CONTOH MAKALAH BHS INGGRIS / SHORT

PAPER - STRUCTURE (MODAL)

Generally, Short paper in English is almost similar
with in Indonesia (Makalah), Let's check it !

I. COVER-CHAPTER

SHORT PAPER

MODAL AND RELATED VERBS AND EXPRESSION

Is Made To fulfil Structure 2 Lesson Task

III. CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. The Background of problem

The modal auxiliaries in English are : can, could
had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should,
will, would.
Modal auxiliaries generally express a speakers
attitudes of moods. For example, modal can express
that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable,
 permissible, possible, or probable. And in addition.
They can convey the strength of these attitudes.

MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR

EXPRESSIONS

The role of modal auxiliaries :

1. Modal do not take a final s, even when the
subject is he, she, or it
2. Modals are followed immediately by the simple
form of a verb.
3. The only exception is ought, which is followed by
an infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb)
a) Modal auxiliaries :
Can do it
Could do it
Had better do it
May do it
Might do it
Must do it
Ought to do it
Shall do it
Should do it
Will do it
Would do it

I
You
 They
We
She
He
It

b) Similar expressions
Be able to do it
Be going to do it
Be supposed to do it
Be to do it
Have to do it
Have got to do it
Used to do it
Modal auciliaries adalah kata kerja bantu yang
mempunyai arti dan melengkapi ordinarinya.
Penggunaan modal auxiliary dengan tenses yang sudah
kita pelajari sebelumnya sangat erat, hanya saja modal
auxiliary yang kita pakai terdahulu menggunakan main
adxiliary (is, am, are, do, does, have, has, was. Were,
did. Had).
Sementara itu penggunaan tenses dengan modal
auxiliary juga bisa kita gunakan, hanya saja kita harus
berhati-hati dalam tenses, untuk itu yang pertama kita
 lakukan adalah memahami dan mengenal modal
auxiliary terlebih dahulu.
Larangan modal :
1. Tidak boleh ada tambahan s/es, ed dan ing
2. harus bertemu VI (berinficitive)
3. tidak boleh didahulu ito
4. tidak boleh bertemu to
5. modal auxiliary tidak boleh bertemu dengan modal
auxiliary.
Contoh salah :
1. he cans sing every day.
2. he can sings every day
3. he wants to can sing every day
4. he can to sing every day
5. he must can sing every day.
Contoh benar :
1. can sing every day
2. he can sing every day
3. he wants to be able to sing every day
4. he can sing every day
5. he must be able sing every day.
Modal auziliary dilihat dari makna dibagi menjadi dua
(the kind of modal) :
1. spontaneity
2. conclusion / possibility.
 1. SPONTANITY DI BAGI MENJADI 12 :
No Modal Indonesia English Similar exp

1 Can Dapat Ability Be able to

2 Must Harus Strong obligation, strong necessity Have to, be to

3 Used Dulu terbiasa Past habit Be used to Ving.

To/would + V1

4 Dare Berani Bravery Dare (to Vbi)

5 Can Sudikah/maukah/bolehkah Polite request (?) Be allowed to

Could

May

Might

Will

Would

Shall

Should

6 Can Sudi/mau.boleh Permission (+) Be allowed to

Could

May

Might

Should

Would

Shall

7 May Semoga Wishes

8 Will Sudi/mau Willingness Be Willing to

9 Should/ought to Seharusnya;a Advisability Be supposed to

10 Could Sebenarnya bisa Suggestion

11 Would rather Lebih suka Preference Prefer gerund

12 Need Perlu Necessity obligation Need (Vbi)

2. Conclusion dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

A. Possibility, dibagi menjadi 4
B. Imposiblity, dibagi menjadi 4
Modal Indonesia Percentage

Must Pasti 95 %

Should / ought to Kemungkinan besar 90 %

May / might Mungkin 50 %

Can / could Mungkin 50 %

B. Imposiblity
Modal Indonesia Percentage

Must Pasti tidak 95 %

Could can Tidak mungkin 99 %

Should / ought to Kemungkinan besar tidak 90 %

May / might Mungkin tidak 90 %

 Modal auxiliaries Are followed by the tenses form
Modal Simple present Present continous Simple past
1. can He can help me every day Can you help me now? He could run fast last year H
w
2. must He must study every time You must help me now He had to go yesterday H
l
3. used to / would - - I used to eat every morning -
4. dare I dare remind him every day He dare go now I dared sleep alone 10 H
years ago w
g
5. can - can you help me every
time ?
Could - could you help me every day
?
May - may I visit you every day ?
- might visit you every day ?
Might - wih you lend me some
money ?
Will - would you lend me some
money ?
- shall I pay for the bill ?
Would
- should I pay for the bill ?

