Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
A letter from a grateful tourist who was evacuated to Wellington after the Christchurch earthquake in
February 2011, commending CDEM volunteers for their support and customer care.
V5.02 - Page 2
Course Schedule
Module 1 - Personal & Community Preparedness
6.15pm 9.30pm
In the first class the purpose of Civil Defence Volunteers before, during and
after an emergency event is discussed, emphasising the importance of
preparedness in our household and our community. You will learn the easy
steps to being prepared and the key messages to promote to the
community.
The Wellington Region Emergency Management Office would like to recognise the
contribution of three of our CDEM Volunteers - Natalie Kerschner, Georgina Wedge and
Rebecca Jackson, in the development of this training manual.
Page 3
WELCOME ABOARD!
Welcome to our CDEM Its Easy, Preparing to Help our Community training course.
When a disaster strikes, volunteers and other members of the community play an
important role in helping communities to respond and recover, therefore we prefer to
think of CDEM as Community-Driven Emergency Management.
Thank you for taking the time to learn how to help your community before, during and
after emergencies.
Having completed this informative training for CDEM there are three situations in which
you might find yourself in a CDEM role. These include:
Helping our community prepare for an emergency by promoting being prepared
through your networks.
Working with your community during or after an emergency event.
Continuing on to become of our registered Volunteers, where you will be able to
assist us promote our preparedness message at events such as galas and fairs,
Your involvement in CDEM may become a discussion point between you and your
family, friends and other networks. You will be one of our Partners in Preparedness,
and your knowledge can help others to become better prepared.
The course
This course is four sessions long - you must attend all four sessions and complete the
associated assessments to complete the course. You need to attend the first session
first as this provides the context and forms the basis for the rest of the course. We are
flexible for the other three sessions so if you cant make it to a session for whatever
reason youre welcome to catch that up on a future course anywhere around the
region, however and whenever it best suits you.
V5.02 - Page 4
Before each session you are required to read the associated section of the manual.
The class sessions build upon and reinforce the information in the manual and are
designed to be engaging and interactive.
After you have read the manual, complete the self-knowledge review
to confirm your understanding of the material. Take note of any Bring any questions you
topics you would like to discuss in class and bring the review to hand have from the readings
in. After the class you will be emailed a link to an online multi-choice along to the class for
assessment. The pass mark for these assessments is 80 per cent. If group discussion.
you dont pass the assessment you will be given an opportunity to try
again.
Customer Service
With all the excitement taking place during an emergency, the needs of people who are
directly affected can sometimes be overlooked. In emergency management, the
people affected by an event are our customers, without them we wouldnt be there
helping. We go out of our way to find solutions for anyone that comes through our
door. A smile goes a long way in stressful situations. If you find yourself participating
in a response, treat people how you would want to be treated yourself.
Coordination
Emergency management is largely about allocating the right resources to an identified
problem. Everyone involved in a response must work towards the same objectives and
under the same guidelines, ensuring any actions are in coordination with the wider
operation to avoid duplication and gaps.
Flexibility
Flexibility is similar to adaptability. The only certainty in an emergency is that nothing
will go completely according to plan. Therefore, instead of dictating every step of an
emergency response, we provide training that empowers our volunteers to achieve
objectives using a flexible, solutions-based approach. If something doesnt work as
expected, smile, consider your objective and find a way to make it work. Roll with the
punches and be flexible in achieving a positive outcome.
Page 5
CDEM Volunteer
Once you have completed these four sessions, you may choose to continue on to
become a Civil Defence Emergency Management Volunteer (CDEM Volunteer).
This would involve meeting with one of our Community Resilience team members to
discuss your strengths and interests. You will also be required to have a police check
done.
We will refer to the role of a CDEM Volunteer throughout this manual, both so you have
a good understanding of the role they play, and also to give you an insight to the role if
you choose to continue with the process.
