THE STATE

Form of development of society characterized by the exercise of power by a dominant social

class over the population of a given territory, which is organized hierarchically and controlled
by military force or by the force of religion; Thereby ensuring the continuity of the system.
THE CITY
Type of dense, diverse and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals, where
the power of the rulers, the bureaucracy and the servants of these are concentrated; Is a center of
religious, political and administrative power. It is part of a hierarchical set of settlements that
shows: Some territorial extension derived from a manifested population concentration in the
residential complexes. Defined design that denotes planning, zoning and organized management
of the space for its differentiated use, on the part of its occupants, with physical or symbolic
connotations.
Diverse architectural expressions in relation to a complex division of labor and the presence of
specialists in various productive and exchange activities and where the surplus is distributed in
an unequal way, according to the position of each one in the productive social process.
Indicators that reflect the hierarchical position of its occupants by social strata: residence of
authority, specialists, servants. Development of public architecture in accordance with the
presence of institutions: temples, palaces, religious, administrative and political functions.
Evidence of the provision of services for the development of productive processes: calendar,
public works, irrigation and management of fields, exchange of goods with the outside.
EL ESTADO
Forma de desarrollo de la sociedad caracterizada por el ejercicio del poder por una clase social
dominante sobre la poblacin de un territorio dado, organizado jerrquicamente y controlado
por la fuerza militar o por la fuerza de la religin; Garantizando as la continuidad del sistema.
LA CIUDAD
Tipo de asentamiento denso, diverso y permanente de individuos socialmente heterogneos,
donde se concentra el poder de los gobernantes, la burocracia y los servidores de stos; Es un
centro de poder religioso, poltico y administrativo. Es parte de un conjunto jerrquico de
asentamientos que muestra: Una extensin territorial derivada de una concentracin de
poblacin manifestada en los complejos residenciales. Diseo definido que denota
planificacin, zonificacin y gestin organizada del espacio para su uso diferenciado, por parte
de sus ocupantes, con connotaciones fsicas o simblicas.
Diversas expresiones arquitectnicas en relacin con una compleja divisin del trabajo y la
presencia de especialistas en diversas actividades productivas y de intercambio y donde el
excedente se distribuye de manera desigual segn la posicin de cada uno en el proceso social
productivo. Indicadores que reflejan la posicin jerrquica de sus ocupantes por estratos
sociales: residencia de autoridad, especialistas, servidores. Desarrollo de la arquitectura pblica
de acuerdo con la presencia de instituciones: templos, palacios, funciones religiosas,
administrativas y polticas. Evidencia de la prestacin de servicios para el desarrollo de
procesos productivos: calendario, obras pblicas, riego y manejo de campos, intercambio de
bienes con el exterior.
THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
The social and political organization of Caral was characterized by:
- The division of labor, a majority dedicated to food production and specialists responsible for
the political and religious leadership of the population, as well as the production of knowledge
and its application.
- An unequal distribution of economic productivity, in relation to the hierarchical ordering of
social strata.
- Centralized organization of the population, distributed in urban settlements, led by political
authorities.
Ayllus
Groups of related families, who worked the same portion of land in the valley and belonged to a
certain settlement or pachaca.
Curacas and principal
Each settlement or pachaca was represented by an authority or curaca, in addition to the "main"
of its ayllus.
These authorities returned services to the main and members of their ayllus predicting and
assuring certain natural and social conditions. They were the drivers of agrarian, economic,
religious and constructive activities.
Pachacas
The inhabitants of the valley of Supe were organized in urban centers of diverse size and
complexity, maintained by a self-sufficient economy, and conducted politically and
administratively by their own authorities, curacas. They had their gods and religious practices,
in which they supported their identity. They were integrated by economic ties (land and water),
religious and cultural (gods and ancestors) reinforced in collective public ceremonies, of
periodical realization.
Sayas
The settlements of the valley of Supe were distributed in each margin of the river, in similar
number, according to the dual pattern of the cosmovision of the society of Supe. Each saya
(half) was composed of a number of pachacas (settlements), both on the left and on the right.
Icho huari and Allauca huari
Each partiality or saya was under the authority of icho Huari and Allauca Huari, the first or
second person, as the chroniclers refer.
Hun
Above the authorities of both sides was the curaca of the valley, who was the Hun or Uno. He
commanded the authorities of the biases, the pachacas and ayllus, in a hierarchical system;
Represented the unification of the basin and the nationality of its inhabitants; Led the state
government and resided in the capital city.