Shall

Should
6. can - you can help me every time
- you could help me every day
Could ?
- you may visit me every
May day ?
- you might visit me every
Might time
-
Would -
Shall -
Should
7. May May god bless you May you be happ now ?
8. Will Yes, I will Yes, I Will - -
9. Should / Ought to - He should be on time every - he should sleep now - he should have every day. -
H
day. - He ought to sleep now. - He ought to have left us p
- He ought to be on time every day c
every day. -
H
p
c
10 could He could do that work every He could do that work now. He could have done that- H
day. work yesterday. t
 Stayed at home last week. g
11. Wold rather I. would rather stay at home I would rather be staying at i. would rather have stayed- I
every day. home now. at home last week. b
w
g

12. Need He need take rest every time. He need take a rest now He need have taken a rest H
yesterday. r
y

Modal Simple present Present continous Simple past

1. can He has been able to finish He has been able to finish his
He had been able to finish H
his work. work. his work f
2. must He has had to finish his work He has had to finish his He had had to finish his H
work work w
3. Used to/would - - he had been used to finish H
his work f
4. dare He has dared to finish his He has dared to finish his He had dared to finis his H
work work work h
5. - - - -
6. - - - -
7. - - - -
8. will He has been willing to finish He has been willing to finish He had been willing to H
his work his work finish his work f
9. - - - -
10. - - - -
11. - - - -
12. - - - -

Conclusion (possitility / impossibility)

Modal Simple present Present continous Simple past Past c

Must He must study hard He must be studying He must have studied He must have been stud

every day hard now. hard last week

Can / could He can / could do his He can / could be doing He can / could have He can / could have b

activities every day. his activities now. done his activities when I came yesterday

yesterday.

Should / ought to He should / ought not to He should / ought to be He should/ought to He should / ought to
 study hard every day. studying hard now. have studied hard when I came.

yesterday.

May / might He may / might do his He may / might be He may / might have He may / might have

activity every day. doing his activity now. done his adtivity when I came yesterday

yesterday.

The function of modal

From Kind of modal Meaning Tense

Must Pasti Ps/Pr

Should Kemungkinan besar Ps/Pr

Ought to

Possibility May

Might

Could

Can

Cant Tidak mungkin Ps/Pr

Couldnt

Maynt Mungkin tidak Ps/Pr

Impossibility
Mightnt

Ability Can Bisa / Dapat -Pr

Could -Ps

Be (was, Were, Is. -Ps

Am. Are) -Pr

 Able to

May
Wishes Semoga - Ft
May + S + V1

(+) must Harus Ps/Pr/I

Necessity (+) have to

(-) neednt Tidak harus

Should Seharusnya - Ps/Pr

Advisability Ought to ( 1 Nashiat)

Hed better Lebih baih

Suggestion Could Seharusnya Ps/Pr/I

Used to Dulu terbiasa Ps

Habitual action
Would

Probilition Musnt Tidak boleh (jangan) -Pr/F

Preference Would rather Lebih suka Ps/Pr/F

Could, can Bisakah Pr/I

May, might Will, Bolehkan

Request
would shall Maukah

Dapatkah

Could, can May, Bisakah - Pr/I

Permission
Might Bolehkah

Be To Harus Ps/Pr/F
Espection
Be Supposed to Seharusnya

Semi Modal
Need As Subjed Kebutuhan
 Need As verb Membutuhkan

Need As modal Butuh

Dare As subject Pantangan

Dare As verb Menantang

Dare As modal Berani

Can As subject Kaleng

Can As verb Mengalengi

Can As modal Dapat/bisa

CLOSING
CONCLUSION
Modal Auxiliary is the auxiliary which has meaning and
complete the ordinary.
The Kinds of modal auxiliaries in English are : can,
could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall,
should, will, would.
The functions of modal auxiliaries are :
Possibility (kemungkinan) Suggestion (saran)

Impossibility (ketidak mungkinan) Habitual past (kebiasaan/rutinitas)

Ability (kemampuan) Prohibition (larangan)

Wishes (doa) Preference (preferensi/lebih suka)

Necessity (keharusan) Request (permintaan/permohonan)

Advisability (anjuran) Permission (permohonan izin)

Espeetation (harapan)
SUGGESTION
Modal auxiliary is very important not only in
grammar (structure) but also in speaking. For example
if we want to write the text of course we need modal
auxiliary which is used for completing the ordinary.
So that way we must be able to master and
understand the meaning of modal auxiliaries, the kinds
of modal auxiliaries and the functions of modal
auxiliaries, for making the text and how to speak
English well and fruenfly.
Because in eghlish there are two choices between
speaking and grammatical so we must try to combine
both of them. May these explainings can be useful in
our study and Allah SWT oless us good luck for you.

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azer, Betty S. 1989. Understanding and Using English
grammar (second edition). New Jersey : prentice hall,
inc.
____________ Understanding and Using English
grammar (third Edition). New Jersey : prentice Hall,
inc.
Echols, John M. And Hasan Shadily. 1989. Kamus
Indonesia Inggris, Jakarta : Gramedia.
Murphy, R. 1985. English Grammar in Use, Combridge :
Combridge University Press.
Purwati, M. 2005. Engligh for a better life, Bandung :
Pakar Raya.
Wijaya. 1989. Fitrah Book (grammar, speaking and
vocabularies). Lamongan : Own Published.