V5.02 - Page 6
Personal & Community Preparedness
Living with risks like earthquakes or fires is a natural part of everyday life. We cant
prevent disasters, but we can reduce their impact and prepare to recover more
efficiently. The Wellington region is particularly susceptible to natural hazards such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, floods and bush fires.
In a large-scale emergency, emergency services will be heavily strained and will not be
able to respond to everyone. That means you could be without official support for at
least three days, possibly more. The most immediate source of aid will be your local
community and the preparations you make before the event to reduce the impact. The
better prepared you are, the safer and more comfortable you, your family and your
friends will be after a major event.
Page 7
There are four key aspects for you to consider when preparing for an emergency:
Reduction understanding your hazards and minimising their impact
Readiness planning and preparing for the effects of an emergency
Response what to do during an emergency
Recovery getting back to some sort of normality after an emergency
These are known as the 4Rs and they will be discussed throughout the course. These
guide the activities you would undertake in a role as a CDEM Volunteer. The more
Reduction and Readiness you and your community do before an event, the better the
Response to and Recovery from the event will be.
The 4Rs are discussed further
in Module 2
Know your neighbours
We know from experience of past disasters that those around you are going to be the
first ones to help you. In Christchurch, neighbours who hadnt known each other before
the earthquakes, banded together to help each other not just through the initial
emergency, but in the weeks and months that followed. While its great that this does
happen, if you know your neighbours before a disaster ever strikes, youre more likely
to look out for each other in a shorter time. It will be more comfortable if you at least
know each others names and if youre not home when theres a disaster, your
neighbour can look out for your pets, children coming home from school, turn your
electricity and water off etc.
V5.02 - Page 8
It should be noted that large emergency events usually involve multiple hazards. For
example, a major earthquake may cause tsunami, landslides, fires, and disruption of
transport and infrastructure systems.
The following sections identify how you can prepare for each of these main hazards.
This includes what specific actions you can take to help you, your family and your
community if one of these hazards causes an emergency event.
Our location and geography means that the Wellington region often experiences storms
with high winds and heavy rain such as the storm in June 2013. While most storm
events are minor, high winds can lift roofs, break trees and shift loose debris causing
damage to power lines and buildings, and injury to people. The associated heavy rain
can lead to flooding and landslides.
Page 9
Make sure any buildings you are responsible for comply with the New Zealand
building code including standards to minimise storm damage.
During a storm
Close all curtains to slow down flying glass and airborne objects, stay away from
doors and windows.
Open a window on the side of the building away from the wind, this will relieve
pressure on the roof and help prevent it lifting.
Do not climb onto your roof to repair it during high winds or when it is wet.
Do not go outside or drive unless absolutely necessary.
After a storm
Contact your insurance company if your house or property has been damaged.
Work with your neighbours to help clean up storm damage.
Report significant damage to the appropriate officials such as your local council
or power company.
Earthquake
The Wellington region is one of New Zealands most active
seismic regions. This is because it is located on the
boundary of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. The
principal active faults bisect all the highly populated areas in
our region, and major infrastructure cross the fault lines.
The faults extend into the marine area surrounding the
region, and hence there is a significant tsunami threat from
movement on these offshore sections of faults or because
of submarine landslides triggered by earthquake shaking.
Wellington Fault Lines
Many of these faults are still active and present a significant hazard. The main faults
that could potentially cause the most damage are; the Wellington Fault, Ohariu Fault,
V5.02 - Page 10
Wairarapa Fault, Carterton Fault and the Masterton Fault. A number of these faults
have an offshore component that adds an additional tsunami risk to a rupture event.
Shaking ground has the potential to damage buildings causing injury and loss of life.
Roads, power, communications and other essential services could be disrupted. It
could be difficult for aid outside of the city to be brought in and it could take a long time
for a sense of normality to return.
Though the obvious fear during an earthquake is of building collapse this is relatively
unlikely. In New Zealand we have robust modern building standards to mitigate against
this risk. The primary danger you face in an earthquake comes from falling objects
such as ceiling panels, light fittings and bookcases.
