December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts b1063-index

INDEX
Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

-caprolactam, 315 benzene alkylation with long-chain

13
C CP/MAS NMR, 68, 69 n-alkenes, 229
13
C NMR, 52, 68, 73, 95 benzene oxidation to phenol, 28, 223,
1
H NMR, 52, 68, 74, 78 324
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31
P NMR, 95
129
Xe NMR, 95
acetylation
of anisole, 122, 199
of aromatic substrates, 15, 310
acid site density, 205, 283, 284
acid strength, 26, 203, 283, 284, 286
active sites, 21, 23, 35
AEL, 22
agglomeration of Pt particles, 298
aggregation of Ti(IV), 308
alkane hydroisomerization, 147
AlphOx process, 28
aluminophosphates: AlPOs, 19
ammoximation of ketones, 317
anchoring sites for Pt, 299
aromatic acylation, 310
aromatization of n-alkanes C+ 6 , 29,
147, 293
Aromax, 293
auto-inhibition, 5, 305, 308, 310, 321
BaeyerVilliger oxidation, 327
balance between hydrogenating and
acidic functions, 197, 257, 261
basic sites, 295
basic zeolites, 142
BEA, 22, 28, 62
Beckmann rearrangement, 314, 315
bifunctional catalysis, 103, 197
bifunctional catalysts, 5, 29, 107, 197,
253, 265
binder, 239
bridging hydroxyls (OH), 24, 26, 141
Brnsted acid sites, 90, 91
C8 aromatic isomerization, 107
cage topology, 286
CaLTA (5A), 121
CaLTA (5A) adsorbent, 116
CAPEX (capital expenditure), 185
carbenium and carbonium ion
chemistry, 155
carbonaceous deposits, 51, 57, 226
catalyst lifetime, 13, 14, 41, 42, 184,
276, 281, 282, 300, 325
catalyst loading strategy, 183
CHA, 22
characterization of spent catalysts,
47, 48
chemical alterations, 4, 139, 149
chemical processes, 20
chemisorption, 83, 90, 94
coke, 51, 71, 72, 115, 119, 120, 218,
276
catalyst-to-oil, 244
combustion, 12, 15, 139, 149, 242,
243
composition, 52, 71, 78

