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Practice:

Q. 1. The difference between 78% of a number and 59% of the same number is
323. What is 62% of that number?

(a) 1071 (b) 1173 (c) 1037 (d) 1159 (e) None of Ans: (e) None of these
Explanation:
The difference in percentage = 78% - 59% = 19%
i.e. 19% of a number = 323
therefore, 62% of the number = 323 62/19 = 1054.Ans.

Q. 2. 88% of a number is 35640. What is 65% of that number?

(a) 25920 (b) 26500 (c) 26325 (d) 26730 (e) None of these Ans: (c) 26325
Explanation:
88% of a number = 35640
Therefore, 65% of that number = 35640 65/88 = 26325. Ans

Q. 3. Tanya obtained 95% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Maths together and
she obtained 225 marks in Social Science, English and Hindi together. If the
maximum marks one can obtain in each of the subjects is 100 what is Tanyas
overall percentage in all the six subjects together?
(a) 80 (b)75 (c) 90 (d) 95 (e) None of these

Ans: (e) None of these

Explanation:
Maximum marks in each subject = 100
So, his total marks in Physics, Chemistry and Maths = 95% of 300 = 285
Total marks obtained in Social Science, English and Hindi = 225 out of 300
Therefore, total marks in 6 subjects = 285 + 225 = 510
So, the required percentage = 510 100/600 = 85%. Ans.

Q. 4. 40% of 60% of 3/5th of a number is 504. What is 25% of 2/5th of that

number?
(a) 180 (b) 175 (c) 360 (d) 350 (e) None of these Ans: (d) 350
Explanation:
Let x be the number.
Then, 40/100 60/100 3/5 x = 504
144x = 504 1000
Therefore, x = 504 1000/144 = 3500
Then, 25/100 2/5 3500 = 350. Ans.

Q. 5. In a test consisting of 80 questions carrying one mark each, Arpita

answers 65% of the first 40 questions correctly. What percent of the other 40
questions does she need to answer correctly to score 75% on the entire test?
(a) 60 (b) 80 (c) 75 (d) 40 (e) None of these Ans: (e) None of these
Explanation:
Total marks for 80 questions = 80
75% of 80 = 60
65% of 40 = 26
Required marks for other 40 questions = 60 26 = 34 out of 40
Therefore, the required percentage = 34 100/40 = 85%. Ans.

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 -

(a) I= Crt/100.

(b) P= C (1+rt/100)

Here, I= Interest, C= Capital, r= rate of interest, t= time (in year) &

P= Capital+Interest

I = Crt/100
I C r t

P =C (1+r)^n .

a
I= Crt/100
Or, 360= C X 6 X 5/100
Or, C= 360 X 100/30= 1200

b
let Capital= C tk,
time t= 10 years, rate of interest, r= ?
Interest + Capital= 3 C
So, I= 3C-C=2C
Now,
I= Crt/100
Or, 2C= C X r X 10/100
Or, r = 20
So, rate of interest = 20%

P= capital-interest

Details Formulae:

-
x x

I=Crt/100, here, I= Interest, C= Capital, r= rate of interest, t= time (in year)

Crt 100 x x

I=Crt/100
Or, r= (I X 100)/ (C x t)
x x

I=Crt/100, or, C= (100 x I)/(r x t)

x x

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x x

I=Crt/100, here, I= Interest, C= Capital, r= rate of interest, t= time (in year)

Or, t = (100 X I)/ (C x r)

t = (100 X I)/ (C x r)
x x

I=Crt/100, here, I= Interest, C= Capital, r= rate of interest, t=

time (in year)

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P= C+I= C +Crt/100 Or, P= C (1+rt/100)

P= C (1+rt/100)

P=2C, r 5 2C=C (1+5 x t/100) Or, 2= 1+ t/20, or, 1= t/20

Or, t= 20 yrs

P= C (1+rt/100)
 3C t 10 3C=C (1+10 x r/100)
Or, 3= 1+ r/10, or, 2= r/10
Or, r= 20%

x { x x }

x { x x }

I=Crt/100

1st case, I1= C1 x r x t1/100= 200 X r X 5/100=1000r/100----(a)

2nd Case, I2= C2 x r x t2/100= 500 x r x 6/ 100=3000r/100----(b)

According to Question,

I1 + I2= 320
Or, 1000r/100 + 3000r/100= 320
Or, 4000r/100= 320
Or, 40r= 320
So, r= 8%

-
x { x }

P= C (1+rt/100

x { x }

P= C (1+rt/100)
1036 r 8 t 6

C= P/ (1+ rt/100)

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x { x }

x { x

Practice:

1. A bank offers 5% compound interest calculated on half-yearly basis. A

customer deposits Rs. 1600 each on 1st January and 1st July of a year. At the
end of the year, the amount he would have gained by way of interest is:
A. Rs. 120 B. Rs. 121 C. Rs. 122 D. Rs. 123 Answer: Option B

2. The difference between simple and compound interests compounded

annually on a certain sum of money for 2 years at 4% per annum is Re. 1. The
sum (in Rs.) is:
A. 625 B. 630 C. 640 D. 650 Answer: Option A

3. There is 60% increase in an amount in 6 years at simple interest. What will

be the compound interest of Rs. 12,000 after 3 years at the same rate?
A. Rs. 2160 B. Rs. 3120 C. Rs. 3972 D. Rs. 6240 Answer: Option C

4. The compound interest on Rs. 30,000 at 7% per annum is Rs. 4347. The
period (in years) is:
A. 2 B. 2.5 C. 3 D. 4 Answer: Option A
 -

1. Profit = Selling Price - Cost price

2. Selling Price = Cost Price + Profit

3. Cost Price = Selling Price - Profit

4. Loss = Cost Price - Selling Price

5. Selling Price = Cost Price - Loss

6.Cost price = Selling Price + Loss

7. Percentage profit / loss is always calculated on CP unless otherwise stated.

8. Profit Percentage = (Profit x 100) / CP

9. Loss Percentage = (Loss x CP) / CP

10. Selling Price = {[(100+ Gain %) x CP] / 100}

11. Selling Price = {[100- Loss %) x CP] /100}

12.Cost Price = {(100 x SP) / (100+ Gain %)}

13.Cost Price = {(100 x SP) / (100 - Loss %)}

14. If a man buys 'p' articles for 'a' rupees and sells 'q' articles for 'b' rupees.
Then,
The % profit or loss = (p x b) - (q x a) / (a x q).

