JOHNSON & JOHNSON

INTRODUCTION

Dissolution of a partnership firm merely involves a change in the relation of partners;

whereas the dissolution of firm amounts to a complete closure of the business. When any of
the partners dies, retires or become insolvent but if the remaining partners still agree to
continue the business of the partnership firm, then it is dissolution of partnership not the
dissolution of firm. Dissolution of partnership changes the mutual relations of the partners.
But in case of dissolution of firm, all the relations and the business of the firm comes to an
end. On dissolution of the firm, the business of the firm ceases to exist since its affairs are
would up by selling the assets and by paying the liabilities and discharging the claims of the
partners. The dissolution of partnership among all partners of a firm is called dissolution of
the firm.

Meaning

When the relation between all the partners of the firm comes to an end, this is called
dissolution of the firm. Section 39 of the Indian Partnership Act, provides that the
dissolution of the partnership between all the partners of a firm is called the dissolution of a
firm. It implies the complete break down of the relation of partnership between all the
partners.

ModesDissolution of a Partnership firm may be effected in the following ways:

Dissolution without the intervention of the Court.
Dissolution by Court.

Dissolution without the intervention of Court:-

1. By Agreement (S.40)
A partnership firm can be dissolved any time with the consent of all the partners whether the
partnership is at will or for a fixed duration. A partnership can be dissolved in accordance with the
terms of the Partnership Deed or of the separate agreement.

2. Compulsory Dissolution (Sec.41):- In case, any of the following events take place then it becomes
compulsory for the firm to dissolute:
(i) Insolvency of Partners

In case all the partners or all the partners except one become insolvent.

(ii) Unlawful Business

In case the firm is engaged in more than one business which may have become unlawful, the better

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view appears to be that the firm will not dissolve as to the other legitimate businesses unless all of
them are so inter connected that stoppage of one would paralyze the others e.g. A and B charter a
ship to go to foreign port and receive a cargo on the joint venture. War breaks out between England
and the country where the port is situated before the ship arrives at the port, and continues until
after the time appointed for loading. The partnership between A and B is dissolved

3. Dissolution on the happening of contingent event (S.42) A firm may be dissolved on the
happening of any of the following contingent event
(i) Expiry of Fixed Period
A firm constituted for a term is of course not exempt from dissolution by any of the other possible
cause before the expiration of the term. The contract may expressly provide that the partnership will
determine in certain circumstances but even if there is no such express term, an implied term as to
when the partnership will determine may be gathered from the contract and the nature of the
business. The provision of this section make it clear that unless some contract between the partners
to the contrary is proved, the firm, if constituted for a fixed term would be dissolved by the expiry of
that term.

(ii) On achievement of specific task

A partnership constituted to carry out contracts with specified persons during a particular season
would be taken to be dissolved once the contracts are closed. In the case of Basantlal Jalan v.
Chiranjilal, Where the firm was constituted for a specific undertaking to supply certain quantity of
grain and the contract was prematurely terminated after supply of a part of the goods, it was held
that the partnership did not come to an end and was dissolved only on the final realization of the
assets

(iii) Death of Partner

When the deed of partnership did not provide that the death of a partner would not dissolve the
partnership, the partnership stood dissolve on the death of a partner. Firm, stands dissolved
automatically on death of one partner. Continuance of business after such death would not
tantamount to continuance of earlier partnership.

(iv) Insolvency of Partner

In the absence of a contract to the contrary, the insolvency of any of the partner may dissolve the
firm.the rule shall apply even though the partnership has been constituted for a fixed term and the
term has not yet expired or has been constituted for particular ventureand the same has yet not
been completed.

(v) Resignation of Partner

Resignation by any of the partners dissolves the partnership

4. Dissolution by notice (S.43)

In case of partnership at will, a partner can dissolve it by giving written notice of dissolution to other
partners duly signed by him. Notice must be very clear and certain. A notice once given cannot be
withdrawn without the consent of other partners was held in case of Banarsidas v. Kanshi Ram. In
those cases where a partner has given notice of dissolution at a time when dissolution will give him
some advantage over the other partners, he may be held in the firm till the pending transactions are
completed.

