This type of cellulose electrode needs a certain amount
of moisture present in its coating and should not be stored
in dry rod ovens. If improperly stored, operating charac-
teristics will be adversely affected.
The slag-forming materials of the E6010 covering in-
clude titanium dioxide and either magnesium or alumi-
num silicates. Ferromanganese is used as a deoxidizer, or
degasifier, as it is often called. Since there is usually no
increase in manganese in the weld deposit over that of the
core wire, the manganese enters the slag as an oxide. The
common binder for the coating materials is sodium sili-
cate solution, which also is a slag-forming material. The
core wire is low carbon rimmed steel. It usually contains
0.10 to 0.15 percent carbon, 0.40 to 0.60 percent manga-
nese, a maximum of 0.40 percent sulfur and phosphorus,
and a maximum of 0.025 percent silicon.
E6011: All-Position, Alternating Current and DCEP (Fast-Freeze
Type) The operating characteristics, mechanical proper-
ties, and welding applications of the E6011 resemble those
of the E6010, but the E6011 requires alternating current.
Although it may also be used with DCEP, it loses many of
its beneficial characteristics with this polarity.
The penetration, arc action, slag, and fillet-weld ap-
pearance are similar to those obtained with the E6010
type, Fig. 12-4C, page 309. The weld deposit is free from
porosity, holes, and pits. The slag can be removed read-
ily. Fillet and bead contours are flat rather than convex.
E6011 electrodes may be used in all-position welding.
The E6011 coverings are classified as the high cel-
lulose potassium type. Small quantities of calcium and
potassium are present in addition to the other ingredients
usually found in the E6010-type coverings. The core wire
is identical to that used for E6010 electrodes.
E6013: All-Position, Alternating Current and DCEN or DCEP
(Fill-Freeze Type) Slag removal is easy, and the arc can
be established and maintained readily. This is especially
true of electrodes with small diameters (116, 564, and
3
32 inch). Consequently, it permits satisfactory operation
with lower open-circuit voltage. Originally, this electrode
was designed specifically for light gauge sheet metal
work and for vertical welding from the top down.
The covering of the E6013 contains rutile, siliceous
materials, cellulose, ferromanganese, potassium, and liq-
uid silicate binders. An important difference is that easily
ionized materials are incorporated in the covering. This
feature permits the establishment and maintenance of an
arc with alternating current at low welding currents and
low open-circuit voltages.
The molten metal is slightly more fluid than that of the
E6010 electrode, but not to the extent that the E6013 cannot
be used in all-position welding. The molten metal and slag
316Chapter 12 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes
characteristics control the shape of the weld deposit, Fig.
12-4E, page 309. The arc action tends to be quiet, and the
bead surface is smoother, with a finer ripple. These elec-
trodes are suitable for making fillet welds and groove welds
with a flat or slightly convex appearance.
E7014: All-Position, Alternating Current and DCEN or DCEP (Fast-
Fill Type) The covering of this electrode is similar to that of
the E6013, but the addition of iron powder makes it much
thicker. This thicker coating forms a crucible that allows
this electrode to be dragged and the correct arc length is
maintained. The deposition rate is somewhat higher.
The E7014 is suitable for welding mild steel in all posi-
tions. The weld beads have a smooth surface with fine rip-
ples, and the slag is easily removed. The fillet welds made
with the E7014 are flat to slightly convex. It is a good elec-
trode for production welding on plate of medium thickness.
Low Hydrogen Electrodes Low hydrogen electrodes are
a result of research during World War II. The object of
this research was to find an electrode for welding armor
plate that would require the use of less strategic alloys.
Today these electrodes are no longer considered emer-
gency tools. They are used because they have superior
mechanical properties and because many are custom-
made to match the heat-treating properties of alloy steels.
The name stems from the fact that the coatings are free
of minerals that contain hydrogen. The lack of hydrogen
is an important characteristic because hydrogen causes
underbead cracking in high carbon and alloy steels. By
eliminating hydrogen, underbead cracking is prevented
and difficult steels can be welded with little or no preheat.
These electrodes also produce porosity-free welds in high
sulfur steels and eliminate hot-shortness in phosphorus-
bearing steels. The addition of iron powder in the coating
increases the deposition (melting) rate.
SMAW electrodes that have classifications ending in
5, 6, or 8 are considered low hydrogen electrodes. These
electrodes are low in hydrogen-bearing compounds, so
that only traces of hydrogen and moisture are present in
the arc atmosphere. The core contains from 0.08 to 0.13
percent carbon, 0.40 to 0.60 percent manganese, and a
maximum of 0.04 percent sulfur and phosphorus. A typi-
cal analysis of the deposit from a low hydrogen electrode
is 0.08 percent carbon, 0.56 percent manganese, and
0.25 percent silicon.
A low hydrogen electrode has a core of mild steel or
low alloy steel. The mineral covering consists of alkaline
earth carbonates, fluorides, silicate binders, and ferro-
alloys. This covering produces the desired weld metal
analysis and mechanical properties. E7018 and E7028
have iron powder in their covering. During welding,
