the point about
which the angle will rotate.
Contrast How can you control the orientation
7. Move the cursor to reposition the angle of an angle other than by using the cursor?
at a new orientation (Figure 5-56C).

3. Create a second circle with the same
Construct a Triangle radius, placing its center point at point B
This type of polygon can be created using
Refer again to Figure 5-57B.
the LINE command as described in the fol-
4. Enter the LINE command and enter END
lowing methods. Note: The POLYGON com-
to use the Endpoint object snap to place
mand is usually used to create an equilateral
the rst point of the line at point A.
triangle.
Use the Intersection object snap to place
the second point of the line at the upper
Construct an Isosceles Triangle intersection of the two circles. Then use
The following method is for constructing the Endpoint object snap for point B. See
an isosceles triangle. Refer to Figure 5-57. Figure 5-57C.
1. Draw the given base line AB (Figure 5. Erase the two circles. The remaining tri-
5-57A). angle is an isosceles triangle.
2. Create a circle with its center point at
point A and a radius equal to the length
of the sides you want. See Figure 5-57B.
USE INTERSECTION
VERTEX OBJECT SNAP
R R
BASE
A B A B A B
B C
Figure 5-57
Constructing an isosceles triangle using AutoCAD
Construct a Right Triangle 3. Use the Endpoint object snap to place

Construct a right triangle using this method the third point at point A, completing
when you know the length of two sides of the the right triangle.
triangle. In this construction, sides AB and BC C
are given. Side AB is 2.50 units long, and side BC
is 3.25 units long. Refer to Figure 5-58.
@3.25<90
1. Draw side AB using the LINE command USE ENDPOINT 2

OBJECT SNAP
and polar coordinates: @2.50<0. Leave 3
the LINE command active.
A @2.50<0 B
2. Specify the coordinates for side BC:
@3.25<90. This creates line BC perpendic- 1
ular, to side AB. Leave the LINE command

active. Figure 5-58
Constructing a right triangle in AutoCAD given
the length of two sides

Construct Tangents
You already know several methods for creating
a circle:
specify a center point and a radius
substitute the diameter for the radius by Object Tracking
pressing the D key before entering the The process for extending a
numerical value line that is described in step 4 of
specify two points on the diameter of the Construct a Tangent Line is known as
circle object tracking. If this does not seem
specify three points on the diameter of the
to work for you, enter the OSNAP
command, go to the Object Snap tab,
circle
and make sure the Object Snap Track-
AutoCAD also allows you to create a circle ing On box is checked. If this option is
that is tangent to two other objects in AutoCAD not available in your version of Auto-
by specifying the tangent objects and a value CAD, you can achieve the same eect
for the radius of the circle. As you may recall, a by using the EXTEND command.
line is tangent to a circle if the line touches the
circle at one point only. Refer to Figure 5-59.
1. Before you can use this option, you must
have at least two lines in the drawing to
specify as tangents. Use the LINE com- (5.00,7.50)
mand to create the two lines. Use coor- (6.00,7.00)
dinate values to place the endpoints of

the lines at the coordinates shown in the
illustration.
2. Enter the CIRCLE command. Enter T at (2.50,5.50)
the keyboard to select the tan tan radius
(6.50,5.00)
(Ttr) option.
3. At the appropriate prompts, pick any- Figure 5-59
where on the two lines as the two tan- Creating a circle tangent to two other objects
gents. Specify a radius of 1.00. The circle given the radius of the circle.
appears as in Figure 5-59.
Construct a Tangent Line same general direction. AutoCAD displays

Because AutoCAD has a Tangent object an Extension message that shows the
snap, creating tangent lines is fairly easy. Refer length and angle of the extended line.
to Figure 5-60. P
TANGENT
1. Draw a circle anywhere in the drawing POINT
area using the cursor to specify any radius.
2. Enter the LINE command. Pick any point
outside the circle as the rst point of the
line.
3. Enter the Tangent object snap and move
the cursor near the circle. Select a point
on the circle. The line automatically Figure 5-60
snaps to the tangent point on the circle. Using the Tangent object snap to create a line
4. To extend the line beyond the tangent tangent to a circle.
point, keep moving the cursor in the