Dissolution by Court (S 44)

The court may order for the dissolution of the firm on the following grounds:-
(i) Insanity of Partner

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On the application of any of the partner, court may order for the dissolution of the firm if a partner
has become of an unsound mind. Lunacy of a partner does not itself dissolve the partnership but it
will be a ground for dissolution at the instance of other partners. It is not necessary that the lunacy
should be permanent. In the case of a dormant partner the court may not order dissolution even on
the ground of permanent insanity, except in special circumstances.

(ii) Incapacity of Partner

If a partner has become permanent in capable of discharging his duties and obligations then court
may order for the dissolution of firm on the application of any of the partner. where a partner is
imprisoned for a long period of time the court may dissolve the partnership was held in case
ofWhitwell v. Arthur

(iii) Misconduct of Partner

If any partner other than partner suing is responsible for any loss to the firm, which amounts to
misconduct and prejudicially affects the carrying on of business then the court may order for the
dissolution of the firm.

(iv) Constant breach of agreement by partner

The court may order for the dissolution of the firm if the partner other than the suing partner is
found guilty for constant breach of agreement regarding the conduct of business or the
management of the affairs of the firm and it becomes impossible to continue the business with such
partner.

(v) Transfer of Interest

When any of the partner other than the suing partner transfers whole of its share to the third party
for permanently.

(vi) Continuous Losses

The court may order for dissolution if the firm is continuously suffering losses and there is no more
capital available for the future growth of the firm.

(vii) Just and Equitable

The court may order for dissolution on any other ground which court think is just, fair and equitable.
e.g. loss of total confidence between the partners was held in case of Havidatt singh v. Mukhe Singh

Liability for acts of partners done after dissolution ( S.45)

This section provides that despite dissolution, the partners cannot escape their liability to third
parties for acts done even thereafter unless public notice of dissolution is given. These provision
emphasis the necessity of giving a public notice before a partner could terminated his future liability
whether it is a case of dissolution, retirement or expulsion.

Rights of partners to have business wound up after dissolution (S.46)

On the dissolution of a firm every partner or his representative is entitled, as against all the other
partners or their representatives, to have the property of the firm applied in payment of the debts
and liabilities of the firm, and to have the surplus distributed among the partners or their
representatives according to their rights.

Continuing authority of partners for purposes of winding up ( S.47)

After the dissolution of a firm the authority of each partner to bind the firm, and the other mutual
rights and obligations of the partners continue notwithstanding the dissolution, so far as may be
necessary to wind up the affair of the firm and to complete transactions begun but unfinished at the

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time of the dissolution, but not otherwise:

PROVIDED that the firm is in no case bound by the acts of a partner who has been adjudicated
insolvent; but this proviso does not affect the liability of any person who has after the adjudication
represented himself or knowingly permitted himself to be represented as a partner of the insolvent.

Mode of settlement of accounts between partners (S.48)In settling the accounts of a firm after
dissolution, the following rules shall, subject to agreement by the partners, be observed-

(a) Deficiencies of capital

When a partnership is dissolved, and after the debts to the third parties have been paid and
advances made by a partner have been repaid, the assets are insufficient to repay each partner his
capital in full, any deficiencies must be borne by the partners in the same proportion as the profits
would have been divided

(b) The assets of a firm are to be applied in paying

1. joint debts to third parties
2. advances, as distinguished from capital, of each partner
3. to each partner what is due from the firm to him in respect of capital.

In after the above payments are made, there is surplus, that surplus is to be divided in the
proportion.

Nowell v. Nowell in this case A and B trade as partners and it is agreed that profits should be shared
and losses borne equally. On dissolution it is found that A has advanced more capital than B to the
extent of Rs.1900. the net assets were only Rs.1400. there is thus a deficiency of capital to the extent
of Rs500. Under sub section(a) both the partners must contribute in the proportion in which they
have agreed to share profits that is equally. Therefore B should pay to A sum of Rs 250.