The presence of public buildings with circular plaza sunk in almost all the urban settlements
would be related to certain public functions, of recognition to the State.
LA ORGANIZACIN SOCIAL Y POLTICA
La organizacin social y poltica de Caral se caracteriz por:
- La divisin del trabajo, una mayora dedicada a la produccin de alimentos y especialistas
responsables del liderazgo poltico y religioso de la poblacin, as como la produccin de
conocimiento y su aplicacin.
- Distribucin desigual de la productividad econmica, en relacin con el ordenamiento
jerrquico de los estratos sociales.
- Organizacin centralizada de la poblacin, distribuida en asentamientos urbanos, dirigida por
autoridades polticas.
Ayllus
Grupos de familias afines, que trabajaban la misma porcin de tierra en el valle y pertenecan a
un cierto asentamiento o pachaca.
Curacas y principal
Cada asentamiento o pachaca estaba representado por una autoridad o curaca, adems del
"principal" de sus ayllus.
Estas autoridades devolvieron servicios a los principales y miembros de su ayllus prediccin y
asegurar ciertas condiciones naturales y sociales. Eran los impulsores de las actividades
agrarias, econmicas, religiosas y constructivas.
Pachacas
Los habitantes del valle de Supe se organizaron en centros urbanos de diversa magnitud y
complejidad, mantenidos por una economa autosuficiente, y llevados a cabo poltica y
administrativamente por sus propias autoridades, curacas. Tenan sus dioses y prcticas
religiosas, en las que apoyaban su identidad. Fueron integrados por vnculos econmicos (tierra
y agua), religiosos y culturales (dioses y antepasados) reforzados en ceremonias pblicas
colectivas, de realizacin peridica.
Saya s
Los asentamientos del valle de Supe se distribuyeron en cada margen del ro, en nmero similar,
segn el patrn dual de la cosmovisin de la sociedad de Supe. Cada saya (media) estaba
compuesta por varias pachacas (asentamientos), tanto a la izquierda como a la derecha.
Icho huari y Allauca huari
Cada parcialidad o saya estaba bajo la autoridad de icho Huari y Allauca Huari, la primera o
segunda persona, como se refieren los cronistas.
huno
Por encima de las autoridades de ambos lados estaba el curaca del valle, que era el Hun o Uno.
Orden a las autoridades de los prejuicios, las pachacas y ayllus, en un sistema jerrquico;
Represent la unificacin de la cuenca y la nacionalidad de sus habitantes; Lider el gobierno
estatal y residi en la capital.
La presencia de edificios pblicos con plaza circular hundida en casi todos los asentamientos
urbanos estara relacionada con ciertas funciones pblicas, de reconocimiento al Estado.
ECONOMY OF CARAL CULTURE.
An agricultural-fishing economy, articulated by the exchange, supported the development of
Caral Civilization. The people of the coast caught and collected various marine species, mainly
anchovy, choros and males; The farmers of the valley produced cotton, mates and food species
such as achira, beans, sweet potatoes, squash, squash, potatoes, peanuts, avocado, pacae, guava,
corn, etc.
IMPORTANCE OF SPECIALIZATION.
The population of Caral realized different activities in the ecosystems that were part of its
surroundings, to take advantage of the resources.
In the coast, the activity was concentrated in the fishing and harvesting, in the valley, agriculture
was the predominant activity, in the wetlands was the harvesting, fishing and cultivation; In the
hills and riverside forest, hunting and gathering; And in the desert alluvial terrace, the
construction with stone, clay, wood and reed.
CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS
AGRICULTURE AND FISHING OF CARAL CULTURE.
Agriculture and Fisheries, Technology and Agricultural and Coastal Products.
5000 years ago the inhabitants of the valley of Supe achieved an intensive use of marine species
(fish and molluscs), by developing advanced fishing technology with cotton nets, twines, hooks
and boats.
This technological innovation was made possible by the high productivity of cotton farmers in
the interior of the valley. Likewise, the economic capacity of the fishermen, such as those of
pero, contributed to the support of the farming population of the valley.
Knowledge in agricultural engineering was produced, which were applied to the construction of
irrigation canals, the provision of water reservoirs, the conditioning of terraces for cultivation,
the manufacture of tillage tools and the probable fertilization of soils with guano Seabirds and
with scraps of anchovy heads, among others
ECONOMA DE LA CULTURA CARAL.
