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, 35

32



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9

1. :
(1837 1842) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15
2. (1842 1875) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25
3. - - - - - 32
4. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43
5. ( 1878. ) - - - - - - - - - - - - 46

(1878 1889)
. 51
2.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
3. - -- - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- - - -- -- - - - 69
4. - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
5. - - - - - - - - - - 90
6. 1884. - - - 98
7. -
(1885 1886) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109
8. - - - - - - - - - | 20

9.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 131
10. - 141
11. - - - - - 147




(1878 1889)
1. ----------------------- 153
2.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 157
3. - - --- - - 164
4. -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 167
5. - - - - - - - - - - - - 171
6. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 175
7. 1883. - - - - - - -- - - - - 179

1. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 195
2. -
- - - - - - - - 198
3. : ,
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 206
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 213
Great Britain and Serbia 18781889 Sumary - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 217
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 221
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 223
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 229
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 233

XIX
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, , 3. 1837.
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, ,
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1857 1859), (. 1851 1864). 1851.
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1855 1858. 1859 1865. . 18. 1865.

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15 FO. 78/312/87,
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1837.

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19 FO 78/312/57 66.

22
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.

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,

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26

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1860. 1875. .

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37
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vi, Brankovo kolo, 1895, 752759, 794-798.
I. Luki Tipsarevi, nav. delo,75.
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48
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126
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* F. O. 105/50. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, September, 28. 1885.

112
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* Fo. 105/51. wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, November 14, 1885.
* FO. 105/51. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, November 19, 1885.
, , , 1885. -II - III . . 627, -
, 4/16 XI 1885.
* , , , 1885, -II - II . . 638, -
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* FO. 105/51. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, November 17, 1885.

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FO. 10552. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, December 12, 1885.
142 FO. 105/51. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, November 27, 1885.
FO. 105/51. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, December 18, 1885.
144 E. O. 105/55. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, January 16, 1886.

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147 Isto.
FO. 105/55. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, January 18, 1886.
. , - ,
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1 18

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rors and The Question of the East).
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122.

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162 E. Singleton, Mr Gladstone and The Eastern Question,
, , 1988, 39-51.
163. Isto.
. , , 1881, 132.

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131
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* FO. 105/32, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, February 28, 1882.

132
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FO. 105/32, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, March 2, 1882.

133

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.

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134
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1884.
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,

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,
.

, , .

FO. 105/33, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, June 14, 1882.

* Fo. 105/33, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, June 16, 1882.
Fo. 105/33, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, June 22, 1882.
F. o. 105/46, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, October 17, 1884.
F. O. 105/55, Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, January 18, 1886.
* . , . 378-380.

135
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F. o. 105/49/18, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, January 1885.
* F. o. 105/64, wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, 1887.
* F. o. 105/63, Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, 1887.
* F. O. 105/122/68.

136
 .
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1887. . ,
,
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195 F. O. 105/63. Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, May 15, 1887.

137


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F. O. 165/73, St. John to Salisbury, Belgrade, March 12, 1889.
* F. o. 105/64, Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, July 8, 1887.
199. Isto.
200. Isto.

138
 .
31. ,

.

,

12. 1888.

,
.

F. O. 105/64, Wyndham to Salisbury, Belgrade, July 31, 1887.

139

1888. 1889. .
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2

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210 P, . , ., 151.

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,

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* , , , 1885, -IV, -V, . . 107,
, 14, 26. II 1885.

143
 ,
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1887.

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, 18/30. IX 1885.
* Fo. 105/49, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, March 10, 1885.
216 P. o. 105/56, Wyndham to Rosebery, Belgrade, March 31, 1886.

144
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145
 1885. Times,
,


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(George Macaulay Trevelyan) 1876.
. ,
XIX .
. .
p: .
( 1915). 1 B:
: : British History in The Nineteenth
Century (1922), History of England (1926), George Otto Trevelyan (1923), English Social History (1944).
1962. .

147

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.


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(, , ),

* FO. 105/29, Gould to Salisbury, Belgrade, January 27, 1880.

157
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.

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.
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158
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, 1880.
.

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1881. , 23. .

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164

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165
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167
 229.539 kg 1886.
321.500 kg, 192.325 kg.
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9.190 kg , 58 kg
1883. 19.654 kgy 1888. .
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,
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139457 kg. ,
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168
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1888. .
20. 1888.
.
:
1. Mess & Huggins Co. () - .
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4. Mess & Roberts, Simpson Co. () .
5. Mr. Henry Dobson () .
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1884 90. 486 379 192567

1884 92. || 455 085 164.482

1884 92. || 287 349" 266.464

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* FO. 165/79. F. John to Salisbury, Belgrade, April 20, 1888.