2. Use the OFFSET command to offset both
lines 1 unit to the inside.
Summarize How do you create a circle that 3. Enter the ARC command. At the prompt,
is tangent to two other objects in AutoCAD? enter C (Center), and use the Intersec-
tion object snap to snap to the intersec-
tion of the two lines you offset in step 2.
Construct a Tangent Arc 4. Use the Perpendicular object snap to
AutoCAD has an ARC command that gives place the ends of the arc perpendicular
CAD users great exibility in creating arcs. to lines AB and CD (Figure 5-61B).
However, sometimes the best solution is to use
the tan tan radius option of the CIRCLE com-
mand, trimming away the unneeded parts of A D A D
the circle. This section illustrates a few of the 1
1
ways to create arcs in AutoCAD. O O
Construct an Arc Tangent to B B

Two Lines C C
The procedure for constructing an arc tan- A B
gent to two lines in AutoCAD is similar to the
board drafting procedure. In CAD, the pro- Figure 5-61
cedure is the same whether the angle is an Using AutoCAD to create an arc tangent to two
acute, obtuse, or right angle. Therefore, only lines
an acute angle is shown in Figure 5-61.
1. Draw given lines AB and CD (Figure
5-61A).
Construct an Arc Tangent to C
Two Given Arcs TANGENT

POINT 2
This method uses the CIRCLE command
TANGENT D
to construct an arc tangent to two given arcs. POINT 1
B
Refer to Figure 5-62.

1. Enter the ARC command and follow the
prompts to enter the start point, second
point, and endpoint of arcs AB and CD. The
A
radii of the arcs may be equal or unequal. BREAK
2. Enter the CIRCLE command. At the POINTS
prompt, enter T (tan tan radius). Select

points on the given arcs near the tangent Figure 5-62
locations. Note that you have only to Using the CIRCLE command to construct an arc
pick a point somewhere near the tangent tangent to two given arcs
point. AutoCAD calculates the exact tan-
gents for you.
3. Specify a radius of 1.50 to make the tan-
gent circle appear.
4. Enter the BREAK command, and pick
two points on the circle to break the arc
out of the circle. Use the ERASE com- Determine How does the CAD procedure
mand to erase the unwanted portion of for constructing an arc tangent to two lines
the circle. The remaining arc is tangent dier for acute, obtuse, and right angles?
to the two given arcs.
4. Create two circles. For the rst, use the
Construct an Ogee Curve intersection of the vertical line from
An ogee curve is a reverse curve that looks
point B and the lower perpendicular as
something like an S. The CAD procedure for
the center point. For the radius, enter
drawing an ogee curve is similar to the board
the Endpoint object snap and snap to
drafting procedure. Refer to Figure 5-63.
point E. For the second circle, use the
1. With Ortho on, draw lines AB and CD intersection of the vertical line from
(Figure 5-63A). Then turn Ortho off point C and the upper perpendicular as
and use the Endpoint object snap with the center point. For the radius, use the
the LINE command to draw line BC. Endpoint object snap to snap to point
2. Enter the BREAK command. This com- E. It does not matter if the circles extend
mand is used to break a single line, arc, off the screen. (Figure 5-63C).
circle, or other geometry into two distinct 5. Notice that the two circles are tangent to
objects. At the prompt, enter F (First), and each other at point E. One circle is also
use the Nearest object snap to pick a point tangent to line AB, and the other is tan-
E on line BC through which the curve is gent to line CD. To nish the ogee curve,
to pass. Refer again to Figure 5-63. Line BC enter the TRIM command, press Enter to
becomes two lines: BE and EC. select all of the objects, and trim away
3. Construct perpendiculars at the mid- the unwanted parts of the circles. Erase
points of lines BE and EC. The length of lines BE, EC, and the vertical and perpen-
the perpendicular lines does not matter. dicular lines. See Figure Figure 5-63D
Erase any circles or arcs used for con- for the nished curve.
struction before continuing to step 4
(Figure 5-63B).
BREAK
POINT C D C D
E E
A B A B
A B
C D C D
E E
A B A B
C D
Figure 5-63
Creating an ogee curve in AutoCAD.