Note: If the Sign is +ve, there is gain. If the sign is -ve, there is a loss.

Eg : A trader buys oranges at 9 for Rs. 16 and sells them at 11 for Rs. 20. What
does he gain or lose percent?
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Ans: % profit or loss = [(9 x 20) - (16 x 11)]/ 16 x 11 = 2 3/11 %.

Since the sign is +ve, there is a gain of 2 3/11%.

15. If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x% loss on cost price but uses y gm
instead of z gm, then,

His % profit or loss = [(100 - x) (z/y)] - 100.

Eg: A dishonest trader sells goods at 6 % loss on cost price but uses 875 gm
instead of 1 kg. What is his percentage profit or loss?

Ans: Profit or loss percentage = [(100-6 ) (1000/875)] - 100

= [(375/4) (8/7)] 100 = (107.1428) -100 = 7.1428 %

Since sign is +ve, there is a profit of 7.1428%.

16. If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x% profit on cost price but uses y gm
instead of z gm, then,

His % profit or loss = [(100 + x) (z/y)] - 100.

Eg: A dishonest trader sells goods at 4 % gain on cost price but uses 840 gm
instead of 1 kg. What is his percentage profit or loss?

Ans: Profit or loss percentage = [(100+4) (1000/840)] - 100

= [123.8095] 100 = 23.8095%

Since sign is +ve, there is a profit of 7.1428%.

17. When two articles are sold at the same price such that there is a Profit of x
% on one article and a Loss of x% on the other. Then Percentage Loss is:
= (Common profit or loss) 2 /100 = X2 /100

18. Marked Price or List Price is the price that is indicated or marked on the
product or it is the price, which is given in the price list. This is the price at
which the product is intended to be sold. However, there can be some
DISCOUNT given on this price and consequently, the actual Selling Price of
the product may be less than the Marked Price.

Selling Price = Marked Price - Discount.

19. Discount Percent = (Marked Price - Selling Price) x 100 / Marked Price

120. If the successive discounts given on a product are p%, q% and r%, then the
selling price after all the discounts is:

= [Marked Price x (100-p) (100-q) (100-r)]/ 100 x 100 x 100

20. If 'x' articles are purchased for 'p' rupees and 'y' articles are sold for 'p'
rupees. Then, Percentage profit / loss = (x-y) / y.

21. If selling price of 'x' pens is equal to the cost price of 'y' pens. Then profit
percentage = (y-x) x 100 / x

E.g 2: The selling price of 12 pens is equal to the cost price of 20 pens. Find the
profit percentage?

Ans: Percentage profit = (20 - 12) / 20 = 8/20 = 66.66%.

E.g3: If 12 oranges are purchased for Rs. 100 and 10 oranges are sold for Rs.
100. Find the percentage profit / loss ?

Ans: Percentage Profit = [(12 - 10) /10]x 100. = (2 /10) x 100 = 20 %.

22. By using false weight, if a substance is sold at cost price the overall gain %
is given by [(100 + Gain %) / 100]. = True weight/ False weight.

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Solve it.

1.

a. b. . c. . d. .

2.

a. b. c. d.

3.

a.. b. . c. . d. .

4.

a. b. c. d.

5.

a. b. c. d. e.

Answer: 1.A 2.B 3. C 4.D 5.E

Try yourself:

1. .

a.. b. . c. . d. . Ans : A
2.

a. b. . c. . d. . Ans : A

3. .

a. b. c. d. Ans : C

4.

a.. b. . c. . d. . Ans : C

5.

a. b. c. d. Ans : B

6.

a. b. c. d. Ans : A

7. .

a. b. c. d. Ans : A

8. - -
-
a. b. c. d. Ans : B

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When two elements are mixed to make a mixture and one of the elements is cheaper and other
one is costlier then,

Here Mean Price is CP of mixture per unit quantity.

Above rule can be written as,

Then,
Cheaper Quantity : Costlier Quantity = (D M) : (M C)

In what proportion must sugar at Rs 40 per kg be mixed with sugar at Rs 60 per kg so that
the mixture be Rs 55 per kg?
Sol:

Here, CP of Cheaper(C) = 40,

CP of Costlier(D) = 60 and
Mean Price(M) = 55
So from the rule of alligation we can say that
Proportion of Cheaper Sugar and Costlier Sugar is 1 : 3

Mixture of more than two elements.

This method is a bit tricky initially but if you practice it then it becomes quite easy.

If the mixture is of more than two ingredients, then write the prices of each ingredient below one
another in ascending order. Write the mean price to the left of the list. Now make couples of
prices in such a way that one price of the couple is below mean price and another price of the
couple is above mean price. Now find the difference between each price and mean price and
write it opposite to the price linked to it. This difference is required answer.

How must a shop owner mix 4 types of rice worth Rs 95, Rs 60, Rs 90 and Rs 50 per kg so
that he can make the mixture of these sugars worth Rs 80 per kg?
Sol:

Here the prices of sugars are 95, 60, 90 and 50.

And the mean price is 80.

Now read the above paragraph and the image given below to understand this method.

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So the proportion of sugar is

50 : 60 : 90 : 95 = 15 : 10 : 20 : 30 or
50 : 60 : 90 : 95 = 3 : 2 : 4 : 6

Some Shortcut Formulas

Rule 1

If n different vessels of equal size are filled with the mixture of P and Q in the ratio p1 : q1, p2 :
q2, , pn : qn and content of all these vessels are mixed in one large vessel, then

Three equal buckets containing the mixture of milk and water are mixed into a bigger
bucket. If the proportion of milk and water in the glasses are 3:1, 2:3 and 4:2 then find the
proportion of milk and water in the bigger bucket.
Sol:

Lets say P stands for milk and Q stands for water,

So, p1:q1 = 3:1
p2:q2=2:3
p3 : q3=4:2
So in bigger bucket,
Milk : Water = 109 : 71

Rule 2
If n different vessels of sizes x1, x2, , xn are filled with the mixture of P and Q in the ratio p1 :
q1, p2 : q2, , pn : qn and content of all these vessels are mixed in one large vessel, then