Payment of firm debts and of separate debts ( S.49)

Where there are joint debts due from the firm, and also separate debts due from any partner, the
property of the firm shall be applied in the first instance in payment of the debts of the firm, and, if
there is any surplus, then the share of each partner shall be applied in payment of his separate debts
or paid to him. The separate property of any partner shall be applied first in the payment of his
separate debts, and the surplus (if any) in the payment of the debts of the firm.

Personal profits earned after dissolution (S.50)

Where a partner, after dissolution and before the affairs of the partnership are wound up, derives
any personal profit for himself from any transactions of the firm, or from the use of the property or
business connection of the firm or the firm name, he shall account for the profit and pay his share to
the surviving partner or the representative of the deceased partner. But if a partner carries on
another business of a similar nature, this section would not apply.

Proviso Where on dissolution a partner has bought the goodwill of the firm, he may use the firm
name even before the affairs of the partnership have been completely wound up. Clements v. Hall In
this case A and B carry on business in partnership. The firm holds leasehold for the purpose of the
business. A dies.before the affairs of the firm are completely wound up, the lease expires and B
renews it. The renewed property is partnership property.

Alder v. Fouracare. In this case A,B and C are partners. A agrees to take a lease in his own name, but

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in fact fact partnership purpose, and dies before the lease is executed. The representative of A cant
deal with lease without the permission of B and C

Return of premium on premature dissolution ( S.51)

Where a partner has paid a premium on entering into partnership of a fixed term, and the firm is
dissolved before the expiration of that term otherwise than by the death of a partner, he shall be
entitled to repayment of the premium or of such part thereof as may be reasonable, regard being
had to the terms upon which he became a partner and to the length of time during which he was a
partner, unless-

(a) the dissolution is mainly due to his own misconduct, or

(b) the dissolution is in pursuance of an agreement containing no provision for the return of the
premium or any part of it.

Airey vs. Barbam in this case A and B entered into a partnership for five years. A paid premium to B.
The partnership was dissolved with into two years as a result of mutual disagreement due to As
failure to devote time to business as agreed. It was held that no part of premium was payable
because the dissolution has been caused by the misconduct on the part of A

Atwood v. Maude In this case A and B entered as solicitors for a term of seven years.A paying a
premium of Rs.800.B before entering into the partnership know that A was inexperienced and
incompetent. After the expiration of two years B complained that As incompleteness was injuries to
business and called him to dissolve the partnership. A thereupon filed a suit for repayment of
proportionate premium. A succeed.

Pease v. Hewitt In this case A and B become partners for 10years. A paying B a premium of Rs1000. A
quarrel occurs at rhe end of eight years, both parties being in the wrong and dissolution is decreed.
A is entitled to a return of Rs.200.

Rights where partnership contract is rescinded for fraud or misrepresentation (S.52)

Where a contract creating partnership is rescinded on the ground of the fraud or misrepresentation
of any of the parties thereto the party entitled to rescind is, without prejudice to any other right,
entitled-

(a) Lien on surplus assets- He has a right of lien on the surplus assets which are left after the debts of
the firm have been paid. The right can be used with regard to sums paid by him for purchasing share
in the firm or for the capital contributed by him.

(b) Right of subrogation- The partner who is rescinding a contract has a right to become creditor of
the firm for the payments which he makes out of his personal assets to payoff the debts of the firm

(c) Right to be indemnified- The partner rescinding the contract has a right to be indemnified by the
partner or partners guilty of the fraud or misrepresentation against all the debts of the firm.

Right to restrain from use of firm name or firm property ( S.53)

After a firm is dissolved, every partner or his representative may, in the absence of a contract
between the partners to the contrary, restrain any other partner or his representative from carrying
on a similar business in the firm name or from using any of the property of the firm for his own
benefit, until the affairs of the firm have been completely wound up.

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Proviso Where on dissolution a partner has bought the goodwill of the firm, he may use the firm
name even before the affairs of the partnership have been completely wound up.