the covering forms a carbon dioxide shield around the
arc. On the job these electrodes must not be exposed to
humid air because of their tendency to absorb a consid-
erable amount of moisture.
A wide range of weld properties is possible by adding
a number of alloying elements to the covering. Such addi-
tions may include carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel,
molybdenum, and vanadium.
The arc is not harsh and is moderately penetrating.
The slag is heavy, friable (easily crumbled), and easily
removed. A short arc must be used in welding. A long
arc permits hydrogen pickup (an increase in moisture),
which causes porosity and slag inclusions in the weld de-
posit. High quality, radiographically sound welds can be
made with proper welding techniques. See Fig. 12-4F, J,
and K.
Although low hydrogen electrode sizes up to and in-
cluding 532 inch may be used in all positions, they are not
truly all-position welding electrodes such as those in the
E6010 classification. The larger diameters are useful for
horizontal fillet welds in the horizontal and flat positions.
The mechanical properties produced by these elec-
trodes are far superior to those furnished by conventional
electrodes, such as the E6010 and E6013. Tensile strengths
of 120,000 p.s.i. and better, with high ductility, are obtain-
able in the as-welded condition. With heat treatment, ten-
sile strength can be increased to as much as 300,000 p.s.i.
Following is a description of each electrode in this
class.
E7015: All-Position, DCEP (Low Hydrogen)The coating of
this electrode is high in calcium compounds and low in
hydrogen, carbon, manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus. It
contains a trace of silicon. It is referred to as the low hy-
drogen, sodium type because sodium silicate is used as a
binder for the covering.
The arc is moderately penetrating. The slag is heavy,
friable, and easily removed. The deposited metal is flat
and may be somewhat convex. Welding with a short arc is
essential for low hydrogen, high quality deposits. Welding
in all positions is possible with sizes up to 532 inch. Larger
electrodes can be used in the horizontal and flat positions.
These electrodes are recommended for the welding of
alloy steels, high carbon steels, high sulfur steels, mal-
leable iron, sulfur-bearing steels, steels that are to be
enameled, spring steels, and for the mild steel side of clad
plates. Very often pre- and postheating may be eliminated
by the use of this electrode.
E7016: All-Position, Alternating Current and DCEP (Low Hydro-
gen) The E7016 electrode has all the characteristics of the
E7015 type. An added advantage is that it may be used
with either alternating or direct welding current. The core
wire and covering are similar to the E7015, except for the
addition of potassium silicate or other potassium salts.
The potassium compounds make these electrodes suitable
for alternating current. A typical weld produced by this
electrode is shown in Fig. 12-4J.
E7018: All-Position, Alternating Current and DCEP (Low Hydro-
gen, Iron Powder) The coating of this electrode contains a
high percentage of iron powder, from 25 to 40 percent, in
combination with low hydrogen ingredients. The covering
of the E7018 is similar to, but thicker than, the covering of
the E7015 and E7016 electrodes. The slag is heavy, friable,
and easily removed. The deposited metal is flat, Fig. 12-4K,
and its appearance is better than welds made with the E7015.
The deposit may be slightly convex in a fillet or groove weld.
Welding may be done in all positions with electrode
sizes up to 532 inch. Larger diameters are used for fillet
and groove welds in the horizontal and flat positions. A
short arc must be held at all times, and special care taken
to keep the covering in contact with the molten pool when
welding in the vertical-up position. A long arc will cause
porosity in the weld deposit. The deposition rate of E7018
is somewhat higher than that of the E7015.
The strength of the deposited weld metal can be im-
proved through the addition of certain alloys to the cover-
ings, rather than by changing the composition of the core
wire. Adding alloying elements to the coating is more
economical and can be better controlled. These electrodes
are available in the E8018 through E12018 classifications
(tensile strength 80,000 p.s.i. through 120,000 p.s.i.).
Usually the applications of the E7018 electrodes require
specific mechanical and chemical properties so that the
weld metal will meet the requirements of the base metal,
adjust to stress-relieving and heat treatment, withstand ex-
treme loading and fatigue, and resist cracking.
E7028: Horizontal and Flat Positions, Alternating Current and
DCEP (Low Hydrogen, Iron Powder)These electrodes are
similar to the E7018 electrodes, with some differences.
The E7028 is suitable only for horizontal and flat position
welding, whereas the E7018 can be used in all positions.
The coating of the E7028 contains a higher percentage of
iron powder (50 percent) than the E7018 and, as a result,
is thicker and heavier. The deposition rate of the E7028 is
higher than the rate of the E7018.
The penetration is not deep, and the weld appearance
is flat to concave, with a smooth, fine ripple, Fig. 12.4F.
The slag coating is heavy and easily removed. The E7028
has the characteristics of the fast-fill type of electrode,
Fig. 12-6, page 318.
E7048: Flat, Horizontal, Overhead, and Vertical Down Posi-
tions, Alternating Current and DCEP (Low Hydrogen, Iron Pow-
der) These electrodes are similar to the E7018 electrodes.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes Chapter 12317