Three buckets of size 2 liter, 4 liter and 5 liter containing the mixture of milk and water are
mixed into a bigger bucket. If the proportion of milk and water in the glasses are 3:1, 2:3
and 4:2 then find the proportion of milk and water in the bigger bucket.
Sol:

Lets say P stands for milk and Q stands for water,

So, p1:q1 = 3:1 , x1 = 2
p2:q2=2:3 , x2 = 4
p3 : q3=4:2 x3 = 5, so

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So in bigger bucket,
Milk : Water = 193 : 137

Rule 3: Removal and Replacement

If a vessel contains x litres of liquid A and if y litres be withdrawn and replaced by liquid B,
then if y litres of the mixture be withdrawn and replaced by liquid B, and the operation is
repeated n times in all, then :

A container is containing 80 liter of wine. 8 liter of wine was taken out from this container
and replaced by water. This process was further repeated two times. How much wine is
there in the container now?
Sol:

Here x = 80, y = 8 and n = 3, so

Quantity of wine after 3rd operation = 58.32 liters.

Rule 4:
p gram of ingredient solution has a% ingredient in it. To increase the ingredient content to b% in
the solution

125 liter of mixture of milk and water contains 25% of water. How much water must be
added to it to make water 30% in the new mixture?
Sol:
Lets say p = 125, b = 30, a = 25
So from the equation

Quantity of water need to be added = 8.92 liter.

Q: 1 Two alloys A & B r composed of 2 basic elements. The ratios of the

composition of the 2 basic elements in the alloys r 5:3 & 1:2, respectively. A new
alloy X is formed by mixing the two alloys A & B in the ratio 4:3. what is the
ratio of the composition of the 2 basic elements in alloy X?

Ans: 1

-
Let the actual amount of A be 4x and actual amount of B be 3x since A and B
are in the ratio 4/3

amount of first basic element in the new alloy T (5/8)*4x + (1/3)*3x = (7x)/2

amount of second basic element in the new alloy T (3/8)*4x + (2/3)*3x= (7x)/2

so ratio of first basic element to second basic element: [(7x)/2 ] / [ 7x/2] = 1/1 =
1:1 ( Answer)

-
Let F = the first element and S = the second element.

Alloy A:
Since F:S = 5:3, and 5+3=8, F/total = 5/8.

Alloy B:
Since F:S = 1:2, and 1+2 = 3, F/total = 1/3.

Mixture T:
A:B = 4:3.
If we mix 8 units of A with 6 units of B, we get:
Amount of F in alloy A = (5/8)8 = 5 units
Amount of F in alloy B = (1/3)6 = 2 units.
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(Total F)/(Mixture T) = (5+2)/(8+6) = 7/14 = 1/2.
Since 1/2 of the mixture is composed of F, F:S = 1:1.

In the X and Y problem, alligation was used to determine the ratio of the two
ingredients being combined (X and Y).
In the alloy problem, we are GIVEN the ratio of the two ingredients being
combined:
A:B = 4:3.
Our job is to determine the composition of alloy T with regard to the TWO
ELEMENTS.
Here is how alligation could be used:

Let A = the fraction of element 1 in alloy A.

Let B = the fraction of element 1 in alloy B.
Let T = the fraction of element 1 in alloy T.

Step 1: Convert to FRACTIONS the ratios attributed to the two

INGREDIENTS.
A:
Since (element 1) : (element 2) = 5:3, (element 1)/total = 5/8.
B:
Since (element 1) : (element 2) = 1:2, (element 1)/total = 1/3.

Step 2: Put these fractions over a COMMON DENOMINATOR.

A = 5/8 = 15/24.
B = 1/3 = 8/24.

Step 3: Plot the 2 fractions at the ends of a number line, with the unknown goal
fraction (T) in the middle.
A(15/24)----------------T--------------------B(8/24)

Step 4: The distances between the fractions = the RECIPROCAL of the ratio of
A:B in the mixture.
A(15/24)-------3x-------T---------4x---------B(8/24)

Step 5: Solve for x.

Since the total distance between 15/24 and 8/24 = 7x, we get:
x = (15/24 - 8/24)/7 = 1/24.

Step 6: Calculate the value of the goal fraction.

T = 15/24 - 3x = 15/24 - 3(1/24) = 12/24 = 1/2.
Since element 1 = 1/2 of alloy T, (element 1) : (element 2) = 1:1.

Q 2: Two mixtures of X and Y have X and Y in the ratio 3:2 and 3:4. In what
proportion should these two mixtures be mixed to get a new mixture in which
the ration of X to Y is 5:4?

Solution:
Process 1:
Let's assume that we mix amount a of 3:2 mixture and amount b of 3:4 mixture
to get (a+b) of 5:4 mixture. We need to find a/b. Let's equate the amount of X in
all of them.
Amount of X in 3:2 mixture = 3*a/5. Amount of X in b = 3*b/7. Amount in overall
mixture = 5*(a+b)/9
Then 3a/5+3b/7 = 5(a+b)/9
=> 9* (21a+15b) = 35*5*(a+b)
=> 189a + 135b = 175a+175b
=> a(189-175) = b(175-135)
=> a*14 = b*40
=> a/b = 40/14 = 20/7
So we need to mix them in 20:7 ratio

Process 2:
Say, m volume of first mixture and n volumes of second mixture were mixed.
We need to find m:n.

Amount of X in the new mixture = (3m/5 + 3n/7) = (21m + 15n)/35

Amount of Y in the new mixture = (2m/5 + 4n/7) = (14m + 20n)/35

So, [(21m + 15n)/35]/[(14m + 20n)/35] = 5/4

--> 4(21m + 15n) = 5(14m + 20n)
--> (84m + 60n) = (70m + 100n)
--> 14m = 40n
--> m/n = 40/14 = 20/7

Process 3:
Let F = the first mixture and S = the second mixture.

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Step 1: Convert the ratios to FRACTIONS.
F:
Since X:Y = 3:2, and 3+2=5, X/total = 3/5.
S:
Since X:Y = 3:4, and 3+4=7, X/total = 3/7.
New mixture:
Since X:Y = 5:4, and 5+4=9, X/total = 5/9.

