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MEDIEVAL INDIA

The Battles of Tarain, also known


THE ARAB as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and
CONQUEST OF SIND 1192 near the town of Tarain near Thanesar in present-
day Haryana. In the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 (near
The Arab conquest of Sind was Taneswar), Muhammad Ghori was defeated by the Rajput forces
a part of the Mohammaden under Prithviraj Chauhan III. In the Second Battle of Tarain
invasion for the spread of (1192 AD) Muhammad Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud-
Islam. din Aibek (a slave), defeated Prithviraj
Arabs captured Sindh in 712 Chauhan III and killed him.
AD.
During the period of the
Khaliphate of Omar, Arab Sind in 779. But was split into Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th
forces made a fertile attempt to two independent kingdoms April 1030.
get Bombay. Multan and Mansurah. Later his son Masud attacked
The Arabs conquest of India and captured Kashmir.
Makran Baluchistan opened
Turkish Invasions The famous Persian poet
their way to Sind. Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled Firdausi who wrote Shahnama
The Ruler of Sind was Dahir. by a Turkish family called Gamini (The Book of Kings) lived in his
In 710 a small Arab trading of Ghaznavid dynasty. court.
vessel from Basra arrived at the Mahmud Ghazni was the first Alberuni, an Arab Historian,
mouth of the Indus and was Turkish conqueror of North In- who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind
promptly seized by the local dia. (Reality of Hindustan), accompa-
Hindu authorities. Mahmuds father was nied Muhammed Ghazni to India.
The Pirates of Debal, a part in Subuktigin. Al-Firdausi is known as Indian
Sind, plundered a ship carrying He attacked India only for want Homer, Persian Homer, or
Muslim pilgrims and presents of wealth. The Immortal Homer of the
to the Caliph Walid from He attacked India seventeen East.
Ceylon. times between 1000 and 1027 Muhammad of Ghori attacked
Al-Hajaj, the Caliphs governor AD. He made all the raids in the India betwen 1175 and 1206 AD.
of Iraq demanded compen- guise of Jihad. Muhammad Ghori made his first
sations from Dahir, which the First invasion was in 1001 AD. expedition to India and captured
latter rejected. He defeated Jaipal and Multan in 1175 AD.
In 712 Arabs attacked and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in In 1193 Muhamad Ghori at-
captured Sind, under the 1001 and 1009 respectively. tacked Jaichand, father - in - law
command of Muhammad Bin- of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj,
The most important raid of
Kassim, Debal fell in April 712. Jaichand was defeated.
Mahmud was the Somanath ex-
Kassim killed Dahir at Rawar pedition. It was in 1025. He com- In 1195-96 Muhammad Ghori
and took the capital Alor in pletely destroyed the temple. occupied Bayana and Gwaliar. In
June. Somanath Temple was on the 1197 he defeated Bhinadeva II
The Arabs lost control over sea coast of Gujarat. of Gujarat.
Muhammed Ghori returned from
India by entrusting his territo-
THE DELHI SULTANTE
ries in India in the hands of Slave Dynasty
Qutub-Uddin Aibak. Qutb-ud-din Aibak.................................................... 1206-10 AD
After the death of Ghori in 1206, Aram Shah ............................................................... 1211 AD
Aibek founded the Slave Dy- Shamsuddin Iltutmish ............................................... 1211-36 AD
nasty. Ruknuddin Feroz ...................................................... 1236 AD
Razia Sultana ............................................................ 1236-40 AD
Muhammad Ghoris Indian inva-
Muizuddin Behram ................................................... 1242 AD
sion resulted in the foundation Alaudin Masud ........................................................ 1246 AD
of Islamic rule in India. Naseeruddin Mahmud .............................................. 1246-66 AD
Ghiyasuddin Balban ................................................. 1266-86 AD
DELHI SULTANATE Muizuddin Kaikubad ................................................ 1290 AD
The five dynasties which Kaimur ..................................................................... 1290 AD
founded subsequently after the Khalji Dynasty
Turkish invasion were collec- Jalaluddn Khalji ........................................................ 1290-96 AD
tively known as Delhi sultanate. Alauddin Khalji ........................................................ 1296-1316 AD
Shihabuddin Omar .................................................... 1316 AD
They are:
Mubarak Khalji ......................................................... 1316-20 AD
Slave Dynasty .......... 1206 - 1290 Khusro Khan ........................................................... 1320 AD
Khilji Dynasty .......... 1290 - 1320 Tughlaq Dynasty
Tughlaq Dynasty ...... 1320 - 1412 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ............................................... 1320-24 AD
Muhammad Tughlaq ................................................ 1324-51 AD
Sayyid Dynasty ........ 1414 - 1451 Firoz Shah Tughlaq .................................................. 1351-88 AD
Lodi Dynasty ............ 1451 - 1526 Mohammad Khan ..................................................... 1388 AD
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II ................................... 1388 AD
SLAVE DYNASTY Abu Baqr ................................................................. 1389-90 AD
Nasiruddin Muhammad ............................................ 1390-94 AD
Slave Dynasty was also called
Hamayun ................................................................. 1394-95 AD
Ilbari Dynasty, Yamini Dynasty
Nasiruddin Mahmud ................................................. 1395-1412 AD
or Mamluk Dynasty.
Sayyid Dynasty
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave
Khizr Khan ............................................................... 1414-20 AD
of Muhammad Ghori and he
Mubarak Shah .......................................................... 1421-33 AD
founded the Slave Dynasty in
Muhammad Shah ...................................................... 1434-43 AD
1206 AD. Alauddin Alam Shah ................................................. 1443-51 AD
Aibak was the first Muslim ruler Lodhi Dynasty
of India. Bahlul Lodhi ............................................................. 1451-89 AD
The capital of Qutub-ud-din Sikander Lodhi ......................................................... 1489-1517 AD
Aibak was at Lahore Ibrahim Lodhi ........................................................... 1517-1526 AD
He was known as Lakh Baksh Mughal Empire ........................................... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857
or giver of lakhs or giver of Babar ...................................................................... 1526 - 1530 AD
favours for his magnanimity. Humayun ................................................. 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD
Hasan Nizami was a famous Akbar ...................................................................... 1556 - 1605 AD
historian in the court of the Jahangir .................................................................. 1605 - 1627 AD
Aibek. Shahjahan ................................................................. 1628-1658 AD
Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the Aurangazeb ............................................................ 1658 - 1707 AD
construction of Qutub Minar in Bahadurshah II ........................................................ 1837 - 1857 AD
1199 in Delhi in memory of the Coins introdued by Iltumish, Pardah, she adorned the male
Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din Silver Thanka and Copper dress and held open courts.
Bhaktiar Kaki. Its construction Jital were the two basic coins In October 14, 1240 both Raziya
was completed by Iltutmish. It of the Sultanate period. and Altunia who earlier raised
is a five storied building. He issued the silver tanka for the arms against Raziya but later
He constructed two mosques. first time. He organized the Iqta joined with her were, beheaded