S H OP TAL K
Electrical Burns
An electrical burn is similar to a thermal burn.
If there is an accident, turn off the power. Then, use a
nonconductive material to pull the person away from the
live wires. If he or she is not breathing, perform CPR. Use
ice or clean, cold compresses on the burn. Obtain medical
attention immediately.
Fig. 12-6 Deep groove welds have an excellent appearance and
wash-in, easy slag removal. E7028 iron powder electrodes produce
a smooth, clean, flat cover pass.
However, they have been especially formulated for ver-
tical down welding techniques. These techniques are
popular with this process on cross-country pipelines.
Because of the increasingly stronger pipe being specified
for line pipe, the cellulose-type electrodes do not possess
the required physical or mechanical properties. This has
brought about the development of the E7048 electrode.
possible greater welding speed. It has been determined
that one-third of the weld metal deposited comes from
the covering.
In comparing the E7024 electrodes with conventional
electrodes, contact welding has the following advantages:
Less weld spatter and, therefore, higher deposition
efficiencies even at high welding current
Lower nitrogen content within the weld metal
Sounder metal with less tendency for such defects as
cracking, porosity, and slag inclusions
Welds that are practically self-cleaning and have
greater freedom from spatter
Smoother weld appearance, approaching the bead
quality obtained by automatic welding
E7024 electrodes are well suited for fillet welds in
mild steel. The welds are slightly convex in profile. They
have a very smooth surface and an extremely fine ripple
that approaches the appearance of m achine-made welds,
Figs. 12-7 and 12-8. The electrode is characterized by
a smooth, quiet arc, very low spatter, and low penetra-
tion. It can be used at high lineal speed. It operates with
alternating current, DCEN, or DCEP, a lthough alternat-
ing current is preferable.
Alloy Steel Electrodes
Because of the high strength requirements of many indus-
trial fabrications, the use of high strength alloy steels has
increased a great deal. The ability to fabricate by welding