3. The base point is the point around which
Reduce or Enlarge a the scaling will occur. Use the Center
Drawing object snap to select the center of the cir-
To change the size of objects in an Auto- cles for the base point.
CAD drawing, you can use the SCALE com- 4. Enter a scale factor of .75 to scale the cir-
mand. Note that this process is different from cles to 75% of their original size (Figure
using the ZOOM command to make objects 5-64B). You can check their size by using
on the screen appear larger or smaller. It is also the grid, remembering that the dots on
different from choosing a standard scale in the grid are spaced at intervals of .50.
paper space to scale a drawing for printing.
When you use the SCALE command, you
change the actual dimensions of the objects
you see on the screen. You can scale all of the
objects in the drawing at once or scale only
those objects that you select.
This construction demonstrates the effect
of scaling objects in AutoCAD. Refer to
Figure 5-64. A B
1. Set the snap and grid to .50. Use the
snap, grid, and coordinate display to
Figure 5-64
create two concentric circles (both with Using the SCALE command to enlarge or reduce
the same center point). Make the radius the physical size of a drawing in AutoCAD.
of one circle 2.00 units, and make the
radius of the second circle 1.00 unit Notice that you must enter a decimal frac-
(Figure 5-64A). tion. The number 1 stands for 100%, or full
2. Enter the SCALE command. Pick both size. If you enter 75, the circles will enlarge to
circles to scale, and press Enter. 75 times their original size.
Section 5.2 Assessment Academic Integration

English Language Arts
After You Read
3. Read the following content vocabulary
and technical terms from this chapter.
Self-Check Organize the terms using one of them as
1. Describe how technical and mathemat- the heading under which the others are
ical problems related to geometric con- listed as examples.
structions can be solved using CAD.
isosceles equilateral
2. Explain how to reduce or enlarge the
triangle scalene
physical size (dimensions) of a drawing
using CAD.
Drafting Practice
Repeat the board drafting practice
in Section 5.1, this time using CAD
techniques.

books OLC for help with this
drafting practice.

5 Review and Assessment
Chapter Summary
Section 5.1 Section 5.2
Geometry is the study of the size and Using CAD object snaps for geometric
shape of objects and their relationship to constructions greatly increase the ef-
each other. ciency of the drawing process and reduces
Drafters, surveyors, engineers, architects, the time involved in preparing accurate,
scientists, mathematicians, and design- high-quality drawings.
ers use geometric constructions to show In CAD, many commands are available
proper relationships between individual for drawing basic geometric shapes.
lines and points. Examples include CIRCLE, POLYGON,
Geometric shapes discussed in this ARC, and ELLIPSE.
chapter include lines, triangles, squares,
circles, arcs, angles, pentagons, hexagons,
polygons.
The most important principles of
drafting include accuracy. Work that is
not accurate may give designers wrong
information.
Review Content Vocabulary and Academic Vocabulary

1. Use each of these content and academic vocabulary words in a sentence or drawing.
Content Vocabulary polygon (p. 144) Academic Vocabulary
geometry (p. 135) inscribe (p. 152) accurate (p. 135)
geometric construction (p. 137) circumscribe (p. 152) methods (p. 139)
vertex (p. 138) regular polygon (p. 152) intervals (p. 161)
bisect (p. 138) ellipse (p. 155) specify (p. 163)
perpendicular (p. 139) object snap (p. 160)
parallel (p. 139) ogee curve (p. 168)
Review Key Concepts

2. List geometric shapes that drafters use.
3. Demonstrate how to construct various geometric shapes accurately.
4. Describe how technical and mathematical problems related to geometric constructions can
be solved using board-based drafting.
5. Describe how technical and mathematical problems related to geometric constructions can
be solved in a computer environment.
6. List the steps involved in using geometry to enlarge or to change a drawings proportions.