169

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1886. 4,102 967 793 57.024 0.14

1887. 3.178 516 8,71 -- ----

1888. 3.545 297 10.10 81 480 () 21

1889. 3.742 241 1074 158,892 041

1890. 4.888 751 12. 85 209.883 0.46

1891. 5.020.503 11 73 5.450 ().01

1892. 3,759,048 . 10, 14 29.018 0.06

. 1873.
North British, Mercantile, Greshem,
New York, 1887. . 26

* D. Mili, Serbia's Economic Relations with European Countries until World War I.
", , 1996, 408.

170
 5.

XIX

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.


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,

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171

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173
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174
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* Fo. 105/36, Locock to Granville, Belgrade, January 3, 18, 1882.
Isto.

176
(245 km), 1.523.490 ; (118 km), 738.098 ;
(110 km),
938.823 . 473 km
3.208823 .

,
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XIX
.
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, 1888.
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FO. 105/42. Locock to Granville, Belgrade, April 27, 1883.

: 1)
: (109 ); (61 t); (78 t); 2)
: (70t); (72t); 3) : (72t). Locock to
Granville, April 27, 1883. Belgrade, F.O. 105/42.
, , , 1888., -II, -III, . . 612, , 5/17. VIII
1888.

I 77


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1889.
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1889.


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1965, 1966; J. Lehman, A Danubian Study, London 1939; . , . , 63-81;
, XIX,
", eoa 1983. . XV, 307-318. ; H. ,
, , 1939., . ,
, , . V, II ,
. XXXI .5, 482-503; . 6, 561-581. 1935; . , , 1927. VII,
.12; A. , , , 1939, . ,
, . 8. 1946.; M.A.To,
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1910, 185-208.
46 . , . 74.

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,
. Serbia and Serbians
1908. , onstan
tine, the last Emperor of the Greeks or the Conquest of Constantinople by the
Turks,
. 1

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1876. 1895.

19. p. , ., 147.
. I-II, 1882, 1907,
; ji: : ,
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: Russian Designs of the
Balkan States ( Eastern and Western Review ", 1892, March pp. 4547), Servian Literature , (Eas
tern and Western Review , 1892, August pp. 245-247); Sultan Abdul-Hamid and the Balkan States,
(Eastern and Western Review", 1892, May pp. 144145); rkey and Serbia (Eastern and Wes
tern Review 1892, October pp. 422-424); The Servian Coup d' Etat (Eastern and Western Re
view, 1893, May pp. 337), A Royal Tragedy: being the Story of the Assassination of King Alexander
and Queen Draga of Serbia (London 1906); The problem of the Near East: 1 Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid.
A. Character Sketch (Portnightly Review, 1906, October pp. 575584).

201
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(1876-1895), . XXXIX (1992), 1994. 137165.
23 C.Mijatovich, The Memoirs of a Balkan Diplomatist, New York, 1917, 197.
* Isto, 207.
2.5 M, , . 147.
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The History of Modern Serbia, 1872.
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204

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( 1865, 22 ); (, 1866, 8),
(, 1865), . , -
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1867. , ( 1873); ,

Serbian Folk-Lore ( 1874), ossovo an attempt to bring Serbian natio
nal song. About the Fall of the Serbian Empire at the Battle of Kossovo. Into one
poem. Translated and arranged by Elodie Lawton Mijatovich
1881. . Life, 1893.
. 1909. .

,
.

*" I (1804-1813), II (1813-1839), III

II. ; IV. ,
ELMijatovics, The History of Modern Serbia, London 1872. pp. IX-XIV
* : The
Burial of the Obrenovitch, (. ), ichael M. Obrenovic III. Prince of Serbia,
murdered in the park of Topschidere, by Belgrade Wednesday June 10 1868 ( III
, , , 10. 1868.
1868. ).
205
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Nouveau dictionaire anglais francais, Inglisko-nemaki razgovor; English
-Deutsch Worterbuch".
.. , . , . .
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1900. .
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XIX .