335
December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts
336
conradson, 244
formation, 7, 127, 155, 249, 269,
319
high-temperature, 128, 130, 218
hydrocracking, 227
insoluble, 75, 76, 123127, 319, 325
location, 52, 84
low-temperature, 119, 129, 226
maker molecules, 122, 196, 197,
Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
260, 261
oxidation, 58, 218221
precursor, 122, 128, 153, 156159,
196, 199, 201, 208, 214, 274
reactive, 278
removal, 217, 316
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retention, 117, 123, 128, 202
reversible, 116, 120
soluble, 73, 74, 124, 319, 325
thermal, 244
coking, 4, 6, 7, 51, 195, 254, 261, 263,
274, 298
combustion promoters, 243, 248
concentration eect, 33
connement eect, 33
conradson coke, 244
contaminant metals, 247
continuous catalyst regeneration, 275
crystal size, 21, 201, 209, 210, 262,
276, 277, 285, 286, 300, 323, 325
CsY, 142
deactivated external surface, 323
deactivating eect of coke, 152, 161,
166, 210212, 214, 276
deactivating species, 10, 51, 53
deactivation, 6, 11, 13, 43, 217, 304
independent, 42, 45
irreversible, 6, 7, 43, 246
non-selective, 8
parallel, 42
reversible, 243
series, 42, 45
side by side, 42, 45
deactivation function, 152154, 161
deactivation tests, 44
accelerated, 45
small-scale, 44, 48
b1063-index
Index
dealumination, 23, 27, 144, 247
decrease in selectivity, 8
deep desulphurization of diesel fuels,
111
dehydrogenative coupling, 127
desilication, 23
destruction of dichloromethane, 140
deuteroacetonitrile (as probe
molecule), 93
dewaxing, 31, 107
diusion limitations, 259, 265
DRX, 84
electron energy-loss spectroscopy
(EELS), 60, 71, 94
electron microscopy, 84, 95
electron spin resonance (ESR)
spectroscopy, 52, 60, 70
elemental analysis, 53
EMT, 89, 90
engineering practice, 14
epoxidation
of alkenes, 319
of cyclohexene, 321
of crotyl alcohol, 321
of propene, 319
of terpenes, 321
ERI, 22
ethylbenzene transformation, 93
ethylene oligomerization, 9, 61
EUO, 22
EXAFS, 94, 95, 110
ex situ regeneration, 263
extraframework aluminium species
(EFAL), 27, 91, 144, 203, 204
FAU, 12, 21, 22, 58, 59, 62, 74, 90,
108, 120, 121, 238
Fe-containing MFI catalysts, 28
feed contaminants, 5, 236, 249
feed impurities, 101, 112
feed purication, 182
FER, 22, 95
uid catalytic cracking (FCC), 5, 8,
12, 14, 43, 44, 58, 59, 105107, 116,
144, 145, 155, 175, 178, 190, 191,
221, 235
December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts
Index
fouling, 4, 7, 305, 308, 319, 322
Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), 10, 60, 66, 94
GC/MS, 71, 73, 74, 78, 121
growth of Pt cluster, 299
H2 chemisorption, 94
H2 O2 (oxidation with), 317, 321, 323,
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327, 329
H/C, 5254, 57, 60
HBEA, 28, 123, 310, 316
HERI, 86, 132, 134
heterogeneity test, 306
HFAU, 26, 58, 64, 66, 71, 74, 8587,
90, 92, 106, 110, 122, 124, 125,
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131134, 310, 316
HFER, 34, 56, 62, 66, 67, 70, 71, 74,
93, 127
hierarchical pore architectures, 23
high throughput techniques, 46, 47
highly siliceous HMFI, 315, 316
HMFI, 9, 26, 6365, 71, 76, 86, 87,
124, 125, 131, 132, 310
HMOR, 26, 61, 68, 70, 86, 92, 110,
132, 134
HMWW, 92
HOFF, 71, 88
hot spots, 243
hot-ltration heterogeneity test, 305,
307
HPLC, 73
hydrocarbon pool mechanism, 278,
279
hydrocracking, 105, 107, 253255,
257, 259
hydrodesulphurization, 108
hydrogen reactivation treatment, 225
hydrogen spillover, 111
hydrogen-oxygen titration, 94
hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity, 27
hydrophobic, 314, 327
hydrothermal stability, 144, 247, 249
hydrotreating process, 43
ideal bifunctional catalysis, 259
ideal bifunctional catalyst, 265
b1063-index
337
infrared (IR), 52, 60, 62, 64, 67, 73,
78, 90, 94
insoluble coke, 75, 76, 123127, 319,
325
iron-containing MFI zeolites, 324
IRTF, 74, 84, 91
isobutane/butene alkylation, 62, 66,
74, 200, 226
isobutane/olen alkylation, 173, 175,
186
isodewaxing, 107
ITQ-33, 47
key-lock catalysis, 34
kinetic models, 154
large-pore titanosilicate, 321
large-pore zeolite, 20, 21
laser desorption/ionization
time-of-ight mass spectroscopy
(LDI-TOF MS), 71
leaching, 4, 7, 305, 307, 319, 323, 329
Lewis acid sites, 28, 29, 90, 91, 106,
204, 245
light alkane isomerization, 107
light naphtha aromatization, 107
lock-and-key mechanism, 143
LTA, 22
LTL, 22
mass transport limitations, 6
matrix, 210, 239
(matrix-assisted) laser
desorption/ionization time-of-ight
mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF
MS), 10, 71, 74, 76
MCM22, 207
mechanical alterations, 4, 7
medium-pore zeolite, 21
MeerweinPonndorfVerley, 28
mesopores, 12, 144, 148, 210, 213,
214, 259, 262, 300
metal redispersion, 148
metal support interaction, 146
metallosilicates, 26
methanol conversion, 10, 65
methanol to olens, 155, 269
December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts
338
MFI (ZSM-5), 21, 22, 28, 64, 70, 87,
120, 121, 127, 239
microgravimetry, 84
mode of regeneration, 217
modelling of deactivation, 11, 151,
152
modes of coke formation, 115, 118,
128
modes of deactivation, 130, 131