Other Covered Electrodes

E7024: Horizontal Fillet and Flat Position, Alternating Current
and DCEN or DCEP (Iron Powder, Titania) The E7024 classifi-
cation indicates a covering with a high percentage of iron
powder, usually 50 percent of the weight of the covered
electrode, in combination with fluxing ingredients similar
to those commonly found in the E6013 electrodes. The
E7024 electrodes may be used for those applications that
usually require E6013.
E7024 electrodes are also referred to as contact elec-
trodes, since the electrode coating may rest on the sur-
face of the joint to be welded. During actual welding,
the electrode drags, resulting in an effective shielding
of the weld pool from the atmosphere. Many welders
prefer to hold a short, free arc. In addition to melting the
core wire and the base metal, the arc melts iron powder
Fig. 12-7 A multipass groove weld, bevel butt joint in
in the electrode coating to provide greater deposition of 3
4-inch plate welded with an iron powder electrode (E7024).
metal per ampere, Fig. 12-5, page 310. Hence, it makes Lincoln Electric

318Chapter 12 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes


Fig. 12-8 Iron powder electrodes provide high welding
speeds with good appearance. The bottom joint was made
with a single iron powder electrode, and the top was welded
with a single E6013 electrode. The iron powder electrode was
36 percent faster and gave the weld a better appearance.
is a major factor in this increase. A shielded arc electrode
capable of producing weld deposits with a tensile strength
exceeding 100,000 p.s.i. has been developed. The core
wire of this electrode is composed of alloy steel instead
of low carbon steel. The electrode covering has the lime-
ferritic nature typical of the low hydrogen types, and it
may contain powdered iron.
Operating characteristics of electrodes for welding
alloy steel resemble those of the low hydrogen electrodes
in the E7015, -16, and -18 classifications. They are avail-
able, however, in tensile-strength classifications of 80XX,
90XX, 100XX, 110XX, and 120XX.
You will recall that the first two or three digits of the
electrode identification number indicate tensile strength.
Thus, the E11018 electrode is rated at a tensile strength
of 110,000 p.s.i., whereas the E7018 electrode has a ten-
sile strength of only 70,000 p.s.i. Both electrodes weld in
all positions, use alternating current or DCEP, and have
30 percent iron powder in their covering. They have
medium arc force and penetration, and their slag is heavy,
friable, and easily removed.
The Stainless Steel ElectrodesStainless steel is the
popular term for the chromium and chromium-nickel
steels. It is a tough, strong material that is highly resistant
to corrosion, high temperatures, oxidation, and scaling.
There is a large variety of stainless steels and electrodes
to weld them. Both the base metals and the electrodes are
expensive, and should be handled with care.
Metallurgically, the stainless steels are classified as
martensitic, ferritic, precipitation-hardening, duplex, and
austenitic. In order to understand the various uses for
these steels, it is important that you have an understand-
ing of these terms.
Martensitic stainless steel is an air-hardening steel
containing chromium as its principal alloying element
in amounts ranging from 4 to 12 percent. It is normally
hard and brittle. Martensitic stainless steel requires both
preheating and postheating for welding.
Ferritic stainless steel is a magnetic, straight-
chromium steel containing 14 to 26 percent chro-
mium. It is normally soft and ductile, but it may
become brittle when welded. Preheating and post
heating are necessary for successful welding.
Precipitation-hardening (PH) stainless steel has
the ability to develop high strength with reasonably
simple heat treatment. The precipitation hardening is
promoted by one or more alloying elements, such as
copper, titanium, niobium, and aluminum. The PH
stainless steels do not require preheat. SMAW elec-
trodes are not available for all the PH stainless-steel
types. Thus, high joint strengths may not be available
if a matching electrode is not available. Where high-
strength welds are not required, standard austenitic
stainless-steel electrodes such as E308 or E309 can be
used.
Duplex stainless steel (DDS) is characterized by a
low carbon, body-centered-cubic ferrite, face-cen-
tered-cubic austenite microstructure. Duplex types
resist stress corrosion cracking and pitting, and have
yield strengths twice that of the 300 series alloys. A
typical DDS alloy of 2304 would contain 0.030 per-
cent carbon, 21.5 to 24.5 percent chromium, 3.0 to 5.5
percent nickel, 0.05 to 0.6 percent molybdenum, and
0.05 to 0.20 percent nitrogen. These alloys are easier
to weld than the ferrite types, but are more difficult
to weld than the austenitic types. Postweld heat treat-
ment (PWHT) is normally not necessary or recom-
mended. SMAW electrodes are readily available for
the common DDS grades.
Austenitic stainless steel contains both chromium and
nickel. The nickel content usually ranges from 3.5 to
22 percent, and the chromium content from 16 to 26
percent. It is strong, ductile, and resistant to impact.
Austenitic stainless steel is nonmagnetic when annealed
but slightly magnetic when cold worked. Heat treatment
is not necessary during welding.
Selection of the proper type of electrode for stainless
steel welding is critical. A different welding method is re-
quired for each type. The resultant weld must have the
required tensile strength, ductility, and corrosion resis-
tance equal to the base metal. There are also the problems
of matching the color of the base metal and producing
a smooth bead that will require a minimum amount of
grinding.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes Chapter 12319
 The last two digits of the electrode identification number
Table 12-13 Identification of Stainless-Steel refer to the position of welding and operating characteris-
Electrodes tics as given in the AWS classification system. E309-15, for
example, may be used in all positions with DCEP. It is a
Austenitic or Chromium Nickel Types AISI 300 Series
low hydrogen electrode with a medium arc and penetration.
AISI Popular Trade AWS Electrode Stainless-steel electrodes are designated as having
Designation Names Recommended lime, lime-titania, or titania coverings. In general, a lime-
302 type covering is one whose chief mineral ingredients in-
1
303 clude limestone and fluorspar. It contains minor amounts
18
8 or 199 E308-15, E308-16
304 of titanium dioxide (up to 8 percent). Coverings contain-
308 ing more than 20 percent titanium dioxide are usually
309 25
12 E309-15, E309-16,
considered as the titania type; those containing between 8
2
E309Cb-15 and 20 percent are considered to be the lime-titania type.
E310-15, E310-16 The lime-type covering is designed for DCEP only.
310 25
20 2
E310Cb-15, 1E310Cb-16, These electrodes produce welds that have a convex face
2
E310Mo-15, 1E310Mo-16 and are desirable for root passes in which the full throat
section prevents cracking. They may be used in the ver-
tical and overhead positions. The slag completely covers
312 29
9 E312-15, E312-16,
E316-15, E316-16 the weld, provides a rapid wetting action, and produces
316 18
12Mo 2
E316Cb-15, E316Cb-16
welds with a minimum amount of spatter. The coating
also produces a flux that drives the impurities from the
317 18
12Mo E317-15, E317-16
weld, thereby ensuring a weld that is free of porosity and
318 18
12Mo Cb has the mechanical and corrosion properties expected.
330 35 E330-15, E330-16 These electrodes are in the E3XX-15 classification.
15