Una economa agrcola-pesquera, articulada por el intercambio, apoy el desarrollo de la
civilizacin Caral. Los habitantes de la costa capturaron y recolectaron varias especies marinas,
principalmente anchoveta, coros y machos; Los agricultores del valle producan algodn, mates
y especies alimenticias tales como achira, frijoles, batatas, calabaza, calabaza, patatas,
cacahuetes, aguacate, paca, guayaba, maz, etc.
IMPORTANCIA DE LA ESPECIALIZACIN.
La poblacin de Caral realiz diferentes actividades en los ecosistemas que formaban parte de
su entorno, para aprovechar los recursos.
En la costa, la actividad se concentr en la pesca y cosecha, en el valle, la agricultura fue la
actividad predominante, en los humedales fue la cosecha, la pesca y el cultivo; En las colinas y
bosques ribereos, la caza y la recoleccin; Y en la terraza aluvial del desierto, la construccin
con piedra, arcilla, madera y caa.
MANIFESTACIONES CULTURALES
AGRICULTURA Y PESCA DE LA CULTURA CARAL.
Agricultura y Pesca, Tecnologa y Productos Agrcolas y Costeros.
Hace 5000 aos los habitantes del valle de Supe lograron un uso intensivo de especies marinas
(peces y moluscos), desarrollando tecnologa de pesca avanzada con redes de algodn, guitas,
ganchos y barcos.
Esta innovacin tecnolgica fue posible gracias a la alta productividad de los productores de
algodn en el interior del valle. Asimismo, la capacidad econmica de los pescadores, como los
de pero, contribuy al apoyo de la poblacin campesina del valle.
Se produjeron conocimientos en ingeniera agrcola, que se aplicaron a la construccin de
canales de riego, la provisin de embalses de agua, el acondicionamiento de terrazas para el
cultivo, la fabricacin de herramientas de labranza y la probable fertilizacin de suelos con
guano Aves marinas y con restos de cabezas de anchoa , entre otros

THE COMMERCE OF CARAL CULTURE.

Local and interregional trade allowed the flow of agricultural and marine resources, as well as
the exchange of other goods, knowledge and cultural elements.
The exchange of dried anchovetas and molluscs (mussels and mussels) for cotton and other
agricultural, industrial or food products (mate, cotton, beans, achira, squash, sweet potato, etc.),
started the commerce chain, Other regions.
Some products were exchanged over great distances, such as the Spondylus of the beaches of
Ecuador. To Caral they arrived lloque, cactus, perico cordillerano and condor of the Andes, as
well as congompe, achiote, tuitumo and huarumo of the forest
CARAL CULTURE TEXTIL
In the society Caral has registered the use of textiles with different purposes:
Domestic, for dresses, footwear, etc.
Exchange, with fibers, cords, etc.
As a marker of social status, through elaborate garments and touches with structural
designs.
Ritual, with objects like the "eyes of God" and screens to incinerate.
Information record: quipus.
Construction material: to apply layers of paint on the plaster.
Textile workshop
The archaeological record evidences the use of looms, needles of bone and wood, disks of
different materials, punches and swords of bone weaving, as well as tangles, threads, ropes and
twisted yarns.
They made textiles of different natural colors, with varied techniques (twisted, ringed, plain,
etc.) and structural designs.
MANUFACTURE OF PRESTIGE PROPERTIES, WATERSHEDS, NECKLACES, ETC.
The economic system of Caral Civilization, added to the socio-political system, generated
specializations that, in turn, created surplus in the production and allowed the accumulation of
riches. The surplus was invested in projects of public benefit and in the maintenance of an elite
that assumed administrative, religious, political and technological functions.
The elite was differentiated by personal adornments (shell bead necklaces) and prestigious
goods (cotton fabrics, utensils, among others), of exclusive use
ART AND MUSIC OF CARAL CULTURE.
Importance of Art and Music of Caral Culture. Three musical ensembles have been recovered,
made up of wind instruments, which confirm the collective musical practice and the complex
organization in the society of Caral. They were associated with snails, such as percussion
instruments.
Religious and social activities included musical performances by groups specialized in this
elaborate artistic expression.
Musical art played an important role in the activities of the population; This tradition has
continued as part of the cultural heritage of Andean societies of all time.
CULTURA CARAL TEXTIL
En la sociedad Caral ha registrado el uso de textiles con diferentes finalidades:
Domstica, para vestidos, calzado, etc.