Step 2: Put the fractions over a COMMON DENOMINATOR.

F = 3/5 = (3*7*9)/(5*7*9) = 189/(5*7*9).
S = 3/7 = (3*5*9)/(5*7*9) = 135/(5*7*9).
New = 5/9 = (5*5*7)/(5*7*9) = 175/(5*7*9).

Step 3: Plot the 3 numerators on a number line, with the two starting
numerators (189 and 135) on the ends and the goal numerator (175) in the
middle.
F(189)--------------------(175)--------S(135)

Step 4: Calculate the distances between the numerators.

F(189)----------14---------(175)----40----S(135)

Step 5: Determine the ratio in the mixture.

The ratio of F to S in the mixture is the RECIPROCAL of the distances in red.
F : S = 40 : 14 = 20:7.

Problem 1: How many liters of 20% alcohol solution should be added to 40

liters of a 50% alcohol solution to make a 30% solution?

Solution to Problem 1:

Let x be the quantity of the 20% alcohol solution to be added to the 40 liters of
a 50% alcohol. Let y be the quantity of the final 30% solution. Hence

x + 40 = y

We shall now express mathematically that the quantity of alcohol in x liters

plus the quantity of alcohol in the 40 liters is equal to the quantity of alcohol in
y liters. But remember the alcohol is measured in percentage term.

20% x + 50% * 40 = 30% y

Substitute y by x + 40 in the last equation to obtain.

20% x + 50% * 40 = 30% (x + 40)

Change percentages into fractions.

20 x / 100 + 50 * 40 / 100= 30 x / 100 + 30 * 40 / 100

Multiply all terms by 100 to simplify.

20 x + 50 * 40 = 30 x + 30 * 40

Solve for x.

x = 80 liters

80 liters of 20% alcohol is be added to 40 liters of a 50% alcohol solution to

make a 30% solution.

Problem 2: John wants to make a 100 ml of 5% alcohol solution mixing a

quantity of a 2% alcohol solution with a 7% alcohol solution. What are the
quantities of each of the two solutions (2% and 7%) he has to use?

Solution to Problem 2:

Let x and y be the quantities of the 2% and 7% alcohol solutions to be used to

make 100 ml. Hence

x + y = 100

We now write mathematically that the quantity of alcohol in x ml plus the

quantity of alcohol in y ml is equal to the quantity of alcohol in 100 ml.

2% x + 7% y = 5% 100

The first equation gives y = 100 - x. Substitute in the last equation to obtain

2% x + 7% (100 - x) = 5% 100

Multiply by 100 and simplify

2 x + 700 - 7 x = 5 * 100

Solve for x

x = 40 ml

Substitute x by 40 in the first equation to find y

y = 100 - x = 60 ml
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Time and Work Formula, Shortcuts

1. Work from Days:

1
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = .
n

2. Days from Work:

1
If A's 1 day's work = ,then A can finish the work in n days.
n

3. Ratio:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

4. No. of days = total work / work done in 1 day

5. Relationship between Men and Work

More men ------- can do -------> More work

Less men ------- can do -------> Less work

6. Relationship between Work and Time

More work -------- takes------> More Time

Less work -------- takes------> Less Time

7. Relationship between Men and Time

More men ------- can do in -------> Less Time

Less men ------- can do in -------> More Time

8. If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days and M2 persons can do W2 work in D2
days, then
9. If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days for h1 hours and M2 persons can do
W2 work in D2 days for h2 hours, then

Note: If works are same, then M1D1h1 = M2D2h2

10. f A can do a work in x days and B can do the same work in y days then the
number of days required to complete the work if A and B work together is

11. If A can do a work in x days and A B can do the same work in y days then
the number of days required to complete the work if B works alone is

Time and Work Solved Problems

1. A can work on 1km railway track in 1 day. In how many days, will he
able to complte the work on 12km railway track?

Soln: no. of days = total work / work done in 1 day

Therefore, no. of days taken = 12/1 = 12 days

2. A can complete the work in 15 days. What fraction of work will be

completed in 1 day?

Soln.: Let the total work is 1 unit.

Work in 1day = total work/no. of days to complete = 1/15th of work

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3. A can do a piece of work in 3 days and B can do a piece of work in 5 days.
In how many days will the work be completed if both A and B work together?

Soln.: Using formula:

Work done by A in 1 day = 1/3

Work done by B in 1 day = 1/5

Total work done by A and B in 1 day = 1/3 + 1/5 = 8/15

Therefore, no. of days to complete work by A and B together =

1/(Total work) = 1/(8/15) = 15/8 days which is less than 3 and 5

Using shortcut/ analysis/ assumption

Let us consider the total work be 15 units (LCM of 3 and 5)

So work done by A in 1 day = 15/3 = 5 units

Similarly work done by B in 1 day = 15/5 = 3 units

So total work done by A and B in 1 day = 5 + 3 = 8 units

Therefore, no. of days to complete total work i.e. 15 units = total

work/work done in 1 day = 15/8 days

Note:

a. Work done by A and B in 1 day will always be greater than that of A

and B individually

b. No. of days taken by A and B together will always be less than that of A
and B individually

4. A can do a piece of work in 6 days, B can do a piece of work in 4 days and C

can do a piece of work in 12 days. Find the no. of days to complete the work if
A, B and C work together?

Soln.: Using formula:

Work done by A in 1 day = 1/6

Work done by B in 1 day =

Work done by C in 1 day = 1/12

 Total work done by A, B and C in 1 day = 1/6 + + 1/12 = 12/24 =1/2

Therefore, no. of days to complete work by A, B and C together =

1/(Total work) = 1/(1/2) = 2 days which is less than 4, 6, 12

Using shortcut/analysis/assumption

Let us consider the total work be 24 units (LCM of 4, 6, 12)

So work done by A in 1 day = 24/4 = 6 units

work done by B in 1 day = 24/6 = 4 units

work done by C in 1 day = 24/12 = 2 units

So total work done by A, B and C in 1 day = 6 + 4 + 2 = 12 units

Therefore, no. of days to complete total work i.e. 24 units = total

work/work done in 1 day = 24/12 = 2 days

The above Note is valid here as well.