Quat-ual Islam at Delhi and Alhai system and introduced reforms at Kaithal.
Din Ka Jhopara at Ajmer. in civil administration and army, After Raziya, Behran Shah
Aibak was a great patron of which was now centrally paid (1240-42) Allaud-din-
learning and patronized writers and recruited. Masudshah (1242-46) and
like Hasan- un - Nizami, author He organised the Chalisa or Naziruddin Muhammad (1246 -
of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhr-ud- the famous Turkish Forty to 1266) ruled and Balban, the
Din, author of Tarikh- i- Mubarak help him in the administration. founder of the second Ilbari dy-
Shahi. Iltumish completed the con- nasty, became the Sultan.
Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in 1210 struction of Qutub Minar. Ghiasuddin Balban a slave wa-
AD by falling from horseback He set up an official nobility of ter carrier, huntsman, noble,
while playing Polo. slaves known as Chahalgani statesman became the Sultan of
After the death of Qutubuddin, (group of forty). Delhi.
Aram Shah ascended the He patronized Minaj-us-siraj, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban
throne but he was deposed by author of Tabaqat-i-nasiri.
Ilthumish and crowned himself The revenue system of the Sul- Ghiyasuddin Balban (1200
the Sulthan. 1287) was a Turkish ruler of the
tanate Iqta system, was intro- Delhi Sultanate during the
During the period of Iltumish duced by Iltumish.
(1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Iltumish was succeeded by his Mamluk dynasty (or Slave
Mongol conqueror attacked In- dynasty) from 1266 to 1287.
son Ruknuddin Firoz Shah. But Balban ascended the throne in
dia (1221). he was later executed and Razia
He saved Delhi Sultanate from 1265 AD.
became the sultan (daughter of He broke the power of
the wrath of Chengiz Khan - the
Iltumish). chahalgani and restored the
Mongol leader by refusing
Sulthana Raziya, the only
shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom prestige of the crown. That was
women ruler of, the Sultanate his greatest contribution
Chengiz was chasing.
came to power in 1236 and towards the stability of the
Iltumish is considered as the
reigned till 1240. Sultanate.
real founder of Delhi Sulthanate
Iltumish was the first Sultan of Razia Sultana To keep himself well-informed
Delhi to get recognition of the Iltutmish had nominated his Balban appointed spies.
Khalif of Bagdad. daughter Razia as the successor, He created a strong centralised
Iltutmish was the third Muslim the nobles placed Rukn-ud-din army to deal with internal
Turkish sultan of the Sultanate Firoz on the throne. However, disturbances and to check
of Delhi and the third ruler of Razia got rid of Rukn-ud-din and Mongols who were posing a
the Mamluk dynasty. He was a ascended the throne. Razia was serious danger to Delhi
slave of Qutub-ud-din-Aybak. popular among the people but Sultanate.
Iltumish was also the first Sul- she was not acceptable to the The Persian court model
tan who made Delhi his capital nobles and theologians. She influenced Balbans conception
in place of lahore. further offended the nobles by of kingship.
He issued a purely Arabic coin- her preference for an He introduced Sijda (prost
age of Silver and was the first to Abyssinian slave-Yakut. ration before the monarch) and
do so. Sulthana Raziya rejected the Paibos (kissing the feet of
monarch) as the normal forms of and founded the Khilji Dy- Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the
salutation. nasty. court poet of Shersha Suri.
He destoryed Mewati Rajput Alauddin Khilji was the first
KHILJI DYNASTY
brigandage in the doab, where Muslim ruler to attack South In-
forests were cut and forts built. Khilji dynasty was founded by dia.
Balban is considered as the Malik Firoz in 1290 and assumed Malik Kafur was Alauddin
founder of Second Ilbari Dy- the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290- Khiljis commander who at-
nasty. 96) tacked South India.
Balban described himself as In 1292, the Mongols under Alauddin Khilji was the most
Shadow of God or the Vice Abdulla accepted defeat from famous ruler of the Khilji Dy-
regent of God on Earth (Zil-i- Jalaluddin Khilji. nasty.
illahi) Alauddin Khilji, the nephew of Alauddin was the Sultan of
Balban because of his autocratic Jalaluddin Khilji, killed him after Delhi who banned the use of li-
rule is considered as a typical his victory on Devagiri in 1296. quor.
oriental despot. Alauddin had a dream of a
He created a strong centralised World Conquest so he assumed
army to deal with internal dis- the title Sikhandar-i-sani or
turbances and to check Second Alexander.
Mongols who were posing a Demitrius, a Bactrian ruler is
serious danger to Delhi Sultan- popularly known as Second
ate. Alexander.
He established the Military de- Alauddin abolished the
partment - Diwan - i - Arz. Zamindari System and imposed
The Chalisa or forty established tax on cattle.
by Iltumish was abolished by He was the first muslim ruler of
Balban. Alauddin Khiljis early name was Delhi to introduce measurement
His policies are considered to be Ali Gurushas. of land for tax assessment.
Draconian. He became the Sultan in 1296 His market regulations were to
He started the Iranian system of AD and ruled till 1316 AD. get goods at controlled price to
Sijda and Paibos. He was the first Turkish Sultan the people of Delhi.
He was a patron of men of let- of Delhi who separated religion He controlled and regulated the
ters and showed special favour from politics. He proclaimed - prices of essential goods.
to the poet Amir Khusru. Kingship knows no Kinship. Diwan -i-riya sat and Shahna -
After Balbans death in 1286, i-Mandi were appointed to regu-
In 1303, Alauddin Khilji at-
Kayqubad (1287 -90) became the late the market and prices.
tacked Chittor, the capital of
Sultan. The revenue administration was
Mewar, to marry Padmini the
Madhavacharya of the Dwaita made under Diwan-i-Mustakhrq.
wife of Chittor king Ratan Singh.
Philosophy got help from He introduced the Dagh and
But Padmini and other Rajput
Balban. Chahra systems.
Balbans Tomb is situated in
women committed Jauhar Alauddin Khilji was the first
Delhi. It was constructed by (Jauhar is a mass suicide by Sultan of Delhi who separated
Balban himself. jumping into fire, committed by religion from politics.
Kayqubad was the last Slave Rajput women to escape from He was also the first to proclaim
Sultan. (Kayumars who ruled for being polluted by others) I am the Khalifa.
a term of three months was ac- Padmavat is a historical kavya Alauddin constructed Alai
tually the last Slave Sultan. He about Padmini episode written Darwaza the gate way of Qutub
was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji) by Malik Muhammed Jayasi. Minar.
He built the city of Siri, the sec- TUGHLAQ DYNASTY rect help to peasants.
ond of the seven cities of Delhi, Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta
Tughlaq Dynasty was founded
near Qutub Minar. visited India during his period.
by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq. His real Edward Thanas described him
The first marriage between a
name was Ghazi Malik. as Prince of moneyers.
Muslim ruler and a Hindu prin-
Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was
cess was between Alauddin and
the dynasty after killing Khusru succeeded by his elderly
Kamala Devi, the widow of the
Khan in 1320. cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
ruler of Gujarat.
Ghiasuddin Tughlak created a He was a Muslim ruler of the
Alauddin Khilji was killed by his civil-administration code based
commander Malik Kafur by poi- Tughlaq Dynasty, who reign
on Koran. over Sultanate of Delhi from
soning. Reduced the land tax to 1/11 of
Amir Khusru was the court 1351 to 1388.
the produce. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first
poet of Alauddin Ghiazuddin died by the collapse Sultan of Delhi to impose
Amir Khusru is known as the of a pavilion. Jaziya. It was a religious tax for
Parrot of India He built the Tughlaqabad Fort the freedom of worship. He im-
He is considered as the father in Delhi the third city of Delhi to posed it only upon Brahmins.