During an earthquake
Do not attempt to move more than
a few steps to a safe place.
Drop down to the ground. Being
low means there is less chance of
you being knocked over.
Cover yourself either by getting
under a sturdy piece of furniture such as a table, or by placing a cushion, your
hands, or anything else, over your head and the back of your neck.
Hold on so whatever is covering you doesnt move away.
If you are inside, you need to stay inside. You are more likely to get injured by falling
debris while moving out of a building, than if you stay inside.
If you are outside, stay outside. If you can, move away from buildings or other
objects that could fall, then Drop, Cover, Hold.
Page 11
If you are driving during an earthquake, pull over to the side of the road and stop.
Stay in the vehicle until the shaking stops.
You may know people in your family or community who would struggle to get down to
the ground, or to cover their heads to protect themselves. Think of other advice you
could give them such as ensuring their home has no objects that could fall on them,
having a cushion or pillow by their favourite armchair, or in their wheelchair to use to
protect their head. It is important to talk with them and do what you can to help them
feel more prepared.
V5.02 - Page 12
Tsunami
Tsunamis result from the displacement of water
caused by earthquakes. They may also be caused by
underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions or even
meteorites. A series of waves spread out across the
ocean like the ripples when a stone is thrown into a
pond. The waves can be many metres high coming
onshore as non-breaking waves, like a rapidly rising tide or a wall of water. Due to the
immense volumes of water and energy involved, the effects of tsunamis can be
devastating.
Page 13
After a large local earthquake
If you are in a tsunami risk zone you should immediately go to higher ground.
Walk or bike if possible and drive only if essential. If driving, keep going once you
are well outside the evacuation zone to allow room for others behind you.
If you are outside of the evacuation zones, you do not need to evacuate. Stay
where you are to help reduce congestion for those who need to evacuate.
If you cannot get out of the tsunami risk zone go to an upper storey of a
substantial building or climb onto a roof or up a tree. The 2011 Japanese
Tsunami reached the fourth storey in places.
Stay away from the sea until you have been told it is safe as there are usually
multiple surges with the second and third being the largest.
Do not re-enter the tsunami zone until official clearance has been given.
Examples
Wellington has been affected both by local tsunami and tsunami that
were caused by events that occurred geographically far away:
A local tsunami, caused by the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake, washed over the Rongotai
Isthmus, (Lyall and Evans Bays), and flooded shops along Lambton Quay.
In 1960 the East Cape was affected by a tsunami generated by a Chilian earthquake. In
the most affected areas, bridges, fences and sheds were damaged and stock killed..
V5.02 - Page 14
Flooding
Some areas of the Wellington Region, particularly the Hutt Valley, Kapiti and Wairarapa
are at risk of flooding from the significant rivers, flood plains or rain catchment sources.
Many flat areas such as Karori, Miramar and Tawa are also prone to surface flooding
after significant rain fall.
When prolonged heavy rain occurs, streams and rivers can burst their banks and water
can enter homes and businesses causing widespread damage to buildings and
infrastructure networks. There can also be major damage to the river environment.
Runoff from roads, buildings, and large paved areas as well as sewage overflow into
storm water systems can pollute streams, rivers and marine environments. The effects
of flooding can be made worse by activities such as draining wetlands, river
straightening, and deforestation.
During a Flood
Stay away from water that is fast flowing, possibly contaminated, has debris in it,
or may be covering unstable ground or holes.
If you have to evacuate and you have time:
- store materials on the tops of tables or benches or in the roof cavity.
- secure anything that might float away.
- secure anything that might be toxic and raise chemicals as high as
possible.
- locate pets and put them in the car ready to go with you, or in the roof
cavity of your house with some food and water if you cannot take them
with you.
After leaving your home, never drive through floodwater as there may be hidden
hazards or holes. If your engine gets flooded or stalls you may be stuck in a
dangerous environment.