5. A can do a piece of work in 6 days and B can do a piece of work in 12. Find
the no. of days to complete the work if A and B work alternatively?

Soln.: Using formula:

Work done by A in 1 day = 1/6

Work done by B in 1 day = 1/12

Total work done by A and B working 1 day each =1/6 + 1/12 =3/12 =

Therefore, 1/4th of work is done in 2days.

No. of days to complete total work if A and B work alternatively =

1/((1/4)/2) = 8 days

Using shortcut/analysis/assumption

Let us consider the total work as 12 units (LCM of 6, 12)

So work done by A in 1 day = 12/6 = 2 units

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 work done by B in 1 day = 12/12 = 1 unit

Total work done by A and B working 1 day each = 2 + 1 = 3 units in

2 days

Therefore, work done in 1 day = work/no. of days = 3/2 units

No. of days to complete work = total work/work in 1 day = 12/(3/2) =

8 days

6. 30 men can complete a job in 40 days. Then 25 men can complete the same
job in how many days?

Soln.: As per M1D1 = M2D2

30 * 40 = 25 * x or, x = 30 * 40/25 = 48 days

7. 30 men can complete 1500 units in 24 days working 6hrs a day. In how
many days can 18 men can complete 1800 units working 8 hrs a day?

Soln.: As per the formula , M1D1h1/W1 = M2D2h2/W2

=> 30*24*6/1500 = 18*x*8/1800

=> x = 36 days

8. A and B can do a work in 10 and 15 days respectively. Then combinedly A

& B, in how many days the work will be completed?

Soln.: As per the formula , x*y/(x + y)

A and B together can complete the work in 10 * 15/(10 + 15) = 6 days

9. A can do a work in 10 and, A and B together can do a work in 6 days. In how

many days B can complete the same work?
 Soln.: As per the formula , x*y/(x - y)
B alone can complete the work in 10 * 6/(10 - 6) = 15 days

10. A is twice faster than B and B can complete in 12 days alone. Find the
number of days to complete if A and B together work?

Soln.: Given B works in 12 days

A is twice faster than B => A takes 2 times less time than B

Therefore, A completes work in 12/2 = 6 days

A and B together can complete in 12 * 6/(12 + 6) = 4 days

Problems:

Mathematics ( Work, Time, People)

Q. 1. A and B can do a job together in 7 days. A is 1 times as efficient as B. the

same job can be done by A alone in:
(a) 9 1/3 days (b) 11 days (c) 12 days (d) 16 1/3 days (e) None of these

Ans: (b) 11 days

Explanation:
1 = 7/4
7/4 A = B, replacing B by 7/4 A, we get
A 7/4 A/ A + 7/4 A = 7days
7 A A/4 / 11A/4 = 7 A A/ 11 A = 7A /11 = 7
A = 77/7 = 11, So, A alone can finish the work in 11 days. Ans.

Q. 2. Sakshi can do a piece of work in 20 days. Tanya is 25% more efficient than
Sakshi. The number of days taken by Tanya to do the same piece of work is:
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 25 (e) None of these

Ans: (b) 16
Explanation:
The ratio of their efficiency, i.e. Sakshi : Tannya = 100 : 125 = 4 : 5
Therefore, ratio of time taken by them = 5 : 4
That is, No. of days taken by Sakshi is 5 units of ratio = 20 days
So, 1 unit of ratio = 20/5 = 4 days
Therefore, No. of days taken by Tannya = 4 4 = 16 days. Ans.

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Q. 3. A is 30% more efficient than B. How much time will they, working
together, take to complete a job which A alone could have done in 23 days?

(a) 11 days (b) 13 days (c) 20 3/17 days (d) 14 days (e) None of these
Ans: (b) 13 days

Explanation:
The ratio of their efficiency = A : B = 130 : 100 = 13 : 10
Therefore, the ratio of the time taken by them = 10 : 13
A takes 23 days = 10 units of ratio
So, 1 unit of ratio = 23/10
Time taken by B alone to finish the work = 23/10 13 = 29.9 = 30 days
Therefore, the No. of days taken to finish the work working together = 23 30/
53 = 13 days. Approx. Ans.

Q. 4. A does half as much work as B in three-fourth of the time. If together they

take 18 days to complete the work, how much time shall B take to do it ?
(a) 30 days (b) 35 days (c) 40 days (d) 36 days (e) None of these

Ans: (a) 30 days

Explanation:
That is , A = 3B/2/1/2 = 3B/2
Replacing A by 3B/2, we get
3B/2 B/3B/2 + B = 18 days
3 B B/5B =18
3B = 90
B = 30 days, B alone can finish the work in 30 days. Ans.

Q. 5. A can do a work in 15 days and B in 20 days. If they work on it together

for 4 days, then the fraction of the work that is left is:
(a) (b) 1/10 (c) 7/15 (d) 8/15 (e) None of these
Ans: (d) 8/15

Explanation:
Working together, the No. of days taken by them to finish the work = 15
20/35 = 60/7 days.
Then their 1 days work 7 60
Their, 4 days work = 7 4/60 = 7/15 of the total work
Therefore, the fraction of the work, that is left = 1- 7/15 = 8/15. Ans.

Q. 6. A can finish a work in 18 days and B can do the work in 15 days. B worked
for 10 days and left the job. In how many days, A alone can finish the
remaining work
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8 (e) None of these
Ans: (c) 6 days
Explanation:
Bs one days work 1 15
Bs 10 days work 1 15 10 2/3
Remaining work = 1/3
As 1 day work 1 18
No. of days A take to finish 1/3 of the work = 1/3/1/18 = 1/3 18 = 6 days. Ans.

Q. 7. A and B can complete a work in 15 days and 10 days respectively. They

started doing the work together but after 2 days B had to leave and A alone
completed the remaining work. The whole work was completed in:
(a) 8 days (b) 10 days (c) 12 days (d) 15 days (e) None of these

Ans: (c) 12 days

Explanation:
No. of days taken by them working together = 15 10/25 = 6 days
Their 1 days work 1 6
Their 2 days work 1 6 2 1 3
The work remaining = 2/3
As 1 day work 1 15
Time taken by A to finish 1/3 of the work = 2/3/1/15 = 2/3 15 = 10 days
Therefore, the total number of days taken to finish the whole work = 10 +2 =
12 days. Ans.