of Urdu language and the inven- the east of Qutub complex. He extended the principle of he-
tor of Sitar. Ghiasudhin Tughlaq was the redity to the army. Soldiers were
Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama first Sultan to start irrigation allowed to rest in peace and to
are the famous works of Amir works. send in their place their sons.
Khusru. GhiasuddinTughlaq was suc- The soldiers were not paid in
Alauddin Khilji was the first ceeded by his son Jauna Khan, cash but by assignments on
Sultan to maintain a permanent popularly known as Muhammed land revenue of villages.
standing army. Bin Tughlaq. He built the city of Firozbad in
Alauddin Khilji was responsible Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is con- Delhi. The Firoz shah Kotla was
for the introduction of postal sidered as the most responsible also built by him. The gate way
system in medieval India. person for the decline of Delhi of Firozshah Kotla is Khooni
Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298 Sultanate. Darwaza, or blood stained gate.
AD), Ranthambhor (1301 AD), Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was It was constructed by Shershah
Mewar (1303 AD), Malwa (1305 known as a Mixture of opposites, Suri.
AD), Jalor (1311 AD). In Deccan, Wisest fool, Pagal padushah, He transplanted two Ashoka Pil-
Alauddins army led by Malik unfortunate idealogue and the lars to Firozabad.
Kafur defeated Yadavas of Predecessor of Akbar in intel- He is the author of Fatuhat -i-
Devagiri, Kakatiyas of lectual and religious matters. Firozshahi
Warrangal, Hoysalas of Ibn Batuta called him an After Firozshah Tughlaq
Dwarsamudra and Pandyas of illstarred idealist. Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or
He shifted his capital from Delhi Naziruddin Muhammed came to
Madurai.
to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327. the throne.
Mubarak Shah Khilji was the
In 1330, he introduced token It was during the period of his
last ruler of the khilji Dynasty. reign that Timur the Lame or
currency of bronze and copper.
Khilji dynasty came to an end Tamerlain, a Turkish conqueror
The Sultan created a new De-
when the Mubarak Shah Khilji of Tartar tribe from Samarkhand
partment of Agriculture called
was killed by Khusru Khan. attacked India in 1398.
Diwan-i-Kohi.
Some historians consider Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the
The main object of this Depart-
Khusrau Khan as the last Khilji ment was to bring more land governor of Multan his author-
Sultan. under cultivation by giving di- ity in India.
cultivated fields.
SAYYID DYNASTY
Sikander Lodhi conquered Bihar
Sayyid Dynasty was and Tirhut. Sikander Shah was
founded by Khizr Khan in a fanatical Muslim and he broke
1414. the sacred images of the
They ruled over Delhi and Jawalamukhi Temple at Nagarkot
surrounding districts for and ordered the temples of
about 37 years. Mathura to be destroyed. He
Last Sayyid Sultan was took a keen interest in the
The Qutab Minar, now a World Heri-
Alauddin Alamshah or Shah development of agriculture. tage Site in New Delhi, India, was built
during his time.
Alam I. He was killed by Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the ab-
Bahalol Lodhi in 1451. solute power of the Sultan. As a
LODHI DYNASTY result, some of the nobles turned
against him. At last Daulat Khan
Lodhi dynasty was founded Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab
by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451. invited Babur to overthrow
The dynasty lasted upto Ibrahim.
1526. Babur accepted the offer and in-
Lodhi dynasty was the first flicted a crushing defeat on
Afghan dynasty or first Ibrahim in the first battle of
Pathan dynasty in India. Panipat in 1526, April 21 A.D.
Sikhandar Lodhi, who ruled Ibrahim was killed in the battle
from 1489 to 1517 shifted the and with him ended the Delhi
capital from Delhi to Agra. Sultanate.
Sikhandar Lodhi is consid- The title Sultan was started by
ered as the Maker of Agra
the Turkish rulers. Mahmud
City.
Ghazni was the first to assume
He introduced the Gaz-i-
the title Sultan.
Sikandori (Sikandar Syard)
of 32 digits for measuring The official language of the
Delhi Sultanate was Persian.
BAHMANI & VIJAYA- ars and produc
ed
ki ng do m la sted for 230 ye
NAGAR KINGDOMS Vijayanagar
four dynasties. Bukka I
The decline of the Sultanate of (1 33 6 - 14 85 ) - Harihara I and
Delhi gave birth to two mighty 1) Sangama va Narsimha
Saluva - (148 5 - 1505) - Salu
states in South India - the 2) Narsimha
5 - 1565) - Veer
Bahmani Kingdom of Gulbaraga 3) Tuluva (150 ala
5 - 1672) - Tirum
and the Vijayanagara Empire. 4) Aravidu (156
The Bahmanis were Muslim rul- the Grand Father of Telugu po-
ers, while the rulers of the etry.
Vijayanagar Empire
Vijayanagar were Hindus. Ashtadiggajas was the famous
The founders of Vijayanagar
The Bahmani kingdom was Scholastic Assembly in the court
Empire were Harihara I and
founded by Zafar Khan of Krishna Deva Raya.
(Hassan) who took the title Vijayanagar Empire was visited
Alauddin Bahman Shah. He se- by many foreign travellers.
lected Gulbaraga as its capital Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller,
and renamed it Ahsanabad. visited during the reign of
There were total eighteen Sul- Devaraya I.
tans and they ruled from 1347 to Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of
1527. Sultan ShahRukh to the court of
Mahmud Gawan was the famous Devaraya II.
Prime Minister of Bahmani king Damingos Paes : He visited
(Muhammad Shah III). Krishna Devarayas court.
Logo of Vijayanagara
The last prince of the Bahmani Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese
Kingdom was Kalimullah. Bukka, the revenue officers of who visited during Achyuta
the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Rayas reign.
By 1527, the Bahmani king- Deva II of Warrangal. Durate Barbosa : A portuguese
dom was split up into five in- They founded the dynasty in who visited Krishnadeva
dependent principalities. 1336 with the capital as Rayas court.
The Adil Shahis of Bijapur - Vijayanagar on the banks of Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He
founder - Yusuf Adilshah Tungabhadra river with the help was a Russian, who visited dur-
(1489 - 90) of Saint Vidyaranya.
The Nizam Shahis of Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - 1529)
Ahamadnagar - founder - belonged to the Tuluva dy-
Malik Ahmad (1499) nasty. The Italian traveller
The Imadshahis of Berar - Nicolocont visited his court.
founder -Fateh Ulla
Krishnadeva Raya is known as
Imadshanti (1490)
Andhra Bhoja
The Qutubshahi kingdom of
Golconda - founder - He wrote Ushaparinayam and
Qutabshah (1512) Amuktamalyada ing Deva Raya Is period. He
Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu wrote, Voyage to India.
The Baridshahis of Bidar -
poet was a courtier of Krishna The Vijayanagar rulers issued
founder - Amir Ali Barid
Deva Raya. He is considered as gold coins called Varahas,
(1527).
the Andra Kavita Pitamaha Kopeki (pertab) and Fanam.
Famous Travellers to Vijayanagar Kingdom
Abu Abdullah / Ibn Batuta: A Moroccan traveller, left account of Harihara Is reign in his book Rehla also
called Tuhfatun-Nuzzar fi Gharaib-ul-Amsar Wa Ajaib-ul-Assar.
Nicolo de Conti: Italian traveller who visited during the time of Deva Raya I. Left an account in Travels of
Nicolo Conti.
Abdur Razzak: Ambassador of Shah Rukh of Samarqand at the Court of the Zamorin of Calicut. He gives an
account of the reign of Devaraya II, in his Matla us Sadain Wa Majma ul Bahrain.
Athanasius Nikitin: A Russian merchant who described the conditions of the Bahamani kingdom under
Muhammad III in his Voyage to India.
Ludvico de Vorthema: An Italian merchant who visited India in 1502-1508 and left his memoirs in Travels in
Egypt, India, Syria etc.
Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516): A Portugese He has given a vivid account of the Vijayanagar government
under Krishna Deva Raya in his famous book - An Account of Countries bordering the Indian Ocean and
their inhabitants.
Dominigos Paes: Portugese who spent a number of years at Krishna Devas court has given a glowing
account of his personality.
Fernao Nuniz: A Portugese writer of 16th century spent three years in Vijayanagar (1535-37).