Engineering
7. What do Engineers Do? Prep
Websters Dictionary denes engineering
Multiple Choice Question For
Directions Choose the letter
as the application of science and mathemat-
of the best answer. Write the
ics by which the properties of matter and the
letter for the answer on a
sources of energy in nature are made useful to
separate piece of paper.
people. According to the National Academy
10. Which of the following is an example
of Engineering (NAE), there are more than
of a polygon?
two million practicing engineers in the United
A. Circle
States. What are all these engineers doing? In
B. Angle
what ways are engineers making things use-
C. Triangle
ful for people? Using the Internet or library,
D. Parallel Line
research a type of engineering, such as archi-
tectural or biomedical engineering. Then write
a one-page paper, summarizing what makes TEST-TAKING TIP
the eld of engineering important and name In a multiple-choice test, the answers
one major innovator working in the eld. should be specic and precise. Read the
question rst, then read all the answer
choices before you choose. Eliminate
answers that you know are incorrect.
8. Productivity and Accountability
You and a classmate have been assigned a
project that represents a signicant part of
your grade. You are both to participate equally
Win
in completing it. The two of you agree to the Competitive
parts for which each will be responsible. You
nished your work, but your partner did not. Events
How do you handle this situation? Prepare a 11. Technical Math
bulleted list to show your options, to use as a Organizations such as SkillsUSA offer a
basis for a class discussion. variety of architectural, career, and draft-
ing competitions. Completing activities
such as the one below will help you pre-
Mathematics pare for these events.
9. Calculate Area Activity Complete the STEM Math-
Determine the area of a triangle with a base ematics exercise on this page. Then team
of 6 inches and a height of 2 inches. with a partner and check each others
work, going over any concepts that
Calculating Area might be unclear.
To nd the area of a triangle, multiply the
base (b) times the height (h) and divide by Go to glencoe.com for this books
two. Area = bh/2. OLC for more information about
competitive events.
ALTITUDE (h)
BASE (b)
2"
6"
Review and Assessment 171

5 Problems
Drafting Problems
The problems in this chapter can be per-
formed using board drafting or CAD tech-
niques. The problems are presented in order
of difculty, from least to most difcult.
Problems 1 through 18 are designed for work-
ing four problems on an A-size sheet, laid out
as shown in Figure 5-65. Draw each problem
three times the size shoown. If you are using
board drafting, use dividers to pick up the Figure 5-65
dimensions from the problems, and step off
each measurement three times. If you are using
a CAD system, use a scale to measure the dimen- 9. Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure
sions, and create the geometry in the CAD sys- 5-66I. Inscribe a square in the circle.
tem at three times the measured size.
10. Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure

1. Draw and bisect line AB Figure 5-66A. 5-66I. Inscribe a regular pentagon in the
circle.
2. Draw line AB Figure 5-66B. Construct a
perpendicular at point P. 11. Draw a circle with a 3 diameter Figure
5-66I. Circumscribe a regular hexagon
3. Draw line AB Figure 5-66C. Divide line about the circle.
AB into ve equal parts.
4. Draw line AB Figure 5-66D. Construct 5-66I. Circumscribe a regular octagon
line CD through point P so that CD is par- about the circle.
allel to AB and equal in length to line AB.
5. Draw angle ABC Figure 5-66E. Bisect 5-66J. Construct a tangent line through
angle ABC. point P.
6. Draw angle ABC Figure 5-66F. Copy 14. Locate points A, B, and C on the drawing
the angle in a new location, beginning sheet Figure 5-66K. Construct a circle
with line A1B1. through these three points.
7. Draw base line AB Figure 5-66G. Con- 15. Draw the two lines shown in Figure
struct an isosceles triangle using base line 5-66L. Construct an arc having a radius
AB and sides equal to line CD. R tangent to the two lines.
8. Draw base line AB Figure 5-66H. Con- 16. Draw the two arcs shown in Figure
struct a triangle on base AB with sides 5-66M. Construct an arc having a radius
equal to BC and AC. R tangent to the rst two arcs.

17. Draw a 3.00 square Figure 5-66N. Construct a regular octagon within the square.
18. Construct an ellipse that has a 4.00 major axis and a 2.50 minor axis Figure 5-66O.
B P
A B
30
A B C
A B1
A
A1
P C
B
B B A
D E F
D
C
C
A BASE B C A BASE BB A
G H I
R
P
B
A
J K L
MAJOR AXIS
R
M N O
Figure 5-66
Problems 173
5 Problems
Problems 19 through 24: These problems

provide additional practice in geometric con- 21. Draw the adjustable fork shown in
structions. They are designed to be drawn Figure 5-69. Use the following dimen-
one per drawing sheet. Before beginning each sions: A = 220 mm; B = 80 mm; C =
drawing, determine an approximate scale and 40 mm; D = 27 mm; E = 64 mm; F =
sheet size. Do not add dimensions to your 20 mm; G = 8 mm; H = 10 mm.
drawing. G F
H
19. Draw the handwheel shown in Figure
5-67. Use the following dimensions: E
C D
A = 7.00; B = 6.12; C = 5.50; D
= R1.25; E = 2.00; F = 1.00; G
B
(keyway) = .20 wide .10 deep; H = A
.38; I = R.38; J = R.20; K = 1.00. METRIC
A Figure 5-69
B
H I C
G D
F E
22. Draw the rod support shown in Figure
5-70.
K
J
Figure 5-67 R3.50 5.50