Intercambio, con fibras, cordones, etc.
Como marcador de estatus social, a travs de prendas elaboradas y toques con diseos
estructurales.
Ritual, con objetos como los "ojos de Dios" y pantallas para incinerar.
Registro de informacin: quipus.
Material de construccin: aplicar capas de pintura sobre el yeso.
Taller textil
El registro arqueolgico evidencia el uso de telares, agujas de hueso y madera, discos de
diferentes materiales, punzones y espadas de tejido seo, as como enredos, hilos, cuerdas y
hilos retorcidos.
Hicieron textiles de diferentes colores naturales, con variadas tcnicas (retorcidas,
anilladas, lisas, etc.) y diseos estructurales.
FABRICACIN DE PROPIEDADES DE PRESTIGE, CUENCAS, COLLARES, ETC.
El sistema econmico de la civilizacin Caral, sumado al sistema sociopoltico, gener
especializaciones que, a su vez, crearon excedente en la produccin y permitieron la
acumulacin de riquezas. El excedente se invirti en proyectos de utilidad pblica y en el
mantenimiento de una lite que asumi funciones administrativas, religiosas, polticas y
tecnolgicas.
La lite se diferenci por adornos personales (collares de cuentas de conchas) y bienes de
prestigio (telas de algodn, utensilios, entre otros), de uso exclusivo
ARTE Y MSICA DE LA CULTURA DEL CARAL.
Importancia del Arte y la Msica de la Cultura Caral. Se han recuperado tres conjuntos
musicales, compuestos de instrumentos de viento, que confirman la prctica musical
colectiva y la compleja organizacin en la sociedad de Caral. Se asociaron con caracoles,
como instrumentos de percusin.
Las actividades religiosas y sociales incluyeron actuaciones musicales de grupos
especializados en esta elaborada expresin artstica.
El arte musical desempe un papel importante en las actividades de la poblacin; Esta
tradicin ha continuado como parte del patrimonio cultural de las sociedades andinas de
todos los tiempos.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE CARAL CULTURE

Specialists handled the labor of large numbers of people, for the construction and remodeling of
the pyramidal buildings and their enclosures
Thus, in the architecture of the Caral Civilization, represented by the pyramidal buildings, a line
of thought and internal coherence can be observed. The definition of architectural forms, such as
staggered buildings, reflect a high degree of knowledge; While monumentality indicates the
organizational complexity achieved by this society.
In the design and construction of cities, the social and cultural canons were modeled, in
accordance with the conception of the world. In buildings the conjunction of the knowledge of
science, technology and art applied at that time is expressed.
To construct monumental pyramidal buildings and ensure their stability applied engineering
knowledge, both structural and resistance materials. It emphasizes the geometric form applied to
the layout and construction of the circular squares of Caral.
In their application they combined the knowledge of mathematics, geometry, astronomy and
engineering with art and religious beliefs. For this they used stone and wood instruments, ropes
and bags of fibers, vegetable fibers filled with stones. With mineral pigments they prepared the
paintings of the walls.
ARQUITECTURA DE LA CULTURA CARAL
Especialistas manejaban el trabajo de un gran nmero de personas, para la construccin y
remodelacin de los edificios piramidales y sus recintos
As, en la arquitectura de la Civilizacin Caral, representada por los edificios piramidales, se
puede observar una lnea de pensamiento y coherencia interna. La definicin de las formas
arquitectnicas, como los edificios escalonados, refleja un alto grado de conocimiento; Si bien
la monumentalidad indica la complejidad organizativa alcanzada por esta sociedad.
En el diseo y la construccin de las ciudades, los cnones sociales y culturales fueron
modelados, de acuerdo con la concepcin del mundo. En los edificios se expresa la conjuncin
de los conocimientos de ciencia, tecnologa y arte aplicados en ese momento.
Construir edificios monumentales piramidales y asegurar su estabilidad aplicada a los
conocimientos de ingeniera, tanto estructurales como materiales de resistencia. Destaca la
forma geomtrica aplicada al trazado y construccin de las plazas circulares de Caral.
En su aplicacin combinaron los conocimientos de matemticas, geometra, astronoma e
ingeniera con el arte y las creencias religiosas. Para ello utilizaron instrumentos de piedra y
madera, cuerdas y bolsas de fibras, fibras vegetales rellenas de piedras. Con pigmentos
minerales prepararon las pinturas de las paredes.