347 18
8Cb E347-15, E347-16 The titania-type covering is designed for either alter-
Straight-Chromium Types
nating current or DCEP. Electrodes with such coverings
are preferred to the lime-type electrodes because of the
AISI 400 Series
smooth arc action, fine bead appearance, and very easy
410 12 chromium E410-15 slag removal. They produce slightly concave welds that
430 16 chromium E430-15 require a minimum of cleaning, grinding, and polishing
442 18 chromium E442-15 time. These electrodes are in the E3XX-16 classifica-
446 28 chromium E446-15 tion. They are also available for DCEP only. Electrodes
AISI 500 Series with the lime-titania covering may be used with DCEP or
502 5 chromium E502-15, 502-18
DCEN only or with alternating current, DCEP, or DCEN.
505-18 They are all-position electrodes. They weld the straight
chromium (ferritic) and chromium-molybdenum stainless
505 9 chromium E502-16, 505-18
steels and, to some extent, the chromium-nickel (austen-
1
AISI 303 has additional sulfur added to improve machinability. Use lime type E308-15 itic) stainless steels.
when welding.
2
Niobium and/or molybdenum are added to these coatings to aid in prevention of Lime is used for the electrode covering because it tends
carbide precipitation or to improve strength at elevated temperatures (decrease creep to eliminate hydrogen, which causes underbead cracking.
rate), respectively.
Since chromium has an affinity for carbon and materials
high in carbon, carbon compounds such as alkaline earth
The identification numbers for stainless-steel electrode carbonatis, which is used to eliminate hydrogen in low hy-
classifications are somewhat different from those used in drogen electrodes, cannot be put in the covering for stain-
the AWS system for carbon steel electrodes. They are based less-steel electrodes. Manganese and silicon are included
on the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) classifica- to reduce oxidation. Titanium promotes arc stability, pro-
tions of metal alloys, Table 12-13. The first digits in the duces an easily removable slag, and prevents carbon pre-
identification number refer to the AISI metal classification cipitation. Niobium also prevents carbon precipitation.
number instead of the tensile strength. Thus, the electrodes
in the E308XX through E309XX series are suitable for Hard-Facing Electrodes
austenitic stainless steels. (See Chapter 3, pp. 87 and 92, Hard-facing is the deposition of an alloy material on a
for more information on the AISI classification system.) metal part by one of several welding processes to form a