1.06
3 HOLES R1.00
20. Draw the combination wrench shown in

Figure 5-68. Use the following dimen-
sions: square: 1.00; octagon: 1.38 across 2.75
7.62
ats; isosceles triangle: 2.75 base, 2.00
sides; pentagon: inscribed within 1.38
circle; hexagon: 1.25 across ats. If you Figure 5-70
are using board drafting techniques, do
not erase construction lines.
R1.25
2.50 3.50 3.00 3.00

12.00
Figure 5-68
23. Draw the adjustable table support shown 24. Draw the tilt scale shown in Figure 5-72.
in Figure 5-71. Use the following dimensions: AB = 44
mm; AX = 66 mm; AC = 140 mm; AD =
R1.00 184 mm; AE = 216 mm; AF = 222 mm;
AG = 236 mm; H = R24 mm; I = R16 mm;
R.38
60? J = R5 mm; K = 12 mm.
R7.00 20 30 G
1 70 60 40
R1.62 0 50 45 F
J 90 E
R.75 50 D
R1.00
15? 45 C
R.38 45
.75 4.00
8.00
Figure 5-72
B
I K
Figure 5-71
A
H
X METRIC
Design Problems
Design problems have been prepared to challenge individual students or
teams of students. In these problems, you will apply skills learned mostly in
this chapter but also in other chapters throughout the text. The problems are
designed to be completed using board drafting, CAD, or a combination of the
two. Be creative and have fun!
Challenge Your Creativity

2. Design an octagon-shaped jewelry box
1. Design an educational toy to help tod- with a hinged lid. The overall size should
dlers develop manual dexterity, spatial not exceed 160 mm across the corners
relationships, and color association. The of the octagon by 90 mm high. Material:
toy should be similar to Figure 5-73, but optional. Do not dimension.
expanded to include at least six geomet-
ric shapes of different colors. Material: 1 Teamwork
thick pine.
3. Design and draw a cover for your 8.50
11.00 or 11.003 17.00 set of technical
drawings. Use various geometric shapes in
the design. Geometric shapes, such as cir-
cles, squares, hexagons, octagons, ellipses,
2 2
etc., can be used to enhance the design.
Use colors where desired. Use block letters
to add information on the cover, such as
your name, the school name, the course
title, the instructors name, and the year.
Figure 5-73
Problems 175
UNIT 1
Hands-On Math Project
Create a Logo for Your Own Business

Your Project Assignment TIP! A logo will be used to promote your
Explore the opportunities to become an business and give it an identity. It should
entrepreneur by working as a freelance draft- be eye-catching, simple, and speak to the
sperson from your home. Create a logo for your needs of your potential customers.
business. Prepare three nished drawings of your logo
Use what you have learned in Chapters 15 at three different sizes.
to create a plan for starting your own freelance
business. Your challenge is to: Applied Skills
Identify opportunities for employment as List and categorize the opportunities you
an independent draftsperson by researching uncover in your research. Include contact
local classied ads and regional and national information for each company, information
online job search sites. about qualications and requirements, type
Choose a focus for your home-based business of company, and the nature of the work.
based on your interests and abilities. Will Outline the educational requirements, and
your clients be manufacturing companies, identify schools or programs where you could
engineering rms, or architects? Are you obtain the necessary training.
stronger at board drafting, or computer-aided
Write a paragraph or two about your interests
drafting? and abilities. Discuss why you chose the focus
Explain the educational requirements for the for your business that you did.
kind of work you have chosen.
List the steps, materials, and tools you used to
Create nished drawings for a business create the drawings for your logo. Explain the
logo to use on stationery, business cards procedure you used to reduce or enlarge your
brochures, etc. initial drawing to create three versions.
The Math Behind the Project