After a Flood
It may not be safe to return home even when the floodwaters have receded. Listen to
your local radio station or check official websites for Civil Defence instructions.
Throw away any food, including canned goods, that has been contaminated by
floodwater.
Avoid drinking or preparing food with tap water until the authorities advise otherwise.
Page 15
Examples
Floodwaters often come very quickly and there can be little time to react.
In 1998 and 2004 flooding in the Wairarapa caused road closures, slips, and
evacuations.
Other areas in the Wellington region such as Kapiti, Kilbirnie and Petone have also
suffered flooding which has caused evacuations.
Landslide
A landslide is a collapse of a hill slope causing the
movement of rock and soil down a slope. Landslides
can range in size from a single boulder to an
avalanche, which may have volumes of rock and soil
capable of covering many kilometres. Heavy rain,
floods, or earthquakes can cause landslides. They can
also be caused or made worse by human activity -
such as removal of trees and plants, steep roadside
cuttings or leaking water pipes.
During a landslide
Move as far away from the path of the landslide as possible.
Evacuate your family, warn and help others who may need assistance to
evacuate.
After a landslide
Stay away from affected sites until authorities declare it safe.
Be aware that the ground may continue to move. Signs include cracked earth,
small slips or rockfalls.
Infrastructure Failure
Lifelines are the essential utility systems that serve communities - water supply,
transportation (road, rail, sea and air), electricity and gas supply, communication
networks (telephone, television, cable and radio) and sewage or wastewater. An
V5.02 - Page 16
infrastructural service can easily be disrupted during a storm, by a car accident, or by
technological causes.
These services are often located close to each other, for example along the underside
of bridges. They are often reliant on each other. For example, communication and
water pumping equipment need electricity to run. In todays society we find our lives
are becoming more and more reliant on technology, which increases our vulnerability
when infrastructure failure occurs.
Pandemic
New, evolving and some existing viruses and diseases could affect a large proportion of
our population. Some of these threats may be highly contagious and unresponsive to
existing medications. If large numbers of people are affected in a pandemic, services
and our daily routines could be disrupted. Like the rest of the world, New Zealand has
been affected by previous pandemics such as SARS and Bird Flu.
During a Pandemic
Wash your hands regularly, especially after contact with other people.
Minimise contact with other people to reduce your exposure to germs, work
from home.
Follow official advice from Public Health and Civil Defence.
Bush Fire
A bushfire is an unplanned fire in an open space, such as a hillside or forest. Bushfires
become a hazard when they threaten nearby people or property. As suburbs expand
into the hills, more people and property can be at risk from bush fires. The risk is
higher if houses and properties are close to bush.
Page 17
Reducing the risk of Bushfire
Keep the area around your house clear of debris and garden material that could
catch fire.
Have smoke alarms in or near every bedroom and the lounge of your house.
Check the batteries regularly.
Make sure your house number can be clearly seen from the road.
Have a highly visible fire extinguisher in the house and check it regularly.
Ensure everyone in the house know how to use the fire extinguisher properly.
V5.02 - Page 18
catalyst for breaking the ice. Call over with an Its Easy and tell them we sent you, it
can sometimes be easier of you can put the blame on someone else!
Household Plan
Your household
A household emergency plan will help you work out: should sit down
What each member of your household will do if there is an together and
emergency event. revise your plan
annually to check it
How you will contact each other and where you will meet if is still valid and to
you cannot return home during and after an emergency remind everyone
event. what your planned
actions during an
Who can pick up your children from school if you are emergency are.
unavailable.
Where to store your emergency items and who will be
responsible for checking them.
What you will each need in your getaway kits and where to keep them.
How to account for members of the household, family or people in your
community with a disability or special requirement.
Taking care of your pets, domestic animals or livestock.
How and when to turn off the water, electricity and gas at the main switches.
Where your local Civil Defence Centres are.
Page 19
Making Contact
After a major event, the wellbeing of your loved ones will be one of your biggest
concerns. It is important to spend some time planning how you will contact each other
and where you may meet up, either on your return home, or if your home is no longer
accessible (for example if it is in a tsunami zone).