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True Sun" .
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. 1833. Monthly Magazine
z. Morning Chronicle",
Evening Chronicle. ,
Sketches by Boz (1836). . Oliver
Twist, , 1837 1838.
.
.
: The Old Curiosity Shop (1841), Barnaby Rudge (1841), Martin Chuzzlewit (1843
1844), i A. Christmas arol (1843). , 1846.
The Daily News".
. , 1850. je
Household Words" 1859.
, , ,
.
, All the Year Round".
,
. :A Tale of Two Sities
(1859), Great Expectations (18601861). 8. 1870.

209
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Morning Chronicle" Parliamentary History & Review".
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: System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy (1848), On Liberty (1859),
Considerations on Representative Government (1861) u Utilitarianism (1861). 1865. 1868.

. , 1869. he Subjection of Wo
men. 8. 1873. .

210

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216
 GREAT BRITAIN AND SERBIA 18781889.

SUMMARY

This book deals with the relationship between Great Britain and Serbia from the
Congress of Berlin 1878, until the retirement of King Milan Obrenovifrom the throne of
Serbia in 1888. It was an exceptionally important period both in the history of Serbia and
the Balkans as a whole.
Because of its important geostrategic and political situation, the Balkan peninsula
was attracting the attention of the Great Powers for centuries. On that relatively limited
space, the interests of the Ottoman Empire, Russia, the Empire of the Habsburgs, France
and Great Britain were intermingled. Therefore it was no wonder that the Balkan penin
sula was a constant source of troubles and an area of permanent instability. It was only
dictatorships and the absolutist monarchies that succeeded in preserving shorter or longer
periods of peace there." On numerous occasions during the XIX century the Balkan pe
ninsula was the theater of wars and international conflicts. The beginning of the XIX cen
tury saw the period of struggles for national liberation of the Balkan nations; the new
conflicts occurred during the Crimean war (1853-56) and during the Great Eastern Crisis
in mid seventies. The causes that brought the Great Powers to mutual conflicts were the
territorial delimitation in the Balkans which were justified with the religious troubles and
the inability to have them mutually reconciled.
During the XIX century as well as before, Great Britain had shown a great deal of
interests for the Balkans and Serbia. Great Britain entered the political scene in the middle
of the XIX century, pretending to play the role of a new supreme arbiter. Simultaneously
she was acting to preserve integrity and independence of the Ottoman state as the most
important bulwark to the Russian pretensions in the Balkans, the Near and the Middle
East,in order to prevent the Russian access to the "warm seas. The British interests see
med to be that Constantinople and its environment, as well as the whole Balkans should
be controlled by a state which would not be strong enough to be troublesome to Britain,

" . , , International round table: Europe at the

Crossroads: New Walls or Unification of Europe, , . 17,
, 1999, 49.
* M. , , In
ternational roundtable, Meeting or conflict of the civilizations on the Balkans, , . 16,
, 1998, 23.

217
and at the same time capable of resisting the Russian penetration to the Mediterranean as
well as to the Middle East and India. the most important British colonial possession
The termination of the Great Eastern Crisis and the Congress of Berlin, opened the
period in which Austria-ungary played a crucial role in the solution of all important
questions relative to the Balkan states and peoples. Since Great Britain was able to elimi
nate Russia as the only agent in the solution of the Eastern Question and influence the po
licies of Balkan states and peoples in the decades to come, she was capable of preserving
the achievements of the Congress. Initially, she was able of carrying such policy through
Austria-ungary because their mutual interests were identical at that moment. It was par
ticularly evident in 1879, when Germany and Austria-ungary concluded the agreement
of mutual defense which was directed against Russia. It was the first of many alliances
which Bismarck concluded with various European states. Great Britain was relieved.The
conclusion of this agreement meant that Germany and Austria-ungary were fighting the
British battle against Russia. No wonder that British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury
greeted news about this agreement, saying that it was good and very useful". However,
as time went by, the relationship between Germany, Austria-ungary and England grew
colder, while connections between Great Britain and Russia were constantly improving.
After the Berlin Congress, the British policy was directed towards North and South
Africa, the Middle and Far East, namely to the events in Afghanistan, Transvaal, Egypt.
Internally, the British government was faced with the problem of the Home Rule in Ire
land which caused it a great deal of headache. At first glance, it appeared that Great Bri
tain had no time and interest for the Balkans. Yet, she was capable to exercise a certain
amount of control there through Austria-ungary. The policy towards Serbia was carried
out on the basis of the traditional British approach, namely the preservation of the status
quo. In fact, that meant preservation of the honorable peace which was achieved at the
Berlin Congress. The British governmentacted in order to forestall the return of Russia to
the Balkan scene and to prevent both her influence on the people and the emergence of a
larger and stronger alliance of the Balkan states. All British ministers in Serbia in the ten
ear period (Gold, Lockock,Wyndham, Saint John), had as the most important instruction
to monitor how Serbia was observing the treaty of Berlin, whether King Milan Obrenovi
was carrying out an austrophile policy, was the Russian influence in Serbia growing st
ronger, and if the slavenophile sentiments amongthe Serbswere increasing or decreasing.
Finally, they were instructed to encourage the policy that would prevent reconciliation
with Russia. There was hardly a report from Belgrade in which these questions were not
mentioned.
Until the Serbian-Bulgarian war (1885) the British were carrying out their aims in
Serbia through Austria-ungary. It was only after the war that such policy was abando
ned. While King Milan was in power, the British government had shown a direct interest
in the internal affairs of Serbia. It tried to influence her, although publicly insisting that it
did not want to interfere in her internal affairs. The British governments would not under
stand and accept Serbia's opposition to the Bulgarian unification. They could not under
stand the reasons for King Milan's entering the war completely unprepared, which could
have cost him the loss of national territory and independence and himself of the throne.
Perceiving the unified Bulgaria as a strong obstacle to the Russian influence on the Bal
kans, the British carried out an aggressive diplomatic activity to persuade Serbia to accept
the Bulagrian unification as a fait accompli. They tried to dissuade Serbia from starting