Q. 8. A can finish a work in 24 days, B in 9 days and C in 12 days. B and C start

the work but are forced to leave after 3 days. The remaining work was done by
A in:
(a) 5 days (b) 6 days (c) 10 days (d) 10 days (e) None of these

Ans: (c) 10 days

Explanation:
No. of days taken by B and C together to finish the work = 9 12/21 = 36/7 days
Their 1 day work = 7/36
So their 3 days work 7 36 3 7 12
The remaining work = 5/12
As 1 days work 1 24
To finish the remaining 5/12 of the work, the No. of days taken by A = 5/12/1/24
= 5/12 24= 10 days. Ans.

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Q. 9. A machine P can print one lakh books in 8 hours, machine Q can print the
same number of books in 10 hours while machine R can print them in 12
hours. All the machines are started at 9 a.m. while machine P is closed at 11
a.m. and the remaining two machines complete the work. Approximately at
what time will the work be finished?

(a) 11: 30 a.m. (b) 12 noon (c) 12:30 p.m. (d) 1 p.m. (e) None of these

Ans: (d) 1 p.m.

Explanation:
The three machines 1 hours work 1 8 1 10 1 12 37 120
Their work from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 2 hours work 37 120 2 27 60
The remaining work = 23/60
Machines Q and Rs 1 hours work 1 10 1 12 11 60
Therefore, the time taken by Q and R to finish the remaining 23/60 work =
23/60/11/60 = 23/60 60/11 = 23/11 = 2 hours approx.
Therefore, the approximate time at which the work is finished = 11 + 2 = 1 p.m.
Ans.

Q. 10. A and B can do a piece of work in 30 days, while B and C can do the same
work in 24 days and C and A in 20 days. They all work together for 10 days
when B and C leave. How many days more will A take to finish work?
(a) 18 days (b) 24 days (c) 30 days (d) 36 days (e) None of these

Ans: (a) 18 days

Explanation:
i.e. 2 A B C s 1 days work = 1/30 + 1/24 + 1/20 = 1/8
their 1 days work 1 8 2 1 16
their 10 days work = 1/16 10 = 5/8
the remaining work = 3/8
As 1 days work 1 16 1/24 = 1/48
Therefore, the No. of days A alone will take to complete 3/8 of the work = 3/8/
1/48 = 3/8 48 = 3 6 = 18 days. Ans.


Averages and Mixtures - Formulae, Shortcuts

Formulae:
1. Average = sum of quantities/number of quantities
2. Sum = avg * no. of quantities
3. If the numbers are in A.P. (Arithmetic Progression), then the avg of numbers
is given by
Avg = sum/n =[ (n/2)(a+l)]/n
= (a+l)/2
Where n no. of quantities
a first term or value
l last term or value
4. Weighted Average:
Section1:
No. of quantities: m
Avg of section1: p
Section2:
No. of quantities: n
Avg of section1: q
Avg of section1 and section2 = (m*p + n*q)/(m +n)

Points to remember/Shortcuts
1. Average lies between minimum and maximum values.
a. Avg > minimum value
b. Avg < maximum value
2. f every quantity is increased decreased by k value then the avg also get
increased decreased by the same k value.

Solved Examples
1. What is the average of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50?
Soln:
Method 1:
No. of values: 5
Avg = (10+20+30+40+50)/5 = 30

Method 2:
As the given values are in A.P., we can use shortcut as follows:
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 Avg = (10+50)/2 = 30

2. If the Arithmetic mean of 10 terms is 20, find the sum of the terms?
Soln: Sum = avg * no. of units = 20 * 10 = 200

3. If the average marks of 2 students is 80 and the 3rd student with 68 marks
joined, then find the average of 3 students?
Soln:
Total marks of 2 students = 80*2=160
Total marks of 3 students = 160+68 = 228
Avg of 3 students = 228/3 = 73 marks

4. If the average marks of 2 students is 80 and when the 3rd student joined, the
average increased to 82. Find the marks of 3rd student?
Soln:
Method1:
Total marks of 2 students = 80*2=160
Total marks of 3 students = 82*3 = 246
Marks of 3rd student = 246-160=86marks

Method2 (by glance):

As the 3rd student joined, the avg increased by 2 marks for 3 students => total
3*2 = 6marks
So the marks of 3rd student = 80+6=86 marks

5. If the average of marks of first 10 students of a class is 50, and the average
of next 20 students is 75, find the average marks of the class if the total
strength is 30?
Soln:
Here there are 2 sections of people. So we need to take weighted average.
Avg = (mp + nq)/(m + n)
Avg = (10*50 + 20*75)/(10+20) = (500+1500)/30 = 2000/30

6. If the average of marks of first 10 students of a class is 50, and the average
of next 20 students is 75, find the average marks of the class if the total
strength is 40?
Soln:
The details are given for first 10+20 = 30 students, but the class strength is 40.
So the class average cannot be determined as we dont know the details of last
10 students.

7. If the 2 persons average age is 25, find the avg age after 5 years?
Soln:
After 5 years, age of both persons will increase by 5 years.
So avg age will be increased by 5 years = 25 + 5 = 30 years
8. If the 2 persons average age is 25, find the avg age before 5 years?
Soln:
Cannot be determined for the following reason:
Let present age of 2 persons be 46 and 4 years.
Before 5 years, 1st person age = 46 5 = 41 years
2nd person age = 4-5 = -1 which is not possible, i.e. 2nd person is not
yet born before 5 years. So, in this particular scenario, the avg age before 5
years cannot be determined.

9. Find the average of 79, 87, 93, 82?

Soln:
Method1:
Avg =( 79+87+93+82)/4 = 341/4 = 85.25

Method2:
As the above given numbers are large no.s, instead of adding directly, we can
follow as below:
Assume the avg as 80, and add or subtract each no. accordingly as follows:
New sub avg = (-1+7+13+2)/4 = 21/4 = 5.25
Therefore, avg = 80+5.25 = 85.25

Same is the shortcut for weighted averages.

10. If the average of first half of class is 20marks and the average of remaining
half of the class is 24, find the average of the class?
Soln: Avg = (avg1+avg2)/2 = (20+24)/2 = 22 marks

Note: As the no. of students is same in first and next half of the class, avg of the
class cab be determined as the mean of two averages.