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE The name Mughal is de-


rived from the original
The Mughals were originally Mughal painting is a particular
Turks. style of South Asian painting, homelands of the
They belonged to the Chaghtai generally confined to minia- Timurids, the Central
branch of the Turkish race. tures with Indian Hindu, Jain, Asian steppes once con-
Period of the Mughal empire is and Buddhist influences. quered by Chenghis Khan
known as Second Classical Urdu was the spoken language and hence known as
Age. First Classical Age is the the Mughals.
Moghulistan, Land of
Period of Guptas. Following 1725, the empire de-
clined rapidly, weakened by Mongols. Although early
Mughal Empire is also known as Mughals spoke the
wars of succession, agrarian
Timurid Empire because of its crises, fueling local revolts, the
relation to Amir Timur.
Chagatai language and
growth of religious intolerance, maintained Turko-Mongol
Mughal Emperors are 20 in num- the rise of the Maratha, Durrani,
ber. They ruled India from 1526 and Sikh empires and finally practices, they were es-
to 1857. Only six are considered British colonialism. sentially Persianized. They
great. They are: The last king, Bahadur Zafar transferred the Persian lit-
Babur (1526 - 1530), Humayun Shah II, whose rule was re- erature and culture to In-
(1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556), Akbar stricted to the city of Delhi, was dia, thus forming the base
- (1556 - 1605), Jahangir (1605 - imprisoned and exiled by the
British after the Indian Rebel- for the Indo-Persian cul-
1627), Shah Jahan (1628 -1658,
Aurangazeb (1658 - 1707). lion of 1857. ture.
BABUR
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa.
Empire, was the fifth descendant The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini
of Timur on fathers side and the Rai of Malwa fought against Babur
fourteenth descendant of in the Battle of Chanderi, but were
Chengizkhan on mothers side. defeated.
Babur was born in Farghana in In 1529, the Afghans under
Turkey on 14 Feb., 1483 as the son Muhammed Lodhi fought against
of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but
Nigarkhanum. were defeated.
Baburs father Umershiek Mirza In 1530 December 26, Babur died
was the grand son of Amir Timur and was cremated at Kabul.
and the ruler of Farghana. Babur was the first to use Artillery
Babur beca me the ruler of in India.
Samarkhand at the age of 11. The memoirs of Babur Tuzuk-i-
He captured Kabul in 1504. Baburi or Baburnama was written in Turkish
Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of language, Baburs mothertongue by him.
wealth. It was translated into Persian by Abdur Rahim
Baburs first attack of India was in 1519 Bhera Khan-i-Khana.
was the first place captured by Babur.
Babur said I dont like India and Indians.
In 1524, Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhis brother in-
Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand
vited Babur to India.
On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the Kohinoor Diamond.
the last Lodhi Sultan in the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya
On 16 March 1527, he defeated Rana Sangha of of Vijayanagar Empire.

HUMAYUN
Humayun succeeded Babur in Dec 1530 at the the site of Purana Quila against Bahadurshah,
age of 13. Gujarat.
Mahim Sultana was Humayuns mother. Humayun failed in giving help to Karna Vathi,
Kamran, Askari and Hindal were his brothers. the Rajamatha of Mewar who sent a Rakhi to
The greatest weakness of Humayun was his Humayun.
generosity. In 1539 and 1540 Sherkhan defeated Humayun in
He divided the empire . i.e. Kabul and Qandhar the Battle of Chausa and in the Battle of Kanauj or
to Kamran ; Sambhal to Askari and Mewat to Bilgram.
Hindal. From 1540 top 1555 Humayun was in exile.
In 1531 Humayun invaded Kalinjor of In1541 Humayun married Hamida Begum, the
Prataprudra Deo but retreated from there due to daughter of a Persian Shiya Maulavi, Ali Akbar
Mahmud Lodhis advance to Jaunpur,. Jami or Mir Baba Dost.
In the Battle of Dhuria Humayun defeated The Mughal army under Bairamkhan defeated
Mahamud Lodhi. the Afghan forces in the Battle of Machhiwara.
In 1532 Humayun attacked the fort of Chunar Humayun occupied Delhi on July 1555.
which was under Sherkhans control. Humayun slipped on the staircase of the Library
1n1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpannah on at Din- Panch or Sher Mandal and died.
SHERSHAH
Original name - Farid In 1540 the battle of Bilgram or Kanauj Shershah
Birth place - Hissar Firosa, Delhi district expelled Humayun.
His Grand father - Ibrahim Khan Sur. He got the Fort of Rohtas and became the first
His father - Hassan Khan muslim conqueror of the Fort.
The family came to India from Afghanistan From 1541 to 1545 Shershah conquered the
Hassan Khan entered the service of Ummar Gakkhars, Malwa, Raisin, Multan, Sind, Jodhpur
Khan, the councillor and courtier of Sultan and Mewar and Kalinjor
Bahlol lodi. Shersha defeated the Rajastanis in the battle of
Under Jamal Khan - the master of Hassan Khan
Samel
during the region of Sikandar Lodi, Farid learned
He imprisoned the governor of Bengal Khizrkhan
the Sikandar Nama, the Qulistan etc at Jaunpur.
who declared himself the independent ruler of
Farid got the Parganas Sasaram and Khawaspur.
Bengal.
Faird who, lost the favour of his father, moved
to Agra and became the right hand man of Bahar While directing the operations of his artillery at
Khan. Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat
Bahar Khan Lohani of Bihar gave farid the title Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a
Sher Khan. sudden fire in the ammunition and died on May 22,
In 1527- Sher Khan with the help of Junaid Balas, 1545.
governor of Jaunpur, became a member of the Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road,
Mughal Court of Babur. He was with Babur for now National High Way no-2.
15 months from April 1527 to June 1528 and He established the 6th Delhi capital city
participated in the battle of Chanderi against Shergarh.
Medini Rai. Shershahsuri celebrated his coronation in the
Sher khan became the tutor of Jalalkhan and the city of Gaur (Bengal)
administrator of Saith, Bihar. He constructed a tomb for himself at Sasaram.
In 1530 he captured the Fort of Chunar and He introduced a Silver Coin- Rupee.
married Lad Malika the widow of Tajkhan, the He is called as the Father of Indian Rupee
governor. His Revenue System was excellent and hence
The Battle of Surajgarh - 1534 made Sherkhan Akbar adopted it.
the master of Bihar and Bengal. The last Sur ruler was Sikandar Sur who was
In the Battle of Chausa Sherkhan defeated defeated by Humayun in 1555.
Humayun. After this he assumed the title Sher
Shah

bcontinent was
nt rib ut io n to the Indian Su
A m ajor M ug ha l co age Site Taj
ct ur e. UN ESCO World Herit
their un ique ar ch ite of Mughal
to be on e of th e finer exampl es
Mah al, is kn ow n cl ud es th e
er W or ld H er ita ge Si te s in
ar ch ite ct ur e. O th gra Fort and
To m b, Fa tehp ur Sikri, Red Fort, A
Hum ayuns
Lahore Fort. nasty stands to-
an d fo rts built by the dy Delhi was the m
ain palace
The pala ce s, to m bs a, Jaipur, Lahore, The Red Fort in ahJahan.
ng abad , Fatehpur Sikri, Agr ring the reign of
Sh
day in Delh i, Au ra India, Pakistan, of the empire du
ei kh up ur a an d m any other cit ies of
Kabul, Sh
ngladesh.
Afghanistan an d Ba
AKBAR THE GREAT
Father - Humayun prayer house in Fathepur Sikri and Akbar Namah.
Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum known as Ibadatkhana. Abul Faizi : Persian poet and
Step mother - Magam Anaga In 1579, he issued the Infallibil- brother of Abul Fazal. He trans-
Guardian - Bairam Khan ity Decree by which he made lated Mahabharata into Persian
First Guardian - Munim Khan himself the supreme head in re- in name Razam Namah and
Akbar was born at Amarkot in ligious matters. Bhaskaracharyas mathematical
Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542. In 1580, the first Jesuit mission- work Leelavati into Persian.
He came to the throne on Feb- aries arrived at the court of Mian Tansen : His original name
ruary 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Akbar. was Ram Thanu Pande. He was
Kalanur. In 1585, Ralph Fitch the first the court Musician of Akbar. He
Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister English man to reach India, dur- composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in
of Muhammed Adilshah of ing Akbars reign. honour of Akbar.
Bihar occupied Agra and ac- Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer Birbal : His real name was
cepted the title Maharaja English man or torch bearer Mahesh Das. He is the court
Vikramaditya. Englishman. jester of Akbar.
Akbar killed Hemu in the Sec- In 1582, Akbar founded a new Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal
ond Battle of Panipat in 1556 religion for universal peace and was Akbars finance or revenue
November 2. monotheism known as Din minister. He formulated Akbars
After this Akbar got the title Ilahi means Divine Faith. revenue system Zabti and
Ghazi In 1583, he started a new Calen- Dashala systems. Raja
Akbar became an independent dar called Ilahi Calendar. Todarmal also translated
ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, af- In 1576, Akbar defeated Bhagavatapurana into Persian.
ter dismissing Bairam Khan. Maharana Pratap of Mewar in Maharaja Mansingh : Akbars
Later he married Bairam Khans the Battle of Haldighat. military commander.
widow Salima Begum. Haldighat is a mountain pass in Badauni : A historian who trans-
In 1561 he defeated the musician the Aravally hills in Rajasthan. lated Ramayana into Persian -
Sultan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur. The Portuguese introduced to- Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.
In 1562 Akbar married Jodha bacco for the first time in India Tulasidas: Hindi poet who wrote
Bhai, the daughter of Raja in the court of Akbar in 1604. Ramacharitamanas.
Bharmal of Amber. Akbar was the Mughal Emperor Akbars military system was
Akbar abolished the practice of when the English East India known as Mansabdari system.
enslavement of war prisoners. Company was being founded in Akbar was also responsible for
In 1564, he abolished the reli- 1600 December 31. the introduction of Persian as
gious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was im- Akbar died in 1605. the official language of
posed for the first time by His tomb is situated at Sikandra Mughals.
Firozshah Tughlaq. near Agra. He divided the Mughal Empire
In 1572 he captured Gujarat and Akbar was an illiterate person, into 12 Sabha (provinces).
in memory of that he built a new but he was a patron of men of Akbar was also the first ruler to
capital city Fathepur Sikri (City eminence. He maintained a organise Hajj. Pilgrimage at the
of Victory) near Agra. Scholastic Assembly in his government expense. The Port
The early name of Fathepur Sikri court. They included the follow- Cambay in Gujarat is known as
was City of Sikri. ing personalities. the Gate way to Mecca from
Buland Darwaza is the gate way Abul Fazal: Akbars court his- Mughal India.
of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. torian who wrote Akbars bio- Akbar was an accomplished Si-
In 1575, Akbar constructed a graphical works Ain-i-Akbari tar player.
JAHANGIR
Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden
him Sheika Baba. Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was a
Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were
Jahangir was the son of Akbar and Jodhabai. famous painters in the court of Jahangir.
He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in
1611. Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal Srinagar.
(light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the Jahangir banned slaughter of animals on Sunday
world) and Padusha Begum.
and Thursday.
In 1606, Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru
Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as
Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangirs son
Zndiri Adal infront of his court.
Prince Khusru to rebel against him.
Anarkali was Jahangairs lover. Mughal-i-Asam
In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an
envoy of King James I of England, who reached directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells
India to obtain trade concession. the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali.
In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i-
Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of Jahangiri in Persian language.
England. As a result of his efforts, first English Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at
factory was established at Surat in Gujarat. Shahdhara in Lahore.

SHAHJAHAN
Shahjahan was born on 5th its architect. British administra- The Gateway of Redfort is the
January 1592 at Lahore. tor Furgurson called it a love Lahore Gate. It is here at the
His mother was Jagat Gosain in marble. Now Sulphur Diox- Lahore Gate that the Prime Min-
and his childhood name was ide, emitted by oil refinaries in ister of India hoists the National
Khurram. Madhura after mixing with mois- Flag and addresses the nation
He married Arjum and Banu ture in the atmosphere forms on the independence day.
Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan, Sulphuric Acid and is damaging In 1656, Shahjahan constructed
brother of Noorjahan. She later the marble of Tajmahal. the Juma Masjid in Delhi. It is
came to be known as Mumtaz In 1638, Shah Jahan built his the biggest masjid in India. First
Mahal which means beloved of new capital Shah Jahanabad in Masjid in India was constructed
the Palace. Delhi and shifted the capital at Kodungallur in Kerala
Shahjahan destroyed the Portu- from Agra to there. (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by
guese settlements at Hoogly. In 1639 he started the construc- Malik Ibn Dinar.
Shahjahans period is consid- tion of Red fort in Delhi on the The Portuguese introduced Eu-
ered as the Golden Age of model of Agra Fort built by
Mughal Architecture and Shah Akbar. Its construction was
Jahan is known as the Prince of completed in 1648. The Diwan-
Builders. i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the
In 1631, he started the construc- Moti Masjid are situated inside
tion of Tajmahal in memory of the Red fort. The Moti Masjid
his wife and completed in 1653. in Agra was constructed by
It is situated on the banks of Shahjahan.
Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh. The INA Trial in 1945 was con-
Utad Iza, a Turkish/ Persian was ducted at the Red Fort.
ropean painting in India during Atharva Veda into Persian. came worse during the period of
the reign of Shahjahan Shahjahan was a famous lyri- Aurangazeb.
In 1658 Shahjahan was impris- cist. He wrote lyrics in Hindi. Aurangazeb was the only
oned by his son Aurangazeb and The famous Peacock Throne Mughal Emperor who was not a
he died in 1666, after eight years. was built by Shah Jahan. It was drunkard.
His daughter Jahan Ara was also abducted from here by Aurangazeb is considered reli-
kept in prison along with him at Nadirshah in 1739 during his giously fanatic. He was also a
the Agra fort.
Indian invasion (Persian con- temple breaker. He persecuted
Shahjahans son Dara Shukoh
queror). Now it is kept at the the Hindus and imposed prohi-
was a famous scholar. He trans-
London Tower Museum, Britain. bition against the free exercise
lated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty
Upanishads into Persian. He also French travellers Bernier and of Holi and Diwali.
wrote a book titled Mujm-ul- Tavernier and Italian traveller Aurangazeb died in 1707 Febru-
Behrain (Mingling of the Manucci visited India during ary 20, at Ahmednagar. Auran-
Oceans) He also translated Shahjahans period. gazebs tomb is situated at
Daulatabad in Maharashtra.
AURANGAZEB
LATER MUGHALS
Aurangazeb imprisoned his fa- In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru
ther and made himself the Guru Teg Bahadur because of his Bahadurshah I came to the
Padushah in 1658. But his ac- reluctance to accept Islam. throne after the death of
tual coronation was conducted Teg Bahadur was executed at Aurangazeb. His real name was
in 1659. Chandini Chauk. Muassam.
Alamgir (conqueror of the In 1739, Nadirshah Quli the
In 1679 Aurangazeb constructed
world) was the name adopted by Persian conqueror attacked In-
the tomb of his only wife Rubiad
Aurangazeb when he became dia during the period of the
Daurani at Aurangabad in
the Padusha. Mughal Emperor Muhammed
Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi
Shah or Rustan Khan (1719-
Aurangazeb is known as Zinda ka Makabara. It is otherwise
1748) and took away
Pir or living saint because of known as Mini Tajmahal as it
ShahJahans famous Peacock
his simple life. was the blind imitation of
Throne and Kohinoor Diamond.
He banned music and dance. Tajmahal. In the same year he
He was a pleasure loving king
He discontinued the system of reimpossed Jaziya upon all the
and was nicknamed Rangeela.
Jharokha darshan and the non muslims, which was earlier
Ahmedshahs (1748 -1754) pe-
system of weighing the emperor abolished by Akbar.
riod saw the mighty invasion of
in Gold. Aurangazeb called Shivaji a
Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani-
Astronomers and astrologers mountain rat and gave him the
stan.
were dismissed and he forbaded title Raja because of his guerilla
Shah Alam II (1759-1866) - The
the inscription of Kalma on the tactics.
battle of Buxar (1764) was
coins. In 1660, he entrusted fought during his reign.
He ended the celebration of Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji. Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) con-
Navroz festival. Later in 1665 the Treaty of ferred the title Raja upon Ram
He ousted all the artists from his Purandar was signed between Mohan Roy.
court. At the same time he was Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and During his reign, Lord Hastings
an accomplished Veena player. Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by ceased to accept the sover-
Aurangazeb was the last great Aurangazeb. eignty of Mughals and claimed
Mughal Emperor. The Mughal - Rajput relation be- an equal status.
BAHADURSHAH II MUGHAL STATE AND ADMINISTRATION
(837-1862)
Provincial Administration
He was the last Mughal em-
peror. On 17th May 1857, Mughal empire was divided into subas which was further
Bahadurshah II was declared subdivided into sarkar, parganas and villages. However, it also had
the independent emperor of In- other territorial units as Khalisa, (royal land), Jagirs (autonomous
dia by the mutineers. He was rajas) and Inams (gifted lands, mainly waste lands).
surrendered to LtW.S.R. There were 15 territorial units (subas) during Akbars reign, which
Hodson at Humayuns Tomb in later increased to 20 under Aurangzebs reign.
Delhi. In 1859, he was deported Province (Suba)
to Rangoon in December where Sipahsalar - The Head Executive (under Akbar and later he was
he expired on Nov. 7, 1862. The known Nizam or Subedar)
Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in Diwan- Incharge of revenue department.
Pyinmana, the capital of Bakshi-Incharge of military dept.
Myanmar. Mir Saman: Incharge of Imperial household and Karkhanas.
Bahadurshah II was also a fa- Mir Munshi : Incharge of royal correspondence
mous Urdu Poet. Sadr us Sadr: Incharge of charitable and religious endowments
Bahadurshah II was also known Qazi ul Quzat: Head the Judiciary department
as Bahadurshah Zafar. Zafar Muhtasib: Censor of Public Morals.
means gifted poet. District / Sarakar
The Mughal Fauzdar - Administrative head
Amal/Amalguzar-Revenue collection
Administration Kotwal-Maintenance of law and order, trial of criminal cases and
The Mughals believed in price regulation.
Divine Right concept of Pargana
Kingship. Shiqdar - Administrative head combined in himself the duties of
It was a mixture of Central fauzdar and kotwal.
Asian and Timurial traditions
Amin, Qanungo - Revenue officials
in Indian settings.
The chief officials who Village
assisted the king in central Muqaddam - Headman
administration were the Wakil, Patwari- Accountant
Wazir, Diwan - Khan -i-Shama, Chowkidar - Watchman
Mir-Bakshi, Sadr-us-Sadar and
chief Qazi. Important literary works of the Mughal period
Under Akbar the Mughal Humayun Namah - Gulbadan Beegum
empire had 18 provinces or Ain-i-Akbari - Abul Fazal
Subas but there were 21 under Akbar Namah - Abul Fazal
Aurangazeb. Twarikh-i-Alfi - Mulla Daud
The head of the Suba was
Tabakhat-i-Akbari - Nizamudin Ahamad
Subadar or Sipahsalar.
The head of the Sarkar or Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri - Jahangir
District was under Fauzdar and Shahjahannama - Inayat khan and also by Muhamad Salih
Pargana under Shiqdar and Sakinet-ul-Aulia - Dara Shukoh
village under village headman. Raqqat-i-Alamgiri - Aurangazeb
The Revenue system under the Padshahnama - Abdul Hamid- Lahori and Mohamad Warish
Mughals had various features Alamgir namah - Mirza Muhamad Kazim
such as Zabti System, Batak Kamran, brother of Humayun became a common language of
Nasaq, Kankut, Karoris and was a poet. diplomacy.
Dashala systems. Akbar was a philosopher, Urdu emerged as a common
The Mansabdari system of skilled in art, architecture and language of India.
Akbar made the nobility and the music. According to Abul Fazl eight
army rolled into one. Its basis Jahangir an ardent naturalist, styles of calligraphy were in
was Mongols decimal and landscaper, and an vogue in India during Akbars
organisation of the army. The authority on painting. rule.
ranks of the officers were Shahjahan excelled in Akbar favoured the Nastaliq
divided into Zat and Sawar. architecture and was an school of calligraphy. The best
Jahangir introduced the authority of gems and jewelry, exponent of it was Muhamad
Duaspa-Sih-aspa system. devoted to music and dance Hussain of Kashmir, who had
The administrative classifi and a proficient vocalist. the title Zarrin - Kalam or
cation of land were Khalsa or Darashukoh was an eminent Golden Pen.
crown land, Jagir land in which scholar and author. The renowned Hindu
the nobles collected the land tax Aurangazeb was an accom- calligraphists under Auranga
and Sayurgai land or lend plished veena player and pro- zeb were Pandit Lakshmi Ram,
granted on free tenure. moted the creation of classical Lala Sukh Ram and Munshi
The instrument used for the Indian music in Persian lan- Mahbub Rai.
measuring land was called guages. Zebunnissa, his Humayun and Akbar learned
Zarib or Tanab (Earlier it was daughter was a zelous patron painting lessons from the
made of rope but later are made of learning and culture. She Persian painters Mir Sayyid Ali
of bamboo sticks joined by iron wrote books of odes and qua- and Aullah Abdus Samad.
rings. trains under the pen name Ma- Akbars artists main work was
Bigha was a standard unit of khfi the concealed one. to illustrate manuscripts.
area which measured 60 x 60 The last Mughal ruler Bahadur- Daswanth was a celebrated art-
yards or 3600 square yards. sha II or Zafar was an emi- ist in Akbars court. He illustrat-
The gold coins issued by Akbar nent Urdu poet.
ed Razinnama, a Persian trans-
were of twenty six varieties. There was no official censorship
lation of Mahabharatha.
Jahangir was the first Mughal of writers in Mughal India.
Mughal paintings witnessed a
ruler to put his portrait on Mughal royal memoirists -
rapid change under Jahangir.
coins. One of his coins bore his Babur, Jahangir and Gulbadan
The main feature was the de-
figure with a cup in his right - were candid about themselves
cline of Persian influence and
hand. and their families, open about
the growth of Indian influence.
The silver rupee under Akbar their failings.
The best examples of land-
had a weight of 175 grams and The Mughal rulers valued
scapes - in Jahangirs time were
one rupee was equal to 40 books and maintained huge
Yar-i-Danish and Anwar-i- Su-
dams. libraries. Royal ladies like
haili
Jalali was a square rupee issued Salima, Jahanara and
by Akbar. Zebunnisa had their own Mughal painting reached its
The Mughal emperors were libraries. climax under Jahangir. Minia-
multi-talented Babur was a Bairam Khan was known as a ture painting developed under
distinguished author, poet, Todar mal was a literary him
Calligrapher and composer. figure in eminence, He Ustad Mansur specialised in
Humayun a mathematician, translated Bhagavata Purana Animals and Bishandas pro-
astronomer, astrologer, poet into Persian. duced portraits.
and an inventor. Under the Mughals, Persian Jahangir favoured individual
re
Mughal architectu
der Akbar.
d th e Ja m a- i-M asjid at Sambhal un
libagh at Panipa t an r Humayun.
A mosque at Kabu at Fa le ha bad and Agra unde a distinctive

in -P an ah - D el hi , and the M os qu es
ji (o r Be ga ) Be g who introduced
The D s widow Ha
at Delhi built by hi

Humayuns tomb s first garden tomb. rbals palace,

ia n sty le in In di a. It was also In di a
Pa nc h M ah al , Jo dhabais palace, Bi
Pers ni-Khas, in Akbar s period.
Diwani-Aam, Diwa arwasah were built
The Agra Fort, The ol an d Bu la nd D
m, the Hathi-P
The House of Maria ing the old Lodhi Fo
rt.
rs and it is the
ar bu ilt the Agr a fort after demolish M as jid Si kr i, ha d a height of 53.6 mete
Akb of Juma
a, the lofty gateway

The Buland Darwaz th e world. hangir at Lahore
in d Mausoleum of Ja
re
es t ed ifi cs of its kind anywhe to m b at A gr a an
fin -daulas
kandara, Itimad ud
Akbar s tomb at Si d-daula). It was
her father Itimad-u

re co nt ru de d un der Jahangir. is m au so le um of
we built th
as tomb (Nurjahan ble.
The Itimad-ud-daul en tirely of white mar d Hira Mahal,

fir st of th e M ug ha l str uctu re s bu ilt
i M as jid an d Ja m a Masjid at Agra an
the Bagh, Mot
ish Mahal, Anguri han.
The Taj Mahal, Sh d Fo rt at D elh i were built by Shaja
an d Re
Moli Reng Mahal
Tulsidas the greatest book in favoured by the Mughals ; they
paintings and manuscript illus-
all devotional literature. preferred to keep gems uncut,
trations.
The Mughal paintings was an valuing size over brilliance.
In pictorial motifs a major Except Aurangazeb the Mughal
offshoot of Persian painting
contribution of Christian art to rulers were all keen patrons of
which was an offshoot of
Mughal art was the halo. (the music.
Chinese paintings.
halo was first used in ancient The dying wish of Sag Sheikh
The rigid formation is the
India to depict the aura of Salim Chishti; according to
shortcoming of the Mughal
Budha.) Jahangir, was to hear Tansen
style.
Aurangazeb turned his back to Sing.
Regional schools developed
paintings. He erased the Mian Tansen Kalawaut was
during the period of
paintings at Bijapur that Akbars court musician.
Aurangazeb. The best was the
violated Koranic law. The Mughal emperors were
Rajastani school which created
The term Urdu (Hindustan) is open- handed to musicians.
the Ragamalika (musical
derived from the Turki word Example- Jahangir gave gold
modes) and Krishna Leela
Ordu meaning military camp. coins who composed an ode in
(frolics of Krishna) Paintings.
Another Indo- Persian dialect, Jahangirs name. Shahjahan
The Mughal artists mainly dealt
Dakhini has evolved in the weighed musician Jagannath
with subjects of imperial pomp,
Deccan; a mixture of Persian against gold. Akbar rewarded
Rajput artist depicted Tansen with 200,000 rupees for
and local languages especially
traditional Hindu religious a performance.
Marathi.
subjects. The Hindu and Muslim musical
The Mughal period was rich in
The Mughals made traditions have produced new
Hindi poetry. Surdas was a
contributions in jewellery musical modes such as
singer in Akbar s court.
making. Some styles are Qawwali, Thumri and Khayal.
Tulsidas was a contemporary
attributed to Noorjahan; for Amir Khusrau, the greatest
of Akbar and of Shakespeare.
example, the Karanphool- poetic and musical genius of the
Gandhiji described the
jhumka or the ear ornament. age, made a conscious effort to
Ramacharitha manasa of
Lapidary work was not fuse Hindu and Persian music.
Gwalior, under Raja Man Singh THE MARATHAS
(1450-1528) became the nest of
musicians and produced the The first great leader of the
Marathas was Chatrapathi
Man kautuhal (the rulers
Shivaji.
governing ragas).
The Marathas became promi-
Tansen was a native of Gwalior.
nent in the later half of the 17th
He was taken to the court of
century.
Akbar from the court of Raja of Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle
Rewa in 1563. clan of the Marathas.
Bas Bahadur, the former ruler Shaji Bhonsle and Jija Bai were
of Malwa, was musician in the Parents of Shivaji.
Akbars Court whom Abul Fazl He was born in 1627 February
described as a singer without 19 at the fort of Shivner near
rival. Junnar. In 1665, Shivaji signed the
Shauqi, the mandolin player, His father was a military com- Treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai
(the wonder of the age) was in mander under the Nizam Shahi Singh of Amber, who was de-
Jahangirs court. rulers of Ahmedanagar and later puted by Aurangazeb.
of Bijapur. In 1666 Shivaji visited
Ram Das a second Miyan
Shivajis tutor was Dadaji Aurangazeb in his court at Agra.
Tansen was in the court of
Kondadev. But he and his son Sambaji were
Akbar.
Shivaji received the help of imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the
Shahjahan laid the foundation
Malavi tribe to capture the terri- Jaipur Bhavan, but escaped in
of the city Shahjahanabad in 1666.
1638. tories of Bijapur Sultan.
Torna was the first place captured On 16th June 1674, Shivaji
The Jamamasjid at Delhi of crowned himself an independent
Shahjahan was the largest by Shivaji in 1646.
Shivaji came to conflict with the Hindu king became the
mosque in India. Chatrapathi and assumed the
Mughals for the first time in
The Chief architect of the Taj title Haindavadharmodharak.
1657, during the period of
was Ustad Ahamad Lahori or Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of
Shahjahan.
Ahamad Mimar, who was 53.
In 1659, Bijapur Sulthan Ali
supervised by Abdul Karim and Shahu became the Chatrapathi
Adilshah sent Afzal Khan to kill
Makramatkhan, imperial Shivaji. But he killed Afzal Khan. in 1708 and his period witnessed
officers. It is estimated that In 1660, Aurangazeb deputed his the rise of Peshwaship.
some 20,000 workmen laboured viceroy of Deccan, Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720)
for about twenty two years in Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji. Baji Rao (1720 - 40) Balaji
the Taj Complex. The plot for
the construction of Taj was
a war
purchased from Raja Jai Singh, Anglo-Marath wars were fought
lo-Maratha e Maratha
grand -son of Raja Man Singh, , and third Ang ompany and th
The first, second E ast In dia C
final and
South of Agra City, for y of the British 7 - 1818) was a
between the arm at ha W ar (1 81
917,00000 rupees. rd Anglo-Mar atha Empire in
The Moti Masjid in Red Fort Empire. The Thi ee n th e Bri tish and the Mar
t be tw a.
decisive conflic l of most of Indi
and Badshahi Mosque at
w hi ch left th e U.K. in contro )
India, 775-1782
Lahore were built by -Maratha War (1
The First Anglo aratha W (180
ar 31805)
Aurangazeb. co nd A ng lo-M
The Se
BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Baji Rao was the ablest of the Sikh Guru
Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas. Guru Nanak ................ 1469 - 1538
Peshwas who ruled Shivaji did not allow women in Guru Angad ................ 1538 - 1552
Maharashtra. his military camp. Guru Amardas............. 1552 - 1574
Baji Rao popularised the idea of The Marathas were equipped Guru Ramdas .............. 1574 - 1581
Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu with an efficient naval system Guru Arjundev ............ 1581 - 1606
Empire. under Shivaji. Guru Hargovind .......... 1606 - 1645
Balaji Baji Raos period wit- Guru Har Rai ............... 1645 - 1661
nessed the Third Battle of GURUNANAK Guru Har Kishan ......... 1661 - 1664
Panipat in 1761. In this battle AND THE SIKHS Guru Teg Bahadur ....... 1664 - 1675
Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani- Guru Govind Singh ..... 1675 - 1708
stan defeated the Marathas.
Madhava Rao was the last great Langar or free community din-
Peshwa. ing was also introduced by Guru
Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II. Angad.
Madhava Raos period witnessed Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das.
the disintegration of the Maratha He started the Manji system ie,
power and the formation of inde- branches for the propagation of
pendent kingdoms - Holkar of Sikhs. He made Guruship
Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur, hereditory.
Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad Guru Ramdas was the fourth
of Baroda. Sikh Guru. He founded the city
Peshwa was the Maratha Chief of Amritsar. The place for the
Minister. city was donated by Akbar.
Chauth and sardeshmukhi were Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru
two special taxes collected by Sikh is a sanskrit word which Arjun Dev, Sikhism became an
the Marathas. means disciple organised religion. He compiled
The first Maratha war (1775 - Sikh religion was founded by the Adi Grandh the sacred
82) Swami Madhav Rao Vs GuruNanak.
book of the Sikhs. He built a
Raghunath Rao with English Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi
support. in Lahore, belonged to the Khatri temple at Amritsar , (later the
Second Maratha war 1803 - 05. Caste (Mercantile Community). Golden Temple) Har Mandir
Third Maratha war 1816 - 19. Nanak called his creed as Sahib. He helped Jahangirs son
The last great soldier and states- Gurumat or Gurus wisdom. Prince Khusru to rebel against
man of Maratha was Nana GuruNanak was born in 1469 the Emperor. So he was ex-
Phadanis (1800) and died in 1538. ecuted by Jahangir at Lahore in
The Maratha script was called He was the first Guru of the 1606 AD.
Modiscript. Sikhs. The sixth Guru Hargovind, cre-
Peshwaship was abolished in His followers called themselves ated a Sikh army and turned
1818 Sikhs which meant disciple. against Shahjahan. He founded
Nanak preached only in Punjabi. a palace opposite to Har Mandir
Shivajis Council of Ministers Nanak nominated Guru Angad
was known as Ashtapradhan. Sahib known as Akalitakht.
as his successor.
They were Peshwa, Pandit He also adopted the title Sacha
Guru Angad introduced
Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Gurumukhi Script. He also com- Padusha, which means true ruler.
Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and piled Guru Nanaks biography The title was not adopted by
Nyayadhyaksha. Janam Sakis. Teg Bahadur).
Renjith Singh (1780 - 1836)
The Sikhs then rose to power like phoenix under Renjith Singh of Punjab. On the
eve of Renjiths birth Punjab was invaded by the Durrani king Shah Zamman,
Grandson of Ahamad Shah Abdali. To avaid his threat the British sought Renjith
Singhs help by 1797 he became the defacto ruler of Punjab and in 1799 he got
control over Lahore and in 1801 he assumed the tittle of Maharaja.
Renjith Singh, as a part of administrative convenience, i.e.. established the Mohal-
ladari system. i.e., Each Mohalla under the charge of one of its members, possess-
ing more influence than the rest. In 1806 Renjith Singh signed a friendly treaty with
the British. i.e., Sikhs were not enter to an alliance with any anti-British power; the
British got a chance to expand southwards.
In 1809 the British and Renjith Singh made the Treaty of Amritsar. The British recognised the authority of
Renjith Singh over 45 parganas. Sutlej was recognised as Renjiths boundary.
On 26th June 1838 a tripartite agreement was signed between English East India Company, Shah Jahan and
Renjith Singh to let pass the British troops through Lahore. Renjith died on 27th June 1839.
Renjith Singhs established Fauj- i- khas as the model troop, He adopted the Batai System and then the
Kankut system. His army was trained by French officers like Allard and Ventura. The French traveller
Victor Jacque Mont visited his court.
The Siks fought two wars against the English - the Anglo - wars. Ist Anglo - Sikh war (1845 - 1846) The
sikhs were defeated in 1846 June 28 near Aliwal. IInd Anglo - Sikh war (1848 - 1849). Lord Dalhousie
annexed Punjab to the company administration.

Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He Kartarpur Dabir is the root Grandh Sahib as the eternal
was succeeded by Guru Har form of Guru Grandh Sahib. Guru.
Kishan. Har Kishan became the Govind Singh proclaimed the
Guru at the age of five, hence he
is the youngest Sikh Guru.
The 10th and the last Guru,
Govind Singh formed the Khalsa
or the Sikh brotherhood.
He introduced Panchkakar of
Sikhism ie, Kesh (long hair),
Kanga (Comb), Kripan (Sword),
Kachha (Underwear) and Kara
(Iron bang).
He introduced baptism and
wanted every Sikh to bear com-
munity surname Singh or lion.
His aim was the establishment
of a Sikh State after overthrow-
ing the Mughals. In 1708 he was
killed by an Afghan.
Vichithra Natak is the autobi-
ography of Guru Govind Singh.
arya
RELIGIOUS Adi Sankarach vival and expans
ion of
d by re
MOVEMENTS OF peri od af ter Guptas is marke m an d Buddhism. A
t the
The e of Ja in is
continued decl
in m and
MEDIEVAL AGE Hinduism and ou s ch al lenge to Buddhis
l the most se ri called
intellectual leve w ho re vi ve d H induism. He is
sed by Sankara (non-
Important Bhakti saints Jainism was po nd ed th e do ct rine of Advaita
ou
duism. He prop various levels to
(South India) Aquinas of Hin il os ophy, there are e
ding to th is ph rahma. But on th
dualism). Accor vel, the world is a creation of B ly
In South, the Bhakti movement
truth. On a low
er le usion). The on
le un iv er se is Maya (ill ation is
was led by a series of popular
highest level,
the w ho
e im pe rson al world soul. Cre
was Brahma, th ding to
saints called Nayanars and
ultimate reality in en t an d om niscient. Accor
play). He is im m llent
Alvars. The chief object of their
his lila (eternal w or ld w er e on e. He wrote exce
d the created ath 4
worship was Shiva and Vishnu
Sankara. God an an d U pa ni sh ads. After his de
on Bhagwadgi
ta ujarat),
respectively. They spoke and
commentaries ge ri (K ar na taka), Dwaraka (G
wrote in Tamil and Telugu. blished in Srin
mathas were esta rinath in the Him
alayas.
Ramanuja a Vaishnuvite, 12th riss a) an d B ad
Puri (O
CenturyAD was born at born near Benaras, brought up
Sripreumbathur and founded Sankaracharya born at Kaladi by a weaver Niru, married to Loi
Srivaishnava sect. in Kerala, was the founder of and had two children.
Ramanuja tried to assimilate the Advaitha philosophy. He He was influenced by Ra-
Bhakti to the tradition of wrote commentary on mananda and the Muslim saint
Vedas. He argued that grace of Brahmasutra and Upanishad. Pir Taqi. He promoted equality
God was more important than He founded four Mutts Sringeri, between Hinduism and Islam.
knowledge about him in order Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath. His followers started the Ka-
to attain salvation. The In North India the Bhakthi birpanthis.
tradition established by movement was promoted by Dadu Dayal (1544- 1603) a
Ramanuja was followed by a two schools of thought - the Nirguna born in Ahmedabad,
number of thinkers such as Saguna and Nirguna schools. not believed in the authority of
Madhavacharya, Ramananda, The Nirguna school believed in Scriptures but in the value of
Vallabhacharya and others. a God without any form self- realisation. His verses
Nimbarkar promoted the Ramananda was the prime were collected into a book form
Dvaitadvaita philosophy and teacher of it. known as Bani. His followers
founded the Sankadi The Saguna school believed in were called Dadu Panthis.
sampradaya. the manifold forms of god. Rai Dasa followed the path of
Madhavacharya founded the Ramananda (1360-1470) born at Ramananda and his songs are
Dvaitadvaita philosophy and Prayag preached Vaishnavism. included in Guru Granth Saheb,
Sankadi Sampradaya. He was a follower of Ramanuja the Sikh Bible.
Vallabhacharya promoted the and included disciples from all Surdasa (1483-1513 AD) - He
philosophy of Pushtimarga and castes . He used Hindi to propa- belongs to Saguna School. He
he founded the Rudra Sampra- gate his teachings. Example : was a disciple of famous
daya. He is the creator of Raidasa the Cobbler, Kabir the religious teacher
Sudhavaita, The doctrine of weaver , Dhanna, the farmer, Vallabhacharya. He sang the
grace, the ideal of self- dedica- Sena, the barber and Pipa the glory of Krishnas childhood
tion and sublimation of human Rajput. He created a new sect - and youth in his Sursagar.
life are the major features of his Ramandi sect. Tulasi Dasa (1532-1623) a
teachings. Kabir (1398-1458) a nirguna Saguna, was born in Brahmin
family became a worshipper of combination of knowledge on Sufi Movement
Rama and composed various sciences and arts with
Ramacharithamanasa in Hindi the synthesising concept of The Sufis were an ecstatic
and some other works such as spiritual life. mystical sect and an elitist and
Vinay Pitaka, Kavitavali and Gurunanak (1469-1539 AD) - intellectual movement.
Gitavali. He was a mystique of Nirguna The term Sufi is derived from
Mirabai (1498-1569) a Rajput School. But his followers the Arabic word Suf meant
princes hailed from the branched off from Hinduism wool.
Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor, and founded a separate The Sufi movement first came
was a devotee of Lord Krishna. to India in the wake of Mahmud
religious system. He became a
Her lyrics, full of passion and Ghaznis invasion in the 11th
wandering preacher of a
spiritual ecstacy, were written Century.
casteless, universal, ethical,
in Brijbhasha and in Rajastani. Sufism was organised a
anti-ritualistic and monoth
Sankaradeva (1463-1568) of monastic basis in orders or
eistic and highly spiritual
Assam Promoted monotheism Silsilahs
religion.
known as Ekasarana Dharma. There are two main orders - Be-
He rejected ritualism and idol Islamic Movements Shara ; not bound by Islam and
worship, caste system. His Islam has two basic sects - Shiah Ba- Shara bound by Islamic law.
creed came to be known as
and Sunni. This schism arose of The early Sufists accepted the
Mahapurshiya dharma and he
political rather than religious prophethood of Mohamad and
insisted Nishkama Bhakti.
dispute. the authority of the Quran but
Krishnananda , Brahmananda
later they absorbed a variety of
giri, Kavirajnana and Purnanda Shiahs wanted the Caliphate to
be hereditary through Ali, the practices and ideas from
were Saivite Saints.
Christianity, Neo - Platonism,
The Bhakti movement in prophets son-in-law but the
Zorastrianism. Budhism and
Maharashtra came to be known Sunnis wanted it to be elective
Hindu Philosophical systems -
as Maharashtra Dharma. (later their religious tradition
Vedanta and Yoga.
Jnandeva (1275-96 AD) - He also diverged)
The teacher, disciple (Pir and
was progenitor of Bhakti The most remarkable Islamic
musical) relation was essential
movement in Maharashtra. movement in Mughal India was for Sufism.
Namdeva (1270-1350 AD) - He the Mahdawi Cult. They Chisthi Silsilah (12th Century
was a Nirguna Upasaka. Some believed that at the end of the
of his abhangas are included in and 13th Century) founded in
first millennium of Islam, a India by Khawaja Muinuddin
Guru Granth Sahib.
saviour, Imam Mahdi, the Lord Chisthi of Ajmir. The two
Ekanath (1548 AD) - He was
of the Age, would appear to prominent disciples of him were
opposed to caste distinction
and evinced greatest stop crime and restore pure Shaikh Hamidudi Nagauri of
sympathy for men of low caste. shining faith. Founder of it was Nagpur and Sheik Qutubudin
Sayed Muhammad Mahdi of Bhaktyar Kaki. The Chisthis
Tukaram - He was a farmers
Jaunpur. laid much stress upon service
son and a great devotee of
Ranshaniyah by Miyan to mankind. They lived on
Vitthal.
charity and had a musical
Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual Bayazid Ansari, Rishi by
recitation called Sama.
guide of Shivaji combined spiri- Shiekh Nurudin of Kashmir, and
tual and practical life and took Suhravardi Sisilah (13th
Taghallub by Shiek Ahammad
interest in politics. His monu- Century) founded by Shaikh
Sirstrindi were other Islamic
mental work Dasabodha is a Shihabuddin Shuhruvardi. In
Movements. India it was founded by Shaik
Baha Uddiu Zakaria of Multan. Shah Abdulla Shatari founded stressed internalization of
The slave ruler Iltumish called the Shattari Silsilah but became religious rites.
him Sheikh-us-Islam. prominent in India under Shaik Nizamia Silsila, which faced
Firdasusi Silsilah (13th Muhammad Ghauth of Gwalior. hardship under Mubarka and
Century) First established in Tansen was a follower of it. Ghyaruddin Khalji was founded
Delhi by Badaruddin The Naqshbandiya order - It by Nizamuddin Aulia.
Samarqandi but later moved to developed as an orthodox Jamaludin Hanavi founded the
Bihar Sharafuddin Ahamad movement which stood against Jamalia order and Allauddin
Yahya Manari of Patna. heresy as reform. The Promoter Sabari inaugurated the Sabaria
Qadrissilsilah (12th Century) of it was Sheik Ahamad Sirhindi order.
was founded by Shaikh Abdur a contemporary of Akbar. Sufism declined in the late 17th
Quadir Jilani of Bagdad and in Jahangir imprisoned him and Century.
India the leader were Shah even Aurangazeb was forced to Qulandars, were another group
Nizamatullah and Nassirudin ban his teachings. of Muslim ascetics, different
Muhammad Jilani. Prince Dara Raushaniyah Silsilah was from Sufis, did not give respect
Shikoh was an ardent follower founded by Miyan Bayazid to Shahiah but had a great
of it. Ansari of Jallandhar. He reputation as miracle - workers.

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