Meeting up
Ultimately, you will want to head home after an emergency to meet with your
household. However, this may not be possible, if your home has been affected by the
emergency event, particularly if you live in a tsunami or flood zone. Identify an alternate
meeting place outside of hazard zones where your household can meet up if you cant
return home. If phones are disrupted during and emergency and you dont have an
identified meeting place it will be difficult to find each other.
If you would have a significant walk to get home after an earthquake, arrange an
appropriate meeting place to gather with other household members on your way home
(for example; two parents who work in the city may arrange to meet at a particular
street corner before walking to their suburb and the childrens school).
Children
By law, schools are required to look after their Schools
students until an authorised guardian collects them. If you have a school-aged child, or a
We suggest you give the school a list of friends, responsible for one, ask the school what
neighbours and family you are happy to have collect their emergency plan is. You need to be
your children if you are unable to get to the school aware of their evacuation plan, how the
quickly after an emergency. Let your children know children will be looked after if you are
that they might have to remain with their teacher for able to pick them up on time, and what
longer than normal, this will help reduce potential their policy is around releasing children
anxieties. Also talk with your childs/ childrens after an emergency. This applies to
teenagers as well!
school(s) about what their emergency plans are.
V5.02 - Page 20
Pets
If you consider your pet one of your family members, include them in your disaster
planning. Make sure they are microchipped, and that they have an ID tag, which
includes out of region contact details on it. Have sufficient food, muzzle, carrier and
medications ready. If it is likely your pet will run away in an emergency, having a recent
colour photo of your pet could help to reunite you with them sooner.
Evacuation
In some situations you may be forced to evacuate your home, office, school or
neighbourhood at short notice. If you are forced to self-evacuate, it is important to
know where you are going beforehand; for example, where would you go - at midnight
during a blistering southerly - in the event of a possible tsunami? Consider timing your
evacuation by actually walking your designated route with everyone in your household.
Information Sources
As well as the traditional information sources, the Internet and mobile communications
are playing an increasingly important role. Unfortunately, not all information available on
the Internet is correct. WREMO has developed a
Facebook page that is regularly updated with credible
information during an emergency. We also post links Check us out at
to preparedness topics and links to other emergency www.facebook/WREMOnz
Like our page to be in the loop and
management issues from around the world. receive credible emergency
information.
Warning Systems
Some emergencies occur with little or no time for any
warnings to be given to the public, the most potentially devasting being an earthquake
or a locally sourced tsunami. Others, such as severe weather events, or a distant
sourced tsunami, will have a lead up time where warnings can be given to the public.
Page 21
Natural Warnings
For a tsunami that is generated by a local earthquake such as one on a fault line off
the Wellington coast, the only warning you will have is the earthquake itself. If you feel
an earthquake that is like nothing you have felt before, one that knocks you off your
feet, or a strong earthquake that lasts a minute or more, evacuate immediately to
higher ground if you are in a tsunami zone.
Official Warnings
If we hear of an event that is Receiving emergency text alerts on your mobile
likely to cause large You can sign up your phone to receive Wellington Region Emergency
numbers of people or Management Office Text Alerts which are sent ONLY in potentially life
threatening emergency situations such as tsunami warnings.
property harm or distress,
we will do everything in our To sign up text follow WREMOalert to 8987,
power to warn you. These then reply with set discover off
events include severe
When you receive an emergency text alert spread the word. Forward it
weather warnings (not just to your contacts, post it on Facebook, and re-tweet on Twitter.
strong wind!), distant
This Emergency Text Alert system only works with Telecom, Vodafone
sourced tsunamis, or rising and 2degrees. Unfortunately, WREMO cannot influence this. If you are
flood waters. not with Telecom, Vodafone or 2Degrees we suggest you ask your
We will put messages out provider to connect with Twitter.com. You can still get the alerts by
asking friends and family who are using Telecom, Vodafone or
on all mainstream radio 2Degrees to sign up to receive the alerts and forward them on.
networks, our Facebook
page and local council
websites.