11. If the average of boys is 20 marks and the average of girls is 24, find the
combined average of boys and girls?
Soln:
Cannot be determined as the no. of boys and girls is unknown.

12. If the ratio of averages of 10 boys and 20 girls is 3:2, find the combined
average?
Soln:
Cannot be determined because of the following reason:
Let average of 10 boys be 3x
Average of 20 girls be 2x
Combined average = (3x + 2x)/30 -> cannot be determined as x is unknown.

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Problems on Ages

Q. 1. 10 years ago, the average age of a family of 4 members was 24 years. Two
children having been born (with age difference of 2 years), the present
average age of the family is the same. The present age of the youngest child is:

(a) 1 year (b) 2 years (c) 3 years (d) 5 years (e) None of these

Ans: (c) 3 years

Explanation:
Now, Sum of the ages of the 4 members = 4 24 + 4 10 = 136 years
Let x 2 and x be the ages of the new born elder and younger children
respectively.
Then the present average, 136 + x +2 + x/6 = 24
2x = 24 6 138 = 144 138 = 6
Therefore, x = 3 years. Ans.

Q.2. 3 years ago, the average age of a family of 5 members was 17 years. A
baby having been born, the average age of the family is the same today. The
present age of the baby is
(a) 1 year (b) 1 years (c) 2 years (d) 3 years (e) None of these
Ans: (c) 2 years

Explanation:
Present Sum of the ages of 5 members = 5 17 + 5 3 = 100
ncluding the new born babys age as x the present average 100 x6 17
Then, x = 102 -100 = 2 years. Ans.

Q.3. The average age of husband, wife and their child 3 years ago was 27 years
and that of wife and the child 5 years ago was 20 years. The present age of the
husband is:
(a) 35 years (b) 40 years (c) 50 years (d) 34 years (e) None of these

Ans: (b) 40 years

Explanation:
Sum of the present ages of Husband, wife and child = 27 3 + 3 3= 90
Sum of the present ages of wife and child = 2 20 + 2 5 = 50 years
Therefore, the present age of husband = 90 50 = 40 years. Ans.
Q. 4. Three years ago, the average age of A and B was 18 years. With C joining
them, the average age becomes 22 years. How old is C now?
(a) 24 years (b) 27 years (c) 28 years (d) 30 years (e) None o f these
Ans: ( a) 24 years

Explanation:
Sum of present ages of A and B = 2 18 + 2 3 = 42 years
The new average i.e. 42 + C/ 3 = 22
C = 22 3 42 = 66 42 = 24 years. Ans.

Q. 5. The average age of a husband and wife was 23 years at the time of their
marriage. After five years they have a one- year old child. The average age of
the family now is:
(a) 19 years (b) 23 years (c) 28.5 years (d) 29.3 years (e) None of these

Ans: (a) 19 years

Explanation:
The present average age of the family = 23 2 + 2 5 + 1/3 = 57/3 = 19 .Ans.

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1+2+3+4+5+-----+50

Or, 2+4+6+-----+100

Or, 3+5+7+-----+99

, Sn=1+2+3+...+(n-2)+(n-1)+n

, Sn=n(n+1)/2

, S=a+(a+1)+----+p ,

S= (a+p)/2

A= 1st term, d= difference between two consecutive terms,

P= last term= a+(n-1)d

n=

So, S= {(a+a+(n-1)d}= (2a+(n-1)d)/2

Sn=a+ar+ar2+ar3+...arn-1

So, the sum of n terms of a geometric series with starting value a, ratio, r is:

Probably because of the financial (compound interest) applications of the

geometric progression, the formula is written assuming that r is less than one,
but if r is greater than 1, then the minuses cancel out.

n= infinity

If n is infinite and |r|<1, then rn=0:

If a=1, we can note that:

Some Formulae:

1+2+3+4+-----+n= n(n+1)/2

1^2+2^2+3^2+-----+n^2= n(n+1)(2n+1)/6

1^3+2^3+3^3+-----+n^3= {n(n+1)}^2

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. .
. . ?

L, / t, R, F
T

T= [ { 2L-(R+F)}/{(R-F)}] x t= [{2 x 10 x 100- (50+25)}/{50-25} x 1= 77

sec

a) . . . .
?

2mn/(m+n) = km/hr

b) . . . .
?

S= vt, or, v= s/t= (40 x 2+ 60 x 2)/ (2+2)= 50 km/hr

: = / = / = . ./

-
?
 : = xy/ (x+y)

-
?

= x (-y)/ (x-y)

- ,
?

= xyz/(xy+yz+zx)

, , , ?

: , (++)/ = (++ )/

, =

Even and Odd Numbers

Basically Numbers can be classified into 2 types.

1. Even Numbers
2. Odd Numbers

Even Numbers:
These are the numbers which can be divisible by 2 or multiples of 2.
Ex: 0, 2, 4, etc.

Odd Numbers:
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These are the numbers which are not divisible by 2 or not multiples of 2.
Ex: 1, 3, 5, etc.

Operations on Even and Odd numbers:

Addition
even + even = even
Ex: 2 + 2 = 4
odd + odd = even
Ex: 3+3 = 6
even + odd = odd
Ex: 2 + 3 = 5

Subtraction
even - even = even
Ex: 4-2=2
odd - odd = even
Ex: 3-1 = 2
even - odd = odd
Ex: 2 -1 = 1
odd - even = odd
Ex: 3-2 = 1

Multiplication
even * even = even
Ex: 4* 2=8
odd * odd = odd
Ex: 3* 5=15
even * odd = even
Ex: 4* 1=4

Powers/Exponents
even ^ even = even
Ex: 2 ^2 = 4
odd ^ odd = odd
Ex: 3^3= 9
even ^ odd = even
Ex: 2 ^3= 8
odd ^ even = odd
Ex: 3^2 = 9

Factorials
even! = even
Ex: 4! = 24
odd! = even (except 1!)
Ex: 3! = 6
Points to be remembered
1. Least non-negative even number: 0
2. Least positive even number: 2
3. Least non-negative odd number: 1
4. 0 * non-zero number = 0
5. 0 * 0 = not defined
6. 0/non-zero number = 0
7. non-zero number/0 = infinte
8. 0 / 0 = not defined (not infinite)
9. non-zero number ^ 0 = 1
10. 0 ^ 0 = not defined
11. 1 ^ infinite = not defined
12. (any number other than 0, 1) ^ infinite = infinite
Ex: 2^infinite = infinite
13. 0! = 1
14. Factorial of any odd no. except 1! is even because of the presence of 2.