320Chapter 12 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes

protective surface. This can also be done by metal spray-
ing. Depending on the alloy added, the surface resists
abrasion, impact, heat, corrosion, or a combination of
these factors.
Abrasion is the wear on surfaces that are subjected to
continuous grinding, rubbing, or gouging action. The
forces move parallel to the surface of the component.
Impact causes metal to be lost or deformed as a result
of chipping, upsetting, cracking, or crushing forces.
The force is a striking action that is perpendicular to
the absorbing members.
Corrosion is the destruction of a surface from atmo-
spheric chemical contamination and from oxidation or
scaling at elevated temperatures.
Hard-facing may be applied to new parts to improve
their resistance to wear during service or to worn parts to
restore them to serviceable condition. The wear-resistant
material is applied only to those surfaces of a component
where maximum wear takes place.
Alloys for hard-facing are usually available as bare
cast or tubular rod, covered solid or tubular electrodes, or
solid wire and powder. Electrodes for metal arc welding
have been classified on the basis of the following service
conditions:
1. Resistance to severe impact
2. Resistance to severe abrasion
3. Resistance to corrosion and abrasion at high
temperature
4. Resistance to severe abrasion with moderate impact
5. Resistance to abrasion with moderate-to-heavy
impact
In most cases only a single type of electrode is needed.
However, there are some conditions that require two types
of electrodes. For example, when severe abrasion is en-
countered in combination with severe impact, a Class 1
electrode should be used for buildup metal. A second type
of electrode is used to deposit a material that has high abra-
sion characteristics. The first material cushions impact
loads and supports the hard deposit that resists abrasion.
There are many different kinds of hard-facing materi-
als. Generally, they have a base of iron, nickel, copper,
or cobalt. Alloying elements may be carbon, chromium,
molybdenum, tungsten, silicon, manganese, nitrogen, va-
nadium, and titanium. The alloying elements form hard
carbides that contribute to the properties of the hard-fac-
ing metals. A high percentage of tungsten or chromium
with a high carbon content forms a carbide that is harder
than quartz. Materials with a high chromium content have
high resistance to oxidation and scaling. Nickel, cobalt,
and chromium have high corrosion resistance.
Hard-facing electrodes are classified on the basis of
the type of service they perform and are divided be-
tween ferrous and nonferrous base alloys, Table12-14.
Ferrous Base Alloys
Austenitic Steel Electrodes There are two major types of
austenitic steel electrodes: those containing a high per-
centage of manganese and those containing chromium,
nickel, and iron. The latter are known as stainless steels.
Electrodes made of austenitic manganese steel provide
metal-to-metal wear resistance coupled with impact, and
surface protection or replacement of worn areas where
abrasion is associated with severe impact. They have been
widely used to resurface battered-down railway track-
work. Surfacing of power shovel dippers is another com-
mon application.
The stainless-steel types of hard-facing electrodes are
used for corrosion-resistance overlays and for joining or
buildup purposes. Certain types are good heat-resistant
alloys and serve for surface protection against oxidation
up to 2,000F.
Martensitic Steel ElectrodesThe carbon in martensitic
steels is the major determinant of their characteristics.
These steels are inexpensive and tough. The alloys with
little carbon are tougher and more crack-resistant than
the types with greater amounts of carbon. When used as
electrodes, they can be built up to form thick, crack-free
deposits of high strength and some ductility. Abrasion re-
sistance is moderate, and increases with carbon content
and hardness. The deposits with little hardness may be
machinable with tools, whereas grinding is advisable for
those with higher hardnesses. These electrodes are used
for building up the surfaces of shafts, rockers, and other
machined surfaces.
Iron Electrodes Iron-basealloys with high carbon content
are called irons because they have the characteristics of
cast iron and are used for facing heavy cast iron machin-
ery parts. They have a moderate-to-high alloy content of
chromium, molybdenum, or nickel. Irons resist abrasion
A B OU T WEL DIN G
ELECTROSLAG
Prior to 1977, highway bridges used electro-
slag welding (ESW). When cracks were discovered during
bridge inspections in Pennsylvania, the government found
that this method could no longer be used. However, re-
cent developments now allow ESW to be used in certain
applications.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding Electrodes Chapter 12321
322

Table 12-14 Properties of Hard-Facing Electrodes

Abrasion Friction Impact Hardness Ductility Machinability Corrosion Hard-Facing Guide

1 2 5 1 6 6 1 Carbide typepowder form
1 1 5 1 5 6 1 Carbide typehigh abrasion resistance
3 2 5 1 5 6 2 Carbide typegood abrasion, moderate toughness
4 3 4 1 5 5 5 Semiaustenitic typehigh carbon, chromium alloy
4*
5 4 1 6 2 4 6 Austenitic type11 to 14% manganese
5 5 1 6 1 4 1 Austenitic type18-8 and 25-20 stainless
5 2 5 1 6 6 4 Martensitic typehigh speed tool steel
4*
2 2 5 1 6 6 4 Martensitic type5% chrome tool steel
4*
5 4 3 2 4 5 5 Martensitic typelow carbon chrome, manganese
3*
5 5 3 3 4 4 5 Martensitic typemedium carbon, chrome, manganese
3*
6 6 2 6 3 3 6 Ferritic typelow carbon with 5% molybdenum
1*
6 6 1 6 1 1 6 Ferritic typeconventional low carbon electrode
Scale 1 to 6
1. Excellent
2. Very good
3. Good
4. Fair
5. Poor
6. Very poor
*Annealed condition.