Agreements in restraint of trade (S.54)

Partners may, upon or in anticipation of the dissolution of the firm, make an agreement that some
or all of them will not carry on a business similar to that of the firm within a specified period or
within specified local limits; and notwithstanding anything contained in section 27 of the Indian
Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872), such agreement shall be valid if the restrictions imposed are
reasonable.

Sale of goodwill after dissolution (S.55)

(1) In settling the accounts of a firm after dissolution, the goodwill shall, subject to contract between
the partners, be included in the assets, and it may be sold either separately or along with other
property of the firm.

(2) Rights of buyer and seller of goodwill-Where the goodwill of a firm is sold after dissolution, a
partner may carry on a business competing with that of the buyer and he may advertise such
business, but, subject to agreement between him and the buyer, he may not-

(a) use the firm name,

(b) represent himself as carrying on the business of the firm, or

(c) solicit the custom of persons who were dealing with the firm before its dissolution.

(3) Agreement in restraint of tradeAny partner may, upon the sale of the goodwill of a firm, make
an agreement with the buyer that such partner will not carry on any business similar to that of the
firm within a specified period or within specified local limits and, notwithstanding anything
contained in section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872), such agreement shall be valid if
the restrictions imposed are reasonable.

Curt Brothers Ltd. V. Webster in this case A sells the goodwill of his business to B and sets up a new
business. X who remains customer of the old firm deals his own accord with the new firm set by A. A
is not entitled to solicit even such a customer as X, though if X continues to deal with A of his own
accord, A would be entitled to deal with him.
Dissolution of a Firm
A firm may be dissolved in the following manner
1. Dissolution by Court
2. Dissolution by agreement
3. Dissolution by operation of law
4. Dissolution on the happening of certain contingencies
5. Dissolution by notice

Dissolution by Court
The court may dissolve a firm at the suit of any partners on any of the following grounds namely :
a. Insanity of a Partner: that a partner has become of unsound mind. The insanity of a partner
does not ipso facto dissolve the firm and the next friend or continuing partners has to file suit
foe dissolution.

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 b. Permanent Incapacity of a Partner: that a partner has become permanently incapable of
performing his duties as partner.
c. Conduct Affecting Prejudicially The Business: that a partner is guilty of conduct, which is
likely to affect prejudicially the carrying on the business of the firm.
d. Breach of Partnership Agreement: that a partner willfully or persistently commits breach of
agreements relating to the management of the affairs of the firm or the conduct of it - s
business or otherwise conducts himself in matters relating to the business, that it is not reasonably
practical for the other partners to carry on the business with him.

e. Transfer of Interest of a Partner : that a partner has in any way transferred the whole of his
interest in the firm to a third party.
f. Loss: that the business of the firm cannot be carried on save at a loss
g. Just And Equitable : on any other ground that renders it just an equitable that the firm
should be dissolved.

Dissolution by Agreement
A firm may be dissolved with the consent of all the partners or in accordance with the contract
between the partners. The partnership agreement may contain a proviso that the firm will be dissolved
on the happening of certain contingency.

Dissolution by Operation of Law

A firm is compulsorily dissolved on the following grounds
a. Insolvency of partners
b. By the happening of any event which makes it unlawful for the business of the firm to e
carried on.

CONCLUSION

In 2007, Johnson & Johnson sued Abbott Laboratories over the development and sale
of the arthritis drug Humira. Johnson & Johnson claimed that Abbott used technology
patented by New York University and licensed exclusively to Johnson & Johnson's Centocor
division

REFERENCES

http://www.manupatrafast.com/articles/PopOpenArticle.aspx?ID=bc6219eb-2a06-4528-b4eb-
15ef6a3c60b0&txtsearch=Subject:%20contract

http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/lawareas/partnership/dissolution.php?Title=Partnership
&STitle=Dissolution%20of%20a%20Firm

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/dissolution-of-partnership-firm-1063-1.html

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http://gradestack.com/CA-CPT/Reconstitution-and/Modes-of-dissolution-of-a/22696-4560-
56234-study-wtw