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2007 Mariani Tierra PDF
2007 Mariani Tierra PDF
1
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Resistividad Definicin y unidades
l
m2 R =
= [m] s
m
2
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Medicin de la resistencia de
puesta a tierra
G
V
3
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La tierra como conductor
Temperatura Resistividad
(C) (m)
20 72
10 99
0 (agua) 138
0 (hielo) 300
-5 790
-15 3300
5
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Conclusiones sobre la tierra
No posee potencial 0
Posee resistividad elevada y
no es lineal
Por lo tanto la tierra es un mal
conductor y no debe ser
utilizado como tal
6
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
NFPA
IEC
NFC
VDE
NACE
ANSI/IEEE C62
IEC99.1
ANSI /
IEEE 80 F(s)
NFPA
H(s)
OSHA
7
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Los tres sistemas de conexin a
tierra normalizados.
Breve descripcin.
8
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tierra para seguridad electrica
Tres grupos; TN(TN-S, TN-C, TN-CS) TT e IT.
1 letra. Situacion de la conexin a tierra
T- Conexin directa a tierra
I- Aislado de tierra
2 letra. Conexin de las masas (a N o a T)
3 Letra. Unin entre neutro y proteccin.
S- Conductores separados
C- Conductor comn
9
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
TN-C
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
10
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
TN-S
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
11
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
TN-C-S
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
12
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
TN-C-S (EE.UU)
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
13
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
TT
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
14
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
IT
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
15
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tierra y masas
PAT
Masa
16
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tolerancia a corriente.
17
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Disyuntor diferencial
PAT
Masa
18
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Norma ANSI / IEEE 142.
19
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
20
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Abstract: The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of
neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered.
The advantages and disadvantages of grounded versus ungrounded systems
are discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the
system should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the grounding of
the neutral circuits.
Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric
apparatus, such as motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables conduits,
building frames, and portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed.
The fundamentals of making the interconnection or ground-conductor
system between electric equipment and the ground rods, water pipes, etc. are
outlined.
The problems of static electricity-how it is generated, what
processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what should be done to
prevent its generation or t o drain the static charges to earth t o prevent
sparking-are treated.
Methods of protecting structures against the effects of
lightning are also covered.
Obtaining a low-resistance connection to the
earth, use of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc. is discussed. A
separate chapter on sensitive electronic equipment is included.
21
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Abstract: The problems of system grounding,
that is, connection to ground of neutral, of the
corner of the delta, or of the mid tap of one
phase, are covered.
22
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
The advantages and disadvantages of grounded
versus ungrounded systems are discussed.
23
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Information is given on how to ground the system,
where the system should be grounded, and how
to select equipment for the grounding of
the neutral circuits.
24
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric
apparatus, such as motors, switchgear,
transformers, buses, cables conduits, building
frames, and portable equipment, to a ground
system is addressed.
25
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
The fundamentals of making the interconnection or
ground-conductor system between electric equipment
and the ground rods, water pipes, etc. are outlined.
26
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
.
The problems of static electricity-how it is
generated, what processes may produce it, how it
is measured, and what should be done to
prevent its generation or to drain the static
charges to earth to prevent sparking-are treated.
27
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Methods of protecting structures against the
effects of lightning are also covered.
28
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Obtaining a low-resistance connection to the
earth, use of ground rods, connections to water
pipes, etc. is discussed.
29
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
A separate chapter on sensitive electronic
equipment is included.
30
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Fig. 9
Configuracin 1
31
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Fig. 10
Configuracin 2
32
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
33
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Conexin a tierra de instalaciones
de baja tensin.
El verdadero concepto de puestas a
tierra separadas, de acuerdo con
las normas
34
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
35
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
L
E
Generacin Acometida Punto de uso
36
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
El neutro y la puesta a tierra de
seguridad.
37
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
38
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
39
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Componentes armnicas debido a
cargas no lineales.
40
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
L
V1 N V1 + V2
0 volts
E
41
Generacin Acometida 1 Ing. Acometida
Eduardo Mariani 2 Punto de uso 2
Ejemplo con 3ra armnica en fase
42
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Fin del primer modulo.
43
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Segundo mdulo
44
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
El comportamiento de un
sistema de puesta a tierra en
altas corrientes.
45
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Sistemas de puesta a tierra para
descargas atmosfricas, media y
alta tensin.
46
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Parmetros de la corriente de un rayo.
Normas IEC y NFPA.
Geometra de la puesta a tierra.
Cobertura de un pararrayos.
47
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
48
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
49
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
50
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
51
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
52
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
53
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
54
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La caida de un rayo
55
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La cada de un rayo
56
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
Normas ms divulgadas
IEC 61024
IRAM 2184
NFPA 780
NFC 17100
57
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
58
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
59
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
60
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
61
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
62
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
63
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
64
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
65
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
66
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
67
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
68
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
69
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
70
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
71
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
72
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
73
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
74
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
75
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
76
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
77
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
Verificacion
mediante
Autocad
78
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
Punta Propuesta por el Prof.
Punta Franklin Charlie Moore al Comit NFPA
convencional 780. Mencionada en la edicin
2000 de NFPA 780
79
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
80
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Verificacin de la cobertura
81
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
82
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
83
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Cono de proteccin
84
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Cono de proteccin
85
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
86
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
87
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Esfera rodante (teora
electrogeomtrica)
88
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
89
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
90
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Franklin Normal
91
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Jaula de Faraday
92
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Norma NFC - 17 102
93
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Cebado (E.S.E.)
94
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Radio = r
+ vi . Gt
Volumen
de
coleccin
h
h/2
95
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Teora electrogemtrica
modificada
Volumen de coleccin
96
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
h
97
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
98
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Sin normas
99
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
D.A.S
100
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tendencias y resultados de la
investigacin.
101
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Congresos internacionales.
102
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Posicin oficial de ambos
grupos
El sistema convencional sigue siendo
el mas aceptable y requiere
investigacin mas profunda.
Los pararrayos con sistema de cebado
y los sistemas de transferencia de
cargas no tiene fundamento cientfico
103
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
En la ltima dcada del siglo XX se
realizaron grandes esfuerzo.
104
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
En ambos casos los experiencias
de laboratorio y ensayos en
campo fueron desalentadores.
105
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Resea del trabajo de dos
centros de investigacin que
fueron los responsables la
tarea experimental.
106
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Langmuir Laboratory
Bald Peak
El Socorro. Nueva Mexico
107
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
108
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
109
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
110
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
111
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Punta experimental de aluminio
impactada por un rayo. Foto enviada por el Prof.
Charlie Moore
112
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Punta Propuesta por el
Prof. Charlie Moore al
Comit NFPA 780
113
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Charge Transfer System is Wishful
Thinking, Not Science
Charles B. Moore
Professor Emeritus
Atmospheric Physics
114
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Universidad Estatal de Mississippi.
Laboratorio de Alta Tensin
115
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Stanislaw Grzybowski, Dr. Hab.,
Ph.D., FIEEE
116
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
117
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
Jaula de Faraday
118
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Mtodos de Proteccin
(Teora electrogeomtrica)
Jaula de Faraday
119
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
120
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
121
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
122
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
123
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
124
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
Terreno rocoso
A mayor profundidad no
posee menor resistividad
que en la superficie
Bentonita o carbn
125
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Puesta a Tierra de un pararrayos
Sin jabalinas
126
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La norma ANSI / IEEE 80
La malla de subestacin.
Tensiones de paso y contacto.
Criterios de dimensionamiento.
127
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
128
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Abstract:
Outdoor ac substations, either conventional or gas-
insulated, are covered in this guide.
Distribution, transmission, and generating plant
substations are also included.
With proper caution, the methods described herein are
also applicable to indoor portions of such substations,
or to substations that are wholly indoors.
No attempt is made to cover the grounding problems
peculiar to dc substations.
A quantitative analysis of the effects of lightning
surges is also beyond the scope of this guide.
129
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tensin de paso y de contacto
130
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Falla a tierra.
131
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Potencial del terreno y malla
132
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Tolerancia a corriente.
133
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
134
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
La tierra en altas corrientes
135
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Densidad de corriente
12.3 Effect of current magnitude
Soil resistivity in the vicinity of ground electrodes
may be affected by current flowing from the
electrodes into the surrounding soil. The thermal
characteristics and the moisture content of the
soil will determine if a current of a given
magnitude and duration will cause significant
drying and thus increase the effective soil
resistivity. A conservative value of current
density, as given by Armstrong [B4], is not to
exceed 200 A/m2 for 1 s.
136
Ing. Eduardo Mariani
Fin de la presentacin
137
Ing. Eduardo Mariani