Bi vit CCNA-OSPF

Tc gi: ng Quang Minh

Ti liu tham kho cho hc vin CCNA ca VnPro

OSPF dng gii thut SPF tnh tan ng i. Gii thut ny cn c gi l gii thut Dijkstra.
Cc routing protocol nhm link state khng broadcast tan b thng tin v bng nh tuyn ging
nh RIP/IGRP v thay vo , OSPF s dng mt qu trnh khm ph cc lng ging
(neighbor). Cc lng ging cng c th c nh ngha tnh.

Router lng ging l cc router khc, cng chy OSPF, c chung subnet vi router hin hnh. Khi
cc router thit lp quan h lng ging vi nhau, cc router bt u trao i cc thng tin v
hnh (topology) ca mng. Gii thut SPF s chy trn cc database ny tnh ra cc ng i tt
nht.

Khi mt interface c ch nh chy OSPF, cc bc sau din ra:

1. Xc nh neighbors

a. Bt u Down state, router khng trao i g vi ai.

b. Sang Init state, router gi hello packet xc nh neighbor. OSPF gi packet Hello ln u tin
v ch nhn mt gi Hello packet t mt OSPF router khc, chun b cho vic thit lp quan h :
Two way hay Adjacency. Init state ch gip router tm cc neighbor ca n thi. giai an ny,
router cha thit lp adjacency
c. Two-way state, router nhn hello hnh thnh neighbors. Khi ny cc Router nhn ra neighbor,
nhng khng th share routing information cho nhau c. ; khng c bu chn DR/BDR trong
state ny. =>DR l router chnh phn phi cho cc router cn li.

2. Hnh thnh Adjacency

a. Vo Extart state: Gi v nhn DBD (DataBase Description), t chn ra master/slave. Master

c quyn gi cc DBD trc.
b. Sang Exchange state: Master gi DBD cho cc slave, slave nhan DBD, so snh vi cc thng tin
ca n, ng thi gi LSAck li cho master
c. Loading state: Nu mt trong hai bn c thng tin ng hn, bn kia s gi yu cu LSRequest,
bn ny tr li LSUpdate, bn kia nhn v tr li LSAck. Trng thi b, c lp cho n khi chng c
cng thng tin
d. Full state: Khi ny, cc router c database nh nhau, chng tr thnh adjacency ca nhau.

Ch nhng Router l adjacency ca nhau mi share routing information cho nhau

- Trong serial link (point to point), cc Router OSPF cng t bu chn DR/BDR, khng nht thit
l trong multiaccess

DR, BDR lm g?
Khi nim DR, BDR ch dng khi interface ca router ni vo broadcast-multiaccess segment.
trao i c thng tin vi nhau, cc router OSPF phi l cc adjacent ca nhau. Gi s trong
segment c N router chy OSPF v cng thuc mt area. Nu khng c DR/BDR, cc router phi
thit lp quan h adjacency vi nhau ==> c N*(N-1)/2 mi quan h. V khi N*(N-1)/2 mqh ny
cng gi thng tin update th nh hng n performance ca mng l iu khng trnh khi. V
th, DR s ng ra lm trung gian, nhn v phn phi cc LSA t cc router thnh vin (cng
segment), sau phn phi n cc router cn li. BDR ch l backup cho DR. Thay v c N*(N-
1)/2 quan h, bn ch c N-1 quan h v cc router ch to adjacency vi DR thi.

Vy nhng mc neighbor, cc router vn gi cc hello packet cho nhau (10s mt ln)

Trong ospf c s dng ba ID:

* Router ID : c gi i t cc router trong cc gi tin hello.N c di 32bit.No c gi tr

bng a ch a ch IP ln nht c s dng trn router.Nu trn router c giao din loopback
c cu hnh th router ID bng a ch IP ca giao din loopback .Trong trng hp c nhiu
giao din loopback th n ly a ch ln nht ca giao din loopback lm router ID.Router ID
c s dng phn bit cc router nm trong cng mt autonmous system.

* Process ID : l tham s cu hnh khi ta nh lnh router ospf process-id.

*Area ID: l tham s group mt nhm cc router vo cng mt area.Cc router ny cng chia s
hiu bit v cc ng hc c trong min OSPF.

Vic chia thnh nhiu area l tin vic qun l ng thi n gip ta gii hn kch thc ca
topology database, gi s nu ta c duy nht mt vng vi kch thc ln th lc ta cng s c
mt topology database rt ln tng ng khin cho vic x l ca router chm i.......

Trong ospf nh ngha mt s vng c bn sau:

1. Stub Area: y l vng s khng nhn nhng routing update t bn ngoi (Type 5) nhng
vn nhn update t nhng Area lng ging (Type 3)
 2. Stotaly stub Area: y c th coi l vng cu oan nht n khng nht bt c routing
update no, v trong bng routing ca n ch c mt routing ra ngoai duy nht l default
route. vng ny thch hp cho nhng site xa c t network v cn s gii hn kt ni ra
bn ngoi.

3. NSSA Stub Area: y l vng c s dng khi kt ni n ISP hoc khi c s

redistribute gia cc routing protocol khc nhau. vng ny s nhn cc route t bn ngoi
di dng type 7 v s chuyn i type 7 ny thnh type 5 qung b vo cc Area khc
ti con NNSA ABR.

4. Backbone Area: y chnh l vng Area 0 v n connect ti tt c cc area khc cn li,

nu mt area no mun ni ti Area0 nhng khng ni trc tip c th lc ta phi
tao virtual link cho Area ny.

Metric ca OSPF l cost.

Cost c tnh da trn cng thc 10 exp 8 / BW (c l: mi ly tha tm chia cho bng
thng). Bng thng trong cng thc trn l bng thng ca interface hoc bng thng c ch
ra bi lnh bandwidth.
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1. L thuyt
1.1. Hot ng ca giao thc OSPF?
1.2. Hot ng ca giao thc EIGRP?
1.3. So snh 2 giao thc OSPF v EIGRP
1.4. Trong OSPF, DR, BDR l g? Ti sao phi c DR, BDR? Cc router OSPF chn ra
DR, BDR nh th no?

2. Cu hnh OSPF nh hnh.

2.1. Router no l DR, BDR? Ti sao? Cu hnh Router 2 lm DR v khng c BDR.
2.2. Cu hnh mng gia R3-R4 khng bu chn DR, BDR.
2.3. Router 5 cu hnh nh tuyn tnh tr ti cc mng cn li. ngha ca exit interface
v nexthop trong cu lnh?
Yu cu: Cc Router thng kt ni vi nhau.