* . . 1875-1880", ,
1953, 67.
. Taylor, Borba za prevlast u Evropi, Beograd 1964, 257.
* A famous sentence uttered by Lord Beaconsfield on his return from Berlin Congress.

218
the war by offering her certain territorial compensations. When the war, despite those ef
forts, started, the British government was insistent upon its quick ending while exerting
pressure upon King Milan and Prime Minister Milutin Garaanin to conclude peace with
Bulgaria. From that time on, the British policy was more interested in the events in Serbia
and especially in King Milan and his position. Through their representatives in Belgrade,
the British government was acting to dissuade King Milan from his intention to abdicate,
being afraid that his removal from the throne would cause a change of Serbian foreign po
licy towards Russia, thus enabling her to return to the Balkans.
Therefore, the relationship between Great Britain and Serbia in this period was
going up and down, being determined by the general strategy of Great Britain towards the
Balkans. The British policy viewed Serbia and the Serbs as permanent supporters of the
Russian policies in the Balkans and as an instrument in the expansion of the ideas of pans
lavism. This explains the constant fear of the Russian influence in Serbia, the restoration
of the pro-Russian sentiments among the Serbs and consequently, the change of the fo
reign policy of the Serbian Kingdom. The relationship between Great Britain and Serbia
had their moments of intensive cooperation, as well as moments of total disinterestedness
for the events in the Serbian Kingdom.
Besides political questions, Great Britain was substantially interested in the estab
lishment of the economic ties with Serbia, although the British producers were not fami
liar enough with the size and possibilities of the Serbian market. Possibilities for the
expansion of the British trade with Serbia were becoming larger after the railway line Bel
grade-Ni-Vranje- Skopje-Thessalonika was built. In this period two countries had con
cluded several important commercial treaties: Provisional Trade Convention and the
Agreement of Friendship and Trade. These documents opened intensive commercial acti
vities between the two countries. Only from Great Britain the annual import to Serbia,
amounted to almost two million kilograms of different goods. After the Berlin Congress,
cultural ties between the two states began to develop. A great impetus to the mutual ac
quaintance was made by Elody and edomilj Mijatovi, Pauline Irby, Denton, Gladstone,
Evans, Filip Hristi, Nikola Jovanovi Amerikanac, and other intellectuals of the two
countries. These connections were of crucial importance since the knowledge of Serbia in
Great Britain and vice versa was virtually null. There existed numerous prejudices that,
among others, described the Serbs as wild and primitive people. Therefore, each visit,
contact, book, news, was of substantial importance for mutual acquaintance and the ex
pansion of relationship between the Serbs and the English in most diverse areas.
We have tried to demonstrate that all those claims which argue that Great Britain
was not interested in Serbia in the political sphere were not correct. It was also pointed
out that the claims that there did not exist economic, cultural and other contacts, were
groundless. Such an impression derived from the fact that the relationship between the
two countries was not carefully researched and examined, and that these problems re
mained in darkness. After the Congress of Berlin, the new page was opened in the rela
tionship between Great Britain and Serbia initiating an intensive cooperation and contacts
between the two states and their peoples.

219


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