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molecular modelling, 124, 126
molecular sieving, 30
molecular trac control, 34
monodimensional zeolite, 206, 214,
297, 300
MOR, 22, 28, 110
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MTO, 269, 273, 286
MTW, 22
multi-technique approach, 48, 52, 78,
96
multicomponent catalyst, 235
MWW, 22, 28, 126, 207
m-xylene transformation, 85, 90, 92
N2 O (oxidation with), 223, 224, 326
nanocrystalline zeolites, 23
nanoreactors, 21, 30, 202
nano-sized crystals, 12, 262, 314
naphthalene hydrogenation, 110
NaX, 142
NaY, 140
NaY-Pt/SiO2 , 140
n-butane transformation into
isobutene, 128
n-butene skeletal isomerization, 34,
62, 71, 74, 95, 127
nest eect, 34
n-heptane cracking, 86, 106, 126, 203,
206
n-hexane hydroisomerization, 103
NH3 TPD, 90
non-oxidative reactivation, 224
NOx formation, 221
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, 60, 67, 68, 70, 84, 94,
122
b1063-index
Index
OFF, 88
operando mode, 10, 94, 96
OPEX (operating expenditure), 186
organic chemicals synthesis, 303
oxidative regeneration, 7
passivation, 309, 247
petrochemical processes, 20
phenol oxidation to hydroquinone,
323
physisorption, 83, 84, 90, 126
poison-tolerant catalysts, 112
poisoning, 48, 92, 101, 112, 135, 243,
254, 260, 263, 305, 322, 329
anti-selective, 8, 103
non-selective, 8, 102, 103, 105
selective, 8, 102, 103, 107
shell, 105
pore blockage, 86, 92, 93, 101, 130,
135, 151, 153, 161, 211, 214, 226,
243, 319
pore mouth blockage, 210
pore structure, 19, 206, 281, 283
pore-mouth catalysis, 34
prevention of metal sintering, 147
prevention of zeolite deactivation, 195
propane aromatization, 127
protonic acid sites, 24, 106, 204, 207,
295
proximity of acid and
hydrogenerating sites, 262, 265
Pt clusters, 295, 299
Pt dispersion, 299
Pt FAU, 93
Pt/HFAU, 109, 257
Pt/LTL, 13, 293, 294, 299
PtHMOR, 103, 104
pulsed eld gradient 1 H NMR (PFG
NMR), 84, 95
pyridine chemisorption, 90, 91
pyridine toxicity, 106
Raman spectroscopy, 52, 60, 6264
reactors
ebullated-bed, 176, 180, 181, 185
xed-bed, 176, 180, 314
December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts
Index
uidised bed, 176, 178180, 185,
316
microbalance, 272
moving-bed, 176, 177
multi-bed, 55
multi-phase, 180
slurry, 176, 180, 181, 185, 189
swing xed-bed, 189
reactor technology, 182, 183, 188
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rearrangement of salicylaldoxime, 316
recycling, 263, 264
redox sites, 28
rening processes, 20
regeneration, 6, 15, 184, 189, 190,
193, 227229, 242, 243, 304, 325
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regeneration by transalkylation, 229
rejuvenation, 6, 184, 189, 193, 304
residue uid catalytic cracking
(RFCC), 236
RHO, 22
riser simulation, 161
RZ platforming, 293, 294
SAPO-11, 22, 143
SAPO-34, 10, 22, 64, 271273, 275,
277, 278, 286
scanning transmission electron
microscopy-electron energy-loss
spectroscopy (STEM-EELS), 10,
70, 71, 76, 95
selective hydrodewaxing of long-chain
alkanes, 143
selectivity of poisoning, 102
self-inhibition, 101
shape selectivity, 30, 35, 130, 285
inverse, 34
product, 31, 143, 285, 286
reactant, 30
transition state, 32, 285, 286
tunnel, 34, 206
silicoaluminophosphates (SAPOs),
19, 282
SIMS, 94
single-event microkinetic modelling
(SEMK), 11, 155157, 160, 167
single-le diusion, 34
b1063-index
339
sintering, 6, 7, 112, 139, 145148, 248,
263
site coverage, 151, 153, 160
site poisoning, 101, 102, 130, 134,
211, 226
small-pore zeolite, 21
Sn-BEA, 327
Solutia AlphOx, 324
spatioselectivity, 32
steric blockage, 123, 129
stripping, 242
structural alteration, 4, 7, 12 139,
143, 149
structure-insensitive reactions, 102,
145
structure-sensitive reactions, 102, 145
sulphur getter, 300
sulphur poisoning, 105, 293, 298
sulphur tolerance of noble metal, 94,
108, 110, 260, 299
sulphur traps, 299
sulphur-resistant noble metal
catalysts, 110, 111
supercritical uid (SCF), 199, 200,
227, 228
synthesis of organic compounds, 330
TEM, 94, 125
temperature-programmed oxidation
(TPO), 5760, 77, 222
TEOM-GC, 57
tapered element oscillating
microbalance (TEOM), 56, 272,
273
tert-butylhydroperoxide (epoxidation
with), 321
tetraline hydrogenation, 109
thermal stability, 143
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
55
three-phase test, 307
time-on-stream models, 152, 153
time scale for deactivation, 13, 217
titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1), 28, 318,
321
December 8, 2010 10:47 9in x 6in Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts b1063-index

340 Index

toluene disproportionation, 15, 31, UV Raman, 63, 64

128, 135, 143, 198, 224
TON, 22 vanadium traps, 145, 248
toxicity (Tox), 101, 131135, 210213
TPD, 90 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
trap cages, 211, 213 (XPS), 70, 94
two-stage regenerator, 220, 243 XRD, 94

ultra-large-pore materials, 21 zeotypes, 19

Deactivation and Regeneration of Zeolite Catalysts Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), 52, 60, ZSM-5 additive (MFI), 22, 248

64, 67 ZSM-22, 143
UOP/HYDRO MTO, 271
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