If you live near a river or large stream that is prone to flooding, find out if there is a River
Watch group in your area. This way you will get warning if the water levels start to rise.
If you do see or hear any warnings about an emergency event, pass the message on.
Share it on your Facebook page, re-Tweet it, forward text messages on, and check on
anyone you know who may not have seen or heard the message.
V5.02 - Page 22
Insurance
Unfortunately, many people find out that they do not have adequate insurance after an
event. Contact your insurance company to update your home and personal contents
insurance. It is another Easy step you can do now to avoid regret.
Emergency Items
The second part of your household plan is ensuring you have
essential items to help you get through an emergency event. In
most emergencies you will be able to stay at home or at your Cordless phones will not
work during a power
workplace. In that situation, you may have to rely on your own outage. Keep a corded
emergency survival items. phone in your home for
emergency use.
As well as the items suggested in the Its Easy booklet,
consider some extra supplies such as jackets that will keep you warm, comfortable
walking shoes, board games for entertainment, and chocolate. Cash in small bills may
be useful if the emergency has affected ATMs and EFTPOS.
However comprehensive you decide to make your survival items or kit is entirely up to
you. Have someone who is responsible for checking these items periodically.
Emergency Toilet
In a disaster you may not be able to use your normal toilet
because sewerage lines may be broken or damaged and be
Remember youll also
need to store a supply
unusable.
of toilet paper.
An alternative is a form of compost toilet. Use two buckets, one
for urine, and one for faeces and toilet paper. If the urine is diluted with a small amount
of water, it can then be emptied onto a disused area of garden or greenspace. Using
dry mulch, leaves, dirt or sawdust in the faeces bucket will reduce any odour. This
bucket can be emptied into a hole in the ground or a large wheelie bin.
For more details on making and using a compost toilet, go to our website
www.getprepared.org.nz and look under the Prepare tab.
Your household will need at least 3 litres of drinking water per person per day. You will
also need extra water for cooking, hygiene and pet needs.
Wash bottles thoroughly in hot water, fill each bottle with tap water until it
overflows. Make sure there are no air gaps and place the lids on tightly.
Clean and refill the bottles every 12 months (at the beginning or end of daylight
saving).
Store bottles in two separate places, somewhere dark away from direct sunlight
where there is not likely to be flooding.
Do not drink water from the town supply unless you have been advised that it is safe for
drinking.
Do not assume domestic water filters are effective. They can become contaminated.
Do not drink water from a private well if it has been flooded.
Do not waste water on cleaning clothes.
V5.02 - Page 24
Prepared Businesses
After an emergency, it is important for all businesses, no matter
how big or small, to get back up and running as soon as
possible.
This benefits not just the business owner, but also the staff
employed, suppliers of skills or resources, and those who rely
on the product or service that is offered; therefore the greater
community.
Without businesses operating, the community wont be able to
return to any kind of normality. Its Easy Prepared Businesses
will walk you through the steps needed to put together a
Business Continuity Plan (BCP). A BCP will help you look at
what you need to do now to ensure your business will be able
to operate after an emergency, as well as what to do after the emergency.
A business is any organisation that offers a product or service including charities and
support groups.
Page 25
V5.02 - Page 26
Module 1 - Self Knowledge Review
1 Name four hazards in the Wellington Region that could cause emergency events:
3 List two precautions you can take to reduce your risks and make your home safer before an earthquake:
4 List two precautions you can take to reduce your risks and make your home safer during a storm or flood:
5 During an earthquake you should ___________, ___________ and ___________ until the shaking stops.
6 List two new or secondary hazards that may be caused by an emergency event such as a storm or earthquake:
8 List four getaway kit items you should take with you if you are evacuated:
9 List two vulnerable communities that may need your help during an emergency?
Page 27