Problems & Solutions:

1.
Let the number is x, So, x^2+2x=63,

Or, x^2+9x-7x-63=0, Or, (x+9) (x-7)=0, So, x= -9 or, 7

2.


-

3.

Let the numbers are a b c d e f. so a b c d e f 6 7 or a b c d e f 42--

-- 1 a, b. so, (c+d+e+f)/4= 8, or, c+d+e+f= 32----(2) Putting the
value from 2 to 1 So, a+b+32=42, or, a+b= 10

4. Envelopes could be purchased by Tk. 150 per pack of 100, Tk. 100 per pack
of 50 or Tk. 2.50 each. What is the minimum number of envelopes that could be
purchased for Tk. 725?

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Cost for 100 ps= 150 tk, or, Per ps= 1.50 tk (1st condition), 2nd cond, 50 ps = 100
tk, or per ps= 2 tk, 3rd cond, per ps= 2.50 tk
Maximum rate= 2.50 tk, so minimum no of envelopes purchased= 725/2.50=
290 ps

5.What is 10% of 20% of 30% of 4000?

10% of 20% of 30% of 4000= 10/100 X 20/100 X 30/100 X 4000= 24

6.
a.b=20, a+b= 12, a=20/b, 20/b+b=12, or, b^2-12b+20=0, or, b^2-10b-2b+20=0, or.
(b-10) (b-2)=0, b= 10, 2, maximum 10

7.What is 125% of 125?

125% of 125= 125/100 X 125= 156.25,

8.

ery simple . Total 25

9.
ab=20, a+b=12, similar way Q:6 ,

10. what is 3% of 5? = 3/100 X5= 0.15

11.
. .

12. What is 5% of 6%? = 5/100 X 6/100=0.003

13.
x-650=820-x, or x= 735

14.What Percent of 20 is 16? x% of 20= 16, or, x= 16/20 X100=80

15. What is 5% of 600%?= 5/100 x 600/100=0.3

16.If 7/5 of a number is 6 more than 20% of the number, what is 11/10 of the
number?
7/5x= 6+20/100 x, or, 7x/5-x/5=6, x=5
So, 11/10 x 5= 5.5, Ans : A
17.What is .05 Percent of 6.5 = 0.05/100 x 6.5= 0.00325,

18.
a+b=14, a-b=2, Adding, 2a=16, a=8, b=14-8=6, so, ab=8X 6=48

19.What number is 15% of 240?= 15/100 x 240= 36

20. What is 10% of y/3,if 2y/3 is 10% of 400?

2y/3= 10% of 400=40, or, y/3= 20
Now, 10% of y/3=10/100 x 20= 2

21.18 is approximately what percent of 44?

18= a% of 44, or, a= 18/44) x 100=40.90909=41 (approx.)

22.
a/6 +8=16, or, a=48

23.
a/4+4=24, a=80,

24.
2a+3a=90, a= 18

25.What is 1.2% of .5? = 1.2/100 x 0.5/100= 0.006

Try yourself

1.

a. b. c. d. Ans : A

2. . . . .
. .
a.. b. . c. d. . Ans : C

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3. . . . . .
. .
a. . . b. . . c. . . d. Ans : A

4.

a. b. c. d. Ans : D

5.
a. b. c. d. Ans : A

6.

a. b. c. d. Ans : A

7.
a. . b. . c. . . d. . Ans : C

8.

a. b. c. d. Ans : B

9.

Ans:

= , -=
= += , -=
= += , -=
= += , =-=

10.
, ?

---- += ----()
 , ,
, += -----()

Shanto Suzana
Amjad ibon arzana. 4 5 7 8 12
i. Shanto ii. Jibon iii. Amjad iv.
Suzana v. Farzana

The Vinci Code 4, 5, 7, 8
12

4= April-A
5= May-M
7= July-J
8= August-A
12=Dec- D
AMJAD

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This question tests your ability to factor a number. Whenever a problem
discusses products or factors or divisibility or a remainder of zero that
problem likely involves breaking down a number into its factors.

The factors of 36 are 1 and 36; 2 and 18; 3 and 12; 4 and 9; and 6. (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9,
12 18 36 . So each childs age must be one of those factors and they must
multiply to 36 and add up to the mysterious number on the gate which is not
given.

The possible ages of the children, then, are:

1, 1, and 36 (and the number on the gate would be 38)

1, 2, and 18 (and the number on the gate would be 21)

1, 3, and 12 (and the number on the gate would be 16)

1, 4, and 9 (and the number on the gate would be 14)

1, 6, and 6 (and the number on the gate would be 13)

2, 2, and 9 (and the number on the gate would be 13)

3, 3, and 4 (and the number on the gate would be 10)

Based on the above, the census taker must not have been able to figure out the
ages using the number on the gate so the number on the gate must be 13
(the only sum that could come from more than one sets of factors). So, the
census taker knows that the children are either 6-year-old twins and a 1-year
old, or else a 9-year-old and 2-year-old twins

Once the woman mentions an eldest child the census taker knows that the
correct answer is the 9-year-old and 2-year-old twins

13. At a party, everyone shook hands with everybody else. There

were 66 handshakes. How many people were there in the party?

?

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## -
There are 40 people in a room. They shake each other's hands once
and only once. How many handshakes are there altogether?

## -
Shanto Jibon: https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tnmn
At a party, everybody shakes hands with each other once. There
are 45 handshakes. How many people are there at the party?

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+=

17.
.
.

.+ .
.+. . .+.

18. 1 5 1
25

-
-

19.

Shanto Jibon: https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tnmn

Problems

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

..

, ;
,

, ,

https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tnmn

https://www.facebook.com/groups/655607334510922/

Shanto Jibon (The Mysterious man)

August 5, 2014

Shanto Jibon: https://www.facebook.com/?ref=tn_tnmn