The primary math skills you will use to com-
plete this project are geometry modeling, algebra,
and measurement. To get you started, remember
Math Standards
these key concepts, and follow this example:
Geometry Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and GeometryRatio, Proportion,
geometric modeling to solve problems (NCTM)
and Scale
Problem Solving Solve problems that arise in To understand how to reduce or enlarge the
mathematics and other contexts (NCTM) size of a drawing, think about the terms ratio,
proportion, and scale. A ratio is a comparison
NCTM National Council of Teachers of Mathematics of two numbers. For example, a rectangle has a

length of 2 inches and width of 3 inches. The unknown quantity. For example, consider this
ratio of length to width is 2/3. problem:
When two ratios are equal, they form a pro- What is the length of a rectangle 6 inches
portion. One way to determine whether two wide that is proportional to another rectangle
ratios form a proportion is to check their cross 2 inches wide and 3 inches long?
products. For example, to nd out if a 2/3 rect- Use l to represent the length of the enlarged
angle is proportional to a 6/8 rectangle, multiply rectangle drawn to scale.
the numerator of each ratio by the denominator
6
2 = __
__ 2l = 6 3 2l = 18 l=9
of the other. If the resulting products are equal, 3 l
the gures are proportional.
The length should be 9 inches.
6
2 ? __
__ 28?63 16 18 To determine the scale factor of the enlarged
3 8 drawing, write a ratio comparing similar sides,
Since the products are not equal, the rectan- and reduce. For example, 6/2 or 9/3. In both
gles are not proportional. In other words, they cases, the ratios reduce to 3. When a gure is
are not drawn to scale. enlarged, the scale factor is greater than one.
When two similar gures are identical in size,
Solving Proportion Problems the scale factor is equal to one. When a gure is
To use proportions to solve problems, set reduced, the scale factor is less than one.
up two ratios using a letter symbol for the
Designers of Famous Logos

In the United States and around the world, famil-
iar corporate logos dot the landscape. You can spot
your favorite fast food restaurant or gas station from
far away because their powerful logos are easy to rec-
ognize and prominently displayed. What makes these
symbols so eective? Who designed them?
One of the most inuential logo designers of the
twentieth century is Milton Glaser. He designed the
famous I Love New York logo. He also designed the
bullet you see on DC Comics. A good logo catches
the eye. It may also say something about the product
or service oered, or make the observer curious.
Research Activity Find out more about Milton Gla-

ser and the things he has designed. What characteris-
tics do his logos and other objects have in common?
Also research the principles behind good logo design.
Write a one-page summary of your ndings.
Bonus! Incorporate the principles of good logo

design into your creation.
Unit 1 Hands-On Math Project 177

Car Culture/Corbis
UNIT 1 Hands-On Math Project
Project Steps: enlarge or reduce it so you have three ver-

sions: one should be sized for use on a busi-
Design Your Future! ness card, one for use on stationery, and one
for use on a Web site.
STEP 1 Research
TEAMWORK Collaborate: Ask a classmate
to review the design of your logo before you
Explain the type of drafting work you are best
continue. Ask for feedback on the technical
suited for and most interested in pursuing.
aspects of your drawing as well as the overall
Look for job opportunities in local classied concept.
ads and on the Internet. Make phone calls
to these companies to nd out more about
available opportunities. STEP 4 Present
Phone other similar rms in your area and
ask if they ever hire outside rms to handle Prepare a presentation combining your
any of their drafting needs. research with your completed drawings using
the checklist below.
Find out more about logo design and think
about what you want to communicate with
your logo. Presentation Checklist
TIP! Write a script, and practice your phone Did you remember to
inquiry skills before you call prospective clients.
state your objectives for your business?
STEP 2 Plan describe the services you will oer?
show and discuss your logo?
Dene and write out your overall goal for explain the process you used to create the
this project. logo and what you hope to achieve with it?
Gather the appropriate supplies and tools for describe the services you will oer?
board drafting. show and discuss your logo?
Set up to prepare your drawing le with
explain the process you used to create the
AutoCAD. logo and what you hope to achieve with it?
show your preliminary sketches and explain
Refer to the Math Concepts on the how you created your logo?
previous page, or go to glencoe.com
for this books OLC for more informa- demonstrate the basic sketch or CAD drawing?
tion on the math concepts used in show the three versions of your logo and
this project. explain how they could be used?
review the drafting principles involved in
completing your logo?
STEP 3 Apply explain any problems you encountered and
how you overcame them?
Make several preliminary sketches of ideas turn in your research and planning notes to
you have for your logo. your teacher?
Complete one version of your logo, then

STEP 5 Build Your Portfolio
The purpose of a portfolio is to showcase your

education and examples of your work and
accomplishments. The purpose of a portfolio is to showcase
Organize your drawings in a manner that will your education and examples of your
show your ideas well. work and accomplishments. A typical
portfolio might include the following:
Attach a written introduction and a descrip-
tion of your design. Career summary and goals
Rsum
List of accomplishments
STEP 6 Evaluate Your Technical Education and certications
Skills Samples of your work
Job or Job-shadowing experience
Assess yourself before and after your
presentation.
Getting Started
1. Is your research thorough? To prepare the written components for
your portfolio, you will need access to a
2. Did you plan your steps carefully?
computer with Microsoft Word, Pages,
3. Did you organize your visuals so that they
or other word processing application.
showcase your ideas? Use this software to create the written
4. Is your presentation creative and effective? components of your portfolio.
5. During your presentation, do you make
eye contact and speak clearly enough? 1. Career summary and goals:
Prepare a brief summary of your
specic career goals. Describe the
Rubrics Go to glencoe.com to this industry or job that interests you.
books OLC for a printable evaluation
rubric and Academic Assessment. 2. Rsum: If you have not already
done so, use the information from
Chapter 1 to prepare your rsum.
Include in your rsum a list of
accomplishments, education, and
certications you hold.
3. Samples of your work: Now that
you have completed your business
planning and design project for this
unit, include your drawings as sam-
ples of your work in your portfolio.
Save Your Work

In the following Units, you will add more
elements to your portfolio. Keep items
you want to save for your portfolio in a
special folder as you progress through
this class.
Unit 1 Hands-On Math Project 179

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Geometry For Drafting

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Geometry For Drafting

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5 Geometry for Drafting

Architect Zaha Hadids designs for the Cincinnati

She totally got what we were trying to do, said

Academic Skills and Abilities

Go to glencoe.com for this books OLC to learn more

Bisect Construct Lines Construct

134 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

What do you need to be able to understand

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 135

SEMI-CIRCLE TANGENT ARC

CONCENTRIC CIRCLES ECCENTRIC CIRCLES

EQUAL OPPOSITE SIDES 7 SIDES 8 SIDES

EQUAL SIDES OPPOSITE SIDES

RHOMBUS RHOMBOID NONAGON DECAGON

TWO SIDES 12 SIDES

TRAPEZOID TRAPEZIUM DODECAGON

136 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Geometry Formulas The diameter of a circle is 15. What is the

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 137

points. Therefore, line AB is a line segment LINE AB

Explain How is the Pythagorean theorem

Bisect a Line, an Arc, or 2. With points A and B as centers and any

138 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

1. Construct a line of any length at A per-

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 139

1. Draw line AB and point O (Figure 5-9A).

140 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Method 3 2. Place the T-square and triangle (Figure

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 141

intersecting line AB to locate point C

142 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Method 3 3. Draw a parallel line CD tangent to the

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 143

1. Draw base line AB (Figure 5-17A).

144 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Method 3 2. Draw a line perpendicular to AB at B

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 145

Method 5 3. Connect both ends of line AB with point

146 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

2. Draw a line perpendicular to line OA at P

1. Given a circle with center point O and tan-

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 147

Method 4 2. Draw a circle with center O1 and a radius

148 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

1. Given lines AB and CD (Figure 5-28A),

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 149

Construct an Arc Tangent to 2. Draw an arc with center O1 and radius =

150 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

3. Complete the square by drawing perpen-

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 151

2. Draw line BC and extend it to make line

152 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Construct a Hexagon 2. With the T-square and 30-60 triangle,

Construct a Regular Hexagon 5 4

When the Distance across the DISTANCE

Section 5.1 Applied Geometry for Board Drafting 153

This construction demonstrates another 1 3

1. Given the distance AB across the corners, 60 2

draw lines from points A and B at 30 to line

Explain What is a at of a hexagon?

2. With the T-square and 45 triangle, draw

154 Chapter 5 Geometry for Drafting

Describe How many sides does an octagon