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With this information at hand, it is now possible to screen The GC module provides traditional hydrocarbon pure
multiple samples on-site so that operators can minimize the component and grouped carbon number fraction compositional
number of samples sent to traditional PVT laboratories. This information on both flashed gas (C12+) and liquid samples
data also allows for the immediate development of fluid (C36+) obtained from the GOR Apparatus.
models to facilitate reservoir simulation and economic All the data measured by the above described modules are
calculations, without the need to wait for sample transport to a displayed and stored in real time by a digital interface module
traditional PVT lab, or the time taken for traditional analysis. (Fig. 4). In addition to providing data acquisition, the
The on-site analysis capability described above, forms part of interface module provides operator controls for pressure,
commercial service called PVT ExpressTM and is described in motor, optical phase indicator, gas-o-meter, volume and
this paper. temperature. A summary of the key physical properties that
can be measured in 8-12 hours using these modular units are
On-Site fluid characterization using PVT ExpressTM summarized below:
Upon retrieval of open-hole fluid samples to surface, it is often Saturation pressure at reservoir temperature
desired to both confirm the properties estimated down-hole Saturated liquid density at reservoir temperature
and extend these analyses to provide a full reservoir fluid PVT Single phase reservoir fluid compressibility
characterization. Traditional techniques for PVT Single Stage non-equilibrium gas-oil ratio
characterization involve the transfer of fluid samples at surface Flashed liquid density
into transport bottles, shipment to a fixed location laboratory, Flashed liquid viscosity (Live liquid viscosity
and subsequent analysis. This process can typically take in optional)
excess of one month to complete. To facilitate more timely C12+ flashed gas composition
generation of the required PVT data, Schlumberger has C36+ flashed liquid composition
recently introduced a new mobile analysis unit, PVT Using some of the data obtained above, the overall
ExpressTM. This new hardware and software platform is reservoir fluid composition is calculated. The molecular
modular and can be easily packaged for offshore or onshore weight of the flashed liquid is required in this calculation and
use. Typical analysis times for full PVT characterization are is estimated using an empirical correlation between dead oil
on the order of 8-12 hours. A brief description of the system density and its molecular weight.
functionality is provided below. The development criteria for the equipment was that the
measured data should be at least equivalent to or superior in
PVT ExpressTM Equipment and Procedure repeatability to analogous measurement techniques utilized in
The PVT ExpressTM system consists of four key modules. The traditional fixed location PVT laboratories. To demonstrate
first of these is a high-pressure (15 ksi) and high-temperature this, a large number of measurements were made for a wide
(175oC), mercury-free PVT cell (Fig. 1) equipped with a variety of fluids comparing the physical measurements from
magnetically coupled mixer to accomplish vigorous mixing. PVT ExpressTM to laboratory measurements on the same
Included in the PVT cell are the associated pumps and fluids. Two selected examples demonstrating an example
plumbing to facilitate transfer of pressurized fluid samples into comparison are provided in Tables 1 and 2 for a black oil and
and out of the measurement cell. The key properties measured condensate system, respectively. These fluid samples were
by the PVT cell are the single-phase fluid compressibility, the collected during the openhole MDT formation testing from the
saturated fluid density, and the reservoir fluid saturation Gulf of Mexico region. For the sole purpose of this fluid
pressure (bubble or dew point). Reliable measurement of properties comparison, the oil-based mud contamination was
bubble point and dew point pressure is made possible by not deemed relevant. As seen in these figures, the PVT
optical sensor technology that measures the first bubble of gas ExpressTM measurements agree well with the laboratory
liberated from oil and the first traces of condensable liquid in a measurements.
gas during constant temperature expansion from reservoir The measurements outlined above would generally be
pressure. The PVT ExpressTM test cell requires a reservoir sufficient to allow the first pass development of an equation of
fluid sample charge of only 25 cm3 to complete all state (EOS) model for a given reservoir fluid. This model can
measurements. then be used to predict the full set of traditional PVT
After completion of the measurements described above, properties if so desired. In the development of the PVT
the test fluid is displaced from the PVT cell to the 2nd PVT ExpressTM service, however, it was desired to predict the
ExpressTM module, the GOR module (Fig. 2). This module traditional PVT properties without requiring the expertise to
facilitates the single stage separation of the reservoir fluid properly tune an EOS model. For this reason a software
sample into gas and liquid samples at controlled conditions of application, PVT ExpertTM, was developed to make operator
temperature and pressure that are set to be near standard independent reliable predictions.
conditions (15 C and 1 atm). Upon completion of the flash
process, the volume of the flashed gas and liquid sample are PVT ExpertTM Prediction
measured (determining the single stage GOR), samples of the The PVT ExpertTM system is an operator independent,
flashed gas and liquid are collected, and the viscosity and multidimensional prediction model that delivers instant and
density of the flashed stock tank oil are measured. Subsequent reliable volumetric phase behavior fluid properties from a
to this, each of the collected samples from the GOR are specific set of measured data. The measured data are used as
injected into the 3rd module, a proprietary dual chromatograph input to an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model10. The
(Fig. 3) featuring patented helium ionization detectors (HID). output from this model is a prediction of a full suite of
SPE 101219 3
Table 1 Comparison of PVT ExpressTM properties with laboratory results (Black Oil System)
Fig. 1 Pump module with HPHT PVT cell. Parameters Units PVT Express Laboratory
C1 Mole % 43.0 45.0
C12+ Mole % 23.0 22.0
Reservoir Fluid Molecular Weight emu 119.0 115.0
STL Molecular Weight emu 278.0 270.0
STL Density kg/m3 913.0 911.0
Gas-Liquid Ratio (GLR) m3/m3 133.0 136.0
Saturation Pressure, Pb MPa 24.0 23.8
STL Viscosity m.Pa.s 9.8 9.3
Viscosity at Pb m.Pa.s 1.8 1.2
Table 2 Comparison of PVT ExpressTM properties with laboratory results (Condensate System)
Reservoir Properties
Fluid
T(F) P(psia) Depth(ft)
Case 1 172 2800 10652
Case 2 278 10800 15000
Table 4 Reservoir Fluid Composition for the two example cases PVT Expert Lab PVTPro
Case 1 Case 2
Components 1.50
Field Lab Field Lab
1.40
N2 0.18 0.16 0.09 0.05
CO2 0.22 0.16 2.80 2.90 1.30
H2S 0.00 0.00 10.78 7.87 1.20
C1 9.47 10.94 61.57 63.91 1.10
C2 3.19 2.80 7.60 8.30
Bo
1.00
C3 4.58 3.46 3.87 3.65 0.90
iC4 0.99 0.60 0.77 0.77
0.80
nC4 3.14 1.90 1.60 1.63
0.70
iC5 1.60 0.93 0.71 0.68
nC5 2.31 1.36 0.83 0.83 0.60
C6 4.02 2.84 1.07 1.12 0.50
C7 3.74 3.14 0.90 1.06 0.00 1000 2000. 3000. 4000. 5000
C8 3.68 3.23 0.99 1.14 Pressure (psia)
C9 3.31 3.21 0.88 0.98 Fig. 6 Comparison of formation volume factor of oil from PVT
TM
C10 3.60 3.58 0.83 0.81 Expert , laboratory and EoS simulation for Case number 1
C11 3.48 3.84 0.73 0.59
C12 3.27 3.73 0.64 0.47 PVT Expert Lab PVTPro
C13 3.51 4.09 0.56 0.43
140.00
C14 3.36 3.86 0.46 0.36
C15 3.41 4.02 0.40 0.33
120.00
C16 3.12 3.61 0.33 0.27
C17 2.85 3.27 0.23 0.23
100.00
C18 2.52 2.96 0.20 0.20
GOR (scf /STB)
0.980
1.8
0.970
1.6 0.960
Relative Volume
0.950
Z
1.4
0.940
1.2 0.930
0.920
1.0
0.910
0.8 0.900
0.00 100.00 200 300 400 500 600
0.00 2000. 4000. 6000. 8000. 10000.
Pressure (psia)
Pressure (psia)
Fig. 8 Comparison of compressibility factor of the produced gas
TM
TM during reservoir depletion predicted by PVT Expert , measured
Fig. 5 Comparison of relative volume obtained from PVT Expert ,
in laboratory and EoS simulation for Case number 1
laboratory and EoS simulation for Case number 1.
SPE 101219 7
3.0
2.5
2.0
Relative Volume
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pressure (psia)
Fig. 9 Comparison of relative volume from CCE for Case number 2
TM
predicted by PVT Expert , measured in laboratory and from EoS
simulation.
PVT Expert Lab PVTPro
30.0
25.0
20.0
RLD (% VL/Vd)
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
Z
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia)
Fig. 11 Comparison of produced gas compressibility for Case
TM
number 2 predicted by PVT Expert , measured in laboratory and